1
|
Meldrum OW, Yakubov GE. Journey of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract: role of physical interactions, mucus, and biochemical transformations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-29. [PMID: 39141568 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2390556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fiber-rich foods have been associated with numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Harnessing the potential to deliver positive health outcomes rests on our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive these associations. This review addresses data and concepts concerning plant-based food functionality by dissecting the cascade of physical and chemical digestive processes and interactions that underpin these physiological benefits. Functional transformations of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract from the stages of oral processing and gastric emptying to intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation influence its capacity to modulate digestion, transit, and commensal microbiome. This analysis highlights the significance, limitations, and challenges in decoding the complex web of interactions to establish a coherent framework connecting specific fiber components' molecular and macroscale interactions across multiple length scales within the gastrointestinal tract. One critical area that requires closer examination is the interaction between fiber, mucus barrier, and the commensal microbiome when considering food structure design and personalized nutritional strategies for beneficial physiologic effects. Understanding the response of specific fibers, particularly concerning an individual's physiology, will offer the opportunity to exploit these functional characteristics to elicit specific, symptom-targeting effects or use fiber types as adjunctive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Meldrum
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Soft Matter Biomaterials and Biointerfaces, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar V, Joshi M, Vats A, Kumar LK, Verma SK, Neeraj, Baithalu RK, Veerappa VG, Singh D, Onteru SK. Mucin and salt combination simulate typical fern-like pattern of buffalo saliva smear at estrus. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1753-1765. [PMID: 38504429 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Estrus detection in buffaloes primarily relies on behavioral and physiological signs. Especially during summer, these signs are less prominent to recognize. Thus, estrus detection is a pronounced challenge within the realm of buffalo husbandry, particularly in the summer. Therefore, a simple and accurate estrus detection method is required for buffalo farmers. The observation of fern-like salivary crystallization patterns is one such simple method to detect estrus in buffaloes, bactrian camels, beagle bitches, and cows. However, the exact mechanism for the formation of typical fern-like is not known. We hypothesized that it might be because of the estrus-specific mucins and salts. To test this hypothesis, we prepared the smears by combining different concentrations of mucin type -2 (MUC2) and -3 (MUC3) with sodium chloride (NaCl). Microscopic examination confirmed that fern-like patterns resulted from a combination of the MUC3 and NaCl produced more realistic fern patterns than that of MUC2 or BSA with salt. To predict possible mucin and salt concentration showing natural fern-like patterns at the estrus stage in buffalo saliva, we constructed a guide tree of artificially generated fern-like patterns using an image analysis online tool. This computation analysis revealed that most of the natural buffalo estrus saliva samples showing typical fern-like patterns clustered in the cluster 2 of the guide tree comprising of 13 clusters. In the cluster 2, MUC3 in combination with the salt concentrations of 100, 150, and 250 mM was commonly found in a close proximity to the natural typical fern-like patterns of saliva smear of buffaloes at estrus. Conclusively, the buffalo saliva at estrus is predicted to have a gel-forming heavily glycosylated protein such as mucin along with at least 100 mM of NaCl. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Glycoprotein and salts combination replicates fern-like pattern of buffalo saliva at estrus. MUC3 and NaCl salt combination produces more realistic fern-like patterns compared with MUC2 or BSA and salt combination. MUC3 with NaCl at 100, 150, and 250 mM consistently resembled natural estrus saliva fern-like patterns. During estrus, buffalo saliva is expected to contain heavily glycosylated mucin and at least of 100 mM NaCl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Mansi Joshi
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Lal Krishan Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Surya Kant Verma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj
- Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rubina Kumari Baithalu
- Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Vedamurthy Gowdar Veerappa
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Winter C, Tetyczka C, Pham DT, Kolb D, Leitinger G, Schönfelder S, Kunert O, Gerlza T, Kungl A, Bucar F, Roblegg E. Investigation of Hydrocolloid Plant Polysaccharides as Potential Candidates to Mimic the Functions of MUC5B in Saliva. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:682. [PMID: 38794344 PMCID: PMC11124828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The successful substitution of complex physiological fluids, such as human saliva, remains a major challenge in drug development. Although there are a large number of saliva substitutes on the market, their efficacy is often inadequate due to short residence time in the mouth, unpleasant mouthfeel, or insufficient protection of the teeth. Therefore, systems need to be identified that mimic the functions of saliva, in particular the salivary mucin MUC5B and the unique physiological properties of saliva. To this end, plant extracts known to contain hydrocolloid polysaccharides and to have mucus-forming properties were studied to evaluate their suitability as saliva substitutes. The aqueous plant extracts of Calendula officinalis, Fucus sp. thalli, and lichenan from Lichen islandicus were examined for composition using a range of techniques, including GC-MS, NMR, SEC, assessment of pH, osmolality, buffering capacity, viscoelasticity, viscoelastic interactions with human saliva, hydrocolloid network formation, and in vitro cell adhesion. For this purpose, a physiologically adapted adhesive test was developed using human buccal epithelial cells. The results show that lichenan is the most promising candidate to mimic the properties of MUC5B. By adjusting the pH, osmolality, and buffering capacity with K2HPO4, it was shown that lichenan exhibited high cell adhesion, with a maximum detachment force that was comparable to that of unstimulated whole mouth saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Winter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Tetyczka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/V, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Sandra Schönfelder
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Franz Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walsh D, Bevan J, Harrison F. How Does Airway Surface Liquid Composition Vary in Different Pulmonary Diseases, and How Can We Use This Knowledge to Model Microbial Infections? Microorganisms 2024; 12:732. [PMID: 38674677 PMCID: PMC11052052 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth environment greatly alters many facets of pathogen physiology, including pathogenesis and antimicrobial tolerance. The importance of host-mimicking environments for attaining an accurate picture of pathogen behaviour is widely recognised. Whilst this recognition has translated into the extensive development of artificial cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum medium, attempts to mimic the growth environment in other respiratory disease states have been completely neglected. The composition of the airway surface liquid (ASL) in different pulmonary diseases is far less well characterised than CF sputum, making it very difficult for researchers to model these infection environments. In this review, we discuss the components of human ASL, how different lung pathologies affect ASL composition, and how different pathogens interact with these components. This will provide researchers interested in mimicking different respiratory environments with the information necessary to design a host-mimicking medium, allowing for better understanding of how to treat pathogens causing infection in these environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Walsh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.H.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al Zahabi K, Hassan L, Maldonado R, Boehm MW, Baier SK, Sharma V. Pinching dynamics, extensional rheology, and stringiness of saliva substitutes. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2547-2561. [PMID: 38407364 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01662e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Saliva substitutes are human-made formulations extensively used in medicine, food, and pharmaceutical research to emulate human saliva's biochemical, tribological, and rheological properties. Even though extensional flows involving saliva are commonly encountered in situations such as swallowing, coughing, sneezing, licking, drooling, gleeking, and blowing spit bubbles, rheological evaluations of saliva and its substitutes in most studies rely on measured values of shear viscosity. Natural saliva possesses stringiness or spinnbarkeit, governed by extensional rheology response, which cannot be evaluated or anticipated from the knowledge of shear rheology response. In this contribution, we comprehensively examine the rheology of twelve commercially available saliva substitutes using torsional rheometry for rate-dependent shear viscosity and dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) protocols for extensional rheology characterization. Even though most formulations are marketed as having suitable rheology, only three displayed measurable viscoelasticity and strain-hardening. Still, these too, failed to emulate the viscosity reduction with the shear rate observed for saliva or match perceived stringiness. Finally, we explore the challenges in creating saliva-like formulations for dysphagia patients and opportunities for using DoS rheometry for diagnostics and designing biomimetic fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Al Zahabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Lena Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Ramiro Maldonado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | | | - Stefan K Baier
