1
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Gholamalizadeh H, Ensan B, Sukhorukov VN, Sahebkar A. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway: potential implications of statins beyond cardiovascular diseases. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024; 76:138-153. [PMID: 38127312 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine ligand CCL2 and its cognate receptor CCR2 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Hence, the inhibition of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway has been of great attention in recent studies. Among suggested medications, statins known as HMG-COA reductase inhibitors with their pleiotropic effects are widely under investigation. METHOD A comprehensive literature search on Scopus and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords 'CCL2', 'CCR2', 'monocyte chemoattractant protein-1', 'HMG-COA reductase inhibitor', and 'statin'. Both experimental and clinical studies measuring CCL2/CCR2 expressions following statin therapy were identified excluding the ones focused on cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Herein, we summarized the effects of statins on CCL2 and CCR2 expression in various pathologic conditions including immune-mediated diseases, nephropathies, diabetes, rheumatic diseases, neuroinflammation, inflammatory bowel diseases, gynecologic diseases, and cancers. CONCLUSION For the most part, statins play an inhibitory role on the CCL2-CCR2 axis which implies their potential to be further developed as therapeutic options in non-cardiovascular diseases either alone or in combination with other conventional treatments. However, the existing literature mostly focused on experimental models and is therefore inadequate to reach a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Behzad Ensan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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2
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Olivero G, Grilli M, Marchi M, Pittaluga A. Metamodulation of presynaptic NMDA receptors: New perspectives for pharmacological interventions. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109570. [PMID: 37146939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Metamodulation shifted the scenario of the central neuromodulation from a simplified unimodal model to a multimodal one. It involves different receptors/membrane proteins physically associated or merely colocalized that act in concert to control the neuronal functions influencing each other. Defects or maladaptation of metamodulation would subserve neuropsychiatric disorders or even synaptic adaptations relevant to drug dependence. Therefore, this "vulnerability" represents a main issue to be deeply analyzed to predict its aetiopathogenesis, but also to propose targeted pharmaceutical interventions. The review focusses on presynaptic release-regulating NMDA receptors and on some of the mechanisms of their metamodulation described in the literature. Attention is paid to the interactors, including both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, transporters and intracellular proteins, which metamodulate their responsiveness in physiological conditions but also undergo adaptation that are relevant to neurological dysfunctions. All these structures are attracting more and more the interest as promising druggable targets for the treatment of NMDAR-related central diseases: these substances would not exert on-off control of the colocalized NMDA receptors (as usually observed with NMDAR full agonists/antagonists), but rather modulate their functions, with the promise of limiting side effects that would favor their translation from preclinic to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 16148, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 16148, Genoa, Italy
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3
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Carmon H, Haley EC, Parikh V, Tronson NC, Sarter M. Neuro-Immune Modulation of Cholinergic Signaling in an Addiction Vulnerability Trait. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0023-23.2023. [PMID: 36810148 PMCID: PMC9997697 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0023-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sign-tracking (ST) describes the propensity to approach and contact a Pavlovian reward cue. By contrast, goal-trackers (GTs) respond to such a cue by retrieving the reward. These behaviors index the presence of opponent cognitive-motivational traits, with STs exhibiting attentional control deficits, behavior dominated by incentive motivational processes, and vulnerability for addictive drug taking. Attentional control deficits in STs were previously attributed to attenuated cholinergic signaling, resulting from deficient translocation of intracellular choline transporters (CHTs) into synaptosomal plasma membrane. Here, we investigated a posttranslational modification of CHTs, poly-ubiquitination, and tested the hypothesis that elevated cytokine signaling in STs contributes to CHT modification. We demonstrated that intracellular CHTs, but not plasma membrane CHTs, are highly ubiquitinated in male and female sign-tracking rats when compared with GTs. Moreover, levels of cytokines measured in cortex and striatum, but not spleen, were higher in STs than in GTs. Activation of the innate immune system by systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevated ubiquitinated CHT levels in cortex and striatum of GTs only, suggesting ceiling effects in STs. In spleen, LPS increased levels of most cytokines in both phenotypes. In cortex, LPS particularly robustly increased levels of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10. Phenotype-specific increases were restricted to GTs, again suggesting ceiling effects in STs. These results indicate that interactions between elevated brain immune modulator signaling and CHT regulation are essential components of the neuronal underpinnings of the addiction vulnerability trait indexed by sign-tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Carmon
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Evan C Haley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Natalie C Tronson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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4
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Bongiovanni AR, Zhao P, Inan S, Wiah S, Shekarabi A, Farkas DJ, Watson MN, Wimmer ME, Ruff MR, Rawls SM. Multi-chemokine receptor antagonist RAP-103 inhibits opioid-derived respiratory depression, reduces opioid reinforcement and physical dependence, and normalizes opioid-induced dysregulation of mesolimbic chemokine receptors in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109556. [PMID: 35843139 PMCID: PMC9444981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-opioid crosstalk is a physiological crossroads for influencing therapeutic and adverse effects of opioids. Activation of chemokine receptors, especially CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR4, reduces opioid-induced analgesia by desensitizing OPRM1 receptors. Chemokine receptor antagonists (CRAs) enhance opioid analgesia, but knowledge about how CRAs impact adverse opioid effects remains limited. We examined effects of RAP-103, a multi-CRA orally active peptide analog of "DAPTA", on opioid-derived dependence, reinforcement, and respiratory depression in male rats and on changes in chemokine and OPRM1 (µ opioid) receptor levels in mesolimbic substrates during opioid abstinence. In rats exposed to chronic morphine (75 mg pellet x 7 d), daily RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) treatment reduced the severity of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal responses. For self-administration (SA) studies, RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) reduced heroin acquisition (0.1 mg/kg/inf) and reinforcing efficacy (assessed by motivation on a progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule) but did not impact sucrose intake. RAP-103 (1-3 mg/kg, IP) also normalized the deficits in oxygen saturation and enhancement of respiratory rate caused by morphine (5 mg/kg, SC) exposure. Abstinence from chronic morphine elicited brain-region specific changes in chemokine receptor protein levels. CCR2 and CXCR4 were increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), whereas CCR2 and CCR5 were reduced in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). Effects of RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) were focused in the NAC, where it normalized morphine-induced deficits in CCR2 and CCR5. These results identify CRAs as potential biphasic function opioid signaling modulators to enhance opioid analgesia and inhibit opioid-derived dependence and respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Bongiovanni
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonita Wiah
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aryan Shekarabi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Farkas
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Kolokolov OV, Salina EA, Yudina VV, Shuldyakov AA, Runnova AE. Infections, Pandemics, and Sleep Disorders. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 52:319-325. [PMID: 35692961 PMCID: PMC9170495 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-022-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the neurological symptoms and signs associated with the acute and late phases of infectious diseases are important in pandemic conditions. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the number of patients with sleeplessness, this being an adverse prognostic factor for infections. This review addresses the factors and mechanisms of sleep impairments and their relationship with inflammation and immune system dysfunction in infectious diseases. In particular, impairments to the functioning of the melatoninergic system are discussed as the cause of sleeplessness during pandemics. The relevance of developing measures for rehabilitating patients, particularly use of Sonnovan to restore normal sleep, which plays a fundamental role in supporting people's mental and physical health, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kolokolov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Saratov, Russia
| | - E A Salina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Saratov, Russia
| | - V V Yudina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Shuldyakov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Saratov, Russia
| | - A E Runnova
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Saratov, Russia
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6
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Özaslan A, Güney E, Gülbahar Ö, Büyüktaskin D, Arslan B. Increased Serum Level of CCL5 in Children with Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: First Results about Serum Chemokines. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:109-117. [PMID: 35078953 PMCID: PMC8813316 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and its aetiology is not fully understood. This study aimed to determine whether the CCL5 and CCL11 influence the ADHD aetiology by comparing serum CCL5 and CCL11 levels of children with ADHD and typical development. Methods This study included 45 (27 males, mean age = 8.9 ± 1.7 years) treatment-naive patients diagnosed with ADHD and 35 (20 males, mean age = 8.8 ± 1.6 years) healthy controls. Participants ranged in age between 6−12 years and completed the Conners Teacher Rating Scale that assesses ADHD presentation and severity. CCL5 and CCL11 serum levels were also measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results Significantly higher serum CCL5 levels were found in children with ADHD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the mean serum CC11 level of the patients and controls (p = 0.93). In addition, there was no significant correlation between the serum CCL5 and CCL11 levels and predominant presentations of ADHD and disease severity. Conclusion This study suggests that there are higher levels of serum CCL5 in drug naive children with ADHD, this findings suggest that CCL5 might play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Moreover, these changes in peripheral blood may have therapeutic value. In addition, these results help to understand the role of chemokines in elucidating the etiopathogenesis of ADHD. Our results can be considered as the first step in investigating the role of CCL5 in ADHD, and further research is needed to support these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Güney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Büyüktaskin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cizre State Hospital, Şırnak, Turkey
| | - Burak Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Erciş Şehit Rıdvan Çevik State Hospital, Van, Turkey
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7
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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8
