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He Y, Zhou L, Wang M, Zhong Z, Chen H, Lian C, Zhang H, Wang H, Cao L, Li C. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches reveal molecular response and potential biomarkers of the deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons to copper exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134612. [PMID: 38761766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Metal pollution caused by deep-sea mining activities has potential detrimental effects on deep-sea ecosystems. However, our knowledge of how deep-sea organisms respond to this pollution is limited, given the challenges of remoteness and technology. To address this, we conducted a toxicity experiment by using deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons as model animals and exposing them to different copper (Cu) concentrations (50 and 500 μg/L) for 7 days. Transcriptomics and LC-MS-based metabolomics methods were employed to characterize the profiles of transcription and metabolism in deep-sea mussels exposed to Cu. Transcriptomic results suggested that Cu toxicity significantly affected the immune response, apoptosis, and signaling processes in G. platifrons. Metabolomic results demonstrated that Cu exposure disrupted its carbohydrate metabolism, anaerobic metabolism and amino acid metabolism. By integrating both sets of results, transcriptomic and metabolomic, we find that Cu exposure significantly disrupts the metabolic pathway of protein digestion and absorption in G. platifrons. Furthermore, several key genes (e.g., heat shock protein 70 and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2/3) and metabolites (e.g., alanine and succinate) were identified as potential molecular biomarkers for deep-sea mussel's responses to Cu toxicity. This study contributes novel insight for assessing the potential effects of deep-sea mining activities on deep-sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng He
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Minxiao Wang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhaoshan Zhong
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Lian
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaolun Li
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
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2
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Hoffmann N, McFarlane HE. Xyloglucan side chains enable polysaccharide secretion to the plant cell wall. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00384-8. [PMID: 38971156 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential for growth. The cell wall hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) is produced in the Golgi apparatus before secretion. Loss of the Arabidopsis galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) decreases XyG d-galactose side chains and causes intracellular aggregations and dwarfism. It is unknown how changing XyG synthesis can broadly impact organelle organization and growth. We show that intracellular aggregations are not unique to mur3 and are found in multiple mutant lines with reduced XyG D-galactose side chains. mur3 aggregations disrupt subcellular trafficking and induce formation of intracellular cell-wall-like fragments. Addition of d-galacturonic acid onto XyG can restore growth and prevent mur3 aggregations. These results indicate that the presence, but not the composition, of XyG side chains is essential, likely by ensuring XyG solubility. Our results suggest that XyG polysaccharides are synthesized in a highly substituted form for efficient secretion and then later modified by cell-wall-localized enzymes to fine-tune cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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3
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Umezawa A, Matsumoto M, Handa H, Nakazawa K, Miyagawa M, Seifert GJ, Takahashi D, Fushinobu S, Kotake T. Cytosolic UDP-L-arabinose synthesis by bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:508-524. [PMID: 38678521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
L-Arabinose (L-Ara) is a plant-specific sugar found in cell wall polysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and small glycoconjugates, which play physiologically important roles in cell proliferation and other essential cellular processes. L-Ara is synthesized as UDP-L-arabinose (UDP-L-Ara) from UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) by UDP-Xyl 4-epimerases (UXEs), a type of de novo synthesis of L-Ara unique to plants. In Arabidopsis, the Golgi-localized UXE AtMUR4 is the main contributor to UDP-L-Ara synthesis. However, cytosolic bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerases (UGEs) with UXE activity, AtUGE1, and AtUGE3 also catalyze this reaction. For the present study, we first examined the physiological importance of bifunctional UGEs in Arabidopsis. The uge1 and uge3 mutants enhanced the dwarf phenotype of mur4 and further reduced the L-Ara content in cell walls, suggesting that bifunctional UGEs contribute to UDP-L-Ara synthesis. Through the introduction of point mutations exchanging corresponding amino acid residues between AtUGE1 with high UXE activity and AtUGE2 with low UXE activity, two mutations that increase relative UXE activity of AtUGE2 were identified. The crystal structures of AtUGE2 in complex forms with NAD+ and NAD+/UDP revealed that the UDP-binding domain of AtUGE2 has a more closed conformation and smaller sugar-binding site than bacterial and mammalian UGEs, suggesting that plant UGEs have the appropriate size and shape for binding UDP-Xyl and UDP-L-Ara to exhibit UXE activity. The presented results suggest that the capacity for cytosolic synthesis of UDP-L-Ara was acquired by the small sugar-binding site and several mutations of UGEs, enabling diversified utilization of L-Ara in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umezawa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mayuko Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Handa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Konatsu Nakazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyagawa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Georg J Seifert
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Green Bioscience Research Center, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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4