- Motif FoodWorks Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leo F, Lood R, Thomsson KA, Nilsson J, Svensäter G, Wickström C. Characterization of MdpS: an in-depth analysis of a MUC5B-degrading protease from Streptococcus oralis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1340109. [PMID: 38304711 PMCID: PMC10830703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1340109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms, comprising hundreds of bacteria and other microorganisms on oral mucosal and dental surfaces, play a central role in oral health and disease dynamics. Streptococcus oralis, a key constituent of these biofilms, contributes significantly to the formation of which, serving as an early colonizer and microcolony scaffold. The interaction between S. oralis and the orally predominant mucin, MUC5B, is pivotal in biofilm development, yet the mechanism underlying MUC5B degradation remains poorly understood. This study introduces MdpS (Mucin Degrading Protease from Streptococcus oralis), a protease that extensively hydrolyses MUC5B and offers an insight into its evolutionary conservation, physicochemical properties, and substrate- and amino acid specificity. MdpS exhibits high sequence conservation within the species and also explicitly among early biofilm colonizing streptococci. It is a calcium or magnesium dependent serine protease with strict physicochemical preferences, including narrow pH and temperature tolerance, and high sensitivity to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and reducing agents. Furthermore, MdpS primarily hydrolyzes proteins with O-glycans, but also shows activity toward immunoglobulins IgA1/2 and IgM, suggesting potential immunomodulatory effects. Significantly, MdpS extensively degrades MUC5B in the N- and C-terminal domains, emphasizing its role in mucin degradation, with implications for carbon and nitrogen sequestration for S. oralis or oral biofilm cross-feeding. Moreover, depending on substrate glycosylation, the amino acids serine, threonine or cysteine triggers the enzymatic action. Understanding the interplay between S. oralis and MUC5B, facilitated by MdpS, has significant implications for the management of a healthy eubiotic oral microenvironment, offering potential targets for interventions aimed at modulating oral biofilm composition and succession. Additionally, since MdpS does not rely on O-glycan removal prior to extensive peptide backbone hydrolysis, the MdpS data challenges the current model of MUC5B degradation. These findings emphasize the necessity for further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Leo
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Genovis AB, Kävlinge, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Kävlinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robertsson C, Svensäter G, Davies JR, Bay Nord A, Malmodin D, Wickström C. Synergistic metabolism of salivary MUC5B in oral commensal bacteria during early biofilm formation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0270423. [PMID: 37855449 PMCID: PMC10715109 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02704-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The study of bacterial interactions and salivary-mediated regulation of early dental biofilm activity is of interest for understanding oral microbial adaptation to environmental cues and biofilm maturation. Findings in oral commensals can prove useful from the perspectives of both oral and systemic health of the host, as well as the understanding of general microbial biofilm physiology. The knowledge may provide a basis for the development of prognostic biomarkers, or development of new treatment strategies, related to oral health and disease and possibly also to other biofilm-induced conditions. The study is also an important step toward developing the methodology for similar studies in other species and/or growth conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Robertsson
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia R. Davies
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bay Nord
- Swedish NMR Centre, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Malmodin
- Swedish NMR Centre, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raby KL, Michaeloudes C, Tonkin J, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK. Mechanisms of airway epithelial injury and abnormal repair in asthma and COPD. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1201658. [PMID: 37520564 PMCID: PMC10374037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium comprises of different cell types and acts as a physical barrier preventing pathogens, including inhaled particles and microbes, from entering the lungs. Goblet cells and submucosal glands produce mucus that traps pathogens, which are expelled from the respiratory tract by ciliated cells. Basal cells act as progenitor cells, differentiating into different epithelial cell types, to maintain homeostasis following injury. Adherens and tight junctions between cells maintain the epithelial barrier function and regulate the movement of molecules across it. In this review we discuss how abnormal epithelial structure and function, caused by chronic injury and abnormal repair, drives airway disease and specifically asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In both diseases, inhaled allergens, pollutants and microbes disrupt junctional complexes and promote cell death, impairing the barrier function and leading to increased penetration of pathogens and a constant airway immune response. In asthma, the inflammatory response precipitates the epithelial injury and drives abnormal basal cell differentiation. This leads to reduced ciliated cells, goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial mesenchymal transition, which contribute to impaired mucociliary clearance and airway remodelling. In COPD, chronic oxidative stress and inflammation trigger premature epithelial cell senescence, which contributes to loss of epithelial integrity and airway inflammation and remodelling. Increased numbers of basal cells showing deregulated differentiation, contributes to ciliary dysfunction and mucous hyperproduction in COPD airways. Defective antioxidant, antiviral and damage repair mechanisms, possibly due to genetic or epigenetic factors, may confer susceptibility to airway epithelial dysfunction in these diseases. The current evidence suggests that a constant cycle of injury and abnormal repair of the epithelium drives chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma and COPD. Mechanistic understanding of injury susceptibility and damage response may lead to improved therapies for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Louise Raby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Tonkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj Kumar Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sedaghat MH, Behnia M, Abouali O. Nanoparticle Diffusion in Respiratory Mucus Influenced by Mucociliary Clearance: A Review of Mathematical Modeling. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023. [PMID: 37184652 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inhalation and deposition of particles in human airways have attracted considerable attention due to importance of particulate pollutants, transmission of infectious diseases, and therapeutic delivery of drugs at targeted areas. We summarize current state-of-the art research in particle deposition on airway surface liquid (ASL) influenced by mucociliary clearance (MCC) by identifying areas that need further investigation. Methodology: We aim to review focus on governing and constitutive equations describing MCC geometry followed by description of mathematical modeling of ciliary forces, mucus rheology properties, and numerical approaches to solve modified time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. We also review mathematical modeling of particle deposition in ASL influenced by MCC, particle transport in ASL in terms of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, and discuss the corresponding mass transport issues in this layer. Whenever required, numerical predictions are contrasted with the pertinent experimental data. Results: Results indicate that mean mucus and periciliary liquid velocities are strongly influenced by mucus rheological characteristics as well as ciliary abnormalities. However, most of the currently available literature on mucus fiber spacing, ciliary beat frequency, and particle surface chemistry is based on particle deposition on ASL by considering a fixed value of ASL velocity. The effects of real ASL flow regimes on particle deposition in this layer are limited. In addition, no other study is available on modeling nonhomogeneous and viscoelastic characteristics of mucus layer on ASL drug delivery. Conclusion: Simplification of assumptions on governing equations of drug delivery in ASL influenced by MCC leads to imposing some limitations on numerical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Sedaghat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behnia
- University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Omid Abouali
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leo F, Svensäter G, Lood R, Wickström C. Characterization of a highly conserved MUC5B-degrading protease, MdpL, from Limosilactobacillus fermentum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1127466. [PMID: 36925480 PMCID: PMC10011156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC5B is the predominant glycoprotein in saliva and is instrumental in the establishment and maintenance of multi-species eubiotic biofilms in the oral cavity. Investigations of the aciduric Lactobacillaceae family, and its role in biofilms emphasizes the diversity across different genera of the proteolytic systems involved in the nutritional utilization of mucins. We have characterized a protease from Limosilactobacillus fermentum, MdpL (Mucin degrading protease from Limosilactobacillus) with a high protein backbone similarity with commensals that exploit mucins for attachment and nutrition. MdpL was shown to be associated with the bacterial cell surface, in close proximity to MUC5B, which was sequentially degraded into low molecular weight fragments. Mapping the substrate preference revealed multiple hydrolytic sites of proteins with a high O-glycan occurrence, although hydrolysis was not dependent on the presence of O-glycans. However, since proteolysis of immunoglobulins was absent, and general protease activity was low, a preference for glycoproteins similar to MUC5B in terms of glycosylation and structure is suggested. MdpL preferentially hydrolyzed C-terminally located hydrophobic residues in peptides larger than 20 amino acids, which hinted at a limited sequence preference. To secure proper enzyme folding and optimal conditions for activity, L. fermentum incorporates a complex system that establishes a reducing environment. The importance of overall reducing conditions was confirmed by the activity boosting effect of the added reducing agents L-cysteine and DTT. High activity was retained in low to neutral pH 5.5-7.0, but the enzyme was completely inhibited in the presence of Zn2+. Here we have characterized a highly conserved mucin degrading protease from L. fermentum. MdpL, that together with the recently discovered O-glycanase and O-glycoprotease enzyme groups, increases our understanding of mucin degradation and complex biofilm dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Leo
