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Zhao M, Zhang S, Wan W, Zhou C, Li N, Cheng R, Yu Y, Ouyang X, Zhou D, Jiao J, Xiong X. Coxiella burnetii effector CvpE maintains biogenesis of Coxiella-containing vacuoles by suppressing lysosome tubulation through binding PI(3)P and perturbing PIKfyve activity on lysosomes. Virulence 2024; 15:2350893. [PMID: 38725096 PMCID: PMC11085968 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2350893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease. Intracellular replication of C. burnetii requires the maturation of a phagolysosome-like compartment known as the replication permissive Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Effector proteins secreted by the Dot/Icm secretion system are indispensable for maturation of a single large CCV by facilitating the fusion of promiscuous vesicles. However, the mechanisms of CCV maintenance and evasion of host cell clearance remain to be defined. Here, we show that C. burnetii secreted Coxiella vacuolar protein E (CvpE) contributes to CCV biogenesis by inducing lysosome-like vacuole (LLV) enlargement. LLV fission by tubulation and autolysosome degradation is impaired in CvpE-expressing cells. Subsequently, we found that CvpE suppresses lysosomal Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) activity in an indirect manner, in which CvpE binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and perturbs PIKfyve activity in lysosomes. Finally, the agonist of TRPML1, ML-SA5, inhibits CCV biogenesis and C. burnetii replication. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of CCV maintenance by CvpE and suggest that the agonist of TRPML1 can be a novel potential treatment that does not rely on antibiotics for Q fever by enhancing Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs) fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nana Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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2
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Schwickert KK, Glitscher M, Bender D, Benz NI, Murra R, Schwickert K, Pfalzgraf S, Schirmeister T, Hellmich UA, Hildt E. Zika virus replication is impaired by a selective agonist of the TRPML2 ion channel. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105940. [PMID: 38901736 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus includes human pathogenic viruses such as Dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) posing a global health threat due to limited treatment options. Host ion channels are crucial for various viral life cycle stages, but their potential as targets for antivirals is often not fully realized due to the lack of selective modulators. Here, we observe that treatment with ML2-SA1, an agonist for the human endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2, impairs ZIKV replication. Upon ML2-SA1 treatment, levels of intracellular genomes and number of released virus particles of two different ZIKV isolates were significantly reduced and cells displayed enlarged vesicular structures and multivesicular bodies with ZIKV envelope protein accumulation. However, no increased ZIKV degradation in lysosomal compartments was observed. Rather, the antiviral effect of ML2-SA1 seemed to manifest by the compound's negative impact on genome replication. Moreover, ML2-SA1 treatment also led to intracellular cholesterol accumulation. ZIKV and many other viruses including the Orthohepevirus Hepatitis E virus (HEV) rely on the endolysosomal system and are affected by intracellular cholesterol levels to complete their life cycle. Since we observed that ML2-SA1 also negatively impacted HEV infections in vitro, this compound may harbor a broader antiviral potential through perturbing the intracellular cholesterol distribution. Besides indicating that TRPML2 may be a promising target for combatting viral infections, we uncover a tentative connection between this protein and cholesterol distribution within the context of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K Schwickert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirco Glitscher
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Nuka Ivalu Benz
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Robin Murra
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Kevin Schwickert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Pfalzgraf
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Balance of the Microverse", Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 PMCID: PMC11381013 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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4
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Ouologuem L, Bartel K. Endolysosomal transient receptor potential mucolipins and two-pore channels: implications for cancer immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389194. [PMID: 38840905 PMCID: PMC11150529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Past research has identified that cancer cells sustain several cancer hallmarks by impairing function of the endolysosomal system (ES). Thus, maintaining the functional integrity of endolysosomes is crucial, which heavily relies on two key protein families: soluble hydrolases and endolysosomal membrane proteins. Particularly members of the TPC (two-pore channel) and TRPML (transient receptor potential mucolipins) families have emerged as essential regulators of ES function as a potential target in cancer therapy. Targeting TPCs and TRPMLs has demonstrated significant impact on multiple cancer hallmarks, including proliferation, growth, migration, and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, endosomes and lysosomes also actively participate in various immune regulatory mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Yet, knowledge about the role of TPCs and TRPMLs in immunity is scarce. This prompts a discussion regarding the potential role of endolysosomal ion channels in aiding cancers to evade immune surveillance and destruction. Specifically, understanding the interplay between endolysosomal ion channels and cancer immunity becomes crucial. Our review aims to comprehensively explore the current knowledge surrounding the roles of TPCs and TRPMLs in immunity, whilst emphasizing the critical need to elucidate their specific contributions to cancer immunity by pointing out current research gaps that should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Delivery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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5
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Wang Z, Chen M, Su Q, Morais TDC, Wang Y, Nazginov E, Pillai AR, Qian F, Shi Y, Yu Y. Molecular and structural basis of the dual regulation of the polycystin-2 ion channel by small-molecule ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316230121. [PMID: 38483987 PMCID: PMC10962963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316230121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PKD2 gene, which encodes the polycystin-2 (PC2, also called TRPP2) protein, lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). As a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily, PC2 functions as a non-selective cation channel. The activation and regulation of the PC2 channel are largely unknown, and direct binding of small-molecule ligands to this channel has not been reported. In this work, we found that most known small-molecule agonists of the mucolipin TRP (TRPML) channels inhibit the activity of the PC2_F604P, a gain-of-function mutant of the PC2 channel. However, two of them, ML-SA1 and SF-51, have dual regulatory effects, with low concentration further activating PC2_F604P, and high concentration leading to inactivation of the channel. With two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, a molecular docking model, and mutagenesis results, we identified two distinct binding sites of ML-SA1 in PC2_F604P that are responsible for activation and inactivation, respectively. These results provide structural and functional insights into how ligands regulate PC2 channel function through unusual mechanisms and may help design compounds that are more efficient and specific in regulating the PC2 channel and potentially also for ADPKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Mengying Chen
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
| | - Tiago D. C. Morais
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Elianna Nazginov
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Akhilraj R. Pillai
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Yigong Shi
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
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6
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García-Morales A, Balleza D. Non-canonical helical transitions and conformational switching are associated with characteristic flexibility and disorder indices in TRP and Kv channels. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2212349. [PMID: 37196183 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2212349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural evidence and much experimental data have demonstrated the presence of non-canonical helical substructures (π and 310) in regions of great functional relevance both in TRP as in Kv channels. Through an exhaustive compositional analysis of the sequences underlying these substructures, we find that each of them is associated with characteristic local flexibility profiles, which in turn are implicated in significant conformational rearrangements and interactions with specific ligands. We found that α-to-π helical transitions are associated with patterns of local rigidity whereas α-to-310 transitions are mainly leagued with high local flexibility profiles. We also study the relationship between flexibility and protein disorder in the transmembrane domain of these proteins. By contrasting these two parameters, we located regions showing a sort of structural discrepancy between these similar but not identical protein attributes. Notably, these regions are presumably implicated in important conformational rearrangements during the gating in those channels. In that sense, finding these regions where flexibility and disorder are not proportional allows us to detect regions with potential functional dynamism. From this point of view, we highlighted some conformational rearrangements that occur during ligand binding events, the compaction, and refolding of the outer pore loops in several TRP channels, as well as the well-known S4 motion in Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Balleza
- Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz. Tecnológico Nacional de México, Veracruz, MEXICO
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7
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Chiang CL, Ma Y, Hou YC, Pan J, Chen SY, Chien MH, Zhang ZX, Hsu WH, Wang X, Zhang J, Li H, Sun L, Fallen S, Lee I, Chen XY, Chu YS, Zhang C, Cheng TS, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Reategui E, Lee R, Yuan Y, Liu HC, Wang K, Hsiao M, Huang CYF, Shan YS, Lee AS, James Lee L. Dual targeted extracellular vesicles regulate oncogenic genes in advanced pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6692. [PMID: 37872156 PMCID: PMC10593751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumours carry multiple gene mutations and respond poorly to treatments. There is currently an unmet need for drug carriers that can deliver multiple gene cargoes to target high solid tumour burden like PDAC. Here, we report a dual targeted extracellular vesicle (dtEV) carrying high loads of therapeutic RNA that effectively suppresses large PDAC tumours in mice. The EV surface contains a CD64 protein that has a tissue targeting peptide and a humanized monoclonal antibody. Cells sequentially transfected with plasmid DNAs encoding for the RNA and protein of interest by Transwell®-based asymmetric cell electroporation release abundant targeted EVs with high RNA loading. Together with a low dose chemotherapy drug, Gemcitabine, dtEVs suppress large orthotopic PANC-1 and patient derived xenograft tumours and metastasis in mice and extended animal survival. Our work presents a clinically accessible and scalable way to produce abundant EVs for delivering multiple gene cargoes to large solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yifan Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Junjie Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sin-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Xuan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | | | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eduardo Reategui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Robert Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Andrew S Lee
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- School of Chemical Biology and Biochemistry, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - L James Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
- Spot Biosystems Ltd., Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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8
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Lee D, Hong JH. Modulation of Lysosomal Cl - Mediates Migration and Apoptosis through the TRPML1 as a Lysosomal Cl - Sensor. Cells 2023; 12:1835. [PMID: 37508500 PMCID: PMC10378694 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are responsible for protein degradation and clearance in cellular recycling centers. It has been known that the lysosomal chloride level is enriched and involved in the intrinsic lysosomal function. However, the mechanism by which chloride levels can be sensed and that of the chloride-mediated lysosomal function is unknown. In this study, we verified that reduced chloride levels acutely induced lysosomal calcium release through TRPML1 and lysosomal repositioning toward the juxtanuclear region. Functionally, low chloride-induced lysosomal calcium release attenuated cellular migration. In addition, spontaneous exposure to low chloride levels dysregulated lysosomal biogenesis and subsequently induced delayed migration and promoted apoptosis. Two chloride-sensing GXXXP motifs in the TRPML1 were identified. Mutations in the GXXXP motif of TRPML1 did not affect chloride levels, and there were no changes in migratory ability. In this study, we demonstrated that the depletion of chloride induces reformation of the lysosomal calcium pool and subsequently dysregulated cancer progression, which will assist in improving therapeutic strategies for lysosomal accumulation-associated diseases or cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhang M, Ma Y, Ye X, Zhang N, Pan L, Wang B. TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel family: structures, biological functions and therapeutic interventions for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:261. [PMID: 37402746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are sensors for a variety of cellular and environmental signals. Mammals express a total of 28 different TRP channel proteins, which can be divided into seven subfamilies based on amino acid sequence homology: TRPA (Ankyrin), TRPC (Canonical), TRPM (Melastatin), TRPML (Mucolipin), TRPN (NO-mechano-potential, NOMP), TRPP (Polycystin), TRPV (Vanilloid). They are a class of ion channels found in numerous tissues and cell types and are permeable to a wide range of cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and others. TRP channels are responsible for various sensory responses including heat, cold, pain, stress, vision and taste and can be activated by a number of stimuli. Their predominantly location on the cell surface, their interaction with numerous physiological signaling pathways, and the unique crystal structure of TRP channels make TRPs attractive drug targets and implicate them in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Here, we review the history of TRP channel discovery, summarize the structures and functions of the TRP ion channel family, and highlight the current understanding of the role of TRP channels in the pathogenesis of human disease. Most importantly, we describe TRP channel-related drug discovery, therapeutic interventions for diseases and the limitations of targeting TRP channels in potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xianglu Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lei Pan
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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10
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Xie A, Kang GJ, Kim EJ, Feng F, Givens SE, Ogle BM, Dudley SC. Lysosomal Ca 2+ flux modulates automaticity in ventricular cardiomyocytes and correlates with arrhythmic risk. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad174. [PMID: 37303713 PMCID: PMC10255768 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Automaticity involves Ca2+ handling at the cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Abnormal or acquired automaticity is thought to initiate ventricular arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischemia. Ca2+ flux from mitochondria can influence automaticity, and lysosomes also release Ca2+. Therefore, we tested whether lysosomal Ca2+ flux could influence automaticity. We studied ventricular human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), hiPSC 3D engineered heart tissues (EHTs), and ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from infarcted mice. Preventing lysosomal Ca2+ cycling reduced automaticity in hiPSC-CMs. Consistent with a lysosomal role in automaticity, activating the transient receptor potential mucolipin channel (TRPML1) enhanced automaticity, and two channel antagonists reduced spontaneous activity. Activation or inhibition of lysosomal transcription factor EB (TFEB) increased or decreased total lysosomes and automaticity, respectively. In adult ischemic cardiomyocytes and hiPSC 3D EHTs, reducing lysosomal Ca2+ release also inhibited automaticity. Finally, TRPML1 was up-regulated in cardiomyopathic patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) compared with those without VT. In summary, lysosomal Ca2+ handling modulates abnormal automaticity, and reducing lysosomal Ca2+ release may be a clinical strategy for preventing ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, VCRC 1st Floor, Suite 131, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, VCRC 1st Floor, Suite 131, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, VCRC 1st Floor, Suite 131, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, VCRC 1st Floor, Suite 131, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sophie E Givens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street SE, Mail Code 2873, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street SE, Mail Code 2873, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, 725 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 94, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, VCRC 1st Floor, Suite 131, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Suite 4-156, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Pavel MA, Ng C, Kashyap P, Li B, Morais TDC, Ulloa GA, Yu Y. The diverse effects of pathogenic point mutations on ion channel activity of a gain-of-function polycystin-2. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104674. [PMID: 37028763 PMCID: PMC10192930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes. The latter encodes polycystin-2 (PC2, also known as TRPP2), a member of the transient receptor potential ion channel family. Despite most pathogenic mutations in PKD2 being truncation variants, there are also many point mutations, which cause small changes in protein sequences but dramatic changes in the in vivo function of PC2. How these mutations affect PC2 ion channel function is largely unknown. In this study, we systematically tested the effects of 31 point mutations on the ion channel activity of a gain-of-function PC2 mutant, PC2_F604P, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The results show that all mutations in the transmembrane domains and channel pore region, and most mutations in the extracellular tetragonal opening for polycystins domain, are critical for PC2_F604P channel function. In contrast, the other mutations in the tetragonal opening for polycystins domain and most mutations in the C-terminal tail cause mild or no effects on channel function as assessed in Xenopus oocytes. To understand the mechanism of these effects, we have discussed possible conformational consequences of these mutations based on the cryo-EM structures of PC2. The results help gain insight into the structure and function of the PC2 ion channel and the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis caused by these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Mahmud Arif Pavel
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Courtney Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Parul Kashyap
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Tiago D C Morais
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Gabriella A Ulloa
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA.
