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Jin Z, Li J, Yang Q, Shi Y, Lin X, Chen F, Chen Q, Chen Z, Li F. Nitrogen isotope characteristics and importance of NO x from biomass burning in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175430. [PMID: 39128524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a primary source of atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NOx), however, the lack of isotopic fingerprints from biomass burning limits their use in tracing atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) and NOx. A total of 25 biomass fuels from 10 provinces and regions in China were collected, and the δ15N values of biomass fuels (δ15N-biomass) and δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning (δ15N-NOx values of BB, open burning, and rural cooking stove burning) were determined. The δ15N-NOx values of open burning and rural cooking stove burning ranged from -0.8 ‰ to 11.6 ‰ and 0.8 ‰ to 9.5 ‰, respectively, indicating a significant linear relation with δ15N-biomass. Based on the measured δ15N-NOx values of BB and biomass burning emission inventory data, the δ15N-NOx values of BB in different provinces and regions of China were calculated using the δ15N-NOx model, with a mean value of 5.0 ± 1.8 ‰. The spatial variations in the estimated δ15N-NOx values of BB in China were mainly controlled by the differences in the δ15N-NOx values and the proportions of NOx emissions from various straw burning activities in provinces and regions of China. Furthermore, by using the combined local emissions of biomass burning with regional transportations of NOx based on air-mass backward trajectories, we established an improved δ15N-NOx model and obtained more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB in regions (2.3 ‰ to 8.4 ‰). By utilising the reported δ15N-NOx values of precipitation and particulate matter from 21 cities in China and the more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB, the NOx contributions from four sources (mobile sources, coal combustion, biomass burning, and microbial N cycle) at the national scale were estimated using a Bayesian model. The significant contributions of biomass burning (20.9 % to 44.3 %) to NOx emissions were revealed, which is vital for controlling NOx emissions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanfang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Zhejiang Huanyan Ecological Environment Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yasheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Tang T, Cheng T, Zhu H, Ye X, Fan D, Li X, Tong H. Quantifying instantaneous nitrogen oxides emissions from power plants based on space observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173479. [PMID: 38802005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Thermal power plants are significant contributors to nitrogen oxides (NOx), impacting global atmospheric conditions and human health. Satellite observations, known for their continuity and global coverage, have become an effective means of quantifying power plant emissions. Previous studies, often accumulating long temporal data into integrated plumes, resulted in substantial errors in annual emissions at the individual power plant level due to neglecting variations in emissions and diffusion conditions. This study presents, for the first time, the quantification of instantaneous NOx emissions based on single overpass observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. By addressing the temporal variability of power plant emissions, it effectively reduces annual estimation errors. Comparative analysis between the Exponentially-Modified Gaussian (EMG) and Gaussian Plume Model (GPM) simulations demonstrates the capability of EMG to provide instantaneous emission estimates based on actual plumes, exhibiting closer proximity to actual monitoring values than GPM. Applying the EMG method, we quantify the instantaneous emission rates of six power plants in the United States. Comparing annual emission estimations at individual power plants with traditional integrated plume results, our method demonstrates a 63.7 % improvement in annual emission estimations. This study offers more detailed data on power plant emissions, providing a new avenue for better understanding the emission behavior of thermal power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianhai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donghao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoran Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Tian X, Wang Z, Xie P, Xu J, Li A, Pan Y, Hu F, Hu Z, Chen M, Zheng J. A CNN-SVR model for NO 2 profile prediction based on MAX-DOAS observations: The influence of Chinese New Year overlapping the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on vertical distributions of tropospheric NO 2 in Nanjing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:151-165. [PMID: 38408816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid model, the convolutional neural network-support vector regression model, was adopted to achieve prediction of the NO2 profile in Nanjing from January 2019 to March 2021. Given the sudden decline in NO2 in February 2020, the contribution of the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) lockdown, Chinese New Year (CNY), and meteorological conditions to the reduction of NO2 was evaluated. NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) from January to March 2020 decreased by 59.05% and 32.81%, relative to the same period in 2019 and 2021, respectively. During the period of 2020 COVID-19, the average NO2 VCDs were 50.50% and 29.96% lower than those during the pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods, respectively. The NO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs) during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown significantly decreased below 400 m. The NO2 VMRs under the different wind fields were significantly lower during the lockdown period than during the pre-lockdown period. This phenomenon could be attributed to the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. The NO2 VMRs before and after the CNY were significantly lower in 2020 than in 2019 and 2021 in the same period, which further proves that the decrease in NO2 in February 2020 was attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown. Pollution source analysis of an NO2 pollution episode during the lockdown period showed that the polluted air mass in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei was transported southwards under the action of the north wind, and the subsequent unfavorable meteorological conditions (local wind speed of < 2.0 m/sec) resulted in the accumulation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yifeng Pan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhaokun Hu
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiangyi Zheng