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Pereira Duarte R, Cancela Ramos HC, Rodrigues Xavier L, Azevedo Vimercati Pirovani A, Souza Rodrigues A, Turquetti-Moraes DK, Rodrigues da Silva Junior I, Motta Venâncio T, Silveira V, Gonzaga Pereira M. Comparative proteomic analysis of papaya bud flowers reveals metabolic signatures and pathways driving hermaphrodite development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8867. [PMID: 38632280 PMCID: PMC11024100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious species with female, male, and hermaphrodite plants. Given the sex segregation, selecting hermaphroditic plants is vital for orchard establishment due to their greater commercial value. However, selecting hermaphrodite plants through sexing is laborious and costly. Moreover, environmental stressors can exacerbate the issue by potentially inducing abnormal flower development, thus affecting fruit quality. Despite these challenges, the molecular mechanisms governing sex development in papaya remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to identify proteins associated with sex development in female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya through comparative proteomic analysis. Proteins from flower buds at the early and late developmental stages of three papaya genotypes (UENF-CALIMAN 01, JS12, and Sunrise Solo 72/12) were studied via proteomic analysis via the combination of the shotgun method and nanoESI-HDMSE technology. In buds at an early stage of development, 496 (35.9%) proteins exhibited significantly different abundances between sexes for the SS72/12 genotype, 139 (10%) for the JS12 genotype, and 165 (11.9%) for the UC-01 genotype. At the final stage of development, there were 181 (13.5%) for SS72/12, 113 (8.4%) for JS12, and 125 (9.1%) for UC-01. The large group of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between the sexes was related to metabolism, as shown by the observation of only the proteins that exhibited the same pattern of accumulation in the three genotypes. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism proteins were up-regulated in hermaphrodite flower buds early in development, while those linked to monosaccharide and amino acid metabolism increased during late development. Enrichment of sporopollenin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways characterizes hermaphrodite samples across developmental stages, with predicted protein interactions highlighting the crucial role of phenylpropanoids in sporopollenin biosynthesis for pollen wall formation. Most of the DAPs played key roles in pectin, cellulose, and lignin synthesis and were essential for cell wall formation and male flower structure development, notably in the pollen coat. These findings suggest that hermaphrodite flowers require more energy for development, likely due to complex pollen wall formation. Overall, these insights illuminate the molecular mechanisms of papaya floral development, revealing complex regulatory networks and energetic demands in the formation of male reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pereira Duarte
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil.
| | - Helaine Christine Cancela Ramos
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues Xavier
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia - LBT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Adriana Azevedo Vimercati Pirovani
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Alex Souza Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Dayana Kelly Turquetti-Moraes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos - LQFPP, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Izaias Rodrigues da Silva Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos - LQFPP, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia - LBT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Messias Gonzaga Pereira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
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5
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Takahashi D, Soga K, Kikuchi T, Kutsuno T, Hao P, Sasaki K, Nishiyama Y, Kidokoro S, Sampathkumar A, Bacic A, Johnson KL, Kotake T. Structural changes in cell wall pectic polymers contribute to freezing tolerance induced by cold acclimation in plants. Curr Biol 2024; 34:958-968.e5. [PMID: 38335960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Subzero temperatures are often lethal to plants. Many temperate herbaceous plants have a cold acclimation mechanism that allows them to sense a drop in temperature and prepare for freezing stress through accumulation of soluble sugars and cryoprotective proteins. As ice formation primarily occurs in the apoplast (the cell wall space), cell wall functional properties are important for plant freezing tolerance. Although previous studies have shown that the amounts of constituent sugars of the cell wall, in particular those of pectic polysaccharides, are altered by cold acclimation, the significance of this change during cold acclimation has not been clarified. We found that β-1,4-galactan, which forms neutral side chains of the acidic pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I, accumulates in the cell walls of Arabidopsis and various freezing-tolerant vegetables during cold acclimation. The gals1 gals2 gals3 triple mutant, which has reduced β-1,4-galactan in the cell wall, exhibited impaired freezing tolerance compared with wild-type Arabidopsis during initial stages of cold acclimation. Expression of genes involved in the galactan biosynthesis pathway, such as galactan synthases and UDP-glucose 4-epimerases, was induced during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis, explaining the galactan accumulation. Cold acclimation resulted in a decrease in extensibility and an increase in rigidity of the cell wall in the wild type, whereas these changes were not observed in the gals1 gals2 gals3 triple mutant. These results indicate that the accumulation of pectic β-1,4-galactan contributes to acquired freezing tolerance by cold acclimation, likely via changes in cell wall mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kutsuno
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kazuma Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yui Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kidokoro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Yang S, Chen N, Qi J, Salam A, Khan AR, Azhar W, Yang C, Xu N, Wu J, Liu Y, Liu B, Gan Y. OsUGE2 Regulates Plant Growth through Affecting ROS Homeostasis and Iron Level in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:6. [PMID: 38212485 PMCID: PMC10784444 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by multiple factors, such as ROS homeostasis and utilization of iron. Here, we demonstrate that OsUGE2, a gene encoding a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, controls growth and development by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron (Fe) level in rice. Knockout of this gene resulted in impaired growth, such as dwarf phenotype, weakened root growth and pale yellow leaves. Biochemical analysis showed that loss of function of OsUGE2 significantly altered the proportion and content of UDP-Glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-Galactose (UDP-Gal). Cellular observation indicates that the impaired growth may result from decreased cell length. More importantly, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that knockout of OsUGE2 significantly influenced the expression of genes related to oxidoreductase process and iron ion homeostasis. Consistently, the content of ROS and Fe are significantly decreased in OsUGE2 knockout mutant. Furthermore, knockout mutants of OsUGE2 are insensitive to both Fe deficiency and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment, which further confirmed that OsUGE2 control rice growth possibly through Fe and H2O2 signal. Collectively, these results reveal a new pathway that OsUGE2 could affect growth and development via influencing ROS homeostasis and Fe level in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Abdul Salam
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ali Raza Khan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Wardah Azhar