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Cellular, synaptic, and network effects of chemokines in the central nervous system and their implications to behavior. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1595-1625. [PMID: 34498203 PMCID: PMC8599319 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights chemokines as key mediators of the bidirectional crosstalk between neurons and glial cells aimed at preserving brain functioning. The multifaceted role of these immune proteins in the CNS is mirrored by the complexity of the mechanisms underlying its biological function, including biased signaling. Neurons, only in concert with glial cells, are essential players in the modulation of brain homeostatic functions. Yet, attempts to dissect these complex multilevel mechanisms underlying coordination are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about mechanisms underlying chemokine regulation of neuron-glia crosstalk linking molecular, cellular, network, and behavioral levels. Following a brief description of molecular mechanisms by which chemokines interact with their receptors and then summarizing cellular patterns of chemokine expression in the CNS, we next delve into the sequence and mechanisms of chemokine-regulated neuron-glia communication in the context of neuroprotection. We then define the interactions with other neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and gliotransmitters. Finally, we describe their fine-tuning on the network level and the behavioral relevance of their modulation. We believe that a better understanding of the sequence and nature of events that drive neuro-glial communication holds promise for the development of new treatment strategies that could, in a context- and time-dependent manner, modulate the action of specific chemokines to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.
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9
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Jorda A, Aldasoro M, Aldasoro C, Valles SL. Inflammatory Chemokines Expression Variations and Their Receptors in APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1051-1060. [PMID: 34397415 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD), an increase in inflammation is distinctive. Amyloid precursor protein plus presenilin-1 (APP/PS1 mice) is a model for this illness. Chemokines secreted by central nervous system (CNS) cells could play multiple important roles in AD. Data looking for the chemokines involved in inflammatory mechanisms are lacking. To understand the changes that occur in the inflammation process in AD, it is necessary to improve strategies to act on specific inflammatory targets. OBJECTIVE Chemokines and their receptors involved in phagocytosis, demyelination, chemotaxis, and coagulation were the objective of our study. METHODS Female APPswe/PS1 double-transgenic mice (B6C3-Tg) were used and cortex brain from 20-22-month-old mice obtained and used to quantify chemokines and chemokine receptors expression using RT-PCR technique. RESULTS Significant inflammatory changes were detected in APP/PS1 compared to wild type mice. CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR9 were elevated, and CCR2 were decreased compared with wild type mice. Their ligands CCL7, CCL11, CCL17, CCL22, CCL25, and CXCL4 showed an increase expression; however, changes were not observed in CCL2 in APP/PS1 compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSION This change in expression could explain the differences between AD patients and elderly people without this illness. This would provide a new strategy for the treatment of AD, with the possibility to act in specific inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jorda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.,Faculty of Surgery and Chiropody, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Soraya L Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
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10
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Kolokolov OV, Salina EA, Yudina VV, Shuldyakov AA, Runnova AE. [Infections, pandemics and sleep disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:68-74. [PMID: 34078863 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of neurological symptoms and signs connected with acute and long-term periods of infectious diseases is relevant during pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the number of patients suffering from insomnia. Sleep disturbance is an unfavorable prognostic factor for infections. Risk factors and mechanisms of sleep disturbance, their relationship with inflammation and dysfunction of the immune system in infectious diseases are presented. In particular, dysfunction of the melatonergic system as the cause of insomnia during pandemics is considered. The authors highlight the relevance of measures aimed at the rehabilitation of patients, in particular, the use of sonnovan to restore normal sleep, which is important for a person's mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kolokolov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - E A Salina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - V V Yudina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Shuldyakov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A E Runnova
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
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11
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Jiménez-González A, Gómez-Acevedo C, Ochoa-Aguilar A, Chavarría A. The Role of Glia in Addiction: Dopamine as a Modulator of Glial Responses in Addiction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2109-2120. [PMID: 34057683 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic and potentially deadly disease considered a global health problem. Nevertheless, there is still no ideal treatment for its management. The alterations in the reward system are the most known pathophysiological mechanisms. Dopamine is the pivotal neurotransmitter involved in neuronal drug reward mechanisms and its neuronal mechanisms have been intensely investigated in recent years. However, neuroglial interactions and their relation to drug addiction development and maintenance of drug addiction have been understudied. Many reports have found that most neuroglial cells express dopamine receptors and that dopamine activity may induce neuroimmunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, current research has also shown that pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules modulate dopaminergic neuron activity. Thus, studying the immune mechanisms of dopamine associated with drug abuse is vital in researching new pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for addiction management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Jiménez-González
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gómez-Acevedo
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abraham Ochoa-Aguilar
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Curzytek K, Leśkiewicz M. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1052-1062. [PMID: 34031863 PMCID: PMC8142870 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since affective disorders are considered to be underlain by the immune system malfunction, an important role in their pathophysiology is assigned to the proinflammatory mediators. Recently, chemokines, the group of chemotactic cytokines, have become a focus for basic and clinical scientists in the context of the development and treatment of brain diseases. Among them, chemokine CCL2 and its main receptor CCR2 have become candidate mediators of abnormal brain-immune system dialogue in depression. Besides the chemotactic activity, the CCL2-CCR2 axis is involved in various neurobiological processes, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroregeneration. Given the range of immunomodulatory possibilities that the CCL2-CCR2 pair can exert on the nervous system, its proinflammatory properties were initially thought to be a major contributor to the development of depressive disorders. However, further research suggests that the malfunctions of the nervous system are rather associated with impaired homeostatic properties manifested by the CCL2-CCR2 dyad dysfunctions. This review aims to present literature data on the action of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the contribution of this ligand-receptor system to the processes underlying affective disorders. Additionally, this article draws attention to the importance of the CCL2-CRR2 pathway as a potential pharmacological target with antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Zhang H. Chemokines gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims and normal control subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:266-273. [PMID: 33571631 PMCID: PMC8231709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of neuroinflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and suicide. This is primarily based on the observation that cytokines, which are major inflammatory molecules and play an important role in depression and suicide, are increased in both serum and in postmortem brain of depressed and suicidal subjects. Another class of immune mediators are chemokines which are primarily involved in chemotactic properties and trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Chemokines also play an important role in CNS function. Whereas chemokines have been studied in the serum of depressed and suicidal patients, their role in brain of depressed or suicidal subjects is relatively unexplored. We studied the gene expression of several chemokines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) obtained from depressed suicidal (DS) and normal control (NC) subjects. We determined the mRNA expression of several chemokines belonging to CXCL and CCL groups of chemokines using qPCR array technique and qPCR gene expression validation in 24 DS and 24 NC subjects. The postmortem brain samples were obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. We found that the mRNA expression of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CCL2 was significantly decreased in the PFC of DS compared with NC subjects. No significant change was observed in CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL10, CCL8 and CCL19 between DS and NC subjects. Since many of the chemokines are involved in mediating certain important CNS functions, such as neurotrophic effect, neurogenesis, anti-apoptotic growth factor release, modulation of synaptic transmission, brain development and neuronal loss, decreased levels of chemokines can reduce these functions which may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Corresponding Author: Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone (312) 413-4540, Fax: (312) 413-4547,
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Ahearn OC, Watson MN, Rawls SM. Chemokines, cytokines and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108511. [PMID: 33465606 PMCID: PMC7889725 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious pharmacotherapies for the treatment of substance use disorders need to be expanded and improved. Non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, have emerged as therapeutic targets for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat dependence and relapse that accompanies chronic drug use. Cytokines and chemokines are neuroimmune factors expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that demonstrate promising clinical utility as therapeutic targets for substance use disorders. In this review, we describe a role for cytokines and chemokines in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. We also discuss emerging cytokine- and chemokine-based therapeutic strategies that differ from conventional strategies directed toward transporters and receptors within the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and GABA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ahearn
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Amorfrutins Relieve Neuropathic Pain through the PPAR γ/CCL2 Axis in CCI Rats. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:8894752. [PMID: 33552153 PMCID: PMC7846402 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8894752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a public health problem. Although many pharmaceuticals are used to treat neuropathic pain, effective and safe drugs do not yet exist. In this study, we tested nociceptive responses in CCI rats, and ELISA assay was performed to examine the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We found that amorfrutins significantly reduce the pain behaviors in CCI rats and suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β) and chemokines (CCL2/CCR2) in the spinal cord. However, concurrent administration of a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed the antihyperalgesic effect induced by amorfrutins. The results indicate that amorfrutins inhibit the inflammation and chemokine expression by activating PPARγ, thus relieving neuropathic pain in CCI rats. Therefore, PPARγ-CCL2/CCR2 pathway might represent a new treatment option for neuropathic pain.