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Li G, Chen Q, Sun W, She J, Liu J, Zhu Y, Guo W, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Liu M. Updating and evaluating the NH 3 gas-phase chemical mechanism of MOZART-4 in the WRF-Chem model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122070. [PMID: 37331578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of determining atmospheric chemical mechanisms is a key factor in air pollution prediction, pollution-cause analysis and the development of control schemes based on air quality model simulations. However, the reaction of NH3 and OH to generate NH2 and its subsequent reactions are often ignored in the MOZART-4 chemical mechanism. To solve this problem, the gas-phase chemical mechanism of NH3 was updated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM), integrated gas-phase reaction rate (IRR) diagnosis and process analysis (PA) were used to quantify the influence of the updated NH3 chemical mechanism on the O3 simulated concentration, the nonlinear response relationship of O3 and its precursors, the chemical reaction rate of O3 generation and the meteorological transport process. The results show that the updated NH3 chemical mechanism can reduce the error between the simulated and observed O3 concentrations and better simulate the O3 concentration. Compared with the Base scenario (original chemical mechanism simulated), the first-order term of NH3 in the Updated scenario (updated NH3 chemical mechanism simulated) in RSM passed the significance test (p < 0.05), indicating that NH3 emissions have an influence on the O3 simulation, and the effects of the updated NH3 chemical mechanism on NOx-VOC-O3 in different cities are different. In addition, the analysis of chemical reaction rate changes showed that NH3 can affect the generation of O3 by affecting the NOx concentration and NOx circulation with radicals of OH and HO2 in the Updated scenario, and the change of pollutant concentration in the atmosphere leads to the change of meteorological transmission, eventually leading to the reduction of O3 concentration in Beijing. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of atmospheric chemistry for air quality models to model atmospheric pollutants and should attract more research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Lanzhou University Applied Technology Research Institude Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing She
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenkai Guo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yufan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Ordos Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia, Ordos, 017000, China
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Mishra A, Lelieveld S, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T. Multiphase Kinetic Modeling of Air Pollutant Effects on Protein Modification and Nitrotyrosine Formation in Epithelial Lining Fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12642-12653. [PMID: 37587684 PMCID: PMC10469477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution is a major risk factor for human health. Inhalation of air pollutants can enhance the formation of reactive species in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the respiratory tract and can lead to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. Here, we investigate the chemical modification of proteins by reactive species from air pollution and endogenous biological sources using an extended version of the multiphase chemical kinetic model KM-SUB-ELF 2.0 with a detailed mechanism of protein modification. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) act synergistically and increase the formation of nitrotyrosine (Ntyr), a common biomarker of oxidative stress. Ozone (O3) is found to be a burden on the antioxidant defense system but without substantial influence on the Ntyr concentration. In simulations with low levels of air pollution, the Ntyr concentration in the ELF is consistent with the range of literature values for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy individuals. With high levels of air pollution, however, we obtain strongly elevated Ntyr concentrations. Our model analysis shows how chemical reactions of air pollutants can modify proteins and thus their functionality in the human body, elucidating a molecular pathway that may explain air pollutant effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmi Mishra
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Crilley LR, Lao M, Salehpoor L, VandenBoer TC. Emerging investigator series: an instrument to measure and speciate the total reactive nitrogen budget indoors: description and field measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:389-404. [PMID: 36779821 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (Nr), defined here as all N-containing compounds except N2 and N2O, have been shown to be important drivers for indoor air quality. Key Nr species include NOx (NO + NO2), HONO and NH3, which are known to have detrimental health effects. In addition, other Nr species that are not traditionally measured may be important chemical actors for indoor transformations (e.g. amines). Cooking and cleaning are significant sources of Nr, whose emission will vary depending on the type of activity and materials used. Here we present a novel instrument that measures the total gas-phase reactive nitrogen (tNr) budget and key species NOx, HONO, and NH3 to demonstrate its suitability for indoor air quality applications. The tNr levels were measured using a custom-built heated platinum (Pt) catalytic furnace to convert all Nr species to NOx, called the tNr oven. The measurement approach was validated through a series of control experiments, such that quantitative measurement and speciation of the total Nr budget are demonstrated. The optimum operating conditions of the tNr oven were found to be 800 °C with a sampling flow rate of 630 cubic centimetres per minute (ccm). Oxidized nitrogen species are known to be quantitatively converted under these conditions. Here, the efficiency of the tNr oven to convert reduced Nr species to NOx was found to reach a maximum at 800 °C, with 103 ± 13% conversion for NH3 and 79-106% for selected relevant amines. The observed variability in the conversion efficiency of reduced Nr species demonstrates the importance of catalyst temperature characterization for the tNr oven. The instrument was deployed successfully in a commercial kitchen, a complex indoor environment with periods of rapidly changing levels, and shown to be able to reliably measure the tNr budget during periods of longer-lived oscillations (>20 min), typical of indoor spaces. The measured NOx, HONO and basic Nr (NH3 and amines) were unable to account for all the measured tNr, pointing to a substantial missing fraction (on average 18%) in the kitchen. Overall, the tNr instrument will allow for detailed survey(s) of the key gaseous Nr species across multiple locations and may also identify missing Nr fractions, making this platform capable of stimulating more in-depth analysis in indoor atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Melodie Lao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Leyla Salehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Liu S, Cheng S, Ma J, Xu X, Lv J, Jin J, Guo J, Yu D, Dai X. MAX-DOAS Measurements of Tropospheric NO 2 and HCHO Vertical Profiles at the Longfengshan Regional Background Station in Northeastern China. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3269. [PMID: 36991980 PMCID: PMC10099724 DOI: 10.3390/s23063269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the troposphere at the Longfengshan (LFS) regional atmospheric background station (127°36' E, 44°44' N, 330.5 m above sea level) from 24 October 2020 to 13 October 2021 were retrieved from solar scattering spectra by multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). We analyzed the temporal variations of NO2 and HCHO as well as the sensitivity of ozone (O3) production to the concentration ratio of HCHO to NO2. The largest NO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs) occur in the near-surface layer for each month, with high values concentrated in the morning and evening. HCHO has an elevated layer around the altitude of 1.4 km consistently. The means ± standard deviations of vertical column densities (VCDs) and near-surface VMRs were 4.69 ± 3.72 ×1015 molecule·cm-2 and 1.22 ± 1.09 ppb for NO2, and they were 1.19 ± 8.35 × 1016 molecule·cm-2 and 2.41 ± 3.26 ppb for HCHO. The VCDs and near-surface VMRs for NO2 were high in the cold months and low in the warm months, while HCHO presented the opposite. The larger near-surface NO2 VMRs appeared in the condition associated with lower temperature and higher humidity, but this relationship was not found between HCHO and temperature. We also found the O3 production at the Longfengshan station was mainly in the NOx-limited regime. This is the first study presenting the vertical distributions of NO2 and HCHO in the regional background atmosphere of northeastern China, which are significant to enhancing the understanding of background atmospheric chemistry and regional ozone pollution processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinguang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Junli Jin
- Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junrang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dajiang Yu
- Longfengshan Regional Background Station, Heilongjiang Meteorological Bureau, Wuchang 150200, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Longfengshan Regional Background Station, Heilongjiang Meteorological Bureau, Wuchang 150200, China
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Zhang S, Wang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Tanvir A, Li D, Zhou B. Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Lockdown on Vertical Distributions of NO 2 and HCHO From MAX-DOAS Observations and Machine Learning Models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036377. [PMID: 36245640 PMCID: PMC9538289 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic led to major reductions on air pollutant emissions in modern history. To date, there has been no comprehensive assessment for the impact of lockdowns on the vertical distributions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO). Based on profiles from 0 to 2 km retrieved by Multi-AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy observation and a large volume of real-time data at a suburb site in Shanghai, China, four types of machine learning models were developed and compared, including multiple linear regression, support vector machine, bagged trees (BT), and artificial neural network. Ultimately BT model was employed to reproduce NO2 and HCHO profiles with the best performance. Predictions with different meteorological and surface pollution scenarios were conducted from 2017 to 2019, for assessing the corresponding impacts on the changes of NO2 and HCHO profiles during COVID-19 lockdown. The simulations illustrate that the NO2 decreased in 2020 by 43.8%, 45.5%, and 44.6%, relative to 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. For HCHO, the lockdown-induced situation presented the declines of 28.6%, 32.1%, and 10.9%, respectively. In the comparisons of vertical distributions, NO2 maintained decreasing at all altitudes, while HCHO decreased at low altitudes and increased at high altitudes. During COVID-19 lockdown, the reduction of NO2 and HCHO from the variation of surface pollutants was dominated below 0.5 km, while the relevant meteorological factors played a more significant role above 0.5 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Eco‐Chongming (IEC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Aimon Tanvir
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danran Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Eco‐Chongming (IEC)ShanghaiChina
- Institute of Atmospheric SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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9
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Near-Surface NO2 Concentration Estimation by Random Forest Modeling and Sentinel-5P and Ancillary Data. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a daily model is proposed for estimating the near-surface NO2 concentration in China, combining for the first time the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm with the tropospheric NO2 columns from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TropOMI) satellite and meteorological and NO2 data of surface sites in China for the year 2019. Furthermore, near-surface NO2 concentration data of ground sites during the COVID-19 outbreak from 1–5 February 2020 were used to verify the developed model. The daily model was verified by the ten-fold cross-validation method, revealing a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.04 μg/m3, which are reasonable and also comparable to other published studies. In addition, our model showed that near-surface NO2 in China during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly reduced compared with 2019, and these predictions were in good agreement with reference ground data. Our proposed model can also provide NO2 estimates for areas in western China where there are few ground monitoring sites. Therefore, all in all, our study findings suggest that the model established herein is suitable for estimating the daily NO2 concentration near the surface in China and, as such, can be used if there is a lack of surface sites and/or missing observations in some areas.
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10
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Stripp ST, Duffus BR, Fourmond V, Léger C, Leimkühler S, Hirota S, Hu Y, Jasniewski A, Ogata H, Ribbe MW. Second and Outer Coordination Sphere Effects in Nitrogenase, Hydrogenase, Formate Dehydrogenase, and CO Dehydrogenase. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11900-11973. [PMID: 35849738 PMCID: PMC9549741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gases like H2, N2, CO2, and CO are increasingly recognized as critical feedstock in "green" energy conversion and as sources of nitrogen and carbon for the agricultural and chemical sectors. However, the industrial transformation of N2, CO2, and CO and the production of H2 require significant energy input, which renders processes like steam reforming and the Haber-Bosch reaction economically and environmentally unviable. Nature, on the other hand, performs similar tasks efficiently at ambient temperature and pressure, exploiting gas-processing metalloenzymes (GPMs) that bind low-valent metal cofactors based on iron, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and sulfur. Such systems are studied to understand the biocatalytic principles of gas conversion including N2 fixation by nitrogenase and H2 production by hydrogenase as well as CO2 and CO conversion by formate dehydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and nitrogenase. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the cofactor/protein interface, discussing how second and outer coordination sphere effects determine, modulate, and optimize the catalytic activity of GPMs. These may comprise ionic interactions in the second coordination sphere that shape the electron density distribution across the cofactor, hydrogen bonding changes, and allosteric effects. In the outer coordination sphere, proton transfer and electron transfer are discussed, alongside the role of hydrophobic substrate channels and protein structural changes. Combining the information gained from structural biology, enzyme kinetics, and various spectroscopic techniques, we aim toward a comprehensive understanding of catalysis beyond the first coordination sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T Stripp
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Fourmond
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Christophe Léger
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- University of Potsdam, Molecular Enzymology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Shun Hirota