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Qu L, Xu Z, Huang W, Han D, Dang B, Ma X, Liu Y, Xu J, Jia W. Selenium-molybdenum interactions reduce chromium toxicity in Nicotiana tabacum L. by promoting chromium chelation on the cell wall. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132641. [PMID: 37797574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a hazardous heavy metal that negatively affects animals and plants. The micronutrients selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) have been widely shown to alleviate heavy metal toxicity in plants. However, the molecular mechanism of Cr chelation on the cell wall by combined treatment with Se and Mo has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of Se-Mo interactions on the subcellular distribution of Cr (50 µM) and on cell wall composition, structure, functional groups and Cr content, in addition to performing a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome. Our results showed that the cell walls of shoots and roots accumulated 51.0% and 65.0% of the Cr, respectively. Furthermore, pectin in the cell wall bound 69.5%/90.2% of the Cr in the shoots/roots. Se-Mo interactions upregulated the expression levels of related genes encoding galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP), and UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GALE), involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, thereby increasing pectin and cellulose levels. Moreover, combined treatment with Se and Mo increased the lignin content and cell wall thickness by upregulating the expression levels of genes encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POX) and phenylalanine amino-lyase (PAL), involved in lignin biosynthesis. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed that Se + Mo treatment (in combination) increased the number of carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) groups, thereby enhancing the Cr chelation ability. The results not only elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of Se-Mo interactions in mitigating Cr toxicity but also provide new insights for phytoremediation and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zicheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wuxing Huang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Han
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bingjun Dang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yizan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiayang Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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8
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Chen H, Zhang S, Li R, Peng G, Chen W, Rautengarten C, Liu M, Zhu L, Xiao Y, Song F, Ni J, Huang J, Wu A, Liu Z, Zhuang C, Heazlewood JL, Xie Y, Chu Z, Zhou H. BOTRYOID POLLEN 1 regulates ROS-triggered PCD and pollen wall development by controlling UDP-sugar homeostasis in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3522-3543. [PMID: 37352123 PMCID: PMC10473207 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugars are important metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and may be important signaling molecules. UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal, whose biological function in rice (Oryza sativa) fertility is poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterize the botryoid pollen 1 (bp1) mutant and show that BP1 encodes a UGE that regulates UDP-sugar homeostasis, thereby controlling the development of rice anthers. The loss of BP1 function led to massive accumulation of UDP-Glc and imbalance of other UDP-sugars. We determined that the higher levels of UDP-Glc and its derivatives in bp1 may induce the expression of NADPH oxidase genes, resulting in a premature accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby advancing programmed cell death (PCD) of anther walls but delaying the end of tapetal degradation. The accumulation of UDP-Glc as metabolites resulted in an abnormal degradation of callose, producing an adhesive microspore. Furthermore, the UDP-sugar metabolism pathway is not only involved in the formation of intine but also in the formation of the initial framework for extine. Our results reveal how UDP-sugars regulate anther development and provide new clues for cellular ROS accumulation and PCD triggered by UDP-Glc as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guoqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weipan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Minglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yueping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengshun Song
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics Breeding of Anhui Province, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jinlong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics Breeding of Anhui Province, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jilei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yongyao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhizhan Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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9
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Wang N, Deng Y, Zhang L, Wan Y, Lei T, Yang Y, Wu C, Du H, Feng P, Yin W, He G. UDP-glucose epimerase 1, moonlighting as a transcriptional activator, is essential for tapetum degradation and male fertility in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:829-848. [PMID: 36926693 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles. UDP-glucose epimerases (UGEs), a subclass of isomerases, catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). We identified a rice male-sterile mutant, osuge1, with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen. The mutant osuge1 protein lacked UDP-glucose epimerase activity, resulting in higher UDP-Gal content and lower UDP-Glc levels in the osuge1 mutant compared with the wild type. Interestingly, we discovered that OsUGE1 participates in the TIP2/bHLH142-TDR-EAT1/DTD transcriptional regulatory cascade involved in tapetum degradation, in which TIP2 and TDR regulate the expression of OsUGE1 while OsUGE1 regulates the expression of EAT1. In addition, we found that OsUGE1 regulates the expression of its own gene by directly binding to an E-box element in the OsUGE1 promoter. Collectively, our results indicate that OsUGE1 not only functions as a UDP-glucose epimerase but also moonlights as a transcriptional activator to promote tapetum degradation, revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of rice reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingchun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hai Du
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wuzhong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guanghua He
- Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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10
