1
|
Hasan M, He Z, Jia M, Leung ACF, Natarajan K, Xu W, Yap S, Zhou F, Chen S, Su H, Zhu K, Su H. Dynamic expedition of leading mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2407-2417. [PMID: 38882678 PMCID: PMC11176665 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused the recent pandemic, has generated countless new variants with varying fitness. Mutations of the spike glycoprotein play a particularly vital role in shaping its evolutionary trajectory, as they have the capability to alter its infectivity and antigenicity. We present a time-resolved statistical method, Dynamic Expedition of Leading Mutations (deLemus), to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. The proposed L -index of the deLemus method is effective in quantifying the mutation strength of each amino acid site and outlining evolutionarily significant sites, allowing the comprehensive characterization of the evolutionary mutation pattern of the spike glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin C F Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wentao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanqi Yap
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailei Su
- Bengbu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4339 Huai-shang Road, Anhui 233080, China
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibin Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guenthoer J, Garrett ME, Lilly M, Depierreux DM, Ruiz F, Chi M, Stoddard CI, Chohan V, Yaffe ZA, Sung K, Ralph D, Chu HY, Matsen FA, Overbaugh J. The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012383. [PMID: 39093891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has exhibited a striking capacity for viral evolution that drives continued evasion from vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Mutations in the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein have led to considerable escape from antibody responses, reducing the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies. Therefore, there is a need to interrogate more constrained regions of spike, such as the S2 subdomain. Here, we present a collection of S2 mAbs from two SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals that target multiple regions in S2, including regions outside of those commonly reported. One of the S2 mAbs, C20.119, which bound to a highly conserved epitope in the fusion peptide, was able to broadly neutralize across SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV-1, and closely related zoonotic sarbecoviruses. The majority of the mAbs were non-neutralizing; however, many of them could mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) at levels similar to the S1-targeting mAb S309 that was previously authorized for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several of the mAbs with ADCC function also bound to spike trimers from other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1. Our findings suggest S2 mAbs can target diverse epitopes in S2, including functional mAbs with HCoV and sarbecovirus breadth that likely target functionally constrained regions of spike. These mAbs could be developed for potential future pandemics, while also providing insight into ideal epitopes for eliciting a broad HCoV response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Guenthoer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Meghan E Garrett
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lilly
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Delphine M Depierreux
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Felicitas Ruiz
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret Chi
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Caitlin I Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Duncan Ralph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun K, Bhiman JN, Tempia S, Kleynhans J, Madzorera VS, Mkhize Q, Kaldine H, McMorrow ML, Wolter N, Moyes J, Carrim M, Martinson NA, Kahn K, Lebina L, du Toit JD, Mkhencele T, von Gottberg A, Viboud C, Moore PL, Cohen C. SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection from infection against variants of concern. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-03131-2. [PMID: 39060660 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) induced by vaccination have been linked to protection against symptomatic and severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, much less is known about the efficacy of nAbs in preventing the acquisition of infection, especially in the context of natural immunity and against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune-escape variants. Here we conducted mediation analysis to assess serum nAbs induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infections as potential correlates of protection against Delta and Omicron infections, in rural and urban household cohorts in South Africa. We find that, in the Delta wave, D614G nAbs mediate 37% (95% confidence interval: 34-40%) of the total protection against infection conferred by prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and that protection decreases with waning immunity. In contrast, Omicron BA.1 nAbs mediate 11% (95% confidence interval: 9-12%) of the total protection against Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 infections, due to Omicron's neutralization escape. These findings underscore that correlates of protection mediated through nAbs are variant specific, and that boosting of nAbs against circulating variants might restore or confer immune protection lost due to nAb waning and/or immune escape. However, the majority of immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by natural infection cannot be fully explained by serum nAbs alone. Measuring these and other immune markers including T cell responses, both in the serum and in other compartments such as the nasal mucosa, may be required to comprehensively understand and predict immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Sun
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jinal N Bhiman
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vimbai Sharon Madzorera
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Qiniso Mkhize
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Meredith L McMorrow
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jocelyn Moyes
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maimuna Carrim
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Limakatso Lebina
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacques D du Toit
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thulisa Mkhencele
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cécile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Richardson SI, Mzindle N, Motlou T, Manamela NP, van der Mescht MA, Lambson BE, Everatt J, Amoako DG, Balla S, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, de Beer Z, de Villiers TR, Bodenstein A, van den Berg G, Abdullah F, Rossouw TM, Boswell MT, Ueckermann V, Bhiman JN, Moore PL. SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 infection triggers more cross-reactive FcγRIIIa signaling and neutralization than BA.1, in the context of hybrid immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0067824. [PMID: 38953380 PMCID: PMC11265454 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00678-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) differentially trigger neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) antibodies with variable cross-reactivity. Omicron BA.4/5 was approved for inclusion in bivalent vaccination boosters, and therefore the antigenic profile of antibodies elicited by this variant is critical to understand. Here, we investigate the ability of BA.4/5-elicited antibodies following the first documented (primary) infection (n = 13) or breakthrough infection after vaccination (n = 9) to mediate neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling across multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including XBB.1.5 and BQ.1. Using a pseudovirus neutralization assay and a FcγRIIIa crosslinking assay to measure ADCC potential, we show that unlike SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.4/5 infection triggers highly cross-reactive functional antibodies. Cross-reactivity was observed both in the absence of prior vaccination and in breakthrough infections following vaccination. However, BQ.1 and XBB.1.5 neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling were significantly compromised compared to other VOCs, regardless of prior vaccination status. BA.4/5 triggered FcγRIIIa signaling was significantly more resilient against VOCs (<10-fold decrease in magnitude) compared to neutralization (10- to 100-fold decrease). Overall, this study shows that BA.4/5 triggered antibodies are highly cross-reactive compared to those triggered by other variants. Although this is consistent with enhanced neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling breadth of BA.4/5 vaccine boosters, the reduced activity against XBB.1.5 supports the need to update vaccines with XBB sublineage immunogens to provide adequate coverage of these highly antibody evasive variants. IMPORTANCE The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a number of variants of concern. Of these, the Omicron sublineage is the most immune evasive. Within Omicron, the BA.4/5 sublineage drove the fifth wave of infection in South Africa prior to becoming the dominant variant globally. As a result this spike sequence was approved as part of a bivalent vaccine booster, and rolled out worldwide. We aimed to understand the cross-reactivity of neutralizing and Fc mediated cytotoxic functions elicited by BA.4/5 infection following infection or breakthrough infection. We find that, in contrast to BA.1 which triggered fairly strain-specific antibodies, BA.4/5 triggered antibodies that are highly cross-reactive for neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity potential. Despite this cross-reactivity, these antibodies are compromised against highly resistant variants such as XBB.1.5 and BQ.1. This suggests that next-generation vaccines will require XBB sublineage immunogens in order to protect against these evasive variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mzindle
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thopisang Motlou
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mieke A. van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E. Lambson
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Josie Everatt
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sashkia Balla
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Fareed Abdullah
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Motsoeneng BM, Bhiman JN, Richardson SI, Moore PL. SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in people living with HIV-1. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:511-522. [PMID: 38890026 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The effect of COVID-19 on the high number of immunocompromised people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), particularly in Africa, remains a critical concern. Here, we identify key areas that still require further investigation, by examining COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, and understanding antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in comparison with people without HIV-1 (PWOH). We also assess the potential impact of pre-existing immunity against endemic human coronaviruses on SARS-CoV-2 responses in these individuals. Lastly, we discuss the consequences of persistent infection in PLWH (or other immunocompromised individuals), including prolonged shedding, increased viral diversity within the host, and the implications on SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M Motsoeneng
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jinal N Bhiman
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wahl B, Butin G, Gombe S, Demiray A, Schwalbe N. Beyond "business as usual": lessons from FIFA for fair benefit-sharing in global health. HEALTH AFFAIRS SCHOLAR 2024; 2:qxae068. [PMID: 39050554 PMCID: PMC11267394 DOI: 10.1093/haschl/qxae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
While researchers and agencies from low- and middle-income countries often contribute significantly to public health surveillance data, which is crucial for effective pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response activities, they often do not receive adequate compensation for their contributions. Incentivizing data sharing is important for informing public health responses to pathogens with pandemic potential. However, existing data-sharing legal frameworks have limitations. In this context, we looked beyond "business as usual" candidates to explore the applicability of a benefit-sharing model developed and implemented by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football; FIFA) in international association football. This model rewards grassroots contributions and redistributes benefits, promoting a fair balance of interests across diverse economic contexts. We discuss adapting FIFA's mechanisms, including training compensation and solidarity payments, to create a novel benefit-sharing framework in global health. Given the complexity of global health, we note ways in which components of the FIFA model would need to be adapted for global health. Challenges such as integrating into existing legal frameworks, ensuring broad international buy-in, and accommodating different pandemic periods are examined. While adapting the FIFA model presents challenges, it offers a promising approach to achieving more equitable data sharing and benefit distribution in global health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Spark Street Advisors, New York, NY 10013, United States
| | | | | | - Atalay Demiray
- Spark Street Advisors, New York, NY 10013, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, 350 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Nina Schwalbe
- Spark Street Advisors, New York, NY 10013, United States