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12
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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13
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Somogyi A, Kirkham ED, Lloyd-Evans E, Winston J, Allen ND, Mackrill JJ, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Gardiner SE, Waller-Evans H, Sims R, Boland B, O'Neill C. The synthetic TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 rescues Alzheimer-related alterations of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259875. [PMID: 36825945 PMCID: PMC10112969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) system are an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are unclear. The transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1(TRPML1, also known as MCOLN1), a vital endosomal-lysosomal Ca2+ channel whose loss of function leads to neurodegeneration, has not been investigated with respect to EAL pathogenesis in late-onset AD (LOAD). Here, we identify pathological hallmarks of TRPML1 dysregulation in LOAD neurons, including increased perinuclear clustering and vacuolation of endolysosomes. We reveal that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cortical neurons expressing APOE ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, have significantly diminished TRPML1-induced endolysosomal Ca2+ release. Furthermore, we found that blocking TRPML1 function in primary neurons by depleting the TRPML1 agonist PI(3,5)P2 via PIKfyve inhibition, recreated multiple features of EAL neuropathology evident in LOAD. This included increased endolysosomal Ca2+ content, enlargement and perinuclear clustering of endolysosomes, autophagic vesicle accumulation and early endosomal enlargement. Strikingly, these AD-like neuronal EAL defects were rescued by TRPML1 reactivation using its synthetic agonist ML-SA1. These findings implicate defects in TRPML1 in LOAD EAL pathogenesis and present TRPML1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Somogyi
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily D Kirkham
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Jincy Winston
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen E Anderson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Sian E Gardiner
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, C14 4XN Cardiff, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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14
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Wang Y. Multidisciplinary Advances Address the Challenges in Developing Drugs against Transient Receptor Potential Channels to Treat Metabolic Disorders. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200562. [PMID: 36530131 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cation channels that regulate key physiological and pathological processes in response to a broad range of stimuli. Moreover, they systemically regulate the release of hormones, metabolic homeostasis, and complications of diabetes, which positions them as promising therapeutic targets to combat metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, there are significant challenges in the design of TRP ligands with high potency and durability. Herein we summarize the four challenges as hydrophobicity, selectivity, mono-target therapy, and interspecies discrepancy. We present 1134 TRP ligands with diversified modes of TRP-ligand interaction and provide a detailed discussion of the latest strategies, especially cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and computational methods. We propose solutions to address the challenges with a critical analysis of advances in membrane partitioning, polypharmacology, biased agonism, and biochemical screening of transcriptional modulators. They are fueled by the breakthrough from cryo-EM, chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. The discussion is aimed to shed new light on designing next-generation drugs to treat obesity, diabetes and its complications, with optimal hydrophobicity, higher mode selectivity, multi-targeting and consistent activities between human and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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15
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Abstract
This chapter explores the existing structural and functional studies on the endo-lysosomal channel TRPML1 and its analogs TRPML2, TRPML3. These channels represent the mucolipin subfamily of the TRP channel superfamily comprising important roles in sensory physiology, ion homeostasis, and signal transduction. Since 2016, numerous structures have been determined for all three members using either cryo-EM or X-ray crystallography. These studies along with recent functional analysis have considerably strengthened our knowledge on TRPML channels and its related endo-lysosomal function. This chapter, together with relevant reports in other chapters from this handbook, provides an informative and detailed tool to study the endo-lysosomal cation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fine
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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16
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Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger that plays a wide variety of fundamental roles in cellular physiology. Thus, to warrant selective responses and to allow rapid mobilization upon specific stimuli, Ca2+ is accumulated in organelles to keep it at very low levels in the cytoplasm during resting conditions. Major Ca2+ storage organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mitochondria, and as recently demonstrated, the lysosome (Xu and Ren, Annu Rev Physiol 77:57-80, 2015). The importance of Ca2+ signaling deregulation in human physiology is underscored by its involvement in several human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegenerative disease and cancer (Shen et al., Nat Commun 3:731, 2012; Bae et al., J Neurosci 34:11485-11503, 2014). Recent evidence strongly suggests that lysosomal Ca2+ plays a major role in the regulation of lysosomal adaptation to nutrient availability through a lysosomal signaling pathway involving the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 and the transcription factor TFEB, a master regulator for lysosomal function and autophagy (Sardiello et al., Science 325:473-477, 2009; Settembre et al., Science 332:1429-1433, 2011; Medina et al., Nat Cell Biol 17:288-299, 2015; Di Paola et al., Cell Calcium 69:112-121, 2018). Due to the tight relationship of this lysosomal Ca2+ channel and TFEB, in this chapter, we will focus on the role of the TRPML1/TFEB pathway in the regulation of lysosomal function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Liu Y, Lyu Y, Wang H. TRP Channels as Molecular Targets to Relieve Endocrine-Related Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:895814. [PMID: 35573736 PMCID: PMC9095829 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.895814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are polymodal channels capable of sensing environmental stimuli, which are widely expressed on the plasma membrane of cells and play an essential role in the physiological or pathological processes of cells as sensors. TRPs often form functional homo- or heterotetramers that act as cation channels to flow Na+ and Ca2+, change membrane potential and [Ca2+]i (cytosolic [Ca2+]), and change protein expression levels, channel attributes, and regulatory factors. Under normal circumstances, various TRP channels respond to intracellular and extracellular stimuli such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, chemicals, cytokines, and cell damage and depletion of Ca2+ reserves. As cation transport channels and physical and chemical stimulation receptors, TRPs play an important role in regulating secretion, interfering with cell proliferation, and affecting neural activity in these glands and their adenocarcinoma cells. Many studies have proved that TRPs are widely distributed in the pancreas, adrenal gland, and other glands. This article reviews the specific regulatory mechanisms of various TRP channels in some common glands (pancreas, salivary gland, lacrimal gland, adrenal gland, mammary gland, gallbladder, and sweat gland).
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18
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Identification of putative binding interface of PI(3,5)P2 lipid on rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) P10 protein. Virology 2022; 570:81-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Kuo CY, Huang MC, Chang SY, Biel M. Endolysosomal cation channels point the way towards precision medicine of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112751. [PMID: 35240524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancer are among the key medical challenges that humankind is facing today. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of both groups of diseases. The development of advanced patch-clamp technologies has allowed us to directly characterize ion fluxes through endolysosomal ion channels in their native environments. Endolysosomes are essential organelles for intracellular transport, digestion and metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis. The endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system through four basic mechanisms: calcium release, control of membrane potential, pH change, and osmolarity regulation. In this review, we put particular emphasis on the endolysosomal cation channels, including TPC2 and TRPML2, which are particularly important in monocyte function. We discuss existing endogenous and synthetic ligands of these channels and summarize current knowledge of their impact on channel activity and function in different cell types. Moreover, we summarize recent findings on the importance of TPC2 and TRPML2 channels as potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of the emerging infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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20
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Current Methods to Unravel the Functional Properties of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Transporters. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060921. [PMID: 35326372 PMCID: PMC8946281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct set of channels and transporters regulates the ion fluxes across the lysosomal membrane. Malfunctioning of these transport proteins and the resulting ionic imbalance is involved in various human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, cancer, as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. As a consequence, these proteins have stimulated strong interest for their suitability as possible drug targets. A detailed functional characterization of many lysosomal channels and transporters is lacking, mainly due to technical difficulties in applying the standard patch-clamp technique to these small intracellular compartments. In this review, we focus on current methods used to unravel the functional properties of lysosomal ion channels and transporters, stressing their advantages and disadvantages and evaluating their fields of applicability.