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Yang S, Xu N, Chen N, Qi J, Salam A, Wu J, Liu Y, Huang L, Liu B, Gan Y. OsUGE1 is directly targeted by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair length in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:108. [PMID: 37039968 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Root hairs are required for water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Here, we report a novel mechanism that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice. Root hairs are tubular outgrowths generated by the root epidermal cells. They effectively enlarge the soil-root contact area and play essential roles for nutrient and water absorption. Here, in this study, we demonstrated that the Oryza sativa UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 1-like (OsUGE1) negatively regulated root hair elongation and was directly targeted by Oryza sativa growth regulating factor 6 (OsGRF6). Knockout mutants of OsUGE1 using CRISPR-Cas9 technology showed longer root hairs than those of wild type. In contrast, overexpression lines of OsUGE1 displayed shorter root hair compared with those of wild type. GUS staining showed that it could specifically express in root hair. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that OsUGE1 is located in endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and plasma membrane. More importantly, ChIP-qPCR, Yeast-one-hybrid and BiFC experiments revealed that OsGRF6 could bind to the promoter of OsUGE1. Furthermore, knockout mutants of OsGRF6 showed shorter root hair than those of wild type, and OsGRF6 dominantly expressed in root. In addition, the expression level of OsUGE1 is significantly downregulated in Osgrf6 mutant. Taken together, our study reveals a novel pathway that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Abdul Salam
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Huang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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11
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Wu J, Lei C, Li X, Dong X, Qin K, Hong W, Li J, Zhu Y, Chen X. Chemoproteomic Profiling of O‐GlcNAcylation in
Arabidopsis Thaliana
by Using Metabolic Glycan Labeling. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Cong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Xilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xueyang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ke Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Weiyao Hong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yuntao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering Jiangnan University Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center Peking University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
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12
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Tang Y, Wang M, Cao L, Dang Z, Ruan N, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wu J, Zhang M, Xu Z, Chen W, Li F, Xu Q. OsUGE3-mediated cell wall polysaccharides accumulation improves biomass production, mechanical strength, and salt tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2492-2507. [PMID: 35592911 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls constitute the majority of plant biomass and are essential for plant resistance to environmental stresses. It is promising to improve both plant biomass production and stress resistance simultaneously by genetic modification of cell walls. Here, we report the functions of a UDP-galactose/glucose epimerase 3 (OsUGE3) in rice growth and salt tolerance by characterizing its overexpressing plants (OsUGE3-OX) and loss-of-function mutants (uge3). The OsUGE3-OX plants showed improvements in biomass production and mechanical strength, whereas uge3 mutants displayed growth defects. The OsUGE3 exhibits UDP-galactose/glucose epimerase activity that provides substrates for polysaccharides polymerization, consistent with the increased biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicelluloses and strengthened walls in OsUGE3-OX plants. Notably, the OsUGE3 is ubiquitously expressed and induced by salt treatment. The uge3 mutants were hypersensitive to salt and osmotic stresses, whereas the OsUGE3-OX plants showed improved tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses. Moreover, OsUGE3 overexpression improves the homeostasis of Na+ and K+ and induces a higher accumulation of hemicelluloses and soluble sugars during salt stress. Our results suggest that OsUGE3 improves biomass production, mechanical strength, and salt stress tolerance by reinforcement of cell walls with polysaccharides and it could be targeted for genetic modification to improve rice growth under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingni Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjin Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Voiniciuc C. Modern mannan: a hemicellulose's journey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1175-1184. [PMID: 35285041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulosic polysaccharides built of β-1,4-linked mannose units have been found throughout the plant kingdom and have numerous industrial applications. Here, I review recent advances in the biosynthesis and modification of plant β-mannans. These matrix polymers can associate with cellulose bundles to impact the mechanical properties of plant fibers or biocomposites. In certain algae, mannan microfibrils even replace cellulose as the dominant structural component of the cell wall. Conversely, patterned galactoglucomannan found in Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage significantly modulates cell wall architecture and abiotic stress tolerance despite its relatively low content. I also discuss the subcellular requirements for β-mannan biosynthesis, the increasing number of carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in this process, and the players that continue to be puzzling. I discuss how cellulose synthase-like enzymes elongate (gluco)mannans in orthogonal hosts and highlight the discoveries of plant enzymes that add specific galactosyl or acetyl decorations. Hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases have recently been involved in a wide range of biological contexts including seed germination, wood formation, heavy metal tolerance, and defense responses. Synthetic biology tools now provide faster tracks to modulate the increasingly-relevant mannan structures for improved plant traits and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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14
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Althammer M, Regl C, Herburger K, Blöchl C, Voglas E, Huber CG, Tenhaken R. Overexpression of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase leads to higher sensitivity towards galactose, providing new insights into the mechanisms of galactose toxicity in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1416-1426. [PMID: 34913539 PMCID: PMC9306886 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Galactose toxicity (Gal-Tox) is a widespread phenomenon ranging from Escherichia coli to mammals and plants. In plants, the predominant pathway for the conversion of galactose into UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and UDP-glucose is catalyzed by the enzymes galactokinase, UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. Galactose is a major component of cell wall polymers, glycolipids and glycoproteins; therefore, it becomes surprising that exogenous addition of galactose leads to drastic root phenotypes including cessation of primary root growth and induction of lateral root formation. Currently, little is known about galactose-mediated toxicity in plants. In this study, we investigated the role of galactose-containing metabolites like galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1P) and UDP-Gal in Gal-Tox. Recently published data from mouse models suggest that a reduction of the Gal-1P level via an mRNA-based therapy helps to overcome Gal-Tox. To test this hypothesis in plants, we created Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing USP from Pisum sativum. USP enzyme assays confirmed a threefold higher enzyme activity in the overexpression lines leading to a significant reduction of the Gal-1P level in roots. Interestingly, the overexpression lines are phenotypically more sensitive to the exogenous addition of galactose (0.5 mmol L-1 Gal). Nucleotide sugar analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed highly elevated UDP-Gal levels in roots of seedlings grown on 1.5 mmol L-1 galactose versus 1.5 mmol L-1 sucrose. Analysis of plant cell wall glycans by comprehensive microarray polymer profiling showed a high abundance of antibody binding recognizing arabinogalactanproteins and extensins under Gal-feeding conditions, indicating that glycoproteins are a major target for elevated UDP-Gal levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Althammer