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hershan AA. Pathogenesis of COVID19 and the applications of US FDA-approved repurposed antiviral drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia: A recent update by review of literature. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104023. [PMID: 38799719 PMCID: PMC11127266 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Still, there is no cure for the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). The COVID19 pandemic caused health emergencies which resulted in enormous medical and financial consequences worldwide including Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. The urban setting of Saudi Arabia makes it vulnerable towards SARS-CoV-2 (SCV-2). Religious areas of this country are visited by millions of pilgrims every year for the Umrah and Hajj pilgrimage, which contributes to the potential COVID19 epidemic risk. COVID19 throws various challenges to healthcare professionals to choose the right drugs or therapy in clinical settings because of the lack of availability of newer drugs. Current drug development and discovery is an expensive, complex, and long process, which involves a high failure rate in clinical trials. While repurposing of United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)-approved antiviral drugs offers numerous benefits including complete pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, which significantly shorten drug development cycles and reduce costs. A range of repurposed US FDA-approved antiviral drugs including ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir combination, oseltamivir, darunavir, remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination, and molnupiravir showed encouraging results in clinical trials in COVID19 treatment. In this article, several COVID19-related discussions have been provided including emerging variants of concern of, COVID19 pathogenesis, COVID19 pandemic scenario in Saudi Arabia, drug repurposing strategies against SCV-2, as well as repurposing of US FDA-approved antiviral drugs that might be considered to combat SCV-2 in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, drug repurposing in the context of COVID19 management along with its limitations and future perspectives have been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almonther Abdullah Hershan
- The University of Jeddah, College of Medicine, Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu B, Niu X, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Gao X, Liang H, Li Z, Wang Q, Cheng Y, Chen Q, Huang S, Pan Y, Su M, Lin X, Niu C, Chen Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Yan Q, He J, Zhao J, Chen L, Xiong X. An unconventional VH1-2 antibody tolerates escape mutations and shows an antigenic hotspot on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114265. [PMID: 38805396 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein continues to evolve antigenically, impacting antibody immunity. D1F6, an affinity-matured non-stereotypic VH1-2 antibody isolated from a patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain, effectively neutralizes most Omicron variants tested, including XBB.1.5. We identify that D1F6 in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) form is able to overcome the effect of most Omicron mutations through its avidity-enhanced multivalent S-trimer binding. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and biochemical analyses show that three simultaneous epitope mutations are generally needed to substantially disrupt the multivalent S-trimer binding by D1F6 IgG. Antigenic mutations at spike positions 346, 444, and 445, which appeared in the latest variants, have little effect on D1F6 binding individually. However, these mutations are able to act synergistically with earlier Omicron mutations to impair neutralization by affecting the interaction between D1F6 IgG and the S-trimer. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which accumulated antigenic mutations facilitate evasion of affinity-matured antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zimu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory & Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuluan Chen
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiancheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yinglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory & Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dick JK, Hicks D, Krishna VD, Sangala JA, Zandstra BT, Baehr C, Verbeek JS, Cragg MS, Cheeran MCJ, Pravetoni M, Hart GT. ACE2 decoy Fc-fusions and bi-specific killer engager (BiKEs) require Fc engagement for in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599956. [PMID: 38948747 PMCID: PMC11212978 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has continued to evolve over time necessitating the adaptation of vaccines to maintain efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 were a key line of defense for unvaccinated or immunocompromised individuals. However, these mAbs are now ineffective against current SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we tested three aspects of αSARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. First, we tested whether Fc engagement is necessary for in vivo clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Secondly, we tested bi-specific killer engagers (BiKEs) that simultaneously engage SARS-CoV-2 and a specific Fc receptor. Benefits of these engagers include the ease of manufacturing, stability, more cell-specific targeting, and high affinity binding to Fc receptors. Using both mAbs and BiKEs, we found that both neutralization and Fc receptor engagement were necessary for effective SARS-CoV-2 clearance. Thirdly, due to ACE2 being necessary for viral entry, ACE2 will maintain binding to SARS-CoV-2 despite viral evolution. Therefore, we used an ACE2 decoy Fc-fusion or BiKE, instead of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody sequence, as a potential therapeutic that would withstand viral evolution. We found that the ACE2 decoy approach also required Fc receptor engagement and, unlike traditional neutralizing antibodies against specific variants, enabled the clearance of two distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. These data show the importance of Fc engagement for mAbs, the utility of BiKEs as therapies for infectious disease, and the in vivo effectiveness of the ACE2 decoy approach. With further studies, we predict combining neutralization, the cellular response, and this ACE2 decoy approach will benefit individuals with ineffective antibody levels. Abbreviations ACE2, scFv, mAb, BiKE, COVID-19, Fc, CD16, CD32b, CD64, d.p.i. Key points With equal dosing, both neutralization and Fc engagement are necessary for the optimal efficacy of in vivo antibodies and bi-specific killer engagers (BiKEs) against SARS-CoV-2. BiKEs can clear SARS-CoV-2 virus and protect against severe infection in the hACE2-K18 mouse model. ACE2 decoys as part of Fc-fusions or BiKEs provide in vivo clearance of two disparate SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu T, Zhang C, Li Z, Wei Y, Sadewasser A, Yan Y, Sun L, Li J, Wen Y, Lai S, Chen C, Zhong H, Jiménez MR, Klar R, Schell M, Raith S, Michel S, Ke B, Zheng H, Jaschinski F, Zhang N, Xiao H, Bachert C, Wen W. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-specific antisense oligonucleotides reduce infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00631-6. [PMID: 38909634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Spike protein mutation severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to decreased protective effect of various vaccines and mAbs, suggesting that blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting host factors would make the therapy more resilient against virus mutations. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as many other coronaviruses. Downregulation of ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract may prevent viral infection. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be rationally designed on the basis of sequence data, require no delivery system, and can be administered locally. OBJECTIVE We sought to design ASOs that can block SARS-CoV-2 by downregulating ACE2 in human airway. METHODS ACE2-targeting ASOs were designed using a bioinformatic method and screened in cell lines. Human primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface and humanized ACE2 mice were used to detect the ACE2 reduction levels and the safety of ASOs. ASO-pretreated nasal epithelial cells and mice were infected and then used to detect the viral infection levels. RESULTS ASOs reduced ACE2 expression on mRNA and protein level in cell lines and in human nasal epithelial cells. Furthermore, they efficiently suppressed virus replication of 3 different SARS-CoV-2 variants in human nasal epithelial cells. In vivo, ASOs also downregulated human ACE2 in humanized ACE2 mice and thereby reduced viral load, histopathologic changes in lungs, and increased survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS ACE2-targeting ASOs can effectively block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study provides a new approach for blocking SARS-CoV-2 and other ACE2-targeting virus in high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengqi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Hospital Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanning, China
| | - Yihui Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shimin Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changhui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Richard Klar
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Monika Schell
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raith
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bixia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany; Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Weiping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Otolaryngology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hattab D, Amer MFA, Al-Alami ZM, Bakhtiar A. SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants. Infection 2024; 52:767-786. [PMID: 38554253 PMCID: PMC11143066 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected hundreds of millions of individuals and caused more than six million deaths. The prolonged pandemic duration and the continual inter-individual transmissibility have contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Genomic surveillance and phylogenetic studies have shown that substantial mutations in crucial supersites of spike glycoprotein modulate the binding affinity of the evolved SARS-COV-2 lineages to ACE2 receptors and modify the binding of spike protein with neutralizing antibodies. The immunological spike mutations have been associated with differential transmissibility, infectivity, and therapeutic efficacy of the vaccines and the immunological therapies among the new variants. This review highlights the diverse genetic mutations assimilated in various SARS-CoV-2 variants. The implications of the acquired mutations related to viral transmission, infectivity, and COVID-19 severity are discussed. This review also addresses the effectiveness of human neutralizing antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization and the therapeutic antibodies against the ascended variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dima Hattab
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mumen F A Amer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zina M Al-Alami
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Athirah Bakhtiar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Combe M, Cherif E, Deremarque T, Rivera-Ingraham G, Seck-Thiam F, Justy F, Doudou JC, Carod JF, Carage T, Procureur A, Gozlan RE. Wastewater sequencing as a powerful tool to reveal SARS-CoV-2 variant introduction and spread in French Guiana, South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171645. [PMID: 38479523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The origin of introduction of a new pathogen in a country, the evolutionary dynamics of an epidemic within a country, and the role of cross-border areas on pathogen dynamics remain complex to disentangle and are often poorly understood. For instance, cross-border areas represent the ideal location for the sharing of viral variants between countries, with international air travel, land travel and waterways playing an important role in the cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, monitoring the point of entry and the evolutionary dynamics of viruses in space and time within local populations remain challenging. Here we tested the efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping in monitoring Covid-19 epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 variant dynamics in French Guiana, a tropical country located in South America. Our results suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping are powerful tools to monitor variant introduction and disease evolution within a tropical country but the inclusion of both clinical and wastewater samples could still improve our understanding of genetic diversity co-circulating. Wastewater sequencing also revealed the cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants within the country. Interestingly, we found some amino acid changes specific to the variants co-circulating in French Guiana, suggesting a local evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 variants after their introduction. More importantly, our results showed that the proximity to bordering countries was not the origin of the emergence of the French Guianese B.1.160.25 variant, but rather that this variant emerged from an ancestor B.1.160 variant introduced by European air plane travelers, suggesting thus that air travel remains a significant risk for cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Overall, we suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping provides a cost effective and non-invasive approach for pathogen monitoring and an early-warning tool for disease emergence and spread within a tropical country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emira Cherif