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Andrew Jasniewski
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Markus W Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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11
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Chen W, Guenther AB, Jia S, Mao J, Yan F, Wang X, Shao M. Synergistic effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds and soil nitric oxide emissions on summertime ozone formation in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154218. [PMID: 35245546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions play a key role in modulating the formation of ground-level ozone (O3), especially emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and soil nitric oxide (SNO), and their individual effects on O3 formation have been previously quantified and evaluated. However, their synergistic effects remain unclear and have not yet been well assessed. By applying the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Chemistry-Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (WRF/Chem-MEGAN) model, this study reveals that in the presence of sufficient BVOC emissions, which act as a fuel, SNO emissions act as a fuel additive and promote the chemical reactions of BVOCs and the subsequent production of O3. Consequently, the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions on summertime O3 production surpassed the sum of their individual effects by as much as 10-20 μg m-3 in eastern China in 2014. In order to reduce O3 concentration to a level corresponding to no natural emissions of BVOC or SNO (i.e., the BASE scenario), the anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC) emissions in the scenario considers BVOC and SNO emissions must be reduced by 1.76 times that of the BASE scenario. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions can impede ground-level O3 regulation and can subsequently impose stricter requirements on anthropogenic precursor emission control in China. The results of this study can also inform efforts in other regions that are still combating ground-level O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fenghua Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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12
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Investigating the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Meteorological Parameters Using Satellite Data over Bangladesh. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters on the regional scale is a prerequisite for setting up air pollution prevention and control strategies; however, there is a lack of methodical investigations, particularly in the context of Bangladesh’s deficiency of information on air pollution. This study represents the first attempt to investigate the relationship between air pollutants (NO2, O3, SO2, and CO) and meteorological parameters over Bangladesh using satellite data (OMI and MOPITT) during the period from 2015 to 2020. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling was utilized to assess the relationship between air pollutants and weather variables. The spatial representation and average values of geographically varying coefficients showed that the column densities of air pollutants were affected by the meteorological parameters. For example, NO2 was positively associated with temperature in most of the studied regions, with an average geographically varying coefficient value of 0.12 Dobson units (DU, 1 DU = 2.687 × 1016 molecules/cm2), indicating that NO2 concentrations increase by 0.12 DU/year with every unit increase in temperature. The sources of NO2 and SO2 in Dhaka were identified through emission inventory analysis, and transportation and industry emissions were the most significant influencing factors for NO2 and SO2, respectively. Temperature and pressure showed a higher degree of relationship with all four air pollutants compared with other parameters. The results and discussion presented in this study can be of benefit for policy makers in developing air pollution control strategies in Bangladesh.
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Water-driven microbial nitrogen transformations in biological soil crusts causing atmospheric nitrous acid and nitric oxide emissions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1012-1024. [PMID: 34764454 PMCID: PMC8941053 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) release the reactive nitrogen gases (Nr) nitrous acid (HONO) and nitric oxide (NO) into the atmosphere, but the underlying microbial process controls have not yet been resolved. In this study, we analyzed the activity of microbial consortia relevant in Nr emissions during desiccation using transcriptome and proteome profiling and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We observed that < 30 min after wetting, genes encoding for all relevant nitrogen (N) cycling processes were expressed. The most abundant transcriptionally active N-transforming microorganisms in the investigated biocrusts were affiliated with Rhodobacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae within the Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. Upon desiccation, the nitrite (NO2-) content of the biocrusts increased significantly, which was not the case when microbial activity was inhibited. Our results confirm that NO2- is the key precursor for biocrust emissions of HONO and NO. This NO2- accumulation likely involves two processes related to the transition from oxygen-limited to oxic conditions in the course of desiccation: (i) a differential regulation of the expression of denitrification genes; and (ii) a physiological response of ammonia-oxidizing organisms to changing oxygen conditions. Thus, our findings suggest that the activity of N-cycling microorganisms determines the process rates and overall quantity of Nr emissions.
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14
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Shi Y, Tian P, Jin Z, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Li F. Stable nitrogen isotope composition of NO x of biomass burning in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149857. [PMID: 34496345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the local characteristics of stable nitrogen isotopes in nitrogen oxides (δ15N-NOx) emitted from biomass burning, the lack of data on δ15N-NOx values associated with biomass burning in China limits the use of this parameter in identifying and quantifying the sources of atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) and NOx. The results showed that the δ15N-NOx values of open burning and rural cooking stoves in China ranged from -3.7‰ to 3.1‰ and -11.9‰ to 1.5‰, respectively. The δ15N values of nine biomass fuel sources (δ15N-biomass) ranged from 0.1‰ to 4.1‰. Significant linear relationships between the δ15N-biomass values and δ15N-NOx values of open burning (δ15N-NOx = 1.1δ15N-biomass - 2.7; r2 = 0.63; p < 0.05) and rural cooking stoves (δ15N-NOx = 1.7δ15N-biomass - 9.8; r2 = 0.72; p < 0.01) suggested that the variations in δ15N-NOx values from biomass burning were mainly controlled by the biomass fuel source. The isotopic fractionation of nitrogen during the biomass burning process might have led to the higher δ15N-NOx values from open burning in comparison to rural cooking stoves. By combining the δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning with biomass burning emission inventory data, a model for calculating the δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning in different regions of China was established, and the estimated δ15N-NOx value of biomass burning at the national scale was -0.8 ± 1.2‰. But the limited δ15N-biomass values increase the uncertainty of model in national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasheng Shi