- Department of BiosciencesMolecular Plant PhysiologyUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesSection for Plant GlycobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg1871Denmark
| | - Constantin Blöchl
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
| | - Elena Voglas
- Department of BiosciencesMolecular Plant PhysiologyUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of BiosciencesMolecular Plant PhysiologyUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstr. 34Salzburg5020Austria
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15
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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16
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Zou G, Ren J, Wu D, Zhang H, Gong M, Li W, Zhang J, Yang Y. Characterization and Heterologous Expression of UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase From a Hericium erinaceus Mutant with High Polysaccharide Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:796278. [PMID: 34900974 PMCID: PMC8655778 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.796278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is an important medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine because of its polysaccharides and other natural products. Compared terpenoids and polyketides, the analysis of synthetic pathway of polysaccharides is more difficult because of the many genes involved in central metabolism. In previous studies, A6180, encoding a putative UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) in an H. erinaceus mutant with high production of active polysaccharides, was significantly upregulated. Since there is no reliable genetic manipulation technology for H. erinaceus, we employed Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study the function and activity of A6180. The recombinant overexpression vector pET22b-A6180 was constructed for heterologous expression in E. coli. The enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein were investigated. It showed that the recombinant A6180 could strongly convert UDP-α-D-glucose into UDP-α-D-galactose under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 30°C). In addition, when A6180 was introduced into S. cerevisiae BY4742, xylose was detected in the polysaccharide composition of the yeast transformant. This suggested that the protein coded by A6180 might be a multifunctional enzyme. The generated polysaccharides with a new composition of sugars showed enhanced macrophage activity in vitro. These results indicate that A6180 plays an important role in the structure and activity of polysaccharides. It is a promising strategy for producing polysaccharides with higher activity by introducing A6180 into polysaccharide-producing mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanbao Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Henan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Rautengarten C, Duan E, Zhu J, Zhu X, Lei J, Peng C, Wang Y, Teng X, Tian Y, Liu X, Heazlewood JL, Wu A, Wan J. BRITTLE PLANT1 is required for normal cell wall composition and mechanical strength in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:865-877. [PMID: 33615714 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes (NSEs) generate the activated sugar donors required for biosynthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides and glycoproteins. UDP-glucose 4-epimerases (UGEs) are NSEs that function in the interconversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). The roles of UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in monocots remain unclear due to redundancy in the pathways. Here, we report a brittle plant (bp1) rice mutant that exhibits brittle leaves and culms at all growth stages. The mutant culms had reduced levels of rhamnogalacturonan I, homogalacturonan, and arabinogalactan proteins. Moreover, the mutant had altered contents of uronic acids, neutral noncellulosic monosaccharides, and cellulose. Map-based cloning demonstrated that OsBP1 encodes a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (OsUGE2), a cytosolic protein. We also show that BP1 can form homo- and hetero-protein complexes with other UGE family members and with UDP-galactose transporters 2 (OsUGT2) and 3 (OsUGT3), which may facilitate the channeling of Gal to polysaccharides and proteoglycans. Our results demonstrate that BP1 participates in regulating the sugar composition and structure of rice cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Amkul K, Somta P, Laosatit K, Wang L. Identification of QTLs for Domestication-Related Traits in Zombi Pea [ Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich], a Lost Crop of Africa. Front Genet 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 33193562 PMCID: PMC7530282 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich] is a legume crop found in Africa. Wild zombi pea is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, whereas domesticated zombi pea is rarely cultivated. Plant domestication is an evolutionary process in which the phenotypes of wild species, including seed dormancy, pod shattering, organ size, and architectural and phenological characteristics, undergo changes. The molecular mechanism underlying the domestication of zombi pea is relatively unknown. In this study, the genetic basis of the following 13 domestication-related traits was investigated in an F2 population comprising 198 individuals derived from a cross between cultivated (var. macrosperma) and wild (var. vexillata) zombi pea accessions: seed dormancy, pod shattering, days-to-flowering, days-to-maturity, stem thickness, stem length, number of branches, leaf area, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed width, seed length, and seeds per pod. A genetic map containing 6,529 single nucleotide polymorphisms constructed for the F2 population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits. A total of 62 QTLs were identified for the 13 traits, with 1-11 QTLs per trait. The major QTLs for days-to-flowering, stem length, number of branches, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed length, and seeds per pod were clustered in linkage group 5. In contrast, the major QTLs for seed dormancy and pod shattering belonged to linkage groups 3 and 11, respectively. A comparative genomic analysis with the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genome used as the reference sequence (i.e., the genome of the legume species most closely related to zombi pea) enabled the identification of candidate genes for the major QTLs. Thus, we revealed the genomic regions associated with domestication-related traits and the candidate genes controlling these traits in zombi pea. The data presented herein may be useful for breeding new varieties of zombi pea and other Vigna species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitiya Amkul