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Georgina Rivera-Ingraham
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre IRD de Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Carod
- Laboratoire et Pôle Appui aux Fonctions Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais (CHOG), 97320 Saint-Laurent du Maroni, Guyane Française, France
| | - Thierry Carage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
| | - Angélique Procureur
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar A, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shekhar R, Pathak R. From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:459. [PMID: 38793710 PMCID: PMC11125746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Prashant Kumar
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho BH, Kim J, Jang YS. The Papain-like Protease Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Conjugated with Human Beta-Defensin 2 and Co1 Induces Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses against the Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:441. [PMID: 38675823 PMCID: PMC11053661 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the licensed vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target spike proteins to induce viral neutralizing antibodies. However, currently prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants contain many mutations, especially in their spike proteins. The development of vaccine antigens with conserved sequences that cross-react with variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to effectively defend against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given that viral infection is initiated in the respiratory mucosa, strengthening the mucosal immune response would provide effective protection. We constructed a mucosal vaccine antigen using the papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of non-structural protein 3 of SARS-CoV-2. To potentiate the mucosal immune response, PLpro was combined with human beta-defensin 2, an antimicrobial peptide with mucosal immune adjuvant activity, and Co1, an M-cell-targeting ligand. Intranasal administration of the recombinant PLpro antigen conjugate into C57BL/6 and hACE2 knock-in (KI) mice induced antigen-specific T-cell and antibody responses with complement-dependent cytotoxic activity. Viral challenge experiments using the Wuhan and Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2 provided further evidence that immunized hACE2 KI mice were protected against viral challenge infections. Our study shows that PLpro is a useful candidate vaccine antigen against SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the inclusion of human beta-defensin 2 and Co1 in the recombinant construct may enhance the efficacy of the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeol-Hee Cho
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Riou C, Bhiman JN, Ganga Y, Sawry S, Ayres F, Baguma R, Balla SR, Benede N, Bernstein M, Besethi AS, Cele S, Crowther C, Dhar M, Geyer S, Gill K, Grifoni A, Hermanus T, Kaldine H, Keeton RS, Kgagudi P, Khan K, Lazarus E, Le Roux J, Lustig G, Madzivhandila M, Magugu SFJ, Makhado Z, Manamela NP, Mkhize Q, Mosala P, Motlou TP, Mutavhatsindi H, Mzindle NB, Nana A, Nesamari R, Ngomti A, Nkayi AA, Nkosi TP, Omondi MA, Panchia R, Patel F, Sette A, Singh U, van Graan S, Venter EM, Walters A, Moyo-Gwete T, Richardson SI, Garrett N, Rees H, Bekker LG, Gray G, Burgers WA, Sigal A, Moore PL, Fairlie L. Safety and immunogenicity of booster vaccination and fractional dosing with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated participants. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002703. [PMID: 38603677 PMCID: PMC11008839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
We report the safety and immunogenicity of fractional and full dose Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2 in an open label phase 2 trial of participants previously vaccinated with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S, with 91.4% showing evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 286 adults (with or without HIV) were enrolled >4 months after an Ad26.COV2.S prime and randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive either a full or half-dose booster of Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccine. B cell responses (binding, neutralization and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-ADCC), and spike-specific T-cell responses were evaluated at baseline, 2, 12 and 24 weeks post-boost. Antibody and T-cell immunity targeting the Ad26 vector was also evaluated. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were recorded. The full- and half-dose BNT162b2 boosted anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody levels (3.9- and 4.5-fold, respectively) and neutralizing antibody levels (4.4- and 10-fold). Binding and neutralizing antibodies following half-dose Ad26.COV2.S were not significantly boosted. Full-dose Ad26.COV2.S did not boost binding antibodies but slightly enhanced neutralizing antibodies (2.1-fold). ADCC was marginally increased only after a full-dose BNT162b2. T-cell responses followed a similar pattern to neutralizing antibodies. Six months post-boost, antibody and T-cell responses had waned to baseline levels. While we detected strong anti-vector immunity, there was no correlation between anti-vector immunity in Ad26.COV2.S recipients and spike-specific neutralizing antibody or T-cell responses post-Ad26.COV2.S boosting. Overall, in the context of hybrid immunity, boosting with heterologous full- or half-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity 2 weeks post-vaccination compared to homologous Ad26.COV2.S, though rapid waning occurred by 12 weeks post-boost. Trial Registration: The study has been registered to the South African National Clinical Trial Registry (SANCTR): DOH-27-012022-7841. The approval letter from SANCTR has been provided in the up-loaded documents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Riou
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shobna Sawry
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Asiphe S. Besethi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mrinmayee Dhar
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sohair Geyer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Gill
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jean Le Roux
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Siyabulela F. J. Magugu
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Qiniso Mkhize
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paballo Mosala
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thopisang P. Motlou
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hygon Mutavhatsindi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko B. Mzindle
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anusha Nana
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rofhiwa Nesamari
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anathi A. Nkayi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thandeka P. Nkosi
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A. Omondi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Upasna Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M. Venter
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yao Z, Zhang L, Duan Y, Tang X, Lu J. Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Infect 2024; 88:106121. [PMID: 38367704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in viral entry by binding to host cell receptors. Additionally, it acts as the primary target for neutralizing antibodies in those infected and is the central focus for currently utilized or researched vaccines. During the virus's adaptation to the human host, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has undergone significant evolution. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, new mutations have arisen and vanished, giving rise to distinctive amino acid profiles within variant of concern strains of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, many of these changes in the S protein have been positively selected, leading to substantial alterations in viral characteristics, such as heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the structural implications associated with key amino acid changes in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. These research findings shed light on the intricate and dynamic nature of viral evolution, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and analysis of viral genomes. Through these molecular-level investigations, we can attain deeper insights into the virus's adaptive evolution, offering valuable guidance for designing vaccines and developing antiviral drugs to combat the ever-evolving viral threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuange Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai Q, Sun N, Zhang Y, Wang J, Pan C, Chen Y, Li L, Li X, Liu W, Aliyari SR, Yang H, Cheng G. Interferon-stimulated gene PVRL4 broadly suppresses viral entry by inhibiting viral-cellular membrane fusion. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:23. [PMID: 38368366 PMCID: PMC10873969 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection elicits the type I interferon (IFN-I) response in host cells and subsequently inhibits viral infection through inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that counteract many steps in the virus life cycle. However, most of ISGs have unclear functions and mechanisms in viral infection. Thus, more work is required to elucidate the role and mechanisms of individual ISGs against different types of viruses. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that poliovirus receptor-like protein4 (PVRL4) is an ISG strongly induced by IFN-I stimulation and various viral infections. Overexpression of PVRL4 protein broadly restricts growth of enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), influenza A virus (IAV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whereas deletion of PVRL4 in host cells increases viral infections. Mechanistically, it suppresses viral entry by blocking viral-cellular membrane fusion through inhibiting endosomal acidification. The vivo studies demonstrate that Pvrl4-deficient mice were more susceptible to the infection of VSV and IAV. CONCLUSION Overall, our studies not only identify PVRL4 as an intrinsic broad-spectrum antiviral ISG, but also provide a candidate host-directed target for antiviral therapy against various viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nina Sun
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohu Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lili Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wancheng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Saba R Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmed N, Athavale A, Tripathi AH, Subramaniam A, Upadhyay SK, Pandey AK, Rai RC, Awasthi A. To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13345. [PMID: 38441373 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well-being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long-lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atharv Athavale
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adarsh Subramaniam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bray N, Sopwith W, Edmunds M, Vansteenhouse H, Feenstra JDM, Jacobs P, Rajput K, O'Connell AM, Smith ML, Blomquist P, Hatziioanou D, Elson R, Vivancos R, Gallagher E, Wigglesworth MJ, Dominiczak A, Hopkins S, Lake IR. RT-PCR genotyping assays to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants in England in 2021: a design and retrospective evaluation study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e173-e180. [PMID: 38244555 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the gold standard diagnostic tool to identify and genetically characterise emerging pathogen mutations (variants), but cost, capacity, and timeliness limit its use when large populations need rapidly assessing. We assessed the potential of genotyping assays to provide accurate and timely variant information at scale by retrospectively examining surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants in England between March and September, 2021, when genotyping assays were used widely for variant detection. METHODS We chose a panel of four RT-PCR genotyping assays to detect circulating variants of SARS-COV-2 in England and developed a decision algorithm to assign a probable SARS-CoV-2 variant to samples using the assay results. We extracted surveillance data from the UK Health Security Agency databases for 115 934 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples (March 1-Sept 6, 2021) when variant information was available from both genotyping and WGS. By comparing the genotyping and WGS variant result, we calculated accuracy metrics (ie, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value [PPV]) and the time difference between the sample collection date and the availability of variant information. We assessed the number of samples with a variant assigned from genotyping or WGS, or both, over time. FINDINGS Genotyping and an initial decision algorithm (April 10-May 11, 2021 data) were accurate for key variant assignment: sensitivities and PPVs were 0·99 (95% CI 0·99-0·99) for the alpha, 1·00 (1·00-1·00) for the beta, and 0·91 (0·80-1·00) for the gamma variants; specificities were 0·97 (0·96-0·98), 1·00 (1·00-1·00), and 1·00 (1·00-1·00), respectively. A subsequent decision algorithm over a longer time period (May 27-Sept 6, 2021 data) remained accurate for key variant assignment: sensitivities were 0·91 (95% CI 0·74-1·00) for the beta, 0·98 (0·98-0·99) for the delta, and 0·93 (0·81-1·00) for the gamma variants; specificities were 1·00 (1·00-1·00), 0·96 (0·96-0·97), and 1·00 (1·00-1·00), respectively; and PPVs were 0·83 (0·62-1·00), 1·00 (1·00-1·00), and 0·78 (0·59-0·97), respectively. Genotyping produced variant information a median of 3 days (IQR 2-4) after the sample collection date, which was faster than with WGS (9 days [8-11]). The flexibility of genotyping enabled a nine-times increase in the quantity of samples tested for variants by this method (from 5000 to 45 000). INTERPRETATION RT-PCR genotyping assays are suitable for high-throughput variant surveillance and could complement WGS, enabling larger scale testing for known variants and timelier results, with important implications for effective public health responses and disease control globally, especially in settings with low WGS capacity. However, the choice of panels of RT-PCR assays is highly dependent on database information on circulating variants generated by WGS, which could limit the use of genotyping assays when new variants are emerging and spreading rapidly. FUNDING UK Health Security Agency and National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Bray