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21
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Gan N, Jiang Y. Structural biology of cation channels important for lysosomal calcium release. Cell Calcium 2022; 101:102519. [PMID: 34952412 PMCID: PMC8752501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important second messengers in cells. The uptake and release of calcium ions are conducted by channels and transporters. Inside a eukaryotic cell, calcium is stored in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrion, and lysosome. Lysosomes are acid membrane-bounded organelles serving as the crucial degradation and recycling center of the cell. Lysosomes involve in multiple important signaling events, including nutrient sensing, lipid metabolism, and trafficking. Hitherto, two lysosomal cation channel families have been suggested to function as calcium release channels, namely the Two-pore Channel (TPC) family, and the Transient Receptor Potential Channel Mucolipin (TRPML) family. Additionally, a few plasma membrane calcium channels have also been found in the lysosomal membrane under certain circumstances. In this review, we will discuss the structural mechanism of the cation channels that may be important for lysosomal calcium release, primarily focusing on the TPCs and TRPMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghai Gan
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Youxing Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
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22
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Song X, Li J, Tian M, Zhu H, Hu X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Ye H, McCormick PJ, Zeng B, Fu Y, Duan J, Zhang J. Cryo-EM structure of mouse TRPML2 in lipid nanodiscs. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101487. [PMID: 34915027 PMCID: PMC8808176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalians, transient receptor potential mucolipin ion channels (TRPMLs) exhibit variable permeability to cations such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and Na+, and can be activated by the phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2 in the endolysosomal system. Loss or dysfunction of TRPMLs has been implicated in lysosomal storage disorders, infectious diseases, and metabolic diseases. TRPML2 has recently been identified as a mechanosensitive and hypotonicity-sensitive channel in endolysosomal organelles, which distinguishes it from TRPML1 and TRPML3. However, the molecular and gating mechanism of TRPML2 remains elusive. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the full-length mouse TRPML2 in lipid nanodiscs at 3.14 Å resolution. The TRPML2 homo-tetramer structure at pH 7.4 in the apo state reveals an inactive conformation and some unique features of the extracytosolic/luminal domain and voltage sensor-like domain that have implications for the ion-conducting pathway. This structure enables new comparisons between the different subgroups of TRPML channels with available structures and provides structural insights into the conservation and diversity of TRPML channels. These comparisons have broad implications for understanding a variety of molecular mechanisms of TRPMLs in different pH conditions, including with and without bound agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ganan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Miao Tian
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huaiyi Zhu
- Human Aging Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yanru Cao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Heyang Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ganan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Human Aging Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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23
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Zhao Y, McVeigh BM, Moiseenkova-Bell VY. Structural Pharmacology of TRP Channels. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166914. [PMID: 33676926 PMCID: PMC8338738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are a super-family of ion channels that mediate transmembrane cation flux with polymodal activation, ranging from chemical to physical stimuli. Furthermore, due to their ubiquitous expression and role in human diseases, they serve as potential pharmacological targets. Advances in cryo-EM TRP channel structural biology has revealed general, as well as diverse, architectural elements and regulatory sites among TRP channel subfamilies. Here, we review the endogenous and pharmacological ligand-binding sites of TRP channels and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Zhao
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bridget M McVeigh
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vera Y Moiseenkova-Bell
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Structural basis for Ca 2+ activation of the heteromeric PKD1L3/PKD2L1 channel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4871. [PMID: 34381056 PMCID: PMC8357825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heteromeric complex between PKD1L3, a member of the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) protein family, and PKD2L1, also known as TRPP2 or TRPP3, has been a prototype for mechanistic characterization of heterotetrametric TRP-like channels. Here we show that a truncated PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex with the C-terminal TRP-fold fragment of PKD1L3 retains both Ca2+ and acid-induced channel activities. Cryo-EM structures of this core heterocomplex with or without supplemented Ca2+ were determined at resolutions of 3.1 Å and 3.4 Å, respectively. The heterotetramer, with a pseudo-symmetric TRP architecture of 1:3 stoichiometry, has an asymmetric selectivity filter (SF) guarded by Lys2069 from PKD1L3 and Asp523 from the three PKD2L1 subunits. Ca2+-entrance to the SF vestibule is accompanied by a swing motion of Lys2069 on PKD1L3. The S6 of PKD1L3 is pushed inward by the S4-S5 linker of the nearby PKD2L1 (PKD2L1-III), resulting in an elongated intracellular gate which seals the pore domain. Comparison of the apo and Ca2+-loaded complexes unveils an unprecedented Ca2+ binding site in the extracellular cleft of the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of PKD2L1-III, but not the other three VSDs. Structure-guided mutagenic studies support this unconventional site to be responsible for Ca2+-induced channel activation through an allosteric mechanism.
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25
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Schmiege P, Fine M, Li X. Atomic insights into ML-SI3 mediated human TRPML1 inhibition. Structure 2021; 29:1295-1302.e3. [PMID: 34171299 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) regulates lysosomal calcium signaling, lipid trafficking, and autophagy-related processes. This channel is regulated by phosphoinositides and the low pH environment of the lysosome, maintaining calcium levels essential for proper lysosomal function. Recently, several small molecules specifically targeting the TRPML family have been demonstrated to modulate channel activity. One of these, a synthetic antagonist ML-SI3, can prevent lysosomal calcium efflux and has been reported to block downstream TRPML1-mediated induction of autophagy. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TRPML1 with ML-SI3 at 2.9-Å resolution. ML-SI3 binds to the hydrophobic cavity created by S5, S6, and PH1, the same cavity where the synthetic agonist ML-SA1 binds. Electrophysiological characterizations show that ML-SI3 can compete with ML-SA1, blocking channel activation yet does not inhibit PI(3,5)P2-dependent activation of the channel. Consequently, this work provides molecular insight into how ML-SI3 and native lipids regulate TRPML1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schmiege
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Fine
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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27
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Cao E. Structural mechanisms of transient receptor potential ion channels. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133640. [PMID: 31972006 PMCID: PMC7054860 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201811998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are evolutionarily ancient sensory proteins that detect and integrate a wide range of physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels are fundamental for numerous biological processes and are therefore associated with a multitude of inherited and acquired human disorders. In contrast to many other major ion channel families, high-resolution structures of TRP channels were not available before 2013. Remarkably, however, the subsequent “resolution revolution” in cryo-EM has led to an explosion of TRP structures in the last few years. These structures have confirmed that TRP channels assemble as tetramers and resemble voltage-gated ion channels in their overall architecture. But beyond the relatively conserved transmembrane core embedded within the lipid bilayer, each TRP subtype appears to be endowed with a unique set of soluble domains that may confer diverse regulatory mechanisms. Importantly, TRP channel structures have revealed sites and mechanisms of action of numerous synthetic and natural compounds, as well as those for endogenous ligands such as lipids, Ca2+, and calmodulin. Here, I discuss these recent findings with a particular focus on the conserved transmembrane region and how these structures may help to rationally target this important class of ion channels for the treatment of numerous human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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28