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Genovis AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mucins and CFTR: Their Close Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810232. [PMID: 36142171 PMCID: PMC9499620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is a critical defense mechanism for the lungs governed by regionally coordinated epithelial cellular activities, including mucin secretion, cilia beating, and transepithelial ion transport. Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal genetic disorder caused by the dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel, is characterized by failed mucociliary clearance due to abnormal mucus biophysical properties. In recent years, with the development of highly effective modulator therapies, the quality of life of a significant number of people living with CF has greatly improved; however, further understanding the cellular biology relevant to CFTR and airway mucus biochemical interactions are necessary to develop novel therapies aimed at restoring CFTR gene expression in the lungs. In this article, we discuss recent advances of transcriptome analysis at single-cell levels that revealed a heretofore unanticipated close relationship between secretory MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins and CFTR in the lungs. In addition, we review recent findings on airway mucus biochemical and biophysical properties, focusing on how mucin secretion and CFTR-mediated ion transport are integrated to maintain airway mucus homeostasis in health and how CFTR dysfunction and restoration of function affect mucus properties.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ash JJ, Hilkin BM, Gansemer ND, Hoffman EA, Zabner J, Stoltz DA, Abou Alaiwa MH. Tromethamine improves mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis pigs. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15340. [PMID: 36073059 PMCID: PMC9453173 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mediated Cl- and HCO3 - secretion across the epithelium acidifies the airway surface liquid (ASL). Acidic ASL alters two key host defense mechanisms: Rapid ASL bacterial killing and mucociliary transport (MCT). Aerosolized tromethamine (Tham) increases ASL pH and restores the ability of ASL to rapidly kill bacteria in CF pigs. In CF pigs, clearance of insufflated microdisks is interrupted due to abnormal mucus causing microdisks to abruptly recoil. Aerosolizing a reducing agent to break disulfide bonds that link mucins improves MCT. Here, we are interested in restoring MCT in CF by aerosolizing Tham, a buffer with a pH of 8.4. Because Tham is hypertonic to serum, we use an acidified formulation as a control. We measure MCT by tracking the caudal movement of individual tantalum microdisks with serial chest computed tomography scans. Alkaline Tham improves microdisk clearance to within the range of that seen in non-CF pigs. It also partially reverses MCT defects, including reduced microdisk recoil and elapse time until they start moving after methacholine stimulation in CF pig airways. The effect is not due to hypertonicity, as it is not seen with acidified Tham or hypertonic saline. This finding indicates acidic ASL impairs CF MCT and suggests that alkalinization of ASL pH with inhaled Tham may improve CF airway disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison J. Ash
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Brieanna M. Hilkin
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Nicholas D. Gansemer
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of RadiologyRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Roy J Carver, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Roy J Carver, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Mahmoud H. Abou Alaiwa
- Department of Internal MedicinePappajohn Biomedical InstituteRoy J and Lucille A Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Roy J Carver, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saraiva-Romanholo BM, de Genaro IS, de Almeida FM, Felix SN, Lopes MRC, Amorim TS, Vieira RP, Arantes-Costa FM, Martins MA, de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério I, Prado CM. Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite or Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Injury and Mechanical Impairment in Wistar Rats. Inflammation 2022; 45:1464-1483. [PMID: 35501465 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary irritants, such as cigarette smoke (CS) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), are associated to pulmonary diseases in cleaning workers. We examined whether their association affects lung mechanics and inflammation in Wistar rats. Exposure to these irritants alone induced alterations in the lung mechanics, inflammation, and remodeling. The CS increased airway cell infiltration, acid mucus production, MMP-12 expression, and alveolar enlargement. NaClO increased the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with cells expressing IL-13, MMP-12, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and iNOS in addition to increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Co-exposure to both irritants increased epithelial and smooth muscle cell area, acid mucus production, and IL-13 expression in the airways, while it reduced the lung inflammation. In conclusion, the co-exposure of CS with NaClO reduced the pulmonary inflammation, but increased the acidity of mucus, which may protect lungs from more injury. A cross-resistance in people exposed to multiple lung irritants should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Studies in Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Santos de Genaro
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia Nogueira Felix
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Laboratory of Studies in Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lacroix G, Gouyer V, Rocher M, Gottrand F, Desseyn JL. A porous cervical mucus plug leads to preterm birth induced by experimental vaginal infection in mice. iScience 2022; 25:104526. [PMID: 35754724 PMCID: PMC9218384 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During gestation, the cervical mucus plug (CMP) acts to seal the cervical canal. Pilot studies in humans have suggested that a porous CMP may increase the risk of uterine infection and preterm birth. We examined the gel-forming content of the mouse vagina and the CMP. We experimentally infected pregnant mice by intravaginal administration of pathogens related to preterm birth in humans. We found that the epithelium in both the vagina and cervical canal of pregnant mice produced the two gel-forming mucins Muc5b and Muc5ac. The CMP was porous in Muc5b-deficient mice for which intravaginal administration of Escherichia coli O 55 led to the activation of an inflammatory response in the uterus and 100% preterm births. The pathogen was found in the mucus plug and uterus. This study shows that Muc5b is essential for the in vivo barrier function and the prevention of uterine infections during gestation. Muc5b and Muc5ac are the main gel-forming mucins of the mouse vagina and cervical canal During pregnancy, a cervical mucus plug (CMP) is formed and seals the cervical canal Muc5b-deficient CMP is highly porous Inflammation following vaginal infection causes preterm birth in Muc5b-deficient mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lacroix
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Gouyer
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mylène Rocher
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lima BP, Davies JR, Wickström C, Johnstone KF, Hall JW, Svensater G, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Poised for Glycan Feeding through a MUC5B-Discriminating, Lipoteichoic Acid-Mediated Outside-In Signaling Circuit. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0011822. [PMID: 35652671 PMCID: PMC9210975 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00118-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oral bacteria employ cell wall-anchored adhesins to bind to the salivary films coating the teeth and mucosal surfaces. Surface binding prevents clearance and facilitates catabolism of salivary film glycoproteins. We asked whether Streptococcus gordonii adhesin expression changes in response to surface salivary cues using a eukaryote-like, outside-in recognition and signaling circuit. To determine whether the cues were discriminated, S. gordonii was tested during cell adhesion and biofilm formation on a MUC5B-rich or lower-molecular-mass salivary fraction or an uncoated abiotic surface. Cells were recovered and analyzed for differences in gene expression and proteins in cell wall fractions. In salivary-free conditions, planktonic S. gordonii presented three prominent cell wall LPXTG-motif proteins, SGO_1487, SGO_0890, and MbpA (mucin-binding protein A; SGO_0707). During biofilm formation on MUC5B-coated surfaces, MbpA, a MUC5B-binding protein, and key genes in the tagatose and quorum-sensing pathways were strongly promoted. The response to MUC5B required the two-component system (TCS), streptococcal regulator of adhesins sensor and regulator (SraSR, SGO_1180/81), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and the homologous paired adhesins, SspA and SspB (SspAB). LTA appears to link the outside signal (MUC5B) to intramembrane SraSR. Tagatose pathway gene expression may poise cells to metabolize MUC5B glycans and, with a quorum-sensing gene (luxS), may direct formation of a consortium to facilitate glycan cross-feeding by S. gordonii. We now show that a Gram-positive bacterium discriminates specific surface environmental cues using an outside-in signaling mechanism to apparently optimize colonization of saliva-coated surfaces. IMPORTANCE All organisms throughout the tree of life sense and respond to their surface environments. To discriminate among mucosal surface environmental cues, we report that Streptococcus gordonii recognizes a high-molecular-weight mucin glycoprotein, MUC5B, using the paired adhesins SspAB and lipoteichoic acid; the latter bridges the outside signal to an intramembrane two-component system to transcriptionally regulate a MUC5B-specific adhesin and genes that may facilitate glycan catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia R. Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karen F. Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Hall
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gunnel Svensater
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chahal G, Quintana-Hayashi MP, Gaytán MO, Benktander J, Padra M, King SJ, Linden SK. Streptococcus oralis Employs Multiple Mechanisms of Salivary Mucin Binding That Differ Between Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:889711. [PMID: 35782137 PMCID: PMC9247193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.889711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis is an oral commensal and opportunistic pathogen that can enter the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of S. oralis binding to oral mucins using clinical isolates, isogenic mutants and glycoconjugates. S. oralis bound to both MUC5B and MUC7, with a higher level of binding to MUC7. Mass spectrometry identified 128 glycans on MUC5B, MUC7 and the salivary agglutinin (SAG). MUC7/SAG contained a higher relative abundance of Lewis type structures, including Lewis b/y, sialyl-Lewis a/x and α2,3-linked sialic acid, compared to MUC5B. S. oralis subsp. oralis binding to MUC5B and MUC7/SAG was inhibited by Lewis b and Lacto-N-tetraose glycoconjugates. In addition, S. oralis binding to MUC7/SAG was inhibited by sialyl Lewis x. Binding was not inhibited by Lacto-N-fucopentaose, H type 2 and Lewis x conjugates. These data suggest that three distinct carbohydrate binding specificities are involved in S. oralis subsp. oralis binding to oral mucins and that the mechanisms of binding MUC5B and MUC7 differ. Efficient binding of S. oralis subsp. oralis to MUC5B and MUC7 required the gene encoding sortase A, suggesting that the adhesin(s) are LPXTG-containing surface protein(s). Further investigation demonstrated that one of these adhesins is the sialic acid binding protein AsaA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Chahal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Meztlli O. Gaytán