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - Harper Vansteenhouse
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; BioClavis, Glasgow, UK; NHS Test and Trace, Department of Health & Social Care, London, UK; Alderley Lighthouse Labs, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - Peter Jacobs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kamal Rajput
- NHS Test and Trace, Department of Health & Social Care, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Elson
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Anna Dominiczak
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NHS Test and Trace, Department of Health & Social Care, London, UK; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in in Health Care Acquired Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, London, UK
| | - Iain R Lake
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ko SH, Radecki P, Belinky F, Bhiman JN, Meiring S, Kleynhans J, Amoako D, Guerra Canedo V, Lucas M, Kekana D, Martinson N, Lebina L, Everatt J, Tempia S, Bylund T, Rawi R, Kwong PD, Wolter N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Boritz EA. Rapid Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Advanced HIV Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.05.574420. [PMID: 38313289 PMCID: PMC10836083 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.05.574420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked the evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic variants to persistent infections in people with immunocompromising conditions1-4, but the evolutionary processes underlying these observations are incompletely understood. Here we used high-throughput, single-genome amplification and sequencing (HT-SGS) to obtain up to ~103 SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequences in each of 184 respiratory samples from 22 people with HIV (PWH) and 25 people without HIV (PWOH). Twelve of 22 PWH had advanced HIV infection, defined by peripheral blood CD4 T cell counts (i.e., CD4 counts) <200 cells/μL. In PWOH and PWH with CD4 counts ≥200 cells/μL, most single-genome spike sequences in each person matched one haplotype that predominated throughout the infection. By contrast, people with advanced HIV showed elevated intra-host spike diversity with a median of 46 haplotypes per person (IQR 14-114). Higher intra-host spike diversity immediately after COVID-19 symptom onset predicted longer SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding among PWH, and intra-host spike diversity at this timepoint was significantly higher in people with advanced HIV than in PWOH. Composition of spike sequence populations in people with advanced HIV fluctuated rapidly over time, with founder sequences often replaced by groups of new haplotypes. These population-level changes were associated with a high total burden of intra-host mutations and positive selection at functionally important residues. In several cases, delayed emergence of detectable serum binding to spike was associated with positive selection for presumptive antibody-escape mutations. Taken together, our findings show remarkable intra-host genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in advanced HIV infection and suggest that adaptive intra-host SARS-CoV-2 evolution in this setting may contribute to the emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pierce Radecki
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frida Belinky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Meiring
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Amoako
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Guerra Canedo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Lucas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dikeledi Kekana
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University, Center for TB Research, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Limakatso Lebina
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Josie Everatt
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Wolter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eli A. Boritz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeng YC, Young OJ, Si L, Ku MW, Isinelli G, Rajwar A, Jiang A, Wintersinger CM, Graveline AR, Vernet A, Sanchez M, Ryu JH, Kwon IC, Goyal G, Ingber DE, Shih WM. DNA origami vaccine (DoriVac) nanoparticles improve both humoral and cellular immune responses to infectious diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.29.573647. [PMID: 38260393 PMCID: PMC10802255 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have demonstrated robust induction of neutralizing antibodies and CD4+ T cell activation, however CD8+ responses are variable, and the duration of immunity and protection against variants are limited. Here we repurposed our DNA origami vaccine platform, DoriVac, for targeting infectious viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and Ebola. The DNA origami nanoparticle, conjugated with infectious-disease-specific HR2 peptides, which act as highly conserved antigens, and CpG adjuvant at precise nanoscale spacing, induced neutralizing antibodies, Th1 CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in naïve mice, with significant improvement over a bolus control. Pre-clinical studies using lymph-node-on-a-chip systems validated that DoriVac, when conjugated with antigenic peptides or proteins, induced promising cellular immune responses in human cells. These results suggest that DoriVac holds potential as a versatile, modular vaccine platform, capable of inducing both humoral and cellular immunities. The programmability of this platform underscores its potential utility in addressing future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang C. Zeng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Olivia J. Young
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Longlong Si
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Min Wen Ku
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giorgia Isinelli
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anjali Rajwar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chris M. Wintersinger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda R. Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Melinda Sanchez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William M. Shih
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gupta DL, Meher J, Giri AK, Shukla AK, Mohapatra E, Ruikar MM, Rao DN. RBD mutations at the residues K417, E484, N501 reduced immunoreactivity with antisera from vaccinated and COVID-19 recovered patients. Drug Target Insights 2024; 18:20-26. [PMID: 38860262 PMCID: PMC11163369 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2024.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is unclear whether induced spike protein-specific antibodies due to infections with SARS-CoV-2 or to the prototypic Wuhan isolate-based vaccination can immune-react with the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Aim/objectives The main objective of the study was to measure the immunoreactivity of induced antibodies postvaccination with Covishield™ (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccines) or infections with SARS-CoV-2 by using selected peptides of the spike protein of wild type and variants of SARS-CoV-2. Methodology Thirty patients who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infections and 30 individuals vaccinated with both doses of Covishield™ were recruited for the study. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected at a single time point from patients within 3-4 weeks of recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections or receiving both doses of Covishield™ vaccines. The serum levels of total immunoglobulin were measured in both study groups. A total of 12 peptides of 10 to 24 amino acids length spanning to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of wild type of SARS-CoV-2 and their variants were synthesized. The serum levels of immune-reactive antibodies were measured using these peptides. Results The serum levels of total antibodies were found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher in the vaccinated individuals as compared to COVID-19 recovered patients. Our study reported that the mutations in the RBD at the residues K417, E484, and N501 have been associated with reduced immunoreactivity with anti-sera of vaccinated people and COVID-19 recovered patients. Conclusion The amino acid substitutions at the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with a higher potential to escape the humoral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dablu Lal Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Jhasketan Meher
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Anjan Kumar Giri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Arvind K Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Eli Mohapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Manisha M Ruikar
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - DN Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi - India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taha AM, Hassan WS, Elmasry MS, Sayed RA. A validated eco-friendly HPLC-FLD for analysis of the first approved antiviral remdesivir with other potential add-on therapies for COVID-19 in human plasma and pharmaceuticals. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6666-6678. [PMID: 38031474 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to have a reliable and sensitive method for separating common drugs used in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treatment protocols for ongoing treatment and upcoming investigations. This study presents an HPLC-FLD approach to analyze three co-administered medicines - remdesivir (RDV), hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ), and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVX) - in their pure forms, pharmaceutical preparations, and spiked human plasma. The HPLC-FLD analysis was conducted using a Symmetry® C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 3.5 μm particle size) at 40 °C, with (A) an aqueous mixture of 0.02 M phosphate buffer and 0.2% heptane-1-sulphonic acid sodium solutions (50 : 50) adjusted to pH 3, (B) acetonitrile, and (C) methanol as the mobile phase. The injection volume was 10 μL, and the flow rate was 1.5 mL min-1. The detection was done using a multi-wavelength excitation and emission fluorescence detector, with individual optimization for each drug. The drug separation time was less than 10 minutes, and the method showed sensitive and wide linearity ranges for all medicines, with r2 values of more than 0.999. The impact of the mobile phase pH and flow rate on suitability parameters (retention time and number of theoretical plates) was studied. The method was found to be environmentally friendly based on GAPI and AGREE metrics. The validity of the method was evaluated following ICH and FDA guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Taha
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa S Hassan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Manal S Elmasry
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Rania A Sayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Triggiano F, De Giglio O, Apollonio F, Brigida S, Fasano F, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Lucentini L, Ungaro N, Di Vittorio G, Mongelli O, Albano N, Montagna MT. Wastewater-based Epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2: Variant Trends in the Apulia Region (Southern Italy) and Effect of Some Environmental Parameters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:331-341. [PMID: 37735299 PMCID: PMC10654208 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater monitoring has been used to monitor the levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA entering the sewerage system. In Italy, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità coordinated the SARI project (Sorveglianza Ambientale Reflue in Italia) to detect SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In this study, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in raw wastewater against COVID-19 cases was evaluated together with the effect of temperature and precipitation on virus spread. We validated a predictive model, proposed by De Giglio et al., 2021, to establish the number of COVID-19 cases/100,000 inhabitants. A receiver operating characteristic curve model was applied to predict the number of COVID-19 cases and Poisson regression was applied to study the effect of temperature and rainfall on viral load. In Apulia, from October 2021 to December 2022, we analyzed 1041 samples, of which 985 (94.6%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Median atmospheric temperature was inversely proportional to viral load in wastewater; no correlation was found with precipitation. The predictive model confirmed that at least 11 cases/100,000 inhabitants would occur in the 15 days following the detection of the virus in wastewater. Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 can be used to map the virus and its variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Triggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy.