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16
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Policastro G, Brunelli M, Tinazzi M, Chiamulera C, Emerich DF, Paolone G. Cytokine-, Neurotrophin-, and Motor Rehabilitation-Induced Plasticity in Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8814028. [PMID: 33293946 PMCID: PMC7714573 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and cytokine-dependent neurotoxicity appear to be major contributors to the neuropathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). While pharmacological advancements have been a mainstay in the treatment of PD for decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonpharmacological approaches including traditional and nontraditional forms of exercise and physical rehabilitation can be critical adjunctive or even primary treatment avenues. Here, we provide an overview of preclinical and clinical research detailing the biological role of proinflammatory molecules in PD and how motor rehabilitation can be used to therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation, restore neural plasticity, and improve motor function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Edberg D, Hoppensteadt D, Walborn A, Fareed J, Sinacore J, Halaris A. Plasma MCP-1 levels in bipolar depression during cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor combination treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 129:189-197. [PMID: 32763585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder Depression (BDD) and altered levels of inflammatory mediators, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, aka CCL2) have been reported. This study reports specifically on MCP-1 levels, as a potential marker of BDD and/or treatment response in patients receiving combination treatment with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib (CBX). METHODS In this randomized, 10-week, double-blind, two-arm, placebo-controlled study, 47 patients with treatment resistant BDD received either escitalopram (ESC) + CBX, or ESC + placebo (PBO). Plasma MCP-1 levels were measured at 3 time points in the BDD subjects, and in a healthy control (HC) group. Depression severity was quantified using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). RESULTS The CBX group had significantly lower HAMD-17 scores vs. PBO at week 4 (P = 0.026) and week 8 (P = 0.002). MCP-1 levels were not significantly different in BDD vs. HC subjects at baseline (P = 0.588), nor in CBX vs. PBO groups at week 8 (P = 0.929). Week 8 HAMD-17 scores and MCP-1 levels were significantly negatively correlated in treatment non-responders to CBX or PBO (P = 0.050). Non-responders had significantly lower MCP-1 levels vs. responders at weeks 4 (P = 0.049) and 8 (P = 0.014). MCP-1 was positively correlated with pro-inflammatory analytes in the PBO group and with anti-inflammatory analytes in the CBX group. CONCLUSIONS Combination treatment reduced treatment resistance and augmented antidepressant response. Baseline plasma MCP-1 levels were not altered in BDD patients. Since non-responders had lower levels of MCP-1, elevated MCP-1 may indicate a better response to CBX + SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Edberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Walborn
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Sinacore
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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CCR2 is localized in microglia and neurons, as well as infiltrating monocytes, in the lumbar spinal cord of ALS mice. Mol Brain 2020; 13:64. [PMID: 32349774 PMCID: PMC7191738 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether circulating monocytes expressing CCR2 infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to pathogenicity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A previous report used conventional immunohistochemistry to show that CCR2 is exclusively expressed by astrocytes, but not infiltrating monocytes/microglia or neurons, in the spinal cords of ALS model mice. In this study, we assessed the cellular distribution of CCR2 in the CNS of ALS mice using CCR2-reporter mice (Ccr2rfp/+-Cx3cr1gfp/+-SOD1G93A Tg mice), a more sophisticated method for directly detecting the distribution of CCR2 protein. We found that infiltration of CCR2+ monocytes in the lumbar spinal cord increased over the course of disease progression. Moreover, from the middle stage of disease, CCR2 was partially distributed in microglia and neurons, but not astrocytes, in striking contrast to the previous findings. These novel observations suggested that CCR2+ monocyte infiltration leads to CNS environmental deterioration due to toxic conversion of microglia and neurons, creating a vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and leading to acceleration of ALS pathology. Our findings also show that this reporter mouse is a useful and powerful tool for obtaining new insights into the pathomechanisms of ALS.
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19
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Mulet M, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Kirstein M, Crespo C, Nacher J, Varea E. Phenotypic characterization of MCP-1 expressing neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 106:101785. [PMID: 32205215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small, secreted molecules that mediate inflammatory reactions. Neurons and astrocytes constitutively express chemokines implicated in the process of neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been widely related to this process. However, the constitutive expression of this molecule by neurons has not been elucidated so far. In this study, we set out to characterize the neurochemical phenotype of MCP-1-expressing neurons in the rat neocortex to infer its role in basal conditions. We observed the presence of two populations of neurons expressing MCP-1: One population of cells with weak expression of MCP-1 corresponding to principal neurons (Tbr-1 positive) and a second population with high expression of MCP-1 corresponding to inhibitory neurons (GAD-67 positive), in particular to CCK/CBR1 interneurons. Moreover, high MCP-1-expressing neurons were metabolically active (pCREB positive). The population of CCK interneurons that co-localizes with MCP-1 corresponds to the regular-spiking basket cells and is co-responsible for the perisomatic inhibition of principal pyramidal neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that MCP-1 can alter the electric properties of neurons and a tonic function for this molecule has been postulated. As CCK-inhibitory neurons are affected in mood disorders, whether the expression of MCP-1 was maintained in humans could be part of the link between inflammatory responses and observed changes in mood state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mulet
- Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Crespo
- Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Spain.
| | - Juan Nacher
- Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Spain; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Spain; CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Spain.
| | - Emilio Varea
- Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Spain.