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Liu S, Tang Y, Ruan N, Dang Z, Huang Y, Miao W, Xu Z, Li F. The Rice BZ1 Locus Is Required for Glycosylation of Arabinogalactan Proteins and Galactolipid and Plays a Role in both Mechanical Strength and Leaf Color. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:41. [PMID: 32556633 PMCID: PMC7300173 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell wall and chloroplast are two fundamental structures determining plant mechanical strength and grain yield. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that improve plants' ability to develop a robust cell wall and well-developed chloroplast is of utmost importance for agricultural activities. RESULTS In this study, we report the functional characterization of a novel rice mutant, brittle stem and zebra leaf (bz1), which displays altered cell wall composition and collapsed chloroplast membrane. Molecular and biochemical analysis revealed that BZ1 encodes a functional UDP-galactose/glucose epimerase (UGE) and is ubiquitously expressed with higher expression in stem and leaf tissues. Multiple techniques analyses, including immunoblots, immuno-gold, and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, demonstrated a significantly impaired glycosylation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and disordered cellulose microfibril deposition in bz1. Lipid profiling assay showed that the amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG), a major chloroplast membrane glycolipid, was significantly decreased in bz1. Taken together, these results strongly demonstrate that BZ1 participates in UDP-galactose supply for the sugar chains biosynthesis of AGPs and MGDG, which thereby, respectively, results in altered cell wall and abnormal chloroplast development. Due to inferior mechanical strength and reduced photosynthesis, bz1 plants displayed detrimental agronomic traits, whereas BZ1 overexpressing lines showed enhanced plant growth. Transcriptome analysis of stems and leaves further showed that numerous key genes involved in AGPs biosynthesis and photosynthesis metabolism were substantially suppressed in bz1. CONCLUSIONS Our finding identifies BZ1 as a dual-targeting UGE protein for glycosylation of AGPs and MGDG and suggests a strategy for breeding robust elite crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
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20
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Zhang R, Hu H, Wang Y, Hu Z, Ren S, Li J, He B, Wang Y, Xia T, Chen P, Xie G, Peng L. A novel rice fragile culm 24 mutant encodes a UDP-glucose epimerase that affects cell wall properties and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2956-2969. [PMID: 32064495 PMCID: PMC7260720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose epimerases (UGEs) are essential enzymes for catalysing the conversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) into UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). Although UDP-Gal has been well studied as the substrate for the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, much remains unknown about the biological function of UGEs in plants. In this study, we selected a novel rice fragile culm 24 (Osfc24) mutant and identified it as a nonsense mutation of the FC24/OsUGE2 gene. The Osfc24 mutant shows a brittleness phenotype with significantly altered cell wall composition and disrupted orientation of the cellulose microfibrils. We found significantly reduced accumulation of arabinogalactan proteins in the cell walls of the mutant, which may consequently affect plant growth and cell wall deposition, and be responsible for the altered cellulose microfibril orientation. The mutant exhibits dwarfism and paler leaves with significantly decreased contents of galactolipids and chlorophyll, resulting in defects in plant photosynthesis. Based on our results, we propose a model for how OsUGE2 participates in two distinct metabolic pathways to co-modulate cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall assembly by dynamically providing UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huizhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangfeng Ren
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyang He
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guosheng Xie
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Yang Y, Wang YY, Liu MZ, Sun ZY, Wang W. cDNA isolation and functional characterization of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase from Davallia divaricate. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:271-278. [PMID: 31888381 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1703697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) is a universal enzyme responsible for interconversion of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. However, the gene encoding UGE from Davallia divaricate is elusive. In this study, two UGE genes, ddUGE1 and ddUGE2, were isolated and cloned from D. divaricate using a transcriptome-guided search strategy. Two unigenes sharing high sequence identity with UGE homologous genes were selected from transcriptome assembly. The enzymes, further functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibit narrow substrate specificity. The biochemical characterization assays of DdUGE1 and DdUGE2 showed good thermal and pH stability, and metal ion independence, which provides a meaningful feature for biotechnological applications.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Min-Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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22
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Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Tuvikene R. Structural Diversity in Galactans From Red Seaweeds and Its Influence on Rheological Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559986. [PMID: 33013979 PMCID: PMC7511586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactans are important components of many plant cell walls. Besides, they are the major polysaccharides in extracellular matrixes from different seaweeds, and other marine organisms, which have an acidic character due to the presence of sulfate groups in their structures. In particular, most of the red seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated galactans with very special linear backbones, constituted by alternating (1→3)-β-d-galactopyranose units (A-unit) and (1→4)-α-galactopyranose residues (B-unit). In the industrially significant seaweeds as source of hydrocolloids, B-units belong either to the d-series and they produce carrageenans (as in the order Gigartinales), or to the l-series, and they are sources of agarose and/or structurally related polymers (i.e., Gelidiales, Gracilariales). In both cases, the latter units appear as cyclized 3,6-anhydro-α-galactose in certain amounts, which can be increased by alkaline cyclization of α-galactose 6-sulfate units. Besides, it has been clearly shown that some red algae produce different amounts of both galactan structures, known as d/l-hybrids. It is not yet clear if they comprise both diasteromeric types of units in the same molecule, or if they are mixtures of carrageenans and agarans that are very difficult to separate. It has been reported that the biosynthesis of these galactans, showing that the nucleotide transport for d-galactopyranose units is UDP-d-Gal, while for l-galactose, it is GDP-l-Gal, so, there is a different pathway in the