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children´s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Medea Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samantha J. King
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children´s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Sara K. Linden, ; Samantha J. King,
| | - Sara K. Linden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara K. Linden, ; Samantha J. King,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Boyd H, Gutfreund P, Welbourn RJ, Robertsson C, Wickström C, Arnebrant T, Richardson RM, Prescott SW, Barker R, Sotres J. MUC5B mucin films under mechanical confinement: A combined neutron reflectometry and atomic force microscopy study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Evaluating the Protective Properties of a Xyloglucan-Based Nasal Spray in a Mouse Model of Allergic Rhinitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910472. [PMID: 34638811 PMCID: PMC8508723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A breached nasal epithelial barrier plays an important role in driving allergic rhinitis (AR). Corticosteroids remain the standard of care (SoC) but come with side effects, thus alternative safe and effective treatments able to avoid inflammation and restore barrier integrity are needed. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the barrier-forming capacity of a xyloglucan-based nasal spray (XG) and compare its efficacy to several SoC treatments (corticosteroid spray, oral mast-cell stabilizer and oral antihistamine) in reducing allergic responses in addition to its effect when concomitantly administered with an antihistamine. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse AR model was used. XG shows a significant efficacy in reducing histological damage in AR mice; improves nasal rubbing and histamine-induced hyper-responsiveness. Total and OVA-specific IgE as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines are significantly reduced compared to OVA challenged-mice, with im-proved efficacy when used as an add-on treatment. However, XG reduces mucous secreting cells (PAS-positive) and mucin mRNA expression similar to the corticosteroid-treated mice. XG-spray maintains tight junction protein expression (ZO-1) and conversely decreases HDAC1 significantly; the latter being highly expressed in AR patients. Moreover, the concomitant treatment showed in all of the endpoints a similar efficacy to the corticosteroids. This innovative approach may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for nasal respiratory diseases like AR, reducing undesirable side effects and improving the quality of life in patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Robertsson C, Svensäter G, Blum Z, Jakobsson ME, Wickström C. Proteomic response in Streptococcus gordonii DL1 biofilm cells during attachment to salivary MUC5B. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1967636. [PMID: 34447490 PMCID: PMC8386731 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1967636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary mucin MUC5B seems to promote biodiversity in dental biofilms, and thereby oral health, for example, by inducing synergistic ‘mucolytic’ activities in a variety of microbial species that need to cooperate for the release of nutrients from the complex glycoprotein. Knowledge of how early colonizers interact with host salivary proteins is integral to better understand the maturation of putatively harmful oral biofilms and could provide key insights into biofilm physiology. Methods The early oral colonizer Streptococcus gordonii DL1 was grown planktonically and in biofilm flow cell systems with uncoated, MUC5B or low-density salivary protein (LDP) coated surfaces. Bacterial cell proteins were extracted and analyzed using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based workflow, and differentially expressed proteins were identified. Results and conclusions Overall, the proteomic profiles of S. gordonii DL1 were similar across conditions. Six novel biofilm cell proteins and three planktonic proteins absent in all biofilm cultures were identified. These differences may provide insights into mechanisms for adaptation to biofilm growth in this species. Salivary MUC5B also elicited specific responses in the biofilm cell proteome. These regulations may represent mechanisms by which this mucin could promote colonization of the commensal S. gordonii in oral biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Robertsson
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zoltan Blum
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anzalone G, Moscato M, Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Gagliardo R, Marchese R, Fucarino A, Nigro CL, Drago G, Profita M. PBDEs affect inflammatory and oncosuppressive mechanisms via the EZH2 methyltransferase in airway epithelial cells. Life Sci 2021; 282:119827. [PMID: 34273373 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the effect of PBDEs (47, 99, 209) on cellular events involved in epigenetic modification, inflammation, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied: 1) ERK1/2 phosphorylation; 2) Enhancer of Zester Homolog 2 (EZH2); 3) Histone H3 tri-methylated in lysine 27 (H3K27me3); 4) K-RAS; 5) silencing disabled homolog 2-interacting protein gene (DAB2IP), 6) let-7a; 7) Muc5AC/Muc5B, and 8) IL-8 in a 3D in vitro model of epithelium obtained with primary Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial cells (pNHBEs) or A549 cell line, chronically exposed to PBDEs (47, 99, 209). KEY FINDINGS PBDEs (10 nM, 100 nM and 1 μM) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and EZH2, H3K27me3, and K-RAS protein expression, while decreased DAB2IP and Let-7a transcripts in pNHBEs ALI culture. Furthermore PBDEs (47, 99) (100 nM) increased Muc5AC and Muc5B mRNA, and PBDE 47 (100 nM) IL-8 mRNA via EZH2 in pNHBEs. Finally, PBDEs (100 nM) affected EZH2, H3K27me3, K-RAS protein expression, and DAB2IP, Let-7a transcripts and cell invasion in A549 cells. Gsk343 (methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor) (1 mM) and U0126 (inhibitor of MEK1/2) (10 μM) were used to show the specific effect of PBDEs. SIGNIFICANCE PBDE inhalation might promote inflammation/cancer via EZH2 methyltransferase activity and H3K27me3, k-RAS and ERk1/2 involvement, generating adverse health outcomes of the human lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Moscato
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Marchese
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BioNec), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Lo Nigro
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Drago
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Application across species of a one health approach to liquid sample handling for respiratory based -omics analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14292. [PMID: 34253818 PMCID: PMC8275668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation is highly prevalent in horses, with the majority of non-infectious cases being defined as equine asthma. Currently, cytological analysis of airway derived samples is the principal method of assessing lower airway inflammation. Samples can be obtained by tracheal wash (TW) or by lavage of the lower respiratory tract (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; BALF). Although BALF cytology carries significant diagnostic advantages over TW cytology for the diagnosis of equine asthma, sample acquisition is invasive, making it prohibitive for routine and sequential screening of airway health. However, recent technological advances in sample collection and processing have made it possible to determine whether a wider range of analyses might be applied to TW samples. Considering that TW samples are relatively simple to collect, minimally invasive and readily available in the horse, it was considered appropriate to investigate whether, equine tracheal secretions represent a rich source of cells and both transcriptomic and proteomic data. Similar approaches have already been applied to a comparable sample set in humans; namely, induced sputum. Sputum represents a readily available source of airway biofluids enriched in proteins, changes in the expression of which may reveal novel mechanisms in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to establish a robust protocol to isolate macrophages, protein and RNA for molecular characterization of TW samples and demonstrate the applicability of sample handling to rodent and human pediatric bronchoalveolar lavage fluid isolates. TW samples provided a good quality and yield of both RNA and protein for downstream transcriptomic/proteomic analyses. The sample handling methodologies were successfully applicable to BALF for rodent and human research. TW samples represent a rich source of airway cells, and molecular analysis to facilitate and study airway inflammation, based on both transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. This study provides a necessary methodological platform for future transcriptomic and/or proteomic studies on equine lower respiratory tract secretions and BALF samples from humans and mice.
Collapse
|
22
|
Padra M, Benktander J, Padra JT, Andersson A, Brundin B, Tengvall S, Christenson K, Qvarfordt I, Gad R, Paulsson M, Pournaras N, Lindén A, Lindén SK. Mucin Binding to Moraxella catarrhalis During Airway Inflammation is Dependent on Sialic Acid. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:593-602. [PMID: 34192508 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0064oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with colonization by bacterial pathogens and repeated airway infections, leading to exacerbations and impaired lung function. The highly glycosylated mucins in the mucus lining the airways are an important part of the host defense against pathogens. However, mucus accumulation can contribute to COPD pathology. Here, we examined whether inflammation is associated with glycosylation changes that affect interactions between airway mucins and pathogens. We isolated mucins from lower airway samples (LAS, n=4-9) from long-term smokers with and without COPD and from never-smokers. The most abundant terminal glycan moiety was N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) among smokers with and without COPD and N-acetyl-hexoseamine among never-smokers. Moraxella catarrhalis bound to MUC5 mucins from smokers with and without COPD. M. catarrhalis binding correlated with inflammatory parameters and Neu5Ac content. M. catarrhalis binding was abolished by enzymatic removal of Neu5Ac. Furthermore, M. catarrhalis bound to α2-6 sialyl-lactose suggesting that α2-6 sialic acid contributes to M. catarrhalis binding to mucins. Further, we detected more M. catarrhalis binding to mucins from patients with pneumonia than to those from control subjects (n=8-13) and this binding correlated with C-reactive protein and Neu5Ac levels. These results suggest a key role of inflammation induced Neu5Ac in adhesion of M. catarrhalis to airway mucins. Inflammation induced ability of MUC5 mucins to bind M. catarrhalis is likely a host defense mechanism in the healthy lung, although it cannot be excluded that impaired mucociliary clearance limits the effectiveness of this defense in COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Médea Padra
- Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Institute of Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - János T Padra