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20
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Sahley TL, Anderson DJ, Hammonds MD, Chandu K, Musiek FE. Evidence for a dynorphin-mediated inner ear immune/inflammatory response and glutamate-induced neural excitotoxicity: an updated analysis. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1421-1460. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00595.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic overstimulation (AOS) is defined as the stressful overexposure to high-intensity sounds. AOS is a precipitating factor that leads to a glutamate (GLU)-induced Type I auditory neural excitotoxicity and an activation of an immune/inflammatory/oxidative stress response within the inner ear, often resulting in cochlear hearing loss. The dendrites of the Type I auditory neural neurons that innervate the inner hair cells (IHCs), and respond to the IHC release of the excitatory neurotransmitter GLU, are themselves directly innervated by the dynorphin (DYN)-bearing axon terminals of the descending brain stem lateral olivocochlear (LOC) system. DYNs are known to increase GLU availability, potentiate GLU excitotoxicity, and induce superoxide production. DYNs also increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines by modulating immune/inflammatory signal transduction pathways. Evidence is provided supporting the possibility that the GLU-mediated Type I auditory neural dendritic swelling, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and cochlear hearing loss that follow AOS may be part of a brain stem-activated, DYN-mediated cascade of inflammatory events subsequent to a LOC release of DYNs into the cochlea. In support of a DYN-mediated cascade of events are established investigations linking DYNs to the immune/inflammatory/excitotoxic response in other neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Sahley
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- School of Health Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Karthik Chandu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Frank E. Musiek
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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21
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Liu JQ, Chu SF, Zhou X, Zhang DY, Chen NH. Role of chemokines in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:11-18. [PMID: 31136787 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing incidence year by year, particularly as the population ages. The most common neuropathologic manifestation in patients with Parkinson's disease is dopamine neurons degeneration and loss in substantia nigra of middle brain. The main neurochemistry problem is the lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Clinically, PD patients may also have higher levels of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. At present, many data have shown that some chemokines are involved in regulating the release and transmission of neurotransmitters, and the growth and development of related neurons. In recent years, most of the studies relative to PD is based on immune and inflammatory mechanisms, and chemokines is also the focus on this mechanism. Chemokines are a class of cytokines that have definite chemotaxis effects on the different target cells. They might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD by inducing neuronal apoptosis and microglia activation. Clinical data has shown that the levels of chemokines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients have corresponding changes compared with the healthy persons. This review summarizes recent studies on chemokines and their receptors in Parkinson's disease: (i) to explore the role of chemokines in Parkinson's disease; (ii) to provide new indicators for clinical diagnosis of PD; (iii) to provide new targets for drug research and development in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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22
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Haage V, Semtner M, Vidal RO, Hernandez DP, Pong WW, Chen Z, Hambardzumyan D, Magrini V, Ly A, Walker J, Mardis E, Mertins P, Sauer S, Kettenmann H, Gutmann DH. Comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis identifies signature genes that distinguish microglia from peripheral monocytes/macrophages in health and glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 30764877 PMCID: PMC6376799 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages have begun to emerge as key cellular modulators of brain homeostasis and central nervous system (CNS) disease. In the healthy brain, resident microglia are the predominant macrophage cell population; however, under conditions of blood-brain barrier leakage, peripheral monocytes/macrophages can infiltrate the brain and participate in CNS disease pathogenesis. Distinguishing these two populations is often challenging, owing to a paucity of universally accepted and reliable markers. To identify discriminatory marker sets for microglia and peripheral monocytes/macrophages, we employed a large meta-analytic approach using five published murine transcriptional datasets. Following hierarchical clustering, we filtered the top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through a brain cell type-specific sequencing database, which led to the identification of eight microglia and eight peripheral monocyte/macrophage markers. We then validated their differential expression, leveraging a published single cell RNA sequencing dataset and quantitative RT-PCR using freshly isolated microglia and peripheral monocytes/macrophages from two different mouse strains. We further verified the translation of these DEGs at the protein level. As top microglia DEGs, we identified P2ry12, Tmem119, Slc2a5 and Fcrls, whereas Emilin2, Gda, Hp and Sell emerged as the best DEGs for identifying peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Lastly, we evaluated their utility in discriminating monocyte/macrophage populations in the setting of brain pathology (glioma), and found that these DEG sets distinguished glioma-associated microglia from macrophages in both RCAS and GL261 mouse models of glioblastoma. Taken together, this unbiased bioinformatic approach facilitated the discovery of a robust set of microglia and peripheral monocyte/macrophage expression markers to discriminate these monocyte populations in both health and disease.
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23
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Zhang K, Luo J. Role of MCP-1 and CCR2 in alcohol neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:360-366. [PMID: 30472461 PMCID: PMC6360095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes profound damage to both the developing brain and the adult brain. Prenatal exposure to alcohol results in a wide range of deficits known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Alcohol abuse in adults is associated with brain shrinkage, memory and attention deficits, communication disorders and physical disabilities. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is one of the key chemokines that regulate the recruitment and activation of monocytes and microglia. Both MCP-1 and its receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) expressed in the brain are involved in various neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the role of MCP-1/CCR2 in alcohol-induced brain damage is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that alcohol exposure increased the activity of MCP-1/CCR2 in both mature and developing central nervous systems (CNS). MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in the brain was involved in alcohol drinking behavior. MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition alleviated alcohol neurotoxicity by reducing microglia activation/neuroinflammation in the developing brain and spinal cord. In this review, we discussed the role of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. We also discussed the signaling cascades that are involved in the activation of MCP-1/CCR2 in response to alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, USA.
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24
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Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:157-172. [PMID: 30456443 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is often caused by infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic double-stranded DNA virus. HSE infection always impacts the temporal and frontal lobes or limbic system, leading to edema, hemorrhage, and necrotic changes in the brain parenchyma. Additionally, patients often exhibit severe complications following antiviral treatment, including dementia and epilepsy. HSE is further associated with disruptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists of microvascular endothelial cells, tight junctions, astrocytes, pericytes, and basement membranes. Following an HSV-1 infection, changes in BBB integrity and permeability can result in increased movement of viruses, immune cells, and/or cytokines into the brain parenchyma. This leads to an enhanced inflammatory response in the central nervous system and further damage to the brain. Thus, it is important to protect the BBB from pathogens to reduce brain damage from HSE. Here, we discuss HSE and the normal structure and function of the BBB. We also discuss growing evidence indicating an association between BBB breakdown and the pathogenesis of HSE, as well as future research directions and potential new therapeutic targets. Graphical Abstract During herpes simplex encephalitis, the functions and structures of each composition of BBB have been altered by different factors, thus the permeability and integrity of BBB have been broken. The review aim to explore the potential mechanisms and factors in the process, probe the next research targets and new therapeutic targets.
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25
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Linker KE, Cross SJ, Leslie FM. Glial mechanisms underlying substance use disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2574-2589. [PMID: 30240518 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive-like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia-neural communication, and the profound effects that glial-derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region-specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug-associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug-induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Linker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F M Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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26
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Tesoriero C, Del Gallo F, Bentivoglio M. Sleep and brain infections. Brain Res Bull 2018; 145:59-74. [PMID: 30016726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is frequently altered in systemic infections as a component of sickness behavior in response to inflammation. Sleepiness in sickness behavior has been extensively investigated. Much less attention has instead been devoted to sleep and wake alterations in brain infections. Most of these, as other neuroinfections, are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The present overview highlights the importance of this topic from both the clinical and pathogenetic points of view. Vigilance states and their regulation are first summarized, emphasizing that key nodes in this distributed brain system can be targeted by neuroinflammatory signaling. Sleep-wake changes in the parasitic disease human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and its animal models are then reviewed and discussed. Experimental data have revealed that the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master circadian pacemaker, and peptidergic cell populations of the lateral hypothalamus (the wake-promoting orexin neurons and the sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone neurons) are targeted by African trypanosome infection. It is then discussed how prominent and disturbing are sleep changes in HIV/AIDS, also when the infection is cured with antiretroviral therapy. This recalls attention on the bidirectional interactions between sleep and immune system, including the specialized brain immune response of which microglial cells are protagonists. Sleep changes in an ancient viral disease, rabies, and in the emerging infection due to Zika virus which causes a congenital syndrome, are also dealt with. Altogether the findings indicate that sleep-wake regulation is targeted by brain infections caused by different pathogens and, although the relevant pathogenetic mechanisms largely remain to be clarified, these alterations differ from hypersomnia occurring in sickness behavior. Thus, brain infections point to the vulnerability of the neural network of sleep-wake regulation as a highly relevant clinical and basic science challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tesoriero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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Zarbato GF, de Souza Goldim MP, Giustina AD, Danielski LG, Mathias K, Florentino D, de Oliveira Junior AN, da Rosa N, Laurentino AO, Trombetta T, Gomes ML, Steckert AV, Moreira AP, Schuck PF, Fortunato JJ, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Dimethyl Fumarate Limits Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress and Improves Cognitive Impairment After Polymicrobial Sepsis. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:418-430. [PMID: 29713994 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, often associated with acute central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, which results in long-term cognitive impairment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an important agent against inflammatory response and reactive species in CNS disorders. Evaluate the effect of DMF on acute and long-term brain dysfunction after experimental sepsis in rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. The groups were divided into sham (control) + vehicle, sham + NAC, sham + DMF, CLP + vehicle, CLP + NAC, and CLP + DMF. The animals were treated with DMF (15 mg/kg at 0 and 12 h after CLP, per gavage) and the administration of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) (20 mg/kg; 3, 6, and 12 h after CLP, subcutaneously) was used as positive control. Twenty-four hours after CLP, cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite/nitrate (N/N), oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in the hippocampus, total cortex, and prefrontal cortex. At 10 days after sepsis induction, behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive damage. We observed an increase in cytokine levels, MPO activity, N/N concentration, and oxidative damage, a reduction in SOD and GPx activity in the brain structures, and cognitive damage in CLP rats. DMF treatment was effective in reversing these parameters. DMF reduces sepsis-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in rats subjected to the CLP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Freitas Zarbato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Olivia Laurentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Taina Trombetta
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Gomes
- Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Valnier Steckert
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil.