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Schwickert K, Andrzejewski M, Grabowsky S, Schirmeister T. Synthesis, X-ray Structure Determination, and Comprehensive Photochemical Characterization of (Trifluoromethyl)diazirine-Containing TRPML1 Ligands. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6169-6183. [PMID: 33835801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potential (trifluoromethyl)diazirine-based TRPML1 ion channel ligands were designed and synthesized, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Photoactivation studies via 19F NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS analysis revealed distinct kinetical characteristics in selected solvents and favorable photochemical properties in an aqueous buffer. These photoactivatable TRPML activators represent useful and valuable tools for TRPML photoaffinity labeling combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwickert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michał Andrzejewski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Morgan AJ, Davis LC, Galione A. Choreographing endo-lysosomal Ca 2+ throughout the life of a phagosome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119040. [PMID: 33872669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of endo-lysosomes as ubiquitous Ca2+ stores with their unique cohort of channels has resulted in their being implicated in a growing number of processes in an ever-increasing number of cell types. The architectural and regulatory constraints of these acidic Ca2+ stores distinguishes them from other larger Ca2+ sources such as the ER and influx across the plasma membrane. In view of recent advances in the understanding of the modes of operation, we discuss phagocytosis as a template for how endo-lysosomal Ca2+ signals (generated via TPC and TRPML channels) can be integrated in multiple sophisticated ways into biological processes. Phagocytosis illustrates how different endo-lysosomal Ca2+ signals drive different phases of a process, and how these can be altered by disease or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Park, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Lianne C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Park, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Park, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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30
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Huang Y, Xie D, Gou S, Canup BSB, Zhang G, Dai F, Li C, Xiao B. Quadruple-responsive nanoparticle-mediated targeted combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5765-5779. [PMID: 33704300 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synergism of combination chemotherapy can only be achieved under specific drug ratios. Herein, hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized regenerated silk fibroin-based nanoparticles (NPs) were used to concurrently deliver curcumin (CUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at various weight ratios (3.3 : 1, 1.6 : 1, 1.1 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 1.2) to breast tumor cells. The generated HA-CUR/5-FU-NPs were found to have desirable particle sizes (around 200 nm), narrow size distributions, and negative zeta potentials (about -26.0 mV). Interestingly, these NPs showed accelerated drug release rates when they were exposed to buffers that mimicked the multi-hallmarks in the tumor microenvironment (pH/hydrogen peroxide/glutathione/hyaluronidase). The surface functionalization of NPs with HA endowed them with in vitro and in vivo breast tumor-targeting properties. Furthermore, we found that the co-loading of CUR and 5-FU in HA-functionalized NPs exhibited obvious synergistic anti-cancer, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration effects, and the strongest synergism was found at the CUR/5-FU weight ratio of 1 : 1.2. Most importantly, mice experiments revealed that HA-CUR/5-FU-NPs (1 : 1.2) showed a superior anti-cancer activity against metastatic breast cancer compared to the single drug-loaded NPs and non-functionalized CUR/5-FU-NPs (1 : 1.2). Collectively, these results demonstrate that HA-CUR/5-FU-NPs (1 : 1.2) can be exploited as a robust nanococktail for the treatment of breast cancer and its lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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31
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Goretzki B, Guhl C, Tebbe F, Harder JM, Hellmich UA. Unstructural Biology of TRP Ion Channels: The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Channel Function and Regulation. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166931. [PMID: 33741410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first genuine high-resolution single particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of a membrane protein determined was a transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel, TRPV1, in 2013. This methodical breakthrough opened up a whole new world for structural biology and ion channel aficionados alike. TRP channels capture the imagination due to the sheer endless number of tasks they carry out in all aspects of animal physiology. To date, structures of at least one representative member of each of the six mammalian TRP channel subfamilies as well as of a few non-mammalian families have been determined. These structures were instrumental for a better understanding of TRP channel function and regulation. However, all of the TRP channel structures solved so far are incomplete since they miss important information about highly flexible regions found mostly in the channel N- and C-termini. These intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) can represent between a quarter to almost half of the entire protein sequence and act as important recruitment hubs for lipids and regulatory proteins. Here, we analyze the currently available TRP channel structures with regard to the extent of these "missing" regions and compare these findings to disorder predictions. We discuss select examples of intra- and intermolecular crosstalk of TRP channel IDRs with proteins and lipids as well as the effect of splicing and post-translational modifications, to illuminate their importance for channel function and to complement the prevalently discussed structural biology of these versatile and fascinating proteins with their equally relevant 'unstructural' biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Goretzki
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; TransMED - Mainz Research School of Translational Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederike Tebbe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean-Martin Harder
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; TransMED - Mainz Research School of Translational Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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32
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Ji C, McCulloch CA. TRPV4 integrates matrix mechanosensing with Ca 2+ signaling to regulate extracellular matrix remodeling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5867-5887. [PMID: 33300268 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In healthy connective tissues, mechanosensors trigger the generation of Ca2+ signals, which enable cells to maintain the structure of the fibrillar collagen matrix through actomyosin contractile forces. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) is a mechanosensitive Ca2+ -permeable channel that, when expressed in cell-matrix adhesions of the plasma membrane, regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In high prevalence disorders such as fibrosis and tumor metastasis, dysregulated matrix remodeling is associated with disruptions of Ca2+ homeostasis and TRPV4 function. Here, we consider that ECM polymers transmit cell-activating mechanical signals to TRPV4 in cell adhesions. When activated, TRPV4 regulates fibrillar collagen remodeling, thereby altering the mechanical properties of the ECM. In this review, we integrate functionally connected processes of matrix remodeling to highlight how TRPV4 in cell adhesions and matrix mechanics are reciprocally regulated through Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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33
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Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Butz ES, Li Y, Puertollano R, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Grimm C. TRPML2 is an osmo/mechanosensitive cation channel in endolysosomal organelles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabb5064. [PMID: 33177082 PMCID: PMC7673730 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosomes are dynamic, intracellular compartments, regulating their surface-to-volume ratios to counteract membrane swelling or shrinkage caused by osmotic challenges upon tubulation and vesiculation events. While osmosensitivity has been extensively described on the plasma membrane, the mechanisms underlying endolysosomal surface-to-volume ratio changes and identities of involved ion channels remain elusive. Endolysosomes mediate endocytosis, exocytosis, cargo transport, and sorting of material for recycling or degradation. We demonstrate the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 to be hypotonicity/mechanosensitive, a feature crucial to its involvement in fast-recycling processes of immune cells. We demonstrate that the phosphoinositide binding pocket is required for TRPML2 hypotonicity-sensitivity, as substitution of L314 completely abrogates hypotonicity-sensitivity. Last, the hypotonicity-insensitive TRPML2 mutant L314R slows down the fast recycling pathway, corroborating the functional importance of hypotonicity-sensitive TRPML2. Our results highlight TRPML2 as an accelerator of endolysosomal trafficking by virtue of its hypotonicity-sensitivity, with implications in immune cell surveillance and viral trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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34