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Andersson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 56749, COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Odontology, 251781, Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert Gad
- Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Paulsson
- Lunds Universitet, 5193, Translational Medicine, Malmö, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Infectious diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Pournaras
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Surla GN, Hebbar A, Kumar V, Nayan V, Vedamurthy VG, Singh D, Onteru SK. Validation of salivary ferning based estrus identification method in a large population of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using Foldscope. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100528. [PMID: 34171716 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Missing an estrus event is an economic problem in buffaloes because of lack of a simple and accurate estrus identification method. Saliva, a non-invasive fluid available every time, showed typical fern-like crystallization patterns at early estrus in buffaloes. However, to implement this salivary ferning based estrus identification method in the field conditions, the present study, for the first time, validated this method in four buffalo population samples (PS) representing four different field scenarios, an organized herd (PS1, 10 buffaloes monitored daily for a year (149 estrus events)), artificial insemination (AI) centers (PS2, 114 buffaloes brought for AI), induced estrus condition (PS3, 44 buffaloes) and farmers' doorsteps (PS4, 275 random buffaloes with unknown reproductive history and no estrous signs). Totally, 582 saliva samples were collected from 443 buffaloes. Salivary smears were observed under a simple microscope and/or a less expensive (< 1USD) paper microscope, Foldscope. On the basis of salivary fern-like patterns, the proportions of estrus identification were significantly different among PS. Specifically, the proportions in the PS1 (0.74, P < 0.0001) and PS4 (0.08, P < 0.05) were significantly higher than their population proportion estimates, 0.5 and zero, respectively. Therefore, this estrus identification method is much useful in the PS1 and PS4, the practical field scenarios requiring an accurate estrus prediction method, compared to the PS2 and PS3. Especially, this method is 91 % confirmatory to detect early estrus in PS4. Therefore, salivary ferning is a useful technique to identify early estrus in buffaloes in the field conditions at farmers' doorsteps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangu Naidu Surla
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Aparna Hebbar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Varij Nayan
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Computational Biology, Laboratory Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, 125001 Haryana, India
| | - Veerappa Gowdar Vedamurthy
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology, Laboratory Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan MA, Khan ZA, Charles M, Pratap P, Naeem A, Siddiqui Z, Naqvi N, Srivastava S. Cytokine Storm and Mucus Hypersecretion in COVID-19: Review of Mechanisms. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:175-189. [PMID: 33519225 PMCID: PMC7838037 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s271292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 can result in over-production of mucus which obstructs the airway. Build-up of mucus can also contribute to recurrent airway infection, causing further obstruction. This article summarizes the current understanding and knowledge of respiratory mucus production and proposes the role of cytokine storm in inducing sudden mucus hypersecretion in COVID-19. Based on these cascades, the active constituents that inhibit or activate several potential targets are outlined for further research. These may be explored for the discovery and design of drugs to combat cytokine storm and its ensuing complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Charles
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Pratap
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Naeem
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nigar Naqvi
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Advanced materials for drug delivery across mucosal barriers. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:13-29. [PMID: 33141051 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic gel that traps pathogens and other foreign particles to limit their penetration into the underlying epithelium. Dosage forms containing particle-based drug delivery systems are trapped in mucosal layers and will be removed by mucus turnover. Mucoadhesion avoids premature wash-off and prolongs the residence time of drugs on mucus. Moreover, mucus penetration is essential for molecules to access the underlying epithelial tissues. Various strategies have been investigated to achieve mucoadhesion and mucus penetration of drug carriers. Innovations in materials used for the construction of drug-carrier systems allowed the development of different mucoadhesion and mucus penetration delivery systems. Over the last decade, advances in the field of materials chemistry, with a focus on biocompatibility, have led to the expansion of the pool of materials available for drug delivery applications. The choice of materials in mucosal delivery is generally dependent on the intended therapeutic target and nature of the mucosa at the site of absorption. This review presents an up-to-date account of materials including synthesis, physical and chemical modifications of mucoadhesive materials, nanocarriers, viral mimics used for the construction of mucosal drug delivery systems.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu J, Andablo-Reyes E, Mighell A, Pavitt S, Sarkar A. Dry mouth diagnosis and saliva substitutes-A review from a textural perspective. J Texture Stud 2020; 52:141-156. [PMID: 33274753 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to assess the objective and subjective diagnosis, as well as symptomatic topical treatment of dry mouth conditions with a clear focus on textural perspective. We critically examine both the current practices as well as outline emerging possibilities in dry mouth diagnosis and treatment, including a patent scan for saliva substitutes. For diagnosis, salivary flow rates and patient-completed questionnaires have proven to be useful tools in clinical practice. To date, objective measurements of changes in mechanical properties of saliva via rheological, adsorption, and tribological measurements and biochemical properties of saliva such as assessing protein, mucins (MUC5B) are seldom incorporated into clinical diagnostics; these robust diagnostic tools have been largely restricted to application in non-clinical settings. As for symptomatic treatments of dry mouth, four key agents including lubricating, thickening, adhesive, and moisturizing agents have been identified covering the overall landscape of commercial saliva substitutes. Although thickening agents such as modified celluloses, polysaccharide gum, polyethylene glycol, and so forth are most commonly employed saliva substitutes, they offer short-lived relief from dry mouth and generally do not provide boundary lubrication properties of real human saliva. Innovative technologies such as self-assembly, emulsion, liposomes, and microgels are emerging as novel saliva substitutes hold promise for alternative approaches for efficient moistening and lubrication of the oral mucosa. Their adoption into clinical practice will depend on their efficacies, duration of relief, and ease of application by the practitioners and patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Efren Andablo-Reyes
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Mighell
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sue Pavitt
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boyd H, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Welbourn RJL, Gutfreund P, Klechikov A, Robertsson C, Wickström C, Arnebrant T, Barker R, Sotres J. A comparison between the structures of reconstituted salivary pellicles and oral mucin (MUC5B) films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 584:660-668. [PMID: 33198975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Salivary pellicles i.e., thin films formed upon selective adsorption of saliva, protect oral surfaces against chemical and mechanical insults. Pellicles are also excellent aqueous lubricants. It is generally accepted that reconstituted pellicles have a two-layer structure, where the outer layer is mainly composed of MUC5B mucins. We hypothesized that by comparing the effect of ionic strength on reconstituted pellicles and MUC5B films we could gain further insight into the pellicle structure. EXPERIMENTS Salivary pellicles and MUC5B films reconstituted on solid surfaces were investigated at different ionic strengths by Force Spectroscopy, Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation, Null Ellipsometry and Neutron Reflectometry. FINDINGS Our results support the two-layer structure for reconstituted salivary pellicles. The outer layer swelled when ionic strength decreased, indicating a weak polyelectrolyte behavior. While initially the MUC5B films exhibited a similar tendency, this was followed by a drastic collapse indicating an interaction between exposed hydrophobic domains. This suggests that mucins in the pellicle outer layer form complexes with other salivary components that prevent this interaction. Lowering ionic strength below physiological values also led to a partial removal of the pellicle inner layer. Overall, our results highlight the importance that the interactions of mucins with other pellicle components play on their structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Juan F Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rebecca J L Welbourn
- ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexey Klechikov
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Robertsson
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Arnebrant
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert Barker
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Javier Sotres
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The comparative inhibitory potency of salivary mucins against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2020; 553:1-8. [PMID: 33190061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MUC5B and MUC7 salivary mucins are reported to inhibit HIV-1 entry into target cells in vitro; however, their relative inhibitory potencies have not been quantitively compared. There is also conflicting evidence regarding whether HIV-1 infection diminishes mucins' inhibitory efficacy. We explored the effect of donor HIV-1 status upon the anti-HIV-1 potency of purified MUC5B and MUC7 while comparing their relative inhibitory potential using a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. HIV status of sample donors had no detectable effect on HIV-1 inhibition by salivary mucins. MUC5B (median IC50 50 μg/ml, IQR 10-116 μg/ml) exhibited significantly more potent HIV-1 inhibition than MUC7 (median IC50 458 μg/ml, IQR 192->2000 μg/ml; Mann-Whitney U p < 0.0001). We suggest that larger size, gel-forming properties and extensive glycosylation of MUC5B allow more effective binding and aggregation of viral particles. MUC5B is also more abundant in the saliva and is therefore likely to make a substantially greater contribution to it's anti-HIV-1 properties.