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The Role of Macrophages in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Pathways of Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenetic Cellular Effectors and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29533975 PMCID: PMC5877692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In physiological conditions, different types of macrophages can be found within the central nervous system (CNS), i.e., microglia, meningeal macrophages, and perivascular (blood-brain barrier) and choroid plexus (blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier) macrophages. Microglia and tissue-resident macrophages, as well as blood-borne monocytes, have different origins, as the former derive from yolk sac erythromyeloid precursors and the latter from the fetal liver or bone marrow. Accordingly, specific phenotypic patterns characterize each population. These cells function to maintain homeostasis and are directly involved in the development and resolution of neuroinflammatory processes. Also, following inflammation, circulating monocytes can be recruited and enter the CNS, therefore contributing to brain pathology. These cell populations have now been identified as key players in CNS pathology, including autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and degenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the evidence on the involvement of CNS macrophages in neuroinflammation and the advantages, pitfalls, and translational opportunities of pharmacological interventions targeting these heterogeneous cellular populations for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Barald KF, Shen YC, Bianchi LM. Chemokines and cytokines on the neuroimmunoaxis: Inner ear neurotrophic cytokines in development and disease. Prospects for repair? Exp Neurol 2018; 301:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Hwang CJ, Park MH, Hwang JY, Kim JH, Yun NY, Oh SY, Song JK, Seo HO, Kim YB, Hwang DY, Oh KW, Han SB, Hong JT. CCR5 deficiency accelerates lipopolysaccharide-induced astrogliosis, amyloid-beta deposit and impaired memory function. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11984-99. [PMID: 26910914 PMCID: PMC4914263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are implicated in inflammation and immune responses. Neuro-inflammation is associated with activation of astrocyte and amyloid-beta (Aβ) generations that lead to pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous our study showed that deficiency of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) results in activation of astrocytes and Aβ deposit, and thus memory dysfunction through increase of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression. CCR5 knockout mice were used as an animal model with memory dysfunction. For the purpose LPS was injected i.p. daily (0.25 mg/kg/day). The memory dysfunctions were much higher in LPS-injected CCR5 knockout mice compared to CCR5 wild type mice as well as non-injected CCR5 knockout mice. Associated with severe memory dysfuction in LPS injected CCR5 knockout mice, LPS injection significant increase expression of inflammatory proteins, astrocyte activation, expressions of β-secretase as well as Aβ deposition in the brain of CCR5 knockout mice as compared with that of CCR5 wild type mice. In CCR5 knockout mice, CCR2 expressions were high and co-localized with GFAP which was significantly elevated by LPS. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which ligands of CCR2 also increased by LPS injection, and increment of MCP-1 expression is much higher in CCR5 knockout mice. BV-2 cells treated with CCR5 antagonist, D-ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA) and cultured astrocytes isolated from CCR5 knockout mice treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and CCR2 antagonist, decreased the NF-ĸB activation and Aβ level. These findings suggest that the deficiency of CCR5 enhances response of LPS, which accelerates to neuro-inflammation and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Kyung Song
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yeon Hwang
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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31
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Cédile O, Wlodarczyk A, Owens T. CCL2 recruits T cells into the brain in a CCR2-independent manner. APMIS 2017; 125:945-956. [PMID: 28836736 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CCL2 is a chemokine that can be induced during neuroinflammation to recruit immune cells, but its role in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. Our aim was to better understand its role. We induced CCL2 in CNS of naive CCL2-deficient mice using intrathecally administered replication-defective adenovirus and examined cell infiltration by flow cytometry. CCL2 expression induced pronounced and unexpected recruitment of regulatory and IFNγ-producing T cells to CNS from blood, possibly related to defective egress of monocytes from CCL2-deficient bone marrow. Infiltration also occurred in mice lacking CCR2, a receptor for CCL2. Expression of another receptor for CCL2, CCR4, and CXCR3, a receptor for CXCL10, which was also induced, were both increased in CCL2-treated CNS. CCR4 was expressed by neurons and astrocytes as well as CD4 T cells, and CXCR3 was expressed by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Chemokine-recruited T cells did not lead to CNS pathology. Our findings show a role for CCL2 in recruitment of CD4 T cells to the CNS and show that redundancy among chemokine receptors ensures optimal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Cédile
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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32
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Poon K, Barson JR, Shi H, Chang GQ, Leibowitz SF. Involvement of the CXCL12 System in the Stimulatory Effects of Prenatal Exposure to High-Fat Diet on Hypothalamic Orexigenic Peptides and Behavior in Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 28567007 PMCID: PMC5434113 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) during gestation stimulates neurogenesis and expression of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides that affect consummatory and emotional behaviors. With recent studies showing a HFD to increase inflammation, this report investigated the neuroinflammatory chemokine, CXCL12, and compared the effects of prenatal CXCL12 injection to those of prenatal HFD exposure, first, by testing whether the HFD affects circulating CXCL12 in the dam and the CXCL12 system in the offspring brain, and then by examining whether prenatal exposure to CXCL12 itself mimics the effects of a HFD on hypothalamic neuropeptides and emotional behaviors. Our results showed that prenatal exposure to a HFD significantly increased circulating levels of CXCL12 in the dam, and that daily injections of CXCL12 induced a similar increase in CXCL12 levels as the HFD. In addition, prenatal HFD exposure significantly increased the expression of CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the offspring. Finally, the results revealed strong similarities in the effects of prenatal HFD and CXCL12 administration, which both stimulated neurogenesis and enkephalin (ENK) expression in the PVN, while having inconsistent or no effect in other regions of the hypothalamus, and also increased anxiety as measured by several behavioral tests. These results focus attention specifically on the CXCL12 chemokine system in the PVN of the offspring as being possibly involved in the stimulatory effects of prenatal HFD exposure on ENK-expressing neurons in the PVN and their associated changes in emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinning Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huanzhi Shi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Guo Qing Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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33
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Li H, Wang R, Lu Y, Xu X, Ni J. Targeting G protein-coupled receptor for pain management. Brain Circ 2017; 3:109-113. [PMID: 30276310 PMCID: PMC6126263 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Great progress has been made in understanding the important roles of various G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of pain transmission. However, many important questions remain uncertain about the precise signal transduction mechanisms. This review focuses opioid receptor and CXC receptor 4 on the effects and mechanisms of pain. Taken together, chemokines and their receptors are potential targets for the development of novel pain management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of Liver Cancer Center, The 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yinying Lu