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Silvia Brigida
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Monteroni di Lecce, Lecce, 73047, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fasano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Nicola Ungaro
- Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Onofrio Mongelli
- Department of Health Promotion and Animal Welfare, Apulia Region, Bari, Italy
| | - Nelhudoff Albano
- Department of Health Promotion and Animal Welfare, Apulia Region, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari, 70124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liang H, Xu Y, Zhou C, Yao Y, Wang H, Yang X. Innovation-driven trend shaping COVID-19 vaccine development in China. Front Med 2023; 17:1096-1116. [PMID: 38102402 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Confronted with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, China has become an asset in tackling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and mutation, with several innovative platforms, which provides various technical means in this persisting combat. Derived from collaborated researches, vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or inactivated whole virus are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. Herein, we outline representative vaccines in multiple routes, while the merits and plights of the existing vaccine strategies are also summarized. Likewise, new technologies may provide more potent or broader immunity and will contribute to fight against hypermutated SARS-CoV-2 variants. All in all, with the ultimate aim of delivering robust and durable protection that is resilient to emerging infectious disease, alongside the traditional routes, the discovery of innovative approach to developing effective vaccines based on virus properties remains our top priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhao
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongyang Liang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ying Xu
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chuge Zhou
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuzhu Yao
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Wang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China.
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, 430207, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen C, Wang X, Zhang Z. Humoral and cellular immunity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:934-947. [PMID: 37865193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, the virus has rapidly spread worldwide. This has led to an unprecedented global pandemic, marked by millions of COVID-19 cases and a significant number of fatalities. Over a relatively short period, several different vaccine platforms are developed and deployed for use globally to curb the pandemic. However, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 continuously undergoes mutation and/or recombination, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOC). These VOCs can elevate viral transmission and evade the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines, leading to reinfections. Understanding the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 genomic mutation on viral pathogenesis and immune escape is crucial for assessing the threat of new variants to public health. This review focuses on the emergence and pathogenesis of VOC, with particular emphasis on their evasion of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the memory B cell, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell memory induced by different COVID-19 vaccines or infections are discussed, along with how these cells recognize VOC. This review summarizes the current knowledge on adaptive immunology regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Such knowledge may also be applied to vaccine design for other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Riou C, Bhiman JN, Ganga Y, Sawry S, Ayres F, Baguma R, Balla SR, Benede N, Bernstein M, Besethi AS, Cele S, Crowther C, Dhar M, Geyer S, Gill K, Grifoni A, Hermanus T, Kaldine H, Keeton RS, Kgagudi P, Khan K, Lazarus E, Roux JL, Lustig G, Madzivhandila M, Magugu SFJ, Makhado Z, Manamela NP, Mkhize Q, Mosala P, Motlou TP, Mutavhatsindi H, Mzindle NB, Nana A, Nesamari R, Ngomti A, Nkayi AA, Nkosi TP, Omondi MA, Panchia R, Patel F, Sette A, Singh U, van Graan S, Venter EM, Walters A, Moyo-Gwete T, Richardson SI, Garrett N, Rees H, Bekker LG, Gray G, Burgers WA, Sigal A, Moore PL, Fairlie L. Safety and immunogenicity of booster vaccination and fractional dosing with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated participants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.20.23298785. [PMID: 38045321 PMCID: PMC10690356 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.23298785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background We report the safety and immunogenicity of fractional and full dose Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2 in an open label phase 2 trial of participants previously vaccinated with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S, with 91.4% showing evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods A total of 286 adults (with or without HIV) were enrolled >4 months after an Ad26.COV2.S prime and randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive either a full or half-dose booster of Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccine. B cell responses (binding, neutralization and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-ADCC), and spike-specific T-cell responses were evaluated at baseline, 2, 12 and 24 weeks post-boost. Antibody and T-cell immunity targeting the Ad26 vector was also evaluated. Results No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were recorded. The full- and half-dose BNT162b2 boosted anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody levels (3.9- and 4.5-fold, respectively) and neutralizing antibody levels (4.4- and 10-fold). Binding and neutralizing antibodies following half-dose Ad26.COV2.S were not significantly boosted. Full-dose Ad26.COV2.S did not boost binding antibodies but slightly enhanced neutralizing antibodies (2.1-fold). ADCC was marginally increased only after a full-dose BNT162b2. T-cell responses followed a similar pattern to neutralizing antibodies. Six months post-boost, antibody and T-cell responses had waned to baseline levels. While we detected strong anti-vector immunity, there was no correlation between anti-vector immunity in Ad26.COV2.S recipients and spike-specific neutralizing antibody or T-cell responses post-Ad26.COV2.S boosting. Conclusion In the context of hybrid immunity, boosting with heterologous full- or half-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity 2 weeks post-vaccination compared to homologous Ad26.COV2.S, though rapid waning occurred by 12 weeks post-boost. Trial Registration South African National Clinical Trial Registry (SANCR): DOH-27-012022-7841. Funding South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) and South African Department of Health (SA DoH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jinal N Bhiman
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shobna Sawry
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R Balla
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | | | - Asiphe S Besethi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mrinmayee Dhar
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sohair Geyer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Katherine Gill
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roanne S Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jean Le Roux
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Siyabulela FJ Magugu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Qiniso Mkhize
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paballo Mosala
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thopisang P Motlou
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hygon Mutavhatsindi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko B Mzindle
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anusha Nana
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rofhiwa Nesamari
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Anathi A Nkayi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thandeka P Nkosi
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Upasna Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M. Venter
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Streblow DN, Hirsch AJ, Stanton JJ, Lewis AD, Colgin L, Hessell AJ, Kreklywich CN, Smith JL, Sutton WF, Chauvin D, Woo J, Bimber BN, LeBlanc CN, Acharya SN, O'Roak BJ, Sardar H, Sajadi MM, Tehrani ZR, Walter MR, Martinez-Sobrido L, Kobie JJ, Reader RJ, Olstad KJ, Hobbs TR, Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Carnahan RH, Knoch J, Branco LM, Crowe JE, Van Rompay KKA, Lovalenti P, Vu Truong, Forthal DN, Haigwood NL. Aerosol delivery of SARS-CoV-2 human monoclonal antibodies in macaques limits viral replication and lung pathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7062. [PMID: 37923717 PMCID: PMC10624670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Passively administered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given before or after viral infection can prevent or blunt disease. Here, we examine the efficacy of aerosol mAb delivery to prevent infection and disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant via intranasal and intratracheal routes. SARS-CoV-2 human mAbs or a human mAb directed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are nebulized and delivered using positive airflow via facemask to sedated macaques pre- and post-infection. Nebulized human mAbs are detectable in nasal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. SARS-CoV-2 mAb treatment significantly reduces levels of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and infectious virus in the upper and lower respiratory tracts relative to controls. Reductions in lung and BAL virus levels correspond to reduced BAL inflammatory cytokines and lung pathology. Aerosolized antibody therapy for SARS-CoV-2 could be effective for reducing viral burden and limiting disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lois Colgin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Craig N Kreklywich
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jessica L Smith
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cierra N LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sonia N Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Harjinder Sardar
- Environmental Health & Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zahra R Tehrani
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel J Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Theodore R Hobbs
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Vu Truong
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Los Gatos, CA, USA.