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Zhejiang Zone-King Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Hanghzou 310004, China
| | - Zanfang Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Yuming Hu
- Zhejiang Zone-King Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Hanghzou 310004, China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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15
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Cheng X, Xiao X, Yin Y, Wang J, Qiao W, Ling L. Ammonia-Free Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO at Low Temperature on Melamine Impregnated MnO x–CeO 2/Carbon Aerogels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xixi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenming Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Licheng Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Naimark JG, Fiore AM, Jin X, Wang Y, Klovenski E, Braneon C. Evaluating Drought Responses of Surface Ozone Precursor Proxies: Variations With Land Cover Type, Precipitation, and Temperature. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2020GL091520. [PMID: 35860786 PMCID: PMC9285578 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prior work suggests drought exacerbates US air quality by increasing surface ozone concentrations. We analyze 2005-2015 tropospheric column concentrations of two trace gases that serve as proxies for surface ozone precursors retrieved from the OMI/Aura satellite: Nitrogen dioxide (ΩNO2; NOx proxy) and formaldehyde (ΩHCHO; VOC proxy). We find 3.5% and 7.7% summer drought enhancements (classified by SPEI) for ΩNO2 and ΩHCHO, respectively, corroborating signals previously extracted from ground-level observations. When we subset by land cover type, the strongest ΩHCHO drought enhancement (10%) occurs in the woody savannas of the Southeast US. By isolating the influences of precipitation and temperature, we infer that enhanced biogenic VOC emissions in this region increase ΩHCHO independently with both high temperature and low precipitation during drought. The strongest ΩNO2 drought enhancement (6.0%) occurs over Midwest US croplands and grasslands, which we infer to reflect the sensitivity of soil NOx emissions to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G. Naimark
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia CollegeColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyNYUSA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Elizabeth Klovenski
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Christian Braneon
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)New YorkNYUSA
- SciSpaceLLCBethesdaMDUSA
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17
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Sarkar S, Bandyopadhyay B. Theoretical investigation of the relative impacts of water and ammonia on the tropospheric conversion of N 2O 5 to HNO 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6651-6664. [PMID: 33710178 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of ammonia with N2O5, without and with the assistance of water, in the troposphere has been investigated by electronic structure and chemical kinetic calculations. The whole process has been compared against the hydrolysis reaction, uncatalyzed as well as water and ammonia catalyzed. A comparative study between hydrolysis and ammonolysis based on relative rates has been extensively carried out. The analysis reveals that ammonolysis has negligible practical atmospheric implication compared to hydrolysis. The former could have a significant contribution in tropospheric HNO3 formation only at 0 km altitude under two conditions: either on a local scale, where ammonia concentration could reach around a thousand times its global average value, or under very low humidity and at a lower temperature. Relative rate studies also suggest that the catalytic effect of both ammonia and water is negligibly small in determining the atmospheric fate of N2O5via gas phase hydrolysis and ammonolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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18
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徐 丽. Research Progress on Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Dynamics and Morphology of Forest Fine Roots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2021.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Liu C, Wang H, Ma Q, Ma J, Wang Z, Liang L, Xu W, Zhang G, Zhang X, Wang T, He H. Efficient Conversion of NO to NO 2 on SO 2-Aged MgO under Atmospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11848-11856. [PMID: 32885975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The NO-NO2 cycle determines the formation of O3 and hence plays a critical role in the oxidizing capacity of troposphere. Traditional view concluded that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO to NO2 was negligible due to the weak reactivity of NO on aerosols, compared to the homogeneous oxidation process. However, the results here reported for the first time that SO2 can greatly promote the heterogeneous transformation of NO into NO2 and HONO on MgO particles under ambient conditions. The uptake coefficients of NO were increased by 2-3 orders of magnitudes on SO2-aged MgO, compared to the fresh sample. Based on spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the active sites for the adsorption and oxidation of NO were determined to be sulfates, where an intermediate [SO4-NO] complex was formed during the adsorption. The decomposition of this species led to the formation of NO2 and the change of sulfate configuration. The formed NO2 could further react with surface sulfite to form HONO and sulfate. The conversion of NO to NO2 and HONO on the SO2-aged MgO surface under ambient conditions contributes a new formation pathway of NO2 and HONO and could be quite helpful for understanding the source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity as well as the formation of air pollution complexes in polluted regions such as the northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Vadrevu KP, Eaturu A, Biswas S, Lasko K, Sahu S, Garg JK, Justice C. Spatial and temporal variations of air pollution over 41 cities of India during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16574. [PMID: 33024128 PMCID: PMC7539013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the impacts of COVID-19 on air pollution using NO2 and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from TROPOMI and MODIS satellite datasets for 41 cities in India. Specifically, our results suggested a 13% NO2 reduction during the lockdown (March 25-May 3rd, 2020) compared to the pre-lockdown (January 1st-March 24th, 2020) period. Also, a 19% reduction in NO2 was observed during the 2020-lockdown as compared to the same period during 2019. The top cities where NO2 reduction occurred were New Delhi (61.74%), Delhi (60.37%), Bangalore (48.25%), Ahmedabad (46.20%), Nagpur (46.13%), Gandhinagar (45.64) and Mumbai (43.08%) with less reduction in coastal cities. The temporal analysis revealed a progressive decrease in NO2 for all seven cities during the 2020 lockdown period. Results also suggested spatial differences, i.e., as the distance from the city center increased, the NO2 levels decreased exponentially. In contrast, to the decreased NO2 observed for most of the cities, we observed an increase in NO2 for cities in Northeast India during the 2020 lockdown period and attribute it to vegetation fires. The NO2 temporal patterns matched the AOD signal; however, the correlations were poor. Overall, our results highlight COVID-19 impacts on NO2, and the results can inform pollution mitigation efforts across different cities of India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Eaturu