Collapse
|
29
|
Skoulas D, Stuettgen V, Gaul R, Cryan SA, Brayden DJ, Heise A. Amphiphilic Star Polypept(o)ides as Nanomeric Vectors in Mucosal Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2455-2462. [PMID: 32343127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal delivery across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, airways, and buccal epithelia is an attractive mode of therapeutic administration, but the challenge is to overcome the mucus and epithelial barriers. Here, we present degradable star polypept(o)ides capable of permeating both barriers as a promising biomaterial platform for mucosal delivery. Star polypept(o)ides were obtained by the initiation of benzyl-l-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) from an 8-arm poly(propyleneimine) (PPI) dendrimer, with subsequent chain extension with sarcosine NCA. The hydrophobic poly(benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG) block length was maintained at 20 monomers, while the length of the hydrophilic poly(sarcosine) (PSar) block ranged from 20-640 monomers to produce star polypept(o)ides with increasing hydrophilic: hydrophobic ratios. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed elongated particles of ∼120 nm length, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) provided evidence of a decrease in the size of polymer aggregates in water with increasing poly(sarcosine) block length, with the smallest size obtained for the star PBLG20-b-PSar640. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated PBLG20-b-PSar640 permeated artificial mucus and isolated rat mucus, as well as rat intestinal jejunal tissue mounted in Franz diffusion chambers. An apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of 15.4 ± 3.1 ×10-6 cm/s for FITC-PBLG20-b-PSar640 was calculated from the transepithelial flux obtained with the apical-side addition of 7.5 mg polypept(o)ide to jejunal tissue over 2 h. This Papp could not be accounted for by flux of unconjugated FITC. Resistance to trypsin demonstrated the stability of FITC-labeled polypept(o)ide over 2 h, but enzymatic degradation at the mucus-epithelial interface or during flux could not be ruled out as contributing to the Papp. The absence of any histological damage to the jejunal tissue during the 2 h exposure suggests that the flux was not associated with overt toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Skoulas
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin D02, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 02 and University College Dublin,Dublin D04, Ireland
| | - Vivien Stuettgen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Veterinary Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin D04, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 02 and University College Dublin,Dublin D04, Ireland
| | - Rachel Gaul
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin D02, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin D02, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 02 and University College Dublin,Dublin D04, Ireland.,AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin D02, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Veterinary Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin D04, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 02 and University College Dublin,Dublin D04, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin D02, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 02 and University College Dublin,Dublin D04, Ireland.,AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin D02, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Albano GD, Bonanno A, Giacomazza D, Cavalieri L, Sammarco M, Ingrassia E, Gagliardo R, Riccobono L, Moscato M, Anzalone G, Montalbano AM, Profita M. A 3D " In Vitro" Model to Study Hyaluronan Effect in Nasal Epithelial Cell Line Exposed to Double-Stranded RNA Poly(I:C). Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:272-281. [PMID: 31791117 PMCID: PMC7216748 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental agents, including viral and bacterial infectious agents, are involved in the alteration of physicochemical and biological parameters in the nasal epithelium. Hyaluronan (HA) has an important role in the regulation of tissue healing properties. High molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) shows greater anti-inflammatory responses than medium molecular weight HA (MMW-HA) and low molecular weight HA (LMW-HA). We investigated the effect of HMW-HA, MMW-HA and LMW-HA on the regulation of physicochemical and biological parameters in an “in vitro” model that might mimic viral infections of the nasal epithelium. Human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI2650 was stimulated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Poly(I:C) for 5 days in air-liquid-interface (ALI) culture (3D model of airway tissue). dsRNA Poly(I:C) treatment significantly decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in the stratified nasal epithelium of RPMI2650 and increased pH values, rheological parameters (elastic G’ and viscous G’’), and Muc5AC and Muc5B production in the apical wash of ALI culture of RPMI2650 in comparison to untreated cells. RPMI2650 treated with dsRNA Poly(I:C) in the presence of HMW-HA showed lower pH values, Muc5AC and Muc5B production, and rheological parameters, as well as increased TEER values in ALI culture, compared to cells treated with Poly(I:C) alone or pretreated with LMW-HA and MMW-HA. Our 3D “in vitro” model of epithelium suggests that HMW-HA might be a coadjuvant in the pharmacological treatment of viral infections, allowing for the control of some physicochemical and biological properties affecting the epithelial barrier of the nose during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Monica Moscato
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo 90146, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Frey A, Lunding LP, Ehlers JC, Weckmann M, Zissler UM, Wegmann M. More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32411147 PMCID: PMC7198799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that is characterized by symptoms like respiratory distress, chest tightness, wheezing, productive cough, and acute episodes of broncho-obstruction. This symptom-complex arises on the basis of chronic allergic inflammation of the airway wall. Consequently, the airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of this disease, because its multiple abilities directly have an impact on the inflammatory response and thus the formation of the disease. In turn, its structure and functions are markedly impaired by the inflammation. Hence, the airway epithelium represents a sealed, self-cleaning barrier, that prohibits penetration of inhaled allergens, pathogens, and other noxious agents into the body. This barrier is covered with mucus that further contains antimicrobial peptides and antibodies that are either produced or specifically transported by the airway epithelium in order to trap these particles and to remove them from the body by a process called mucociliary clearance. Once this first line of defense of the lung is overcome, airway epithelial cells are the first cells to get in contact with pathogens, to be damaged or infected. Therefore, these cells release a plethora of chemokines and cytokines that not only induce an acute inflammatory reaction but also have an impact on the alignment of the following immune reaction. In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Recent studies indicate that the history of allergy- and pathogen-derived insults can leave some kind of memory in these cells that can be described as imprinting or trained immunity. Thus, the airway epithelium is in the center of processes that lead to formation, progression and acute exacerbation of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars P Lunding
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Johanna C Ehlers
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stoeckelhuber M, Kesting MR, Loeffelbein DJ, Schmitz C, Wolff KD. Diversity of mucins in labial glands of infants. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:903-909. [PMID: 32163174 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucins as highly glycosylated proteins comprise multiple functions like protection, homeostasis, immune defense, cell signaling. Various epithelial tissues including glandular structures express different specific mucin types. We investigated labial salivary glands in infants for the occurrence of MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC7 by immunohistochemistry. MUC1 and MUC4 were detected in serous and ductal glandular cells, partially intensified at the apical plasma membrane. MUC3 was found in ductal glandular cells and in myoepithelial cells. MUC5B exhibited a mosaic expression pattern in mucous glandular endpieces. MUC2 and MUC7 were abundant in serous acini. Glandular structures were negative for MUC5AC. A comprehensive study of specific mucins in labial salivary glands of infants was presented for the first time. As a representative of the minor salivary glands, labial glands are, due to their localization, directly exposed to environmental influences. The distribution of a broad spectrum of mucins in infantile labial glands indicates their importance early in human development to sustain oral health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Stoeckelhuber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marco R Kesting
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denys J Loeffelbein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Hospital Munich West, Teaching Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dietrich Wolff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Albano GD, Moscato M, Montalbano AM, Anzalone G, Gagliardo R, Bonanno A, Giacomazza D, Barone R, Drago G, Cibella F, Profita M. Can PBDEs affect the pathophysiologic complex of epithelium in lung diseases? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125087. [PMID: 31622892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame-retardant (BFRs) exposure promotes multiple adverse health outcomes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissues damage. We investigated BFR effects, known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (47, 99 and 209) in an air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue derived from A549 cell line, and compared with ALI culture of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBEC). The cells, exposed to PBDEs (47, 99 and 209) (0.01-1 μM) for 24 h, were studied for IL-8, Muc5AC and Muc5B (mRNAs and proteins) production, as well as NOX-4 (mRNA) expression. Furthermore, we evaluated tight junction (TJ) integrity by Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurements, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression in the cells, and pH variations and rheological properties (elastic G', and viscous G″, moduli) in apical washes of ALI cultures. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (10 mM) effects were tested in our experimental model of A549 cells. PBDEs (47, 99 and 209) exposure decreased TEER, ZO-1 and pH values, and increased IL-8, Muc5AC, Muc5B (mRNAs and proteins), NOX-4 (mRNA), and rheological parameters (G', G″) in ALI cultures of A549 cell line and pHBEC. NAC inhibited PBDE effects in A549 cells. PBDE inhalation might impairs human health of the lungs inducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, loss of barrier integrity, unchecked mucus production, as well as altered physicochemical and biological properties of the fluids in airway epithelium. The treatment with anti-oxidants restored the negative effects of PBDEs in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Moscato
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Gaspare Drago
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sarkar A, Xu F, Lee S. Human saliva and model saliva at bulk to adsorbed phases - similarities and differences. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 273:102034. [PMID: 31518820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human saliva, a seemingly simple aqueous fluid, is, in fact, an extraordinarily complex biocolloid that is not fully understood, despite many decades of study. Salivary lubrication is widely believed to be a signature of good oral health and is also crucial for speech, food oral processing and swallowing. However, saliva has been often neglected in food colloid research, primarily due to its high intra- to inter-individual variability and altering material properties upon collection and storage, when used as an ex vivo research material. In the last few decades, colloid scientists have attempted designing model (i.e. 'saliva mimicking fluid') salivary formulations to understand saliva-food colloid interactions in an in vitro set up and its contribution on microstructural aspects, lubrication properties and sensory perception. In this Review, we critically examine the current state of knowledge on bulk and interfacial properties of model saliva in comparison to real human saliva and highlight how far such model salivary formulations can match the properties of real human saliva. Many, if not most, of these model saliva formulations share similarities with real human saliva in terms of biochemical compositions, including electrolytes, pH and concentrations of salivary proteins, such as α-amylase and highly glycosylated mucins. This, together with similarities between model and real saliva in terms of surface charge, has led to significant advancement in decoding various colloidal interactions (bridging, depletion) of charged emulsion droplets and associated sensory perception in the oral phase. However, model saliva represents significant dissimilarity to real saliva in terms of lubricating properties. Based on in-depth examination of properties of mucins derived from animal sources (e.g. pig gastric mucins (PGM) or bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM)), we can recommend that BSM is currently the most optimal commercially available mucin source when attempting to replicate saliva based on surface adsorption and lubrication properties. Even though purification via dialysis or chromatographic techniques may influence various physicochemical properties of BSM, such as structure and surface adsorption, the lubricating properties of model saliva formulations based on BSM are generally superior and more reliable than the PGM counterpart at orally relevant pH. Comparison of mucin-containing model saliva with ex vivo human salivary conditioning films suggests that mucin alone cannot replicate the lubricity of real human salivary pellicle. Mucin-based multi-layers containing mucin and oppositely charged polyelectrolytes may offer promising avenues in the future for engineering biomimetic salivary pellicle, however, this has not been explored in oral tribology experiments to date. Hence, there is a strong need for systematic studies with employment of model saliva formulations containing mucins with and without polycationic additives before a consensus on a standardized model salivary formulation can be achieved. Overall, this review provides the first comprehensive framework on simulating saliva for a particular bulk or surface property when doing food oral processing experiments.