biosynthesis of agarans. However, at least in those seaweeds that produce carrageenans as major galactans, but also agarans, both synthetic pathways should coexist. Another interesting characteristic of these galactans is the important variation in the sulfation patterns, which modulate their physical behavior in aqueous solutions. Although the most common carrageenans are of the κ/ι- and λ-types (with A-units sulfated at the 4- and 2-positions, respectively) and usually in agarans, when sulfated, is at the 6-position, many other sulfate arrangements have been reported, greatly influencing the functional properties of the corresponding galactans. Other substituents can modify their structures, as methyl ethers, pyruvic acid ketals, acetates, and single stubs of xylose or other monosaccharides. It has been shown that structural heterogeneity at some extent is essential for the proper functional performance of red algal galactans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas (CIHIDECAR,CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Matulewicz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: María Cristina Matulewicz,
| | - Rando Tuvikene
- Tallinn University, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn, Estonia
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23
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Lu Y, Deng S, Li Z, Wu J, Liu Q, Liu W, Yu WJ, Zhang Y, Shi W, Zhou J, Li H, Polle A, Luo ZB. Competing Endogenous RNA Networks Underlying Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics of Poplar Wood in Acclimation to Low Nitrogen Availability. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2478-2495. [PMID: 31368491 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although poplar plantations are often established on nitrogen (N)-poor soil, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying wood properties of poplars in acclimation to low N availability remain largely unknown. To investigate wood properties of poplars in acclimation to low N, Populus � canescens saplings were exposed to either 50 (low N) or 500 (normal N) �M NH4NO3 for 2 months. Low N resulted in decreased xylem width and cell layers of the xylem (the number of cells counted along the ray parenchyma on the stem cross section), narrower lumina of vessels and fibers, greater thickness of double fiber walls (the walls between two adjacent fiber cells), more hemicellulose and lignin deposition, and reduced cellulose accumulation in poplar wood. Consistently, concentrations of gibberellins involved in cell size determination and the abundance of various metabolites including amino acids, carbohydrates and precursors for cell wall biosynthesis were decreased in low N-supplied wood. In line with these anatomical and physiological changes, a number of mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were significantly differentially expressed. Competing endogenous RNA regulatory networks were identified in the wood of low N-treated poplars. Overall, these results indicate that miRNAs-lncRNAs-mRNAs networks are involved in regulating wood properties and physiological processes of poplars in acclimation to low N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shurong Deng
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangting Wu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Liu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jian Yu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Postgraduate School, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, B�sgenweg 2, G�ttingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
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24
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Jia XM, Zhu YF, Hu Y, Zhang R, Cheng L, Zhu ZL, Zhao T, Zhang X, Wang YX. Integrated physiologic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of Malus halliana adaptation to saline-alkali stress. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:91. [PMID: 31645949 PMCID: PMC6804568 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Saline-alkali stress is a severely adverse abiotic stress limiting plant growth. Malus halliana Koehne is an apple rootstock that is tolerant to saline-alkali stress. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance of M. halliana to saline-alkali stress, an integrated metabolomic and proteomic approach was used to analyze the plant pathways involved in the stress response of the plant and its regulatory mechanisms. A total of 179 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 140 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified. We found that two metabolite-related enzymes (PPD and PAO) were associated with senescence and involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; six photosynthesis proteins (PSAH2, PSAK, PSBO2, PSBP1, and PSBQ2) were significantly upregulated, especially PSBO2, and could act as regulators of photosystem II (PSII) repair. Sucrose, acting as a signaling molecule, directly mediated the accumulation of D-phenylalanine, tryptophan, and alkaloid (vindoline and ecgonine) and the expression of proteins related to aspartate and glutamate (ASP3, ASN1, NIT4, and GLN1-1). These responses play a central role in maintaining osmotic balance and removing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, sucrose signaling induced flavonoid biosynthesis by activating the expression of CYP75B1 to regulate the homeostasis of ROS and promoted auxin signaling by activating the expression of T31B5_170 to enhance the resistance of M. halliana to saline-alkali stress. The decrease in peroxidase superfamily protein (PER) and ALDH2C4 during lignin synthesis further triggered a plant saline-alkali response. Overall, this study provides an important starting point for improving saline-alkali tolerance in M. halliana via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-mei Jia
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-fang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Hu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Zu-lei Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiayi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-xiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
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25
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Ahn CH, Hossain MA, Lee E, Kanth BK, Park PB. Increased salt and drought tolerance by D-pinitol production in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:315-320. [PMID: 30180952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
D-ononitol epimerase (OEP) catalyzes the conversion of D-ononitol to D-pinitol, which is the last step in the biosynthetic pathway, where myo-inositol is converted to pinitol in higher plants. In this study, OEP cDNA was isolated from Glycine max (GmOEP) and was functionally characterized, which confirmed that GmOEP expression was induced by high salinity and drought stress treatments. To understand the biological function of GmOEP, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing this protein were constructed. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants displayed enhanced tolerance to high salinity and drought stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Md Amir Hossain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Eunjeong Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Bashista Kumar Kanth
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Phun Bum Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea.