- University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Sumalika Biswas
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | - Saroj Sahu
- Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - J K Garg
- Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
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21
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Ma M, Wendehenne D, Philippot L, Hänsch R, Flemetakis E, Hu B, Rennenberg H. Physiological significance of pedospheric nitric oxide for root growth, development and organismic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2336-2354. [PMID: 32681574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for plant growth and development, as well as interactions with abiotic and biotic environments. Its importance for multiple functions in plants means that tight regulation of NO concentrations is required. This is of particular significance in roots, where NO signalling is involved in processes, such as root growth, lateral root formation, nutrient acquisition, heavy metal homeostasis, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. The NO signal can also be produced in high levels by microbial processes in the rhizosphere, further impacting root processes. To explore these interesting interactions, in the present review, we firstly summarize current knowledge of physiological processes of NO production and consumption in roots and, thereafter, of processes involved in NO homeostasis in root cells with particular emphasis on root growth, development, nutrient acquisition, environmental stresses and organismic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Wendehenne
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Wang X, Liu X, Fang Y, Jin J, Wu L, Fu P, Huang H, Zhang H, Emslie SD. Application of δ 15N to trace the impact of penguin guano on terrestrial and aquatic nitrogen cycles in Victoria Land, Ross Sea region, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:134496. [PMID: 31874340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Penguin colonies in Antarctica offer an ideal "natural laboratory" to investigate ecosystem function and the nitrogen (N) cycle. This study assessed the spatial distribution of penguin-derived N from guano and quantitatively assessed its impact on plant N utilization strategies in Victoria Land, Ross Sea region, Antarctica. Soil, moss, and aquatic microbial mats were collected inside and outside an active Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony and analyzed for δ15N of total and inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N and NO3--N). The soil total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3--N concentrations, as well as their δ15N values were significantly higher in guano-impacted areas than those in guano-free areas, verifying that guano is an important N source at and near penguin colonies. However, even far from the penguin colonies, soil δ15N values resembled those in penguin colonies, suggesting strong spatial impacts of penguin-derived N. The moss impacted by guano was more enriched in δ15N than in guano-free areas. The δ15N values of NH4+-N and NO3--N in soils covered with moss revealed that the moss might prefer inorganic N in the absence of guano, while the dissolved organic N would become an important source for moss growing on ornithogenic soils. Aquatic microbial mat samples near penguin colonies were 15N-enriched, but 15N-depleted at upland sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Lu X, Liu X, Chen D, Liu L, Huang X. Long-term trends in NO 2 columns related to economic developments and air quality policies from 1997 to 2016 in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:146-155. [PMID: 29783115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study detected the long-term trends in NO2 concentrations in China from 1997 to 2016 based on the NO2 columns from GOME, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2A. Both differences in the time-overlapped NO2 columns from GOME vs. SCIAMACHAY and SCIAMACHAY vs. GOME-2A showed seasonal variations, and the annual NO2 columns from GOME were 0.9% higher than those from SCIAMACHY, which exceeded that from GOME-2A by 14%. The long-term trends of the NO2 columns on a provincial scale could be simulated by cubic models (0.60 < R2 < 0.96, p < 0.05) and presented three shapes: first decreasing then increasing and decreasing again; first decreasing then increasing; and continuously decreasing. The peak years of NO2 columns in 17 provinces occurred in 2011 and 2012. These trends in NO2 columns were determined by the economic developments and enacted air quality policies in nearly all the provinces except for Xizang and Qinghai Provinces, where the trends were determined by natural NOx emission sources. In detail, the panel data analysis showed that the simulated model had fixed effects, and the thermal power generation, consumption of diesel oil in agriculture, passenger traffic by highways, and freight traffic by highways significantly increased NO2, while the air quality policies in the 12th five-year plan decreased NO2 columns from 1997 to 2016. The benefits to decreasing NO2 columns from the air quality policies issued in the 10th and 11th five-year plans were offset by the quickly increasing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wuting Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuehe Lu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lei Liu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianjin Huang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wu L, Liu X, Fang Y, Hou S, Xu L, Wang X, Fu P. Nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system along a series of coral islands affected by seabirds in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:166-175. [PMID: 29426138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen (N) utilization strategy of plants has become a topic of interest within the field of phytoecology. However, few studies have considered N cycling on coral island ecosystems from the perspective of their evolution. The aim of this study was to test the impacts of biological transport by seabirds, on the sources and uses of N by plants, and pathways of N cycling in soil-plant ecosystems on coral islands. A series of eight coral islands were investigated, five of which were affected to a varying extent by seabirds. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration from avian sources and the δ15N values of total nitrogen (TN) and inorganic nitrogen (IN: NH4+-N, and NO3--N), δ18O of NO3--O, in soils were determined, as well as proxies in plant leaves of two dominant plant species, including TN, the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), and δ13C and δ15N values. The results show that, with an increase of TP, the TN and IN content, and δ15N values in soils all increased. Plant C/N and δ15N values decreased and increased, respectively, as the soil N content increased. When the TN content of the soil was low, the δ15N value in plant leaves was similar to that in soil NO3-, but was much lower than that in soil NH4+. When the soil TN content was high, the δ15N values were similar. Both plants and soil were probably N-limited prior to seabird colonization, with the N source on the barren coral islands originating primarily from atmospheric deposition. With seabird guano input and subsequent pedogenesis, the source of N switched to guano. Under these conditions, most of the N utilized by plants originated from NH4+, while nitrate is dominant for non-seabirds islands. Seabird activities have played a key role in the N dynamics of soil-plant ecosystems at coral islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yunting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Seifert NA, Zaleski DP, Fehnel R, Goswami M, Pate BH, Lehmann KK, Leung HO, Marshall MD, Stanton JF. The gas-phase structure of the asymmetric, trans-dinitrogen tetroxide (N 2O 4), formed by dimerization of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), from rotational spectroscopy and ab initio quantum chemistry. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:134305. [PMID: 28390374 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first experimental gas-phase observation of an asymmetric, trans-N2O4 formed by the dimerization of NO2. In additional to the dominant 14N216O4 species, rotational transitions have been observed for all species with single 15N and 18O substitutions as well as several multiply substituted isotopologues. These transitions were used to determine a complete substitution structure as well as an r0 structure from the fitted zero-point averaged rotational constants. The determined structure is found to be that of an ON-O-NO2 linkage with the shared oxygen atom closer to the NO2 than the NO (1.42 vs 1.61 Å). The structure is found to be nearly planar with a trans O-N-O-N linkage. From the spectra of the 14N15NO4 species, we were able to determine the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for each specific nitrogen atom. The equilibrium structure determined by ab initio quantum chemistry calculations is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined structure. No spectral evidence of the predicted asymmetric, cis-N2O4 was found in the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USA
| | - Daniel P Zaleski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USA
| | - Robert Fehnel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USADepartments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USADepartment of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USADepartment of Chemistry and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, USA
| | - Mausumi Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USA
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USA
| | - Kevin K Lehmann
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22932, USA
| | - Helen O Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Mark D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, USA
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26
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Ground-Level NO2 Concentrations over China Inferred from the Satellite OMI and CMAQ Model Simulations. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Walters WW, Michalski G. Ab initio study of nitrogen and position-specific oxygen kinetic isotope effects in the NO + O 3 reaction. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:224311. [PMID: 27984902 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations have been carried out to investigate nitrogen (k15/k14) and position-specific oxygen (k17/k16O & k18/k16) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reaction between NO and O3 using CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d) derived frequencies in the complete Bigeleisen equations. Isotopic enrichment factors are calculated to be -6.7‰, -1.3‰, -44.7‰, -14.1‰, and -0.3‰ at 298 K for the reactions involving the 15N16O, 14N18O, 18O16O16O, 16O18O16O, and 16O16O18O isotopologues relative to the 14N16O and 16O3 isotopologues, respectively (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)). Using our oxygen position-specific KIEs, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus, which estimates the overall isotopic enrichment factors associated with unreacted O3 and the oxygen transferred to NO2 to be -19.6‰ and -22.8‰, respectively, (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)) which tends to be in agreement with previously reported experimental data. While this result may be fortuitous, this agreement suggests that our model is capturing the most important features of the underlying physics of the KIE associated with this reaction (i.e., shifts in zero-point energies). The calculated KIEs will useful in future NOx isotopic modeling studies aimed at understanding the processes responsible for the observed tropospheric isotopic variations of NOx as well as for tropospheric nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell W Walters
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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28
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Sangwan M, Stockwell WR, Stewart D, Zhu L. Absorption of Near UV Light by HNO3/NO3(-) on Sapphire Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2877-84. [PMID: 27111736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have determined absorption of the near UV light (290-345 nm) by nitric acid (HNO3) deposition on sapphire window surfaces as a function of the HNO3 pressure, by using Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Apparent monolayer HNO3 surface absorption cross sections have been obtained; they range between (1.7 ± 1.1) × 10(-19) and (0.29 ± 0.03) × 10(-19) cm(2)/molecule. When nitric acid cross section values on sapphire surfaces were divided by those on fused silica surfaces for which only molecular HNO3 adsorption was reported, a new absorption band appeared in the 320-345 nm region. The shape of this absorption band is similar to that reported for surface nitrate (NO3(-)) at quartz/water interfaces, but is red-shifted by about 10 nm. Our study suggests that a small percentage (<7%) of adsorbed HNO3 formed by HNO3 deposition on sapphire surfaces is dissociated into surface nitrate on the time scale of about 5-7 min. Background transmission changes in the 320-350 nm region after exposing clean sapphire surfaces with many repeated HNO3 deposition/evacuation cycles are consistent with surface nitrate formation. We obtained nitrate surface absorption cross section data over 320-350 nm range. We also modeled photolysis rates of HNO3/NO3(-) on urban grimes. Atmospheric implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuvesh Sangwan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - William R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Devoun Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, SUNY-Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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30