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Endolysosomes in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Implications for Potential Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595888. [PMID: 33324224 PMCID: PMC7723437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. Humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with symptoms and consequences including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiovascular disorders, and death. SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding viral spike proteins with host protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors; the virus is endocytosed following priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The process of virus entry into endosomes and its release from endolysosomes are key features of enveloped viruses. Thus, it is important to focus attention on the role of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, coronaviruses are now known to hijack endocytic machinery to enter cells such that they can deliver their genome at replication sites without initiating host detection and immunological responses. Hence, endolysosomes might be good targets for developing therapeutic strategies against coronaviruses. Here, we focus attention on the involvement of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further, we explore endolysosome-based therapeutic strategies to restrict SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Cheng D, Yuan S, Hu L, Yi D, Luo K, Gong F, Lu C, Lu G, Lin G, Tan YQ. The genetic cause of intellectual deficiency and/or congenital malformations in two parental reciprocal translocation carriers and implications for assisted reproduction. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 38:243-250. [PMID: 33094427 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the genetic cause of intellectual deficiency and/or congenital malformations in two parental reciprocal translocation carriers and provide appropriate strategies of assisted reproductive therapy (ART). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two similar couples having a child with global developmental delay/intellectual disability symptoms attended the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya (Changsha, China) in 2017 and 2019, respectively, in order to determine the cause(s) of the conditions affecting their child and to seek ART to have a healthy baby. Both of the healthy couples were not of consanguineous marriage, denied exposure to toxicants, and had no adverse life history. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents. Genetic diagnoses were performed by karyotype analysis, breakpoint mapping analysis of chromosomal translocation(s), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) for the two children and different appropriate reproductive strategies were performed in the two families. RESULTS Karyotype analysis revealed that both patients carried parental reciprocal translocations [46,XY,t(7;16)(p13;q24)pat and 46,XY,t(13;17)(q12.3;p11.2)pat, respectively]. Follow-up breakpoint mapping analysis showed no interruption of associated genes, and SNP microarray analysis identified no significant copy number variations (CNVs) in the two patients. Moreover, WES results revealed that patients 1 and 2 harbored candidate compound heterozygous mutations of MCOLN1 [c.195G>C (p.K65N) and c.1061G>A (p.W354*)] and MCPH1 [c.877A>G (p.S293G) and c.1869_1870delAT (p.C624*)], respectively, that were inherited from their parents and not previously reported. Furthermore, the parents of patient 1 obtained 10 embryos during ART cycle, and an embryo of normal karyotype and non-carrier of observed MCOLN1 mutations according to preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangement and monogenic defect was successfully transferred, resulting in the birth of a healthy boy. The parents of patient 2 chose to undergo ART with donor sperm to reduce the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Systematic genetic diagnosis of two carriers of inherited chromosomal translocations accompanied by clinical phenotypes revealed their cause of disease, which was critical for genetic counseling and further ART for these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Cheng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Yuan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Luo
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gong
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Changfu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Mitochondria-lysosome contacts regulate mitochondrial Ca 2+ dynamics via lysosomal TRPML1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19266-19275. [PMID: 32703809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003236117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and lysosomes are critical for cellular homeostasis, and dysfunction of both organelles has been implicated in numerous diseases. Recently, interorganelle contacts between mitochondria and lysosomes were identified and found to regulate mitochondrial dynamics. However, whether mitochondria-lysosome contacts serve additional functions by facilitating the direct transfer of metabolites or ions between the two organelles has not been elucidated. Here, using high spatial and temporal resolution live-cell microscopy, we identified a role for mitochondria-lysosome contacts in regulating mitochondrial calcium dynamics through the lysosomal calcium efflux channel, transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1). Lysosomal calcium release by TRPML1 promotes calcium transfer to mitochondria, which was mediated by tethering of mitochondria-lysosome contact sites. Moreover, mitochondrial calcium uptake at mitochondria-lysosome contact sites was modulated by the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane channels, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, respectively. Since loss of TRPML1 function results in the lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), we examined MLIV patient fibroblasts and found both altered mitochondria-lysosome contact dynamics and defective contact-dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake. Thus, our work highlights mitochondria-lysosome contacts as key contributors to interorganelle calcium dynamics and their potential role in the pathophysiology of disorders characterized by dysfunctional mitochondria or lysosomes.
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Lloyd-Evans E, Waller-Evans H. Lysosomal Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Signaling in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035311. [PMID: 31653642 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is an essential process in all cells that is maintained by a plethora of channels, pumps, transporters, receptors, and intracellular Ca2+ sequestering stores. Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration govern processes as far reaching as fertilization, cell growth, and motility through to cell death. In recent years, lysosomes have emerged as a major intracellular Ca2+ storage organelle with an increasing involvement in triggering or regulating cellular functions such as endocytosis, autophagy, and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. This review will summarize recent work in the area of lysosomal Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis, including newly identified functions, and the involvement of lysosome-derived Ca2+ signals in human disease. In addition, we explore recent controversies in the techniques used for measurement of lysosomal Ca2+ content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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38
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Madureira M, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. "LRRK2: Autophagy and Lysosomal Activity". Front Neurosci 2020; 14:498. [PMID: 32523507 PMCID: PMC7262160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 15 years since the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene was identified as the most common genetic cause for Parkinson's disease (PD). The two most common mutations are the LRRK2-G2019S, located in the kinase domain, and the LRRK2-R1441C, located in the ROC-COR domain. While the LRRK2-G2019S mutation is associated with increased kinase activity, the LRRK2-R1441C exhibits a decreased GTPase activity and altered kinase activity. Multiple lines of evidence have linked the LRRK2 protein with a role in the autophagy pathway and with lysosomal activity in neurons. Neurons rely heavily on autophagy to recycle proteins and process cellular waste due to their post-mitotic state. Additionally, lysosomal activity decreases with age which can potentiate the accumulation of α-synuclein, the pathological hallmark of PD, and subsequently lead to the build-up of Lewy bodies (LBs) observed in this disorder. This review provides an up to date summary of the LRRK2 field to understand its physiological role in the autophagy pathway in neurons and related cells. Careful assessment of how LRRK2 participates in the regulation of phagophore and autophagosome formation, autophagosome and lysosome fusion, lysosomal maturation, maintenance of lysosomal pH and calcium levels, and lysosomal protein degradation are addressed. The autophagy pathway is a complex cellular process and due to the variety of LRRK2 models studied in the field, associated phenotypes have been reported to be seemingly conflicting. This review provides an in-depth discussion of different models to assess the normal and disease-associated role of the LRRK2 protein on autophagic function. Given the importance of the autophagy pathway in Parkinson's pathogenesis it is particularly relevant to focus on the role of LRRK2 to discover novel therapeutic approaches that restore lysosomal protein degradation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Madureira
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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39