- Department of Liver Cancer Center, The 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuehua Xu
- Department of Immunogenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Ni
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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34
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Le Thuc O, Rovère C. [Hypothalamic inflammation and energy balance deregulations: focus on chemokines.]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:211-225. [PMID: 28327280 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance. It especially controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural and nutrient-related signals and cues. Hypothalamic neurons and glial cells act jointly to orchestrate, both spatially and temporally, regulated metabolic functions of the hypothalamus. Thus, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and deregulations of feeding behavior, such as involuntary weight-loss or obesity, has been suggested. Among the inflammatory mediators that could induce deregulations of hypothalamic control of the energy balance, chemokines represent interesting candidates. Indeed, chemokines, primarily known for their chemoattractant role of immune cells to the inflamed site, have also been suggested capable of neuromodulation. Thus, chemokines could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators that are involved in the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we relate, on one hand, recent results showing the primary role of the central chemokinergic signaling CCL2/CCR2 for metabolic and behavioral adaptation to high-grade inflammation, especially loss of appetite and weight, through its activity on hypothalamic neurons producing the orexigenic peptide Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and, on the other hand, results that suggest that chemokines could also deregulate hypothalamic neuropeptidergic circuits to induce an opposite phenotype and eventually participate in the onset/development of obesity. In more details, we will emphasize a study recently showing, in a model of high-grade acute inflammation of LPS injection in mice, that central CCL2/CCR2 signaling is of primary importance for several aspects explaining weight loss associated with inflammation: after LPS injection, animals lose weight, reduce their food intake, increase their fat oxidation (thus energy consumption from fat storage)...These inflammation-induced metabolic and behavioral changes are reduced when central CCR2 signaling is disrupted either pharmacologically (by a specific inhibitor of CCR2) or genetically (in mice deficient for CCR2). This underlines the importance of this signaling in inflammation-related weight loss. We further determined that the LPS-induced and CCR2-mediated weight loss depends on the direct effect of CCR2 activation on MCH neurons activity. Indeed, the MCH neurons express CCR2, and the application of CCL2 on brain slices revealed that activation of CCR2 actually depolarizes MCH neurons and induces delays and/or failures of action potential emission. Furthermore, CCL2 is able to reduce KCl-evoked MCH secretion from hypothalamic explants. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of the central CCL2/CCR2 signaling in metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. On the other hand, this first description of how the chemokinergic system can actually modulate the activity of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance, but also some less advanced studies and some unpublished data, suggest that some other chemokines, such as CCL5, could participate in the development of the opposite phenotype, that is to say obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France - Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Lin Y, Luo LL, Sun J, Gao W, Tian Y, Park E, Baker A, Chen J, Jiang R, Zhang J. Relationship of Circulating CXCR4 + EPC with Prognosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Aging Dis 2017; 8:115-127. [PMID: 28203485 PMCID: PMC5287384 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the changes of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4 expression in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the correlation between EPC level and the prognosis of mild TBI. 72 TBI patients (57 mild TBI, 15 moderate TBI patients) and 25 healthy subjects (control) were included. The number of circulating EPCs, CD34+, and CD133+ cells and the percentage of CXCR4+ cells in each cell population at 1,4,7,14,21 days after TBI were counted by flow cytometer. SDF-1α levels in serum were detected by ELISA assay. The patients were divided into poor and good prognosis groups based on Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and Activity of Daily Living Scale at 3 months after TBI. Correlation analysis between each detected index and prognosis of mild TBI was performed. Moderate TBI patients have higher levels of SDF-1α and CXCR4 expression than mild TBI patients (P < 0.05). The percentage of CXCR4+ EPCs at day 7 post-TBI was significantly higher in mild TBI patients with poor prognosis than the ones with good prognosis (P < 0.05). HAMA and HAMD scores in mild TBI patients were significantly lower than moderate TBI patients (P < 0.05) in early term. The percentage of CXCR4+ EPCs at day 7 after TBI was significantly correlated with the prognosis outcome at 3 months. The mobilization of circulating EPCs can be induced in mild TBI. The expression of CXCR4+ in EPCs at 7 days after TBI reflects the short-term prognosis of brain injury, and could be a potential biological marker for prognosis prediction of mild TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Lin
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lan Lan Luo
- 2Department off Psychological Science, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Sun
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ye Tian
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Eugene Park
- 3Department of Traumatic Critical Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew Baker
- 3Department of Traumatic Critical Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jieli Chen
- 4Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI USA; 5Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
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36
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Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:8385961. [PMID: 28127491 PMCID: PMC5239986 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8385961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile neuroinflammation is essential for the proper brain development and tissue repair. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various disease processes. The endogenous intracellular molecules so called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins or damage signals that are released by activated or necrotic cells are thought to play a crucial role in initiating an immune response. Sterile inflammatory response that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, hemorrhage, epilepsy, or traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates a vicious cycle of unrestrained inflammation, driving progressive neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism in the progression (e.g., AD and PD) or secondary injury development (e.g., stroke, hemorrhage, stress, and TBI) of multiple brain conditions. Hence, it provides an opportunity for the therapeutic intervention to prevent progressive tissue damage and loss of function. The key for developing anti-neuroinflammatory treatment is to minimize the detrimental and neurotoxic effects of inflammation while promoting the beneficial and neurotropic effects, thereby creating ideal conditions for regeneration and repair. This review outlines how inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of major nonpathogenic neuroinflammatory conditions and discusses the complex response of glial cells to damage signals. In addition, emerging experimental anti-neuroinflammatory drug treatment strategies are discussed.