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Fluxes of Nitrous Oxide and Other Nitrogen Trace Gases from Intensively Managed Landscapes: A Global Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub55.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Walters WW, Tharp BD, Fang H, Kozak BJ, Michalski G. Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Thermally Produced NOx from Various Fossil-Fuel Combustion Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11363-71. [PMID: 26332865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen stable isotope composition of NOx (δ(15)N-NOx) may be a useful indicator for NOx source partitioning, which would help constrain NOx source contributions in nitrogen deposition studies. However, there is large uncertainty in the δ(15)N-NOx values for anthropogenic sources other than on-road vehicles and coal-fired energy generating units. To this end, this study presents a broad analysis of δ(15)N-NOx from several fossil-fuel combustion sources that includes: airplanes, gasoline-powered vehicles not equipped with a three-way catalytic converter, lawn equipment, utility vehicles, urban buses, semitrucks, residential gas furnaces, and natural-gas-fired power plants. A relatively large range of δ(15)N-NOx values was measured from -28.1‰ to 8.5‰ for individual exhaust/flue samples that generally tended to be negative due to the kinetic isotope effect associated with thermal NOx production. A negative correlation between NOx concentrations and δ(15)N-NOx for fossil-fuel combustion sources equipped with selective catalytic reducers was observed, suggesting that the catalytic reduction of NOx increases δ(15)N-NOx values relative to the NOx produced through fossil-fuel combustion processes. Combining the δ(15)N-NOx measured in this study with previous published values, a δ(15)N-NOx regional and seasonal isoscape was constructed for the contiguous U.S., which demonstrates seasonal and regional importance of various NOx sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell W Walters
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bruce D Tharp
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brian J Kozak
- Department of Aviation Technology, Purdue University , 1401 Aviation Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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32
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Yang Y, Zhou R, Wu J, Yu Y, Ma Z, Zhang L, Di Y. Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 34:197-205. [PMID: 26257362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of water-soluble ions in airborne particulate matter in Beijing were investigated using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total concentrations of ions were 83.7 ± 48.9 μg/m(3) in spring, 54.0 ± 17.0 μg/m(3) in summer, 54.1 ± 42.9 μg/m(3) in autumn, and 88.8 ± 47.7 μg/m(3) in winter, respectively. Furthermore, out of all the ions, NO3(-), SO4(2-) and NH4(+) accounted for 81.2% in spring, 78.5% in summer, 74.6% in autumn, and 76.3% in winter. Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) were mainly associated with coarse particles, with a peak that ranged from 5.8 to 9.0 μm. Na(+), NH4(+) and Cl(-) had a multi-mode distribution with peaks that ranged from 0.43 to 1.1 μm and 4.7 to 9.0 μm. K(+), NO3(-), and SO4(2-) were mainly associated with fine particles, with a peak that ranged from 0.65 to 2.1 μm. The concentrations of Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), NH4(+), Cl(-), NO3(-) and SO4(2-) were 2.69, 2.32, 1.01, 4.84, 16.9, 11.8, 42.0, and 44.1 μg/m(3) in particulate matter (PM) on foggy days, respectively, which were 1.4 to 7.3 times higher than those on clear days. The concentrations of these ions were 2.40, 1.66, 0.92, 4.95, 17.5, 7.00, 32.6, and 34.7 μg/m(3) in PM on hazy days, respectively, which were 1.2-5.7 times higher than those on clear days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Yang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Yu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Beijing Urban Meteorological Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lejian Zhang
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi'an Di
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China.
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33
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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34
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Maekawa S, Matsui T, Hirao K, Shigeta Y. Theoretical Study on Reaction Mechanisms of Nitrite Reduction by Copper Nitrite Complexes: Toward Understanding and Controlling Possible Mechanisms of Copper Nitrite Reductase. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5392-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Maekawa
- Computational
Science Group, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 580-32 Nagaura, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0265, Japan
| | - Toru Matsui
- RIKEN, Advanced
Institute for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Hirao
- RIKEN, Advanced
Institute for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawagoe, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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35
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Weber P, Thoene B, Rennenberg H. Absorption of Atmospheric NO2by Spruce (Picea abies) Trees. III. Interaction with Nitrate Reductase Activity in the Needles and Phloem Transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Aneja VP, Das M, Kim DS, Hartsell BE. Measurements and Analysis of Photochemical Oxidants and Trace Gases in the Rural Troposphere of the Southeast United States. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Nishina K, Akiyama H, Nishimura S, Sudo S, Yagi K. Evaluation of uncertainties in N2O and NO fluxes from agricultural soil using a hierarchical Bayesian model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jg002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Murphy DM, Fahey DW, Proffitt MH, Liu SC, Chan KR, Eubank CS, Kawa SR, Kelly KK. Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Luke WT, Dickerson RR, Nunnermacker LJ. Direct measurements of the photolysis rate coefficients and Henry's law constants of several alkyl nitrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id12p14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gregory GL, Hoell JM, Huebert BJ, Van Bramer SE, LeBel PJ, Vay SA, Marinaro RM, Schiff HI, Hastie DR, Mackay GI, Karecki DR. An intercomparison of airborne nitric acid measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huebert BJ, Luke WT, Delany AC, Brost RA. Measurements of concentrations and dry surface fluxes of atmospheric nitrates in the presence of ammonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id06p07127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carroll MA, Hastie DR, Ridley BA, Rodgers MO, Torres AL, Davis DD, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Schiff HI, Karecki DR, Harris GW, Mackay GI, Gregory GL, Condon EP, Trainer M, Hubler G, Montzka DD, Madronich S, Albritton DL, Singh HB, Beck SM, Shipham MC, Bachmeier AS. Aircraft measurements of NOxover the eastern Pacific and continental United States and implications for ozone production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prospero JM, Savoie DL, Nees RT, Duce RA, Merrill J. Particulate sulfate and nitrate in the boundary layer over the North Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd090id06p10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sandholm ST, Bradshaw JD, Dorris KS, Rodgers MO, Davis DD. An airborne compatible photofragmentation two-photon laser-induced fluorescence instrument for measuring background tropospheric levels of NO, NOx, and NO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dentener FJ, Crutzen PJ. Reaction of N2O5on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3, and OH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Law KS, Pyle JA. Modeling trace gas budgets in the troposphere: 1. Ozone and odd nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hutchinson GL, Brams EA. NO versus N2O emissions from an NH4+-amended Bermuda grass pasture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Huebert BJ, Vanbramer SE, Lebel PJ, Vay SA, Torres AL, Schiff HI, Hastie D, Hubler G, Bradshaw JD, Carroll MA, Davis DD, Ridley BA, Rodgers MO, Sandholm ST, Dorris S. Measurements of the nitric acid to NOxratio in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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