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Santoni M, Santoni A. Involvement of the TRPML Mucolipin Channels in Viral Infections and Anti-viral Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32425938 PMCID: PMC7212413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRPML channels (TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3), belonging to the mucolipin TRP subfamily, primary localize to a population of membrane-bonded vesicles along the endocytosis, and exocytosis pathways. Human viruses enter host cells by plasma membrane penetration or by receptor-mediated endocytosis. TRPML2 enhances the infectivity of a number of enveloped viruses by promoting virus vesicular trafficking and escape from endosomal compartment. TRPML2 expression is stimulated by interferon and by several toll like receptor (TLR) activators, suggesting a possible role in the activation of the innate immune response. Noteworthy, TRPML1 plays a major role in single strand RNA/DNA trafficking into lysosomes and the lack of TRPML1 impairs the TLR-7 and TLR-9 ligand transportation to lysosomes resulting in decreased dendritic cell maturation/activation and migration to the lymph nodes. TRPML channels are also expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of innate lymphocytes with an essential role during viral infections; recent findings have indicated a role of TRPML1-mediated modulation of secretory lysosomes in NK cells education. Moreover, as also NK cells express TLR recognizing viral pattern, an increased TLR-mediated activation of cytokine production can be envisaged, suggesting a dual role in the NK cell-mediated antiviral responses. Overall, TRPML channels might play a double-edged sword in resistance to viral infections: on one side they can promote virus cellular entry and infectivity; on the other side, by regulating TLR responses in the various immune cells, they contribute to enhance antiviral innate and possibly adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Clement D, Goodridge JP, Grimm C, Patel S, Malmberg KJ. TRP Channels as Interior Designers: Remodeling the Endolysosomal Compartment in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32411146 PMCID: PMC7198808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are distinguished by their ability to eliminate target cells through release of secretory lysosomes. Conventional lysosomes and secretory lysosomes are part of the pleomorphic endolysosomal system and characterized by its highly dynamic nature. Several calcium-permeable TRP calcium channels play an essential role in endolysosomal calcium signaling to ensure proper function of these organelles. In NK cells, the expression of self MHC-specific inhibitory receptors dynamically tunes their secretory potential in a non-transcriptional, calcium-dependent manner. New insights suggest that TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium fluxes are tightly interconnected to NK cell functionality through modulation of granzyme B and perforin content of the secretory lysosome. Lysosomal TRP channels show a subset-specific expression pattern during NK differentiation, which is paralleled with gradually increased loading of effector molecules in secretory lysosomes. Methodological advances, including organellar patch-clamping, specific pharmacological modulators, and genetically-encoded calcium indicators open up new possibilities to investigate how TRP channels influence communication between intracellular organelles in immune cells. This review discusses our current understanding of lysosome biogenesis in NK cells with an emphasis on the TRP mucolipin family and the implications for NK cell functionality and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Clement
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Hayashi T, Hosono K, Kubo A, Kurata K, Katagiri S, Mizobuchi K, Kurai M, Mamiya N, Kondo M, Tachibana T, Saitsu H, Ogata T, Nakano T, Hotta Y. Long-term observation of a Japanese mucolipidosis IV patient with a novel homozygous p.F313del variant of MCOLN1. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1500-1505. [PMID: 32220057 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive psychomotor delay and retinal degeneration that is associated with biallelic variants in the MCOLN1 gene. The gene, which is expressed in late endosomes and lysosomes of various tissue cells, encodes the transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1 consisting of six transmembrane domains. Here, we described 14-year follow-up observation of a 4-year-old Japanese male MLIV patient with a novel homozygous in-frame deletion variant p.(F313del), which was identified by whole-exome sequencing analysis. Neurological examination revealed progressive psychomotor delay, and atrophy of the corpus callosum and cerebellum was observed on brain magnetic resonance images. Ophthalmologically, corneal clouding has remained unchanged during the follow-up period, whereas optic nerve pallor and retinal degenerative changes exhibited progressive disease courses. Light-adapted electroretinography was non-recordable. Transmission electron microscopy of granulocytes revealed characteristic concentric multiple lamellar structures and an electron-dense inclusion in lysosomes. The in-frame deletion variant was located within the second transmembrane domain, which is of putative functional importance for channel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Katsushika Medical Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hosono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kinan Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kurata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Katagiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Mizobuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Norihito Mamiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinan Hospital, Mie, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tachibana
- Core Research Facilities for Basic Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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42
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Islam MS. Molecular Regulations and Functions of the Transient Receptor Potential Channels of the Islets of Langerhans and Insulinoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030685. [PMID: 32168890 PMCID: PMC7140661 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion from the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans is triggered mainly by nutrients such as glucose, and incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The mechanisms of the stimulus-secretion coupling involve the participation of the key enzymes that metabolize the nutrients, and numerous ion channels that mediate the electrical activity. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels participate in the processes that mediate the electrical activities and Ca2+ oscillations in these cells. Human β-cells express TRPC1, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPP1, TRPML1, and TRPML3 channels. Some of these channels have been reported to mediate background depolarizing currents, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), electrical activity, Ca2+ oscillations, gene transcription, cell-death, and insulin secretion in response to stimulation by glucose and GLP1. Different channels of the TRP family are regulated by one or more of the following mechanisms: activation of G protein-coupled receptors, the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, heat, oxidative stress, or some second messengers. This review briefly compiles our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of regulations, and functions of the TRP channels in the β-cells, the α-cells, and some insulinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahidul Islam
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Research Center, 5th floor, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Emergency Care and Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Wallings R, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. LRRK2 interacts with the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase pump a1 subunit to regulate lysosomal function. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:2696-2710. [PMID: 31039583 PMCID: PMC6687951 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction lies at the centre of the cellular mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease although the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) on lysosome biology and the autophagy pathway in primary neurons expressing the human LRRK2-G2019S or LRKK2-R1441C mutant or the human wild-type (hWT-LRRK2) genomic locus. The expression of LRRK2-G2019S or hWT-LRRK2 inhibited autophagosome production, whereas LRRK2-R1441C induced a decrease in autophagosome/lysosome fusion and increased lysosomal pH. In vivo data from the cortex and substantia nigra pars compacta of aged LRRK2 transgenic animals revealed alterations in autophagosome puncta number reflecting those phenotypes seen in vitro. Using the two selective and potent LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, MLi-2 and PF-06447475, we demonstrated that the LRRK2-R1441C-mediated decrease in autolysosome maturation is not dependent on LRRK2 kinase activity. We showed that hWT-LRRK2 and LRRK2-G2019S bind to the a1 subunit of vATPase, which is abolished by the LRRK2-R1441C mutation, leading to a decrease in a1 protein and cellular mislocalization. Modulation of lysosomal zinc increased vATPase a1 protein levels and rescued the LRRK2-R1441C-mediated cellular phenotypes. Our work defines a novel interaction between the LRRK2 protein and the vATPase a1 subunit and demonstrates a mode of action by which drugs may rescue lysosomal dysfunction. These results demonstrate the importance of LRRK2 in lysosomal biology, as well as the critical role of the lysosome in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallings
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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44
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Arterial Medial Calcification through Enhanced small Extracellular Vesicle Release in Smooth Muscle-Specific Asah1 Gene Knockout Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1645. [PMID: 32015399 PMCID: PMC6997457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) involves an increased small extracellular vesicle (sEV) secretion and apatite calcium precipitation in the arterial wall. The mechanisms mediating AMC remain poorly understood. In the present study, smooth muscle-specific acid ceramidase (Ac) gene knockout mice (Asah1fl/fl/SMCre) were used to demonstrate the role of lysosomal ceramide signaling pathway in AMC. Asah1fl/fl/SMCre mice were found to have more severe AMC in both aorta and coronary arteries compared to their littermates (Asah1fl/fl/SMwt and WT/WT mice) after receiving a high dose vitamin D. These mice also had pronounced upregulation of osteopontin and RUNX2 (osteogenic markers), CD63, AnX2 (sEV markers) and ALP expression (mineralization marker) in the arterial media. In cultured coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) from Asah1fl/fl/SMCre mice, high dose of Pi led to a significantly increased calcium deposition, phenotypic change and sEV secretion compared to WT CASMCs, which was associated with reduced lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) interaction. Also, GW4869, sEV release inhibitor decreased sEV secretion and calcification in these cells. Lysosomal transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channels regulating lysosome interaction with MVBs were found remarkably inhibited in Asah1fl/fl/SMCre CASMCs as shown by GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging and Port-a-Patch patch clamping of lysosomes. Lysosomal Ac in SMCs controls sEV release by regulating lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity and lysosome-MVB interaction, which importantly contributes to phenotypic transition and AMC.