| | - Donald N Forthal
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Prasad R, Ajith H, Kumar Chandrakumaran N, Dnyaneshwar Khangar P, Mohan A, Nelson-Sathi S. In silico study identifies peptide inhibitors that negate the effect of non-synonymous mutations in major drug targets of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9551-9561. [PMID: 36377464 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2143426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since its advent in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has diverged into multiple variants with differing levels of virulence owing to the accumulation of mutations in its genome. The structural changes induced by non-synonymous mutations in major drug targets of the virus are known to alter the binding of potential antagonistic inhibitors. Here, we analyzed the effects of non-synonymous mutations in major targets of SARS-CoV-2 in response to potential peptide inhibitors. We screened 12 peptides reported to have anti-viral properties against RBD and 5 peptides against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 variants using molecular docking and simulation approaches. The mutational landscape of RBD among SARS-CoV-2 variants had 21 non-synonymous mutations across 18 distinct sites. Among these, 14 mutations were present in the RBM region directly interacting with the hACE2 receptor. However, Only 3 non-synonymous mutations were observed in Mpro. We found that LCB1 - a de novo-synthesized peptide has the highest binding affinity to RBD despite non-synonymous mutations in variants and engages key residues of RBD-hACE2 interaction such as K417, E484, N487, and N501. Similarly, an antimicrobial peptide; 2JOS, was identified against Mpro with high binding affinity as it interacts with key residues in dimerization sites such as E166 and F140 crucial for viral replication. MD simulations affirm the stability of RBD-LCB1 and Mpro-2JOS complexes with an average RMSD of 1.902 and 2.476 respectively. We ascertain that LCB1 and 2JOS peptides are promising inhibitors to combat emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and thus warrant further investigations using in-vitro and in-vivo analysis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshny Prasad
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Harikrishnan Ajith
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - Anand Mohan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shijulal Nelson-Sathi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Dhama K, Chakraborty C. Antibody evasion associated with the RBD significant mutations in several emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and its subvariants. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 71:101008. [PMID: 37757651 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the origin of the wild strain of SARS-CoV-2, several variants have emerged, which were designated as VOC, VOI, and VUM from time to time. The Omicron variant is noted as the recent VOC. After the origin of the Omicron variant on November 2021, several subvariants of Omicron have originated subsequently, like BA.1/2, BA.2.75/2.75.2, BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1/1.1, XBB.1/1.5, etc. which are circulated throughout the globe. Scientists reported that antibody escape is a common phenomenon observed in all the previous VOCs, VOIs, including Omicron and its subvariants. The mutations in the NTD (N-terminal domain) and RBD (Receptor-binding domain) of the spike of these variants and subvariants are responsible for antibody escape. At the same time, it has been noted that spike RBD mutations have been increasing in the last few months. This review illustrates significant RBD mutations namely R346T, K417N/T, L452R, N460K E484A/K/Q, and N501Y found in the previous emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron and its subvariants in high frequency and their role in antibody evasion and immune evasion. The review also describes the different classes of nAb responsible for antibody escape in SARS-CoV-2 variants and the molecular perspective of the mutation in nAb escape. It will help the future researchers to develop efficient vaccines which can finally prevent the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tam NM, Nguyen TH, Pham MQ, Hong ND, Tung NT, Vu VV, Quang DT, Ngo ST. Upgrading nirmatrelvir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro via DeepFrag and free energy calculations. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108535. [PMID: 37295158 PMCID: PMC10233213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The first oral drug for the treatment of COVID-19, Paxlovid, has been authorized; however, nirmatrelvir, a major component of the drug, is reported to be associated with some side effects. Moreover, the appearance of many novel variants raises concerns about drug resistance, and designing new potent inhibitors to prevent viral replication is thus urgent. In this context, using a hybrid approach combining machine learning (ML) and free energy simulations, 6 compounds obtained by modifying nirmatrelvir were proposed to bind strongly to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The structural modification of nirmatrelvir significantly enhances the electrostatic interaction free energy between the protein and ligand and slightly decreases the vdW term. However, the vdW term is the most important factor in controlling the ligand-binding affinity. In addition, the modified nirmatrelvir might be less toxic to the human body than the original inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tam
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Phan Thiet, Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Hai Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quan Pham
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nam Dao Hong
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Van V Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department of Chemistry, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue Province, Hue City, Viet Nam.
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Linnea Tingstedt J, Fomsgaard A. Preclinical evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351-based candidate DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6505-6513. [PMID: 37726179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic revealed the critical shortfalls of global vaccine availability for emergent pathogens and the need for exploring additional vaccine platforms with rapid update potential in response to new variants. Thus, it remains essential, for the present evolving SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 and future pandemics, to continuously develop and characterize new and different vaccine platforms. Here, we describe an expression-optimized DNA vaccine candidate based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of the Beta variant (B.1.351), pNTC-Spike.351, and, in animal models, compare its immunogenicity with a similar DNA vaccine encoding the ancestral index strain spike protein, pNTC-Spike. Both DNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and a Th1 biased immune response. In contrast to the index-specific vaccine, the Beta-specific DNA vaccine induced antibodies in mice and rabbits that, even at low levels, efficiently neutralize the otherwise antibody resistant Beta variant. It similarly neutralized unrelated variants bearing the neutralization resistant E484K spike mutation. Intensive priming using two vaccinations with pNTC-Spike and a single booster immunization with the pNTC-Spike.351 induced a more robust neutralizing antibody response with comparable magnitude against different variants of concern. Thus, DNA vaccine technology with heterologous spike protein prime-boost should be explored further using the Beta derived pNTC-Spike.351 to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against emerging variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maroli N. Riding the Wave: Unveiling the Conformational Waves from RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to ACE2. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8525-8536. [PMID: 37769161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The binding affinity between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) plays a crucial role in the transmission and reinfection of SARS-CoV2. Here, microsecond molecular dynamics simulations revealed that point mutations in the RBD domain induced conformational transitions that determined the binding affinity between ACE2 and RBD. These structural changes propagated through the RBD domain, altering the orientation of both ACE2 and RBD residues at the binding site. ACE2 receptor shows significant structural heterogeneity, whereas its binding to the RBD domain indicates a much greater degree of structural homogeneity. The receptor was more flexible in its unbound state with the binding of RBD domains inducing structural transitions. The structural heterogeneity observed in the ACE2 unbound form plays a role in the promiscuity of viral entry, as it may allow the receptor to interact with various related and unrelated ligands. Furthermore, rigidity may be important for stabilizing the complex and ensuring the proper orientation of the RBD-binding interface with ACE2. The greater structural homogeneity observed in the ACE2-RBD complex revealed the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines that are primarily directed toward the RBD-binding interface. The binding of the B38 monoclonal antibody revealed restricted conformational transitions in the RBD and ACE2 receptors, attributed to its potent binding interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maroli
- Centre for Computational Modeling, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600069, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yasugi M, Nakagama Y, Kaku N, Nitahara Y, Hatanaka N, Yamasaki S, Kido Y. Characteristics of epitope dominance pattern and cross-variant neutralisation in 16 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine sera. Vaccine 2023; 41:6248-6254. [PMID: 37673717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serological studies suggest that individual serum antibody repertoires can affect neutralisation breadth. Herein, we asked whether a BNT162b2 vaccine-induced epitope dominance pattern (i.e., predominant viral structural domain targeted by serum antibodies for virus neutralisation) affects cross-variant neutralisation. When a neutralisation assay against the ancestral strain was carried out using 16 vaccine sera preabsorbed with a recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) or an N-terminal domain (NTD) protein, three and 13 sera, respectively, showed lower neutralisation under NTD and RBD protein-preabsorbed conditions than under the other protein-preabsorbed conditions. This suggests that the NTD was responsible for virus neutralisation in three sera, whereas the other 13 sera elicited RBD-dominant neutralisation. The results also suggest the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies in four out of the 13 RBD-dominant sera. A neutralisation assay using SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed that NTD-dominant sera showed significantly reduced neutralising activity against the B.1.617.2 variant, whereas RBD-dominant sera retained neutralising activity even in the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies. Taken together, these results suggest the followings: (i) epitope dominance patterns are divided into at least two types: NTD-dominant and RBD-dominant; (ii) NTD-dominant sera have less potential to neutralise the B.1.617.2 variant than RBD-dominant sera; and (iii) infectivity-enhancing antibodies play a limited role in cross-variant neutralisation against the five variants tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayo Yasugi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yu Nakagama
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kaku
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Feng S, Fan Z, Zhou K, Ma S, Liang M, Zhang H, Xie Y, Ha Z, Jin N, Lu H. Subunit vaccine raised against the SARS-CoV-2 spike of Delta and Omicron variants. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29160. [PMID: 37822266 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has proven effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection but vaccines were originally based on the wild type and emerging variants have led to a decrease in protective efficacy. There is an urgent need for broad-spectrum vaccine protection against emerging variants. A vaccine based on the Delta strain spike protein was created by optimization of vector, codon, and protein structure to produce a subunit immunogen (Delta-6P-S) containing six proline mutations, stable pre-fusion conformation, and with high expression in CHO-S cells. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in mice and golden hamsters using alum adjuvant. The Delta-6P-S recombinant protein induced strong immune responses in C57BL/6J mice and golden hamsters and sera had cross-neutralization activity and neutralized wild type and Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 variant strains. Golden hamsters were immunized against Delta, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2 variants. Viral RNA detected from throat swabs, lungs and tracheas decreased significantly in vaccine-inoculated animals relative to alum-treated controls and no infectious viruses were detected in lungs and tracheas. Almost no pathological damage to lung tissue was found in vaccinated animals by contrast with those treated only with alum. The Delta-6P-S recombinant protein rapidly eliminated replicating virus in the upper and lower airways of golden hamsters and merits further investigation as a candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zechang Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Keyue Zhou