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37
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Le Thuc O, Stobbe K, Cansell C, Nahon JL, Blondeau N, Rovère C. Hypothalamic Inflammation and Energy Balance Disruptions: Spotlight on Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28855891 PMCID: PMC5557773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance as it controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural, and nutrient-related signals and cues. Many years of research have focused on the regulation of energy balance by hypothalamic neurons, but the most recent findings suggest that neurons and glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the hypothalamus actually orchestrate together several metabolic functions. Because glial cells have been described as mediators of inflammatory processes in the brain, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and the deregulations of feeding behavior, leading to involuntary weight loss or obesity for example, has been suggested. Several inflammatory pathways that could impair the hypothalamic control of energy balance have been studied over the years such as, among others, toll-like receptors and canonical cytokines. Yet, less studied so far, chemokines also represent interesting candidates that could link the aforementioned pathways and the activity of hypothalamic neurons. Indeed, chemokines, in addition to their role in attracting immune cells to the inflamed site, have been suggested to be capable of neuromodulation. Thus, they could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators involved in the maintenance of energy balance. This review discusses the different inflammatory pathways that have been identified so far in the hypothalamus in the context of feeding behavior and body weight control impairments, with a particular focus on chemokines signaling that opens a new avenue in the understanding of the major role played by inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carole Rovère,
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You H, Gao T, Raup-Konsavage WM, Cooper TK, Bronson SK, Reeves WB, Awad AS. Podocyte-specific chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 overexpression mediates diabetic renal injury in mice. Kidney Int 2016; 91:671-682. [PMID: 27914709 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central pathophysiologic mechanism that contributes to diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Recently, we showed that macrophages directly contribute to diabetic renal injury and that pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy. However, the direct role of CCR2 in kidney-derived cells such as podocytes in diabetic nephropathy remains unclear. To study this, we developed a transgenic mouse model expressing CCR2 specifically in podocytes (Tg[NPHS2-Ccr2]) on a nephropathy-prone (DBA/2J) and CCR2-deficient (Ccr2-/-) background with heterozygous Ccr2+/- littermate controls. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. As expected, absence of CCR2 conferred kidney protection after nine weeks of diabetes. In contrast, transgenic CCR2 overexpression in the podocytes of Ccr2-/- mice resulted in significantly increased albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen, histopathologic changes, kidney fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression, podocyte loss, and glomerular apoptosis after nine weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Interestingly, there was no concurrent increase in kidney macrophage recruitment or inflammatory cytokine levels in the mice. These findings support a direct role for CCR2 expression in podocytes to mediate diabetic renal injury, independent of monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Thus, targeting the CCR2 signaling cascade in podocytes could be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning You
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wesley M Raup-Konsavage
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah K Bronson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W Brian Reeves
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Le Thuc O, Cansell C, Bourourou M, Denis RG, Stobbe K, Devaux N, Guyon A, Cazareth J, Heurteaux C, Rostène W, Luquet S, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. Central CCL2 signaling onto MCH neurons mediates metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1738-1752. [PMID: 27733491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior defines the endocrine, autonomic, behavioral, and metabolic responses associated with infection. While inflammatory responses were suggested to be instrumental in the loss of appetite and body weight, the molecular underpinning remains unknown. Here, we show that systemic or central lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection results in specific hypothalamic changes characterized by a precocious increase in the chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) followed by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the orexigenic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). We therefore hypothesized that CCL2 could be the central relay for the loss in body weight induced by the inflammatory signal LPS. We find that central delivery of CCL2 promotes neuroinflammation and the decrease in MCH and body weight. MCH neurons express CCL2 receptor and respond to CCL2 by decreasing both electrical activity and MCH release. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CCL2 signaling opposes the response to LPS at both molecular and physiologic levels. We conclude that CCL2 signaling onto MCH neurons represents a core mechanism that relays peripheral inflammation to sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Miled Bourourou
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Raphaël Gp Denis
- Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nadège Devaux
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alice Guyon
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - William Rostène
- Institut de la Vision UMRS 968-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France .,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Station de Primatologie UPS846 CNRS, Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France .,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
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40
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Fiore NT, Austin PJ. Are the emergence of affective disturbances in neuropathic pain states contingent on supraspinal neuroinflammation? Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:397-411. [PMID: 27118632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury. A large body of preclinical evidence supports the idea that the immune system acts to modulate the sensory symptoms of neuropathy at both peripheral and central nervous system sites. The potential involvement of neuro-immune interactions in the highly debilitating affective disturbances of neuropathic pain, such as depression, anhedonia, impaired cognition and reduced motivation has received little attention. This is surprising given the widely accepted view that sickness behaviour, depression, cognitive impairment and other neuropsychiatric conditions can arise from inflammatory mechanisms. Moreover, there is a set of well-described immune-to-brain transmission mechanisms that explain how peripheral inflammation can lead to supraspinal neuroinflammation. In the last 5years increasing evidence has emerged that peripheral nerve injury induces supraspinal changes in cytokine or chemokine expression and alters glial cell activity. In this systematic review, based on strong preclinical evidence, we advance the argument that the emergence of affective disturbances in neuropathic pain states are contingent on pro-inflammatory mediators in the interconnected hippocampal-medial prefrontal circuitry that subserve affective behaviours. We explore how dysregulation of inflammatory mediators in these networks may result in affective disturbances through a wide variety of neuromodulatory mechanisms. There are also promising results from clinical trials showing that anti-inflammatory agents have efficacy in the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions including depression and appear suited to sub-groups of patients with elevated pro-inflammatory profiles. Thus, although further research is required, aggressively targeting supraspinal pro-inflammatory mediators at critical time-points in appropriate clinical populations is likely to be a novel avenue to treat debilitating affective disturbances in neuropathic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Fiore
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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41
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Direct and indirect pharmacological modulation of CCL2/CCR2 pathway results in attenuation of neuropathic pain — In vivo and in vitro evidence. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McColl A, Thomson CA, Nerurkar L, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. TLR7-mediated skin inflammation remotely triggers chemokine expression and leukocyte accumulation in the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:102. [PMID: 27160148 PMCID: PMC4862138 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between the brain and the immune system has become increasingly topical as, although it is immune-specialised, the CNS is not free from the influences of the immune system. Recent data indicate that peripheral immune stimulation can significantly affect the CNS. But the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. The standard approach to understanding this relationship has relied on systemic immune activation using bacterial components, finding that immune mediators, such as cytokines, can have a significant effect on brain function and behaviour. More rarely have studies used disease models that are representative of human disorders. Methods Here we use a well-characterised animal model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation—imiquimod—to investigate the effects of tissue-specific peripheral inflammation on the brain. We used full genome array, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell infiltration, doublecortin staining for neural precursor cells and a behavioural read-out exploiting natural burrowing behaviour. Results We found that a number of genes are upregulated in the brain following treatment, amongst which is a subset of inflammatory chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, CCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL16 and CCR5). Strikingly, this model induced the infiltration of a number of immune cell subsets into the brain parenchyma, including T cells, NK cells and myeloid cells, along with a reduction in neurogenesis and a suppression of burrowing activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that cutaneous, peripheral immune stimulation is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration into the brain and suggest that chemokines may be amongst the key mediators driving this response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Louis Nerurkar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
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43
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Breese GR, Knapp DJ. Persistent adaptation by chronic alcohol is facilitated by neuroimmune activation linked to stress and CRF. Alcohol 2016; 52:9-23. [PMID: 27139233 PMCID: PMC4855305 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the conceptual basis for the association of alcohol abuse with an insidious adaptation that facilitates negative affect during withdrawal from chronic intermittent alcohol (CIA) exposure - a change that later supports sensitization of stress-induced anxiety following alcohol abstinence. The finding that a CRF1-receptor antagonist (CRF1RA) minimized CIA withdrawal-induced negative affect supported an association of alcohol withdrawal with a stress mechanism. The finding that repeated stresses or multiple CRF injections into selected brain sites prior to a single 5-day chronic alcohol (CA) exposure induced anxiety during withdrawal provided critical support for a linkage of CIA withdrawal with stress. The determination that CRF1RA injection into positive CRF-sensitive brain sites prevented CIA withdrawal-induced anxiety provided support that neural path integration maintains the persistent CIA adaptation. Based upon reports that stress increases neuroimmune function, an effort was undertaken to test whether cytokines would support the adaptation induced by stress/CA exposure. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal from CIA, cytokine mRNAs were found to be increased in cortex as well as other sites in brain. Further, repeated cytokine injections into previously identified brain sites substituted for stress and CRF induction of anxiety during CA withdrawal. Discovery that a CRF1RA prevented the brain cytokine mRNA increase induced by CA withdrawal provided critical evidence for CRF involvement in this neuroimmune induction after CA withdrawal. However, the CRF1RA did not block the stress increase in cytokine mRNA increases in controls. The latter data supported the hypothesis that distinct mechanisms linked to stress and CA withdrawal can support common neuroimmune functions within a brain site. As evidence evolves concerning neural involvement in brain neuroimmune function, a better understanding of the progressive adaptation associated with CIA exposure will advance new knowledge that could possibly lead to strategies to combat alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA; The UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA.