Collapse
|
35
|
Huck BC, Hartwig O, Biehl A, Schwarzkopf K, Wagner C, Loretz B, Murgia X, Lehr CM. Macro- and Microrheological Properties of Mucus Surrogates in Comparison to Native Intestinal and Pulmonary Mucus. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3504-3512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Klinikum Saarbrücken gGmbH, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pradal C, Yakubov GE, Williams MAK, McGuckin MA, Stokes JR. Lubrication by biomacromolecules: mechanisms and biomimetic strategies. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:051001. [PMID: 31212257 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab2ac6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules play a key role in protecting human biointerfaces from friction and wear, and thus enable painless motion. Biomacromolecules give rise to remarkable tribological properties that researchers have been eager to emulate. In this review, we examine how molecules such as mucins, lubricin, hyaluronic acid and other components of biotribological interfaces provide a unique set of rheological and surface properties that leads to low friction and wear. We then highlight how researchers have used some of the features of biotribological contacts to create biomimetic systems. While the brush architecture of the glycosylated molecules present at biotribological interfaces has inspired some promising polymer brush systems, it is the recent advance in the understanding of synergistic interaction between biomacromolecules that is showing the most potential in producing surfaces with a high lubricating ability. Research currently suggests that no single biomacromolecule or artificial polymer successfully reproduces the tribological properties of biological contacts. However, by combining molecules, one can enhance their anchoring and lubricating capacity, thus enabling the design of surfaces for use in biomedical applications requiring low friction and wear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Pradal
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Quintana-Hayashi MP, Rocha R, Padra M, Thorell A, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Roxo-Rosa M, Oleastro M, Lindén SK. BabA-mediated adherence of pediatric ulcerogenic H. pylori strains to gastric mucins at neutral and acidic pH. Virulence 2019; 9:1699-1717. [PMID: 30298790 PMCID: PMC7000205 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1532243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection can result in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma. H. pylori reside within the gastric mucus layer, mainly composed of mucins carrying an array of glycan structures that can serve as bacterial adhesion epitopes. The aim of the present study was to characterize the binding ability, adhesion modes, and growth of H. pylori strains from pediatric patients with NUD and PUD to gastric mucins. Our results showed an increased adhesion capacity of pediatric PUD H. pylori strains to human and rhesus monkey gastric mucins compared to the NUD strains both at neutral and acidic pH, regardless if the mucins were positive for Lewis b (Leb), Sialyl-Lewis x (SLex) or LacdiNAc. In addition to babA positive strains being more common among PUD associated strains, H. pylori babA positive strains bound more avidly to gastric mucins than NUD babA positive strains at acidic pH. Binding to Leb was higher among babA positive PUD H. pylori strains compared to NUD strains at neutral, but not acidic, pH. PUD derived babA-knockout mutants had attenuated binding to mucins and Leb at acidic and neutral pH, and to SLex and DNA at acidic pH. The results highlight the role of BabA-mediated adherence of pediatric ulcerogenic H. pylori strains, and points to a role for BabA in adhesion to charged structures at acidic pH, separate from its specific blood group binding activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Raquel Rocha
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Médea Padra
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- c Department for Clinical Science and Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Mónica Roxo-Rosa
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- d Centro de Estudo de Doenças Crónicas, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Sara K Lindén
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect of S. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports on S. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell and S. pyogenes strain specificity, as well as in vitro/in vivo experimental parameters. The severity of S. pyogenes infection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen, S. pyogenes finds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature of S. pyogenes and its ability to cause severe systemic diseases. S. pyogenes is still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism of S. pyogenes diseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
Collapse
|
39
|
Fischer AJ, Pino-Argumedo MI, Hilkin BM, Shanrock CR, Gansemer ND, Chaly AL, Zarei K, Allen PD, Ostedgaard LS, Hoffman EA, Stoltz DA, Welsh MJ, Abou Alaiwa MH. Mucus strands from submucosal glands initiate mucociliary transport of large particles. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124863. [PMID: 30626743 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus produced by submucosal glands is a key component of respiratory mucociliary transport (MCT). When it emerges from submucosal gland ducts, mucus forms long strands on the airway surface. However, the function of those strands is uncertain. To test the hypothesis that mucus strands facilitate transport of large particles, we studied newborn pigs. In ex vivo experiments, interconnected mucus strands moved over the airway surface, attached to immobile spheres, and initiated their movement by pulling them. Stimulating submucosal gland secretion with methacholine increased the percentage of spheres that moved and shortened the delay until mucus strands began moving spheres. To disrupt mucus strands, we applied reducing agents tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine and dithiothreitol. They decreased the fraction of moving spheres and delayed initiation of movement for spheres that did move. We obtained similar in vivo results with CT-based tracking of microdisks in spontaneously breathing pigs. Methacholine increased the percentage of microdisks moving and reduced the delay until they were propelled up airways. Aerosolized tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine prevented those effects. Once particles started moving, reducing agents did not alter their speed either ex vivo or in vivo. These findings indicate that submucosal glands produce mucus in the form of strands and that the strands initiate movement of large particles, facilitating their removal from airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Keyan Zarei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | | | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Radiology, and
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael J Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa USA
| | - Mahmoud H Abou Alaiwa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Department of Biomedical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Amadei F, Fröhlich B, Stremmel W, Tanaka M. Nonclassical Interactions of Phosphatidylcholine with Mucin Protect Intestinal Surfaces: A Microinterferometry Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14046-14057. [PMID: 30359036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Albeit many studies demonstrated that the accumulation of phospholipids in the intestinal mucosal surfaces is essential for the protection of colon epithelia against pathogenic bacteria, the mechanism of interactions between phospholipids and the surface protein mucin is not well understood. In this study, the significance of interfacial interactions between phospholipids and mucin proteins was quantified by the combination of an in vitro intestinal surface model and label-free microinterferometry. The model of intestinal surfaces consists of planar lipid membranes deposited on solid substrates (supported membranes) that display mucin proteins at defined surface densities. Following the quantitative characterization of the systems, we monitored the vertical fluctuation of 10 μm-large particles on model intestinal surfaces by using microinterferometry, and calculated the effective interfacial interaction potentials by analytically solving the Langevin equation. We found that the spring constant of interfacial potentials calculated based on a harmonic approximation increased concomitantly with the increase in surface potentials, indicating the dominant role of electrostatic interactions. Intriguingly, the spring constants of particles coated with phospholipids do not follow electrostatic interactions. The spring constant of particles coated with zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine was larger compared to membranes incorporating positively or negatively charged lipids. Our data suggested the presence of another underlying molecular level interaction, such as phosphocholine-saccharide interactions. The fact that phosphatidylcholine sustains the binding capability to enzymatically degraded mucin suggests that the direct delivery of phosphatidylcholine to the damaged mucus is a promising strategy for the better treatment of patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Amadei
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , D69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , D69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Medical Center Baden-Baden , D76530 Baden-Baden , Germany
- Internal Medicine IV , University Hospital Heidelberg , D69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , D69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study , Kyoto University , 606-8501 Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yan H, Chircov C, Zhong X, Winkeljann B, Dobryden I, Nilsson HE, Lieleg O, Claesson PM, Hedberg Y, Crouzier T. Reversible Condensation of Mucins into Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13615-13625. [PMID: 30350704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are high molar mass glycoproteins that assume an extended conformation and can assemble into mucus hydrogels that protect our mucosal epithelium. In nature, the challenging task of generating a mucus layer, several hundreds of micrometers in thickness, from micrometer-sized cells is elegantly solved by the condensation of mucins inside vesicles and their on-demand release from the cells where they suddenly expand to form the extracellular mucus hydrogel. We aimed to recreate and control the process of compaction for mucins, the first step toward a better understanding of the process and creating biomimetic in vivo delivery strategies of macromolecules. We found that by adding glycerol to the aqueous solvent, we could induce drastic condensation of purified mucin molecules, reducing their size by an order of magnitude down to tens of nanometers in diameter. The condensation effect of glycerol was fully reversible and could be further enhanced and partially stabilized by cationic cross-linkers such as calcium and polylysine. The change of structure of mucins from extended molecules to nano-sized particles in the presence of glycerol translated into macroscopic rheological changes, as illustrated by a dampened shear-thinning effect with increasing glycerol concentration. This work provides new insight into mucin condensation, which could lead to new delivery strategies mimicking cell release of macromolecules condensed in vesicles such as mucins and heparin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Yan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Xueying Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Benjamin Winkeljann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Illia Dobryden
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Drottning Kristinas väg 51 , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Harriet Elisabeth Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , Karolinska Institutet , 141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Per Martin Claesson