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Beijing Northland Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu M, Li W, Lin S, Fan J, Cui L, Xiang Y, Li K, Tang L, Duan Y, Chen Z, Yang F, Shui W, Lu G, Lai Y. A Suitable Membrane Distance Regulated by the RBD_ACE2 Interaction is Critical for SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Viral Invasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301478. [PMID: 37590389 PMCID: PMC10558659 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike recognizing the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) initiates membrane fusion between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and cell membrane. Although the structure of the RBD_ACE2 complex has been well studied, its functional mechanism in membrane fusion is still not fully understood. Here, using an in vitro cell-vesicle content-mixing assay, it is found that the cleavage at the S2' site by thrombin (Thr) protease strongly accelerates membrane fusion, compared to that of cleavage at the S1/S2 site by PreScission (3C) protease. Moreover, mutations at the RBD_ACE2 interface resulted in a positive correlation between binding affinity and fusion probability. In both the cell-vesicle and cell-cell fusion assays, by crosslinking two membranes via the neutravidin (NTV)_biotin interaction or complementary DNA strands, it is found that spike drives membrane fusion in the absence of ACE2, and a suitable distance between two membranes is critical for spike-mediated membrane fusion. Finally, unsuitable membrane crosslinkers significantly inhibited the fusion probability in the presence of ACE2. Taken together, the results suggest that the RBD_ACE2 complex may act as a crosslinker to bridge the viral and cell membranes at a suitable distance, which is critical, but also substitutable for spike-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Wei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Sheng Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency DepartmentState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Lele Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yijuan Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Kaiyu Li
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Linwei Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yanping Duan
- West China Hospital Emergency DepartmentState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Zimin Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency DepartmentState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Fanli Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency DepartmentState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Weiwei Shui
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency DepartmentState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Ying Lai
- National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Andre M, Lau LS, Pokharel MD, Ramelow J, Owens F, Souchak J, Akkaoui J, Ales E, Brown H, Shil R, Nazaire V, Manevski M, Paul NP, Esteban-Lopez M, Ceyhan Y, El-Hage N. From Alpha to Omicron: How Different Variants of Concern of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 Impacted the World. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1267. [PMID: 37759666 PMCID: PMC10525159 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is prone to mutations and the generation of genetic variants. Since its first outbreak in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has continually evolved, resulting in the emergence of several lineages and variants of concern (VOC) that have gained more efficient transmission, severity, and immune evasion properties. The World Health Organization has given these variants names according to the letters of the Greek Alphabet, starting with the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant, which emerged in 2020, followed by the Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants. This review explores the genetic variation among different VOCs of SARS-CoV-2 and how the emergence of variants made a global impact on the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nazira El-Hage
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Program Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.A.); (L.-S.L.); (M.D.P.); (J.R.); (F.O.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (E.A.); (H.B.); (R.S.); (V.N.); (M.M.); (N.P.P.); (M.E.-L.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Scheuermann SE, Goff K, Rowe LA, Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ. Real-Time Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytolysis Reveals Distinct Variant-Specific Replication Profiles. Viruses 2023; 15:1937. [PMID: 37766343 PMCID: PMC10537736 DOI: 10.3390/v15091937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of each new SARS-CoV-2 variant to evade host humoral immunity is the focus of intense research. Each variant may also harbor unique replication capabilities relevant for disease and transmission. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to assessing viral replication kinetics using real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Virus-induced cell death is measured in real time as changes in electrical impedance through cell monolayers while images are acquired at defined intervals via an onboard microscope and camera. Using this system, we quantified replication kinetics of five clinically important viral variants: WA1/2020 (ancestral), Delta, and Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.4, and BA.5. Multiple measures proved useful in variant replication comparisons, including the elapsed time to, and the slope at, the maximum rate of cell death. Important findings include significantly weaker replication kinetics of BA.1 by all measures, while BA.5 harbored replication kinetics at or near ancestral levels, suggesting evolution to regain replicative capacity, and both an altered profile of cell killing and enhanced fusogenicity of the Delta variant. Together, these data show that RTCA is a robust method to assess replicative capacity of any given SARS-CoV-2 variant rapidly and quantitatively, which may be useful in assessment of newly emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Scheuermann
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.E.S.); (K.G.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Kelly Goff
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.E.S.); (K.G.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Lori A. Rowe
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.E.S.); (K.G.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Brandon J. Beddingfield
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.E.S.); (K.G.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.E.S.); (K.G.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu Y, Ye Q. The Key Site Variation and Immune Challenges in SARS-CoV-2 Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1472. [PMID: 37766148 PMCID: PMC10537874 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide public health and economic threat, and virus variation amplifies the difficulty in epidemic prevention and control. The structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been studied extensively and is now well defined. The S protein is the most distinguishing feature in terms of infection and immunity, mediating virus entrance and inducing neutralizing antibodies. The S protein and its essential components are also the most promising target to develop vaccines and antibody-based drugs. Therefore, the key site mutation in the S gene is of high interest. Among them, RBD, NTD, and furin cleavage sites are the most mutable regions with the most mutation sites and the most serious consequences for SARS-CoV-2 biological characteristics, including infectivity, pathogenicity, natural immunity, vaccine efficacy, and antibody therapeutics. We are also aware that this outbreak may not be the last. Therefore, in this narrative review, we summarized viral variation and prevalence condition, discussed specific amino acid replacement and associated immune challenges and attempted to sum up some prevention and control strategies by reviewing the literature on previously published research about SARS-CoV-2 variation to assist in clarifying the mutation pathway and consequences of SARS-CoV-2 for developing countermeasures against such viruses as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of ‘A’, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Motsoeneng BM, Manamela NP, Kaldine H, Kgagudi P, Hermanus T, Ayres F, Makhado Z, Moyo-Gwete T, van der Mescht MA, Abdullah F, Boswell MT, Ueckermann V, Rossouw TM, Madhi SA, Moore PL, Richardson SI. Despite delayed kinetics, people living with HIV achieve equivalent antibody function after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231276. [PMID: 37600825 PMCID: PMC10435738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of Fc-mediated functions following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) are not known. We compared SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific Fc functions, binding, and neutralization in PLWH and people without HIV (PWOH) during acute infection (without prior vaccination) with either the D614G or Beta variants of SARS-CoV-2, or vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve PLWH had significantly lower levels of IgG binding, neutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) compared with PLWH on ART. The magnitude of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement deposition (ADCD), and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) was differentially triggered by D614G and Beta. The kinetics of spike IgG-binding antibodies, ADCC, and ADCD were similar, irrespective of the infecting variant between PWOH and PLWH overall. However, compared with PWOH, PLWH infected with D614G had delayed neutralization and ADCP. Furthermore, Beta infection resulted in delayed ADCT, regardless of HIV status. Despite these delays, we observed improved coordination between binding and neutralizing responses and Fc functions in PLWH. In contrast to D614G infection, binding responses in PLWH following ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 vaccination were delayed, while neutralization and ADCP had similar timing of onset, but lower magnitude, and ADCC was significantly higher than in PWOH. Overall, despite delayed and differential kinetics, PLWH on ART develop comparable responses to PWOH, supporting the prioritization of ART rollout and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M. Motsoeneng
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mieke A. van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fareed Abdullah
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Office of AIDS and TB Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fang L, Xu J, Zhao Y, Fan J, Shen J, Liu W, Cao G. The effects of amino acid substitution of spike protein and genomic recombination on the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228128. [PMID: 37560529 PMCID: PMC10409611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over three years' pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), multiple variants and novel subvariants have emerged successively, outcompeted earlier variants and become predominant. The sequential emergence of variants reflects the evolutionary process of mutation-selection-adaption of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Amino acid substitution/insertion/deletion in the spike protein causes altered viral antigenicity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Early in the pandemic, D614G mutation conferred virus with advantages over previous variants and increased transmissibility, and it also laid a conservative background for subsequent substantial mutations. The role of genomic recombination in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 raised increasing concern with the occurrence of novel recombinants such as Deltacron, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9.1, and XBB.1.16 in the late phase of pandemic. Co-circulation of different variants and co-infection in immunocompromised patients accelerate the emergence of recombinants. Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations, particularly spike protein mutation and recombination, is essential to identify ongoing changes in the viral genome and antigenic epitopes and thus leads to the development of new vaccine strategies and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letian Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Foreign Languages, International Exchange Center for Military Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamamoto S, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Nakachi I, Baba R, Kamimoto S, Ogura T, Hagiwara S, Kato H, Nakajima H, Uwamino Y, Yagi K, Sugaya N, Nagai H, Saito M, Adachi E, Koga M, Tsutsumi T, Duong C, Okuda M, Murakami J, Furusawa Y, Ujie M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yotsuyanagi H, Kawaoka Y. Differences among epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. iScience 2023; 26:107208. [PMID: 37448563 PMCID: PMC10290734 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has gradually acquired amino acid substitutions in its S protein that reduce the potency of neutralizing antibodies, leading to decreased vaccine efficacy. Here, we attempted to obtain mutant viruses by passaging SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of plasma samples from convalescent patients or vaccinees to determine which amino acid substitutions affect the antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Several amino acid substitutions in the S2 region, as well as the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD), affected the neutralization potency of plasma samples collected from vaccinees, indicating that amino acid substitutions in the S2 region as well as those in the NTD and RBD affect neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies. Furthermore, the neutralizing potency of vaccinee plasma samples against mutant viruses we obtained or circulating viruses differed among individuals. These findings suggest that genetic backgrounds of vaccinees influence the recognition of neutralizing epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakachi