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45
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Chernov-Rogan T, Gianti E, Liu C, Villemure E, Cridland AP, Hu X, Ballini E, Lange W, Deisemann H, Li T, Ward SI, Hackos DH, Magnuson S, Safina B, Klein ML, Volgraf M, Carnevale V, Chen J. TRPA1 modulation by piperidine carboxamides suggests an evolutionarily conserved binding site and gating mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26008-26019. [PMID: 31796582 PMCID: PMC6926016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913929116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel functions as an irritant sensor and is a therapeutic target for treating pain, itch, and respiratory diseases. As a ligand-gated channel, TRPA1 can be activated by electrophilic compounds such as allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) through covalent modification or activated by noncovalent agonists through ligand binding. However, how covalent modification leads to channel opening and, importantly, how noncovalent binding activates TRPA1 are not well-understood. Here we report a class of piperidine carboxamides (PIPCs) as potent, noncovalent agonists of human TRPA1. Based on their species-specific effects on human and rat channels, we identified residues critical for channel activation; we then generated binding modes for TRPA1-PIPC interactions using structural modeling, molecular docking, and mutational analysis. We show that PIPCs bind to a hydrophobic site located at the interface of the pore helix 1 (PH1) and S5 and S6 transmembrane segments. Interestingly, this binding site overlaps with that of known allosteric modulators, such as A-967079 and propofol. Similar binding sites, involving π-helix rearrangements on S6, have been recently reported for other TRP channels, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Finally, we show that for PIPC analogs, predictions from computational modeling are consistent with experimental structure-activity studies, thereby suggesting strategies for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Chernov-Rogan
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Eleonora Gianti
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122;
| | - Chang Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Elisa Ballini
- Ion Channel Group, Evotec AG, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wienke Lange
- Ion Channel Group, Evotec AG, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tianbo Li
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Stuart I Ward
- Charles River, CM19 5TR Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - David H Hackos
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Brian Safina
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122;
| | - Jun Chen
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
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46
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Alharbi AF, Parrington J. Endolysosomal Ca 2+ Signaling in Cancer: The Role of TPC2, From Tumorigenesis to Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:302. [PMID: 31867325 PMCID: PMC6904370 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis is dysregulated in cancer cells and affects processes such as tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, autophagy, progression, and metastasis. Emerging evidence has suggested that endolysosomal cation channels sustain several cancer hallmarks involving proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here, we investigate the role of TPC1-2, TRPML1-3, and P2×4 in cancer, with a particular focus on the role of TPC2 in cancer development, melanoma, and other cancer types as well as its endogenous and exogenous modulators. It has become evident that TPC2 plays a role in cancer; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its exact role remain elusive. TPC2 is a potential candidate for cancer biomarkers and a druggable target for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Structural insights into group II TRP channels. Cell Calcium 2019; 86:102107. [PMID: 31841954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The seven members of the TRP channel superfamily are divided into two main groups with five members comprising group I (TRPC/V/M/N/A) and TRPML (TRP MucoLipin) and TRPP (TRP Polycystin) making up group II. Group II channels share a high sequence homology on their transmembrane domains and are distinct from group I members as they contain a large luminal/extracellular domain between transmembrane helix 1 (S1) and S2. Since 2016, there are more than ten research papers reporting various structures of group II channels by either cryo-EM or X-ray crystallography. These studies along with recent functional analysis by the other groups have considerably strengthened our knowledge on TRPML and TRPP channels. In this review, we summarize and discuss these reports providing molecular insights into the group II TRP channel family.
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Li G, Huang D, Hong J, Bhat OM, Yuan X, Li PL. Control of lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity and exosome release by acid ceramidase in mouse podocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C481-C491. [PMID: 31268777 PMCID: PMC6766620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00150.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel has been reported to mediate lysosomal Ca2+ release that is involved in Ca2+-dependent lysosome trafficking and autophagic flux. However, this regulatory mechanism of lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity in podocytes remains poorly understood. In the present study, we tested whether the TRPML1 channel in podocytes mediates lysosome trafficking, which is essential for multivesicular body (MVB) degradation by lysosomes. We first demonstrated the abundant expression of TRPML1 channel in podocytes. By GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, we characterized the lysosomal specificity of TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release in podocytes. Given the important role of acid ceramidase (AC) in lysosome function and podocyte injury, we tested whether AC regulates this TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release and consequent lysosome-dependent MVB degradation in podocytes. Pharmacologically, it was found that TRPML1 channel activity was remarkably attenuated by the AC inhibitor carmofur. Sphingosine, as an AC product, was demonstrated to induce TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release, which was inhibited by a TRPML1 blocker, verapamil. Using a Port-a-Patch planar patch-clamp system, we found that AC-associated sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, ceramide, and sphingosine had different effects on TRPML1 channel activity in podocytes. Functionally, the inhibition of AC or blockade of TRPML1 channels was found to suppress the interaction of lysosomes and MVBs, leading to increased exosome release from podocytes. These results suggest that AC is critical for TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release, which controls lysosome-MVB interaction and exosome release in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jinni Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Owais M Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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49
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are molecular sensors of a large variety of stimuli including temperature, mechanical stress, voltage, small molecules including capsaicin and menthol, and lipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Since the same TRP channels may respond to different physical and chemical stimuli, they can serve as signal integrators. Many TRP channels are calcium permeable and contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. Although the TRP channel family was discovered decades ago, only recently have the structures of many of these channels been solved, largely by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Complimentary to cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography provides unique tools to unambiguously identify specific atoms and can be used to study ion binding in channel pores. In this review we describe crystallographic studies of the TRP channel TRPV6. The methodology used in these studies may serve as a template for future structural analyses of different types of TRP and other ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appu K Singh
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Columbia University , New York , NY
| | - Luke L McGoldrick
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Columbia University , New York , NY.,b Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University , New York , NY
| | - Kei Saotome
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Columbia University , New York , NY
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Columbia University , New York , NY
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50
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Pravda L, Sehnal D, Toušek D, Navrátilová V, Bazgier V, Berka K, Svobodová Vareková R, Koca J, Otyepka M. MOLEonline: a web-based tool for analyzing channels, tunnels and pores (2018 update). Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:W368-W373. [PMID: 29718451 PMCID: PMC6030847 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MOLEonline is an interactive, web-based application for the detection and characterization of channels (pores and tunnels) within biomacromolecular structures. The updated version of MOLEonline overcomes limitations of the previous version by incorporating the recently developed LiteMol Viewer visualization engine and providing a simple, fully interactive user experience. The application enables two modes of calculation: one is dedicated to the analysis of channels while the other was specifically designed for transmembrane pores. As the application can use both PDB and mmCIF formats, it can be leveraged to analyze a wide spectrum of biomacromolecular structures, e.g. stemming from NMR, X-ray and cryo-EM techniques. The tool is interconnected with other bioinformatics tools (e.g., PDBe, CSA, ChannelsDB, OPM, UniProt) to help both setup and the analysis of acquired results. MOLEonline provides unprecedented analytics for the detection and structural characterization of channels, as well as information about their numerous physicochemical features. Here we present the application of MOLEonline for structural analyses of α-hemolysin and transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRMP1) pores. The MOLEonline application is freely available via the Internet at https://mole.upol.cz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Pravda
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Sehnal
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Toušek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Navrátilová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tr. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Bazgier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tr. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Berka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tr. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Svobodová Vareková
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koca
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tr. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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