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Drottning Kristinas väg 51 , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Drottning Kristinas väg 51 , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mucins: the frontline defence of the lung. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1099-1106. [PMID: 30154090 PMCID: PMC6195635 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucus plays a vital role in protecting the lungs from environmental factors, but conversely, in muco-obstructive airway disease, mucus becomes pathologic. In its protective role, mucus entraps microbes and particles removing them from the lungs via the co-ordinated beating of motile cilia. This mechanism of lung defence is reliant upon a flowing mucus gel, and the major macromolecular components that determine the rheological properties of mucus are the polymeric mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B. These large O-linked glycoproteins have direct roles in maintaining lung homeostasis. MUC5B is essential for interaction with the ciliary clearance system and MUC5AC is up-regulated in response to allergic inflammatory challenge. Mucus with abnormal biophysical properties is a feature of muco-obstructive respiratory disease and can result from many different mechanisms including alterations in mucin polymer assembly, mucin concentration and the macromolecular form in mucus, as well as changes in airway surface hydration, pH and ion composition. The abnormal mucus results in defective lung protection via compromised ciliary clearance, leading to infection and inflammation.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hasan S, Sebo P, Osicka R. A guide to polarized airway epithelial models for studies of host-pathogen interactions. FEBS J 2018; 285:4343-4358. [PMID: 29896776 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lungs are organs exhibiting the cellular and spatial complexity required for gas exchange to support life. The respiratory epithelium internally lining the airways is susceptible to infections due to constant exposure to inhaled microbes. Biomedical research into respiratory bacterial infections in humans has been mostly carried out using small mammalian animal models or two-dimensional, submerged cultures of undifferentiated epithelial cells. These experimental model systems have considerable limitations due to host specificity of bacterial pathogens and lack of cellular and morphological complexity. This review describes the in vitro differentiated and polarized airway epithelial cells of human origin that are used as a model to study respiratory bacterial infections. Overall, these models recapitulate key aspects of the complexity observed in vivo and can help in elucidating the molecular details of disease processes observed during respiratory bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Hasan
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Su Y, Wang J, Zou J, Han W, Li S. miR-330 regulates interleukin-13-induced MUC5AC secretion by targeting Munc18b in human bronchial epithelial cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:3463-3470. [PMID: 31949724 PMCID: PMC6962880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion by airway epithelium and plugging of the airways are primary reasons of mortality in asthma patients and major causes of asthma disease progression and exacerbation. MUC5AC protein is a major component of airway mucus. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs, have emerged as moderators of MUC5AC production and secretion and are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Recently, miR-330 has been reported to be downregulated in the blood of asthmatic patients, acting as a biomarker for asthma. The role of miR-330 in asthma, however, is unclear. Here, we showed that interleukin (IL)-13 induced MUC5AC secretion and inhibited miR-330 expression in a concentration-dependent manner in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE16). Upregulation of miR-330 in HBE16 cells inhibited IL-13-induced MUC5AC secretion while, conversely, depletion of endogenous miR-330 exacerbated MUC5AC secretion. Munc18b (Syntaxin-Binding Protein 2; STXBP2) is a limiting component of the exocytic machinery of airway epithelial cells. We identified and validated that Munc18b was a direct target of miR-330 and miR-330 regulated MUC5AC secretion in HBE16 cells by acting directly on the 3'UTR of Munc18b mRNA. Collectively, these data reveal that miR-330 inhibits IL-13-induced MUC5AC secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells by targeting Munc18b, encouraging us to further explore the potential of manipulating miR-330 in treatment of airway diseases with mucus hypersecretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Jianhong Zou
- Department of Health Education, Shibei District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of QingdaoQingdao, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Shuangbao Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 1: In vitro approach using particle interaction methods. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Klimesova K, Jiraskova Zakostelska Z, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome Impacts Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:774. [PMID: 29731748 PMCID: PMC5920026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host's physiology is significantly influenced by microbiota colonizing the epithelial surfaces. Complex microbial communities contribute to proper mucosal barrier function, immune response, and prevention of pathogen invasion and have many other crucial functions. The oral cavity and large intestine are distant parts of the digestive tract, both heavily colonized by commensal microbiota. Nevertheless, they feature different proportions of major bacterial and fungal phyla, mostly due to distinct epithelial layers organization and different oxygen levels. A few obligate anaerobic strains inhabiting the oral cavity are involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases. Interestingly, these microbiota components are also enriched in gut inflammatory and tumor tissue. An altered microbiota composition - dysbiosis - and formation of polymicrobial biofilms seem to play important roles in the development of oral diseases and colorectal cancer. In this review, we describe the differences in composition of commensal microbiota in the oral cavity and large intestine and the mechanisms by which microbiota affect the inflammatory and carcinogenic response of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Klimesova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Teubl BJ, Stojkovic B, Docter D, Pritz E, Leitinger G, Poberaj I, Prassl R, Stauber RH, Fröhlich E, Khinast JG, Roblegg E. The effect of saliva on the fate of nanoparticles. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:929-940. [PMID: 28691145 PMCID: PMC5820401 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The design of nanocarriers for local drug administration to the lining mucosa requires a sound knowledge of how nanoparticles (NPs) interact with saliva. This contact determines whether NPs agglomerate and become immobile due to size- and interaction-filtering effects or adsorb on the cell surface and are internalized by epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of NPs in saliva considering physicochemical NP properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The salivary pore-size distribution was determined, and the viscosity of the fluid inside of the pores was studied with optical tweezers. Distinct functionalized NPs (20 and 200 nm) were dispersed in saliva and salivary buffers and characterized, and surface-bound MUC5B and MUC7 were analyzed by 1D electrophoresis and immunoblotting. NP mobility was recorded, and cellular uptake studies were performed with TR146 cells. RESULTS The mode diameter of the salivary mesh pores is 0.7 μm with a peak width of 1.9 μm, and pores are filled with a low-viscosity fluid. The physicochemical properties of the NPs affected the colloidal stability and mobility: compared with non-functionalized particles, which did not agglomerate and showed a cellular uptake rate of 2.8%, functionalized particles were immobilized, which was correlated with agglomeration and increased binding to mucins. CONCLUSION The present study showed that the salivary microstructure facilitates NP adsorption. However, NP size and surface functionalization determine the colloidal stability and cellular interactions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The sound knowledge of NP interactions with saliva enables the improvement of current treatment strategies for inflammatory oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit J Teubl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Biljana Stojkovic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominic Docter
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Mainz University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Igor Poberaj
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ruth Prassl
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Mainz University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lortie K, Maheux C, Gendron D, Langlois A, Beaulieu MJ, Marsolais D, Bossé Y, Blanchet MR. CD34 Differentially Regulates Contractile and Noncontractile Elements of Airway Reactivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:79-88. [PMID: 28850257 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0008oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a major hallmark of asthma, results from alterations of contractile and noncontractile elements of airway reactivity. CD34 is a sialomucin that is expressed on various cells involved in asthma, such as eosinophils and airway smooth muscle precursors, highlighting its potential influence in AHR. To study the role of CD34 in regulating the contractile and noncontractile elements of AHR, AHR was induced by chronic exposure to house dust mite (HDM) antigen. To assess the role of CD34 on the contractile elements of AHR, airway reactivity and airway smooth muscle contractility in response to methacholine were measured. To assess CD34's role in regulating the noncontractile elements of AHR, a chimeric mouse model was used to determine the impact of CD34 expression on inflammatory versus microenvironmental cells in AHR development. Extracellular matrix production, mucus production, and mast cell degranulation were also measured. Whereas wild-type mice developed AHR in response to HDM, a loss of airway reactivity was observed in Cd34-/- mice 24 hours after the last exposure to HDM compared with naive controls. This was reversed when airway reactivity was measured 1 week after the last HDM exposure. Additionally, mast cell degranulation and mucus production were altered in the absence of CD34 expression. Importantly, simultaneous expression of CD34 on cells originating from the hematopoietic compartment and the microenvironment was needed for expression of this phenotype. These results provide evidence that CD34 is required for AHR and airway reactivity maintenance in the early days after an inflammatory episode in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lortie
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Maheux
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Gendron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anick Langlois
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaulieu
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Murgia X, Loretz B, Hartwig O, Hittinger M, Lehr CM. The role of mucus on drug transport and its potential to affect therapeutic outcomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:82-97. [PMID: 29106910 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A layer of mucus covers the surface of all wet epithelia throughout the human body. Mucus is a hydrogel mainly composed of water, mucins (glycoproteins), DNA, proteins, lipids, and cell debris. This complex composition yields a tenacious viscoelastic hydrogel that lubricates and protects the exposed epithelia from external threats and enzymatic degradation. The natural protective role of mucus is nowadays acknowledged as a major barrier to be overcome in non-invasive drug delivery. The heterogeneity of mucus components offers a wide range of potential chemical interaction sites for macromolecules, while the mesh-like architecture given to mucus by the intermolecular cross-linking of mucin molecules results in a dense network that physically, and in a size-dependent manner, hinders the diffusion of nanoparticles through mucus. Consequently, drug diffusion, epithelial absorption, drug bioavailability, and ultimately therapeutic outcomes of mucosal drug delivery can be attenuated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Olga Hartwig
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1 Campus D 1.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1 Campus D 1.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bonser LR, Erle DJ. Airway Mucus and Asthma: The Role of MUC5AC and MUC5B. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120112. [PMID: 29186064 PMCID: PMC5742801 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by mucus abnormalities. Airway epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia result in changes in stored and secreted mucin and the production of a pathologic mucus gel. Mucus transport is impaired, culminating in mucus plugging and airway obstruction—a major cause of morbidity in asthma. The polymeric mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B are integral components of airway mucus. MUC5AC and MUC5B gene expression is altered in asthma, and recent work sheds light on their contribution to asthma pathogenesis. Herein, we review our current understanding of the role of MUC5AC and MUC5B in mucus dysfunction in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Bonser
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - David J Erle
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|