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Rie Baba
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kamimoto
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Hagiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kato
- Department of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa 220-8521, Japan
| | - Norio Sugaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa 220-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Calvin Duong
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Moe Okuda
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jurika Murakami
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuri Furusawa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Michiko Ujie
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- The University of Tokyo, Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kleynhans J, Dall'Amico L, Gauvin L, Tizzoni M, Maloma L, Walaza S, Martinson NA, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, Makhasi M, Cohen C, Cattuto C, Tempia S. Association of close-range contact patterns with SARS-CoV-2: a household transmission study. eLife 2023; 12:e84753. [PMID: 37461328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Households are an important location for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, especially during periods when travel and work was restricted to essential services. We aimed to assess the association of close-range contact patterns with SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Methods We deployed proximity sensors for two weeks to measure face-to-face interactions between household members after SARS-CoV-2 was identified in the household, in South Africa, 2020-2021. We calculated the duration, frequency, and average duration of close-range proximity events with SARS-CoV-2 index cases. We assessed the association of contact parameters with SARS-CoV-2 transmission using mixed effects logistic regression accounting for index and household member characteristics. Results We included 340 individuals (88 SARS-CoV-2 index cases and 252 household members). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 acquisition were index cases with minimum Ct value <30 (aOR 16.8 95% CI 3.1-93.1) vs >35, and female contacts (aOR 2.5 95% CI 1.3-5.0). No contact parameters were associated with acquisition (aOR 1.0-1.1) for any of the duration, frequency, cumulative time in contact, or average duration parameters. Conclusions We did not find an association between close-range proximity events and SARS-CoV-2 household transmission. Our findings may be due to study limitations, that droplet-mediated transmission during close-proximity contacts plays a smaller role than airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the household, or due to high contact rates in households. Funding Wellcome Trust (Grant number 221003/Z/20/Z) in collaboration with the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office, United Kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Laetitia Gauvin
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Research on Sustainable Development, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Michele Tizzoni
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
- Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucia Maloma
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, Baltimore, United States
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mvuyo Makhasi
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ciro Cattuto
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
- Department of Informatics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen S, Zhang C, Chen D, Dong L, Chang T, Tang ZH. Advances in attractive therapeutic approach for macrophage activation syndrome in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200289. [PMID: 37483597 PMCID: PMC10358730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, people have relaxed their vigilance against COVID-19 due to its declining infection numbers and attenuated virulence. However, COVID-19 still needs to be concern due to its emerging variants, the relaxation of restrictions as well as breakthrough infections. During the period of the COVID-19 infection, the imbalanced and hyper-responsive immune system plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) is a fatal complication of immune system disease, which is caused by the excessive activation and proliferation of macrophages and cytotoxic T cells (CTL). COVID-19-related hyperinflammation shares common clinical features with the above MAS symptoms, such as hypercytokinemia, hyperferritinemia, and coagulopathy. In MAS, immune exhaustion or defective anti-viral responses leads to the inadequate cytolytic capacity of CTL which contributes to prolonged interaction between CTL, APCs and macrophages. It is possible that the same process also occurred in COVID-19 patients, and further led to a cytokine storm confined to the lungs. It is associated with the poor prognosis of severe patients such as multiple organ failure and even death. The main difference of cytokine storm is that in COVID-19 pneumonia is mainly the specific damage of the lung, while in MAS is easy to develop into a systemic. The attractive therapeutic approach to prevent MAS in COVID-19 mainly includes antiviral, antibiotics, convalescent plasma (CP) therapy and hemadsorption, extensive immunosuppressive agents, and cytokine-targeted therapies. Here, we discuss the role of the therapeutic approaches mentioned above in the two diseases. And we found that the treatment effect of the same therapeutic approach is different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Chen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deng Chen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Teding Chang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sinha A, Sangeet S, Roy S. Evolution of Sequence and Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Dynamic Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23283-23304. [PMID: 37426203 PMCID: PMC10324094 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) enters its host cell through a surface spike protein. The viral spike protein has undergone several modifications/mutations at the genomic level, through which it modulated its structure-function and passed through several variants of concern. Recent advances in high-resolution structure determination and multiscale imaging techniques, cost-effective next-generation sequencing, and development of new computational methods (including information theory, statistical methods, machine learning, and many other artificial intelligence-based techniques) have hugely contributed to the characterization of sequence, structure, function of spike proteins, and its different variants to understand viral pathogenesis, evolutions, and transmission. Laying on the foundation of the sequence-structure-function paradigm, this review summarizes not only the important findings on structure/function but also the structural dynamics of different spike components, highlighting the effects of mutations on them. As dynamic fluctuations of three-dimensional spike structure often provide important clues for functional modulation, quantifying time-dependent fluctuations of mutational events over spike structure and its genetic/amino acidic sequence helps identify alarming functional transitions having implications for enhanced fusogenicity and pathogenicity of the virus. Although these dynamic events are more difficult to capture than quantifying a static, average property, this review encompasses those challenging aspects of characterizing the evolutionary dynamics of spike sequence and structure and their implications for functions.
Collapse
|
48
|
Giron CC, Laaksonen A, Barroso da Silva FL. Differences between Omicron SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other variants in their ability to interact with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:5707-5727. [PMID: 35815535 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2095305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a health threat with the continuous emergence of new variants. This work aims to expand the knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) interactions with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). By using constant-pH Monte Carlo simulations, the free energy of interactions between the RBD from different variants and several partners (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) polymorphisms and various mAbs) were predicted. Computed RBD-ACE2-binding affinities were higher for two ACE2 polymorphisms (rs142984500 and rs4646116) typically found in Europeans which indicates a genetic susceptibility. This is amplified for Omicron (BA.1) and its sublineages BA.2 and BA.3. The antibody landscape was computationally investigated with the largest set of mAbs so far in the literature. From the 32 studied binders, groups of mAbs were identified from weak to strong binding affinities (e.g. S2K146). These mAbs with strong binding capacity and especially their combination are amenable to experimentation and clinical trials because of their high predicted binding affinities and possible neutralization potential for current known virus mutations and a universal coronavirus.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Corrêa Giron
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Hospital de Clínicas, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fernando Luís Barroso da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Addetia A, Park YJ, Starr T, Greaney AJ, Sprouse KR, Bowen JE, Tiles SW, Van Voorhis WC, Bloom JD, Corti D, Walls AC, Veesler D. Structural changes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike E406W mutant escaping a clinical monoclonal antibody cocktail. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112621. [PMID: 37300832 PMCID: PMC10213294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is eroding antibody responses elicited by prior vaccination and infection. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) E406W mutation abrogates neutralization mediated by the REGEN-COV therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) COVID-19 cocktail and the AZD1061 (COV2-2130) mAb. Here, we show that this mutation remodels the receptor-binding site allosterically, thereby altering the epitopes recognized by these three mAbs and vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies while remaining functional. Our results demonstrate the spectacular structural and functional plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, which is continuously evolving in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including currently circulating strains that are accumulating mutations in the antigenic sites remodeled by the E406W substitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler Starr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sasha W Tiles
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kegler A, Drewitz L, Arndt C, Daglar C, Rodrigues Loureiro L, Mitwasi N, Neuber C, González Soto KE, Bartsch T, Baraban L, Ziehr H, Heine M, Nieter A, Moreira-Soto A, Kühne A, Drexler JF, Seliger B, Laube M, Máthé D, Pályi B, Hajdrik P, Forgách L, Kis Z, Szigeti K, Bergmann R, Feldmann A, Bachmann M. A novel ACE2 decoy for both neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and killing of infected cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1204543. [PMID: 37383226 PMCID: PMC10293748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to millions of infections and deaths worldwide. As this virus evolves rapidly, there is a high need for treatment options that can win the race against new emerging variants of concern. Here, we describe a novel immunotherapeutic drug based on the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and provide experimental evidence that it cannot only be used for (i) neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in SARS-CoV-2-infected animal models but also for (ii) clearance of virus-infected cells. For the latter purpose, we equipped the ACE2 decoy with an epitope tag. Thereby, we converted it to an adapter molecule, which we successfully applied in the modular platforms UniMAB and UniCAR for retargeting of either unmodified or universal chimeric antigen receptor-modified immune effector cells. Our results pave the way for a clinical application of this novel ACE2 decoy, which will clearly improve COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Drewitz
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cansu Daglar
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Liliana Rodrigues Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicola Mitwasi
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Elizabeth González Soto
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Ziehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annabel Nieter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Kühne
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Medical High School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Szeged, Hungary
- CROmed Translational Research Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Division of Microbiological Reference Laboratories, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Polett Hajdrik
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Forgách
- Semmelweis University School of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kis
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Division of Microbiological Reference Laboratories, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|