| | - Darin J Knapp
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
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Poon K, Leibowitz SF. Consumption of Substances of Abuse during Pregnancy Increases Consumption in Offspring: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Front Nutr 2016; 3:11. [PMID: 27148536 PMCID: PMC4837147 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative human observational studies on substances of abuse have been highly dependent on the use of rodent models to determine the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that control behavioral outcomes. This is particularly true for gestational exposure to non-illicit substances of abuse, such as excessive dietary fat, ethanol, and nicotine, which are commonly consumed in our society. Exposure to these substances during the prenatal period has been shown in offspring to increase their intake of these substances, induce other behavioral changes, and affect neurochemical systems in several brain areas that are known to control behavior. More importantly, emerging studies are linking the function of the immune system to these neurochemicals and ingestion of these abused substances. This review article will summarize the prenatal rodent models used to study developmental changes in offspring caused by prenatal exposure to dietary fat, ethanol, or nicotine. We will discuss the various techniques used for the administration of these substances into rodents and summarize the published outcomes induced by prenatal exposure to these substances. Finally, this review will cover some of the recent evidence for the role of immune factors in causing these behavioral and neuronal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinning Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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45
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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46
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Poon K, Abramova D, Ho HT, Leibowitz S. Prenatal fat-rich diet exposure alters responses of embryonic neurons to the chemokine, CCL2, in the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2016; 324:407-19. [PMID: 26979053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is found to stimulate the genesis of hypothalamic orexigenic peptide neurons in the offspring, while HFD intake in adult animals produces a systemic low-grade inflammation which increases neuroimmune factors that may affect neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Building on this evidence and our recent study showing that the inflammatory chemokine, CCL2, stimulates the migration of hypothalamic neurons and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, we tested here the possibility that prenatal exposure to a HFD in rats affects this chemokine system, both CCL2 and its receptors, CCR2 and CCR4, and alters its actions on hypothalamic neurons, specifically those expressing the neuropeptides, enkephalin (ENK) and galanin (GAL). Using primary dissociated hypothalamic neurons extracted from embryos on embryonic day 19, we found that prenatal HFD exposure compared to chow control actually reduces the expression of CCL2 in these hypothalamic neurons, while increasing CCR2 and CCR4 expression, and also reduces the sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to CCL2. The HFD abolished the dose-dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on the number of migrated neurons and even shifted its normal stimulatory effect on migrational velocity and distance traveled by control neurons to an inhibition of migration. Further, it abolished the dose-dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on neuronal expression of ENK and GAL. These results demonstrate that prenatal HFD exposure greatly disturbs the functioning of the CCL2 chemokine system in embryonic hypothalamic neurons, reducing its endogenous levels and ability to promote the migration of neurons and their expression of orexigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - D Abramova
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - H T Ho
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - S Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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47
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Valenta JP, Gonzales RA. Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Leads to a Persistent Increase in Sweetened Ethanol Consumption During Operant Self-Administration But Does Not Influence Sucrose Consumption in Long-Evans Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 40:187-95. [PMID: 26683974 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the evidence implicating neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorders are increased levels of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the brains of human alcoholics and animal models of alcohol abuse. However, it is not known whether neuroimmune signaling can directly increase ethanol (EtOH) consumption, and whether MCP-1 is involved in that mechanism. We designed experiments to determine whether MCP-1 signaling itself is sufficient to accelerate or increase EtOH consumption. Our hypothesis was that increasing MCP-1 signaling by directly infusing it into the brain would increase operant EtOH self-administration. METHODS We implanted osmotic minipumps to chronically infuse either one of several doses of MCP-1 or vehicle into the cerebral ventricles (intracerebroventricular) of Long-Evans rats and then tested them in the operant self-administration of a sweetened EtOH solution for 8 weeks. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between dose of MCP-1 and sweetened EtOH consumed across the first 4 weeks (while pumps were flowing) and across the 8-week experiment. Animals receiving the highest dose of MCP-1 (2 μg/d) were the highest consumers of EtOH during weeks 3 through 8. MCP-1 did not influence the acquisition of self-administration (measured across the first 5 days), the motivation to consume EtOH (time to lever press or progressive ratio), withdrawal-induced anxiety, or the consumption of sucrose alone. CONCLUSIONS We provide novel evidence that neuroimmune signaling can directly increase chronic operant EtOH self-administration, and that this increase persists beyond the administration of the cytokine. These data suggest that EtOH-induced increases in MCP-1, or increases in MCP-1 due to various other neuroimmune mechanisms, may further promote EtOH consumption. Continued research into this mechanism, particularly using models of alcohol dependence, will help determine whether targeting MCP-1 signaling has therapeutic potential in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Valenta
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rueben A Gonzales
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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48
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF. Prenatal exposure to ethanol stimulates hypothalamic CCR2 chemokine receptor system: Possible relation to increased density of orexigenic peptide neurons and ethanol drinking in adolescent offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 310:163-75. [PMID: 26365610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies indicate that maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy increases alcohol drinking in the offspring. Possible underlying mechanisms may involve orexigenic peptides, which are stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure and themselves promote drinking. Building on evidence that ethanol stimulates neuroimmune factors such as the chemokine CCL2 that in adult rats is shown to colocalize with the orexigenic peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the present study sought to investigate the possibility that CCL2 or its receptor CCR2 in LH is stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure, perhaps specifically within MCH neurons. Our paradigm of intraoral administration of ethanol to pregnant rats, at low-to-moderate doses (1 or 3g/kg/day) during peak hypothalamic neurogenesis, caused in adolescent male offspring twofold increase in drinking of and preference for ethanol and reinstatement of ethanol drinking in a two-bottle choice paradigm under an intermittent access schedule. This effect of prenatal ethanol exposure was associated with an increased expression of MCH and density of MCH(+) neurons in LH of preadolescent offspring. Whereas CCL2(+) cells at this age were low in density and unaffected by ethanol, CCR2(+) cells were dense in LH and increased by prenatal ethanol, with a large percentage (83-87%) identified as neurons and found to colocalize MCH. Prenatal ethanol also stimulated the genesis of CCR2(+) and MCH(+) neurons in the embryo, which co-labeled the proliferation marker, BrdU. Ethanol also increased the genesis and density of neurons that co-expressed CCR2 and MCH in LH, with triple-labeled CCR2(+)/MCH(+)/BrdU(+) neurons that were absent in control rats accounting for 35% of newly generated neurons in ethanol-exposed rats. With both the chemokine and MCH systems believed to promote ethanol consumption, this greater density of CCR2(+)/MCH(+) neurons in the LH of preadolescent rats suggests that these systems function together in promoting alcohol drinking during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Stuart MJ, Singhal G, Baune BT. Systematic Review of the Neurobiological Relevance of Chemokines to Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:357. [PMID: 26441528 PMCID: PMC4564736 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent and disabling conditions of increasing public health relevance. Much recent research has focused on the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders; however, the related family of immune proteins designated chemokines has been relatively neglected. Chemokines were originally identified as having chemotactic function on immune cells; however, recent evidence has begun to elucidate novel, brain-specific functions of these proteins of relevance to the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. A systematic review of both human and animal literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was undertaken. After application of all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 157 references were remained for the review. Some early mechanistic evidence does associate select chemokines with the neurobiological processes, including neurogenesis, modulation of the neuroinflammatory response, regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and modulation of neurotransmitter systems. This early evidence however does not clearly demonstrate any specificity for a certain psychiatric disorder, but is primarily relevant to mechanisms which are shared across disorders. Notable exceptions include CCL11 that has recently been shown to impair hippocampal function in aging – of distinct relevance to Alzheimer’s disease and depression in the elderly, and pre-natal exposure to CXCL8 that may disrupt early neurodevelopmental periods predisposing to schizophrenia. Pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, and CCL13, have been shown to drive chemotaxis of pro-inflammatory cells to the inflamed or injured CNS. Likewise, CX3CL has been implicated in promoting glial cells activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, expression of ICAM-1, and recruitment of CD4+ T-cells into the CNS during neuroinflammatory processes. With further translational research, chemokines may present novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stuart
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
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50
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Le Thuc O, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. The complex contribution of chemokines to neuroinflammation: switching from beneficial to detrimental effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:127-40. [PMID: 26251227 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate mechanism that defends organisms against harmful stimuli. Inflammation leads to the production and secretion of proinflammatory mediators that activate and recruit immune cells to damaged tissues, including the brain, to resolve the cause of inflammation. In the central nervous system, inflammation is referred to as neuroinflammation, which occurs in various pathological conditions of the brain. The primary role of neuroinflammation is to protect the brain. However, prolonged and/or inappropriate inflammation can be harmful for the brain, from individual cells to the whole tissue. This review focuses on a particular type of inflammatory mediator, chemokines, and describes their complex effects both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the brain. The clinical relevance of the multiple characters of chemokines is highlighted with respect to acute and chronic inflammation of the brain, including their actions in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
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