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26
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Song HB, He M, Cai ZP, Huang K, Flitsch SL, Liu L, Voglmeir J. UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase and β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase from the Oyster Magallana gigas as Valuable Biocatalysts for the Production of Galactosylated Products. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1600. [PMID: 29844279 PMCID: PMC6032241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is a valuable building block in the enzymatic synthesis of galactose-containing glycoconjugates. UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reversible conversion of abundantly available UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. Herein, we described the cloning, expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of an unstudied UGE from the oyster Magallana gigas (MgUGE). Activity tests of recombinantly expressed MgUGE, using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), mass spectrometry, and photometric assays, showed an optimal temperature of 16 °C, and reasonable thermal stability up to 37 °C. No metal ions were required for enzymatic activity. The simple nickel-affinity-purification procedure makes MgUGE a valuable biocatalyst for the synthesis of UDP-galactose from UDP-glucose. The biosynthetic potential of MgUGE was further exemplified in a coupled enzymatic reaction with an oyster-derived β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (MgGalT7), allowing the galactosylation of the model substrate para-nitrophenol xylose (pNP-xylose) using UDP-glucose as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Bo Song
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Department of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Meng He
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi-Peng Cai
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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27
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Xavier A, Jarquin D, Howard R, Ramasubramanian V, Specht JE, Graef GL, Beavis WD, Diers BW, Song Q, Cregan PB, Nelson R, Mian R, Shannon JG, McHale L, Wang D, Schapaugh W, Lorenz AJ, Xu S, Muir WM, Rainey KM. Genome-Wide Analysis of Grain Yield Stability and Environmental Interactions in a Multiparental Soybean Population. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:519-529. [PMID: 29217731 PMCID: PMC5919731 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic improvement toward optimized and stable agronomic performance of soybean genotypes is desirable for food security. Understanding how genotypes perform in different environmental conditions helps breeders develop sustainable cultivars adapted to target regions. Complex traits of importance are known to be controlled by a large number of genomic regions with small effects whose magnitude and direction are modulated by environmental factors. Knowledge of the constraints and undesirable effects resulting from genotype by environmental interactions is a key objective in improving selection procedures in soybean breeding programs. In this study, the genetic basis of soybean grain yield responsiveness to environmental factors was examined in a large soybean nested association population. For this, a genome-wide association to performance stability estimates generated from a Finlay-Wilkinson analysis and the inclusion of the interaction between marker genotypes and environmental factors was implemented. Genomic footprints were investigated by analysis and meta-analysis using a recently published multiparent model. Results indicated that specific soybean genomic regions were associated with stability, and that multiplicative interactions were present between environments and genetic background. Seven genomic regions in six chromosomes were identified as being associated with genotype-by-environment interactions. This study provides insight into genomic assisted breeding aimed at achieving a more stable agronomic performance of soybean, and documented opportunities to exploit genomic regions that were specifically associated with interactions involving environments and subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alencar Xavier
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Diego Jarquin
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Reka Howard
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | | | - James E Specht
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - George L Graef
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | | | - Brian W Diers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Qijian Song
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Perry B Cregan
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Randall Nelson
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- USDA-ARS, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rouf Mian
- USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - J Grover Shannon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Portageville, Missouri 63873
| | - Leah McHale
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dechun Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - William Schapaugh
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Aaron J Lorenz
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Shizhong Xu
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - William M Muir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Katy M Rainey
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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28
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Protein Glycosylation and Production of Biopharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66360-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Farcuh M, Li B, Rivero RM, Shlizerman L, Sadka A, Blumwald E. Sugar metabolism reprogramming in a non-climacteric bud mutant of a climacteric plum fruit during development on the tree. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5813-5828. [PMID: 29186495 PMCID: PMC5854140 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated sugar metabolism in leaves and fruits of two Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars, the climacteric Santa Rosa and its bud sport mutant the non-climacteric Sweet Miriam, during development on the tree. We previously characterized differences between the two cultivars. Here, we identified key sugar metabolic pathways. Pearson coefficient correlations of metabolomics and transcriptomic data and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data allowed the identification of 11 key sugar metabolism-associated genes: sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, cytosolic invertase, vacuolar invertase, invertase inhibitor, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, galactokinase, trehalase, galactinol synthase, and raffinose synthase. These pathways were further assessed and validated through the biochemical characterization of the gene products and with metabolite analysis. Our results demonstrated the reprogramming of sugar metabolism in both leaves and fruits in the non-climacteric plum, which displayed a shift towards increased sorbitol synthesis. Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits showed differences in their UDP-galactose metabolism towards the production of galactose and raffinose, respectively. The higher content of galactinol, myo-inositol, raffinose, and trehalose in the non-climacteric fruits could improve the ability of the fruits to cope with the oxidative processes associated with fruit ripening. Overall, our results support a relationship between sugar metabolism, ethylene, and ripening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bosheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
| | | | | | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
- Correspondence:
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30
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Bygdell J, Srivastava V, Obudulu O, Srivastava MK, Nilsson R, Sundberg B, Trygg J, Mellerowicz EJ, Wingsle G. Protein expression in tension wood formation monitored at high tissue resolution in Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3405-3417. [PMID: 28633298 PMCID: PMC5853651 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood (TW) is a specialized tissue with contractile properties that is formed by the vascular cambium in response to gravitational stimuli. We quantitatively analysed the proteomes of Populus tremula cambium and its xylem cell derivatives in stems forming normal wood (NW) and TW to reveal the mechanisms underlying TW formation. Phloem-, cambium-, and wood-forming tissues were sampled by tangential cryosectioning and pooled into nine independent samples. The proteomes of TW and NW samples were similar in the phloem and cambium samples, but diverged early during xylogenesis, demonstrating that reprogramming is an integral part of TW formation. For example, 14-3-3, reactive oxygen species, ribosomal and ATPase complex proteins were found to be up-regulated at early stages of xylem differentiation during TW formation. At later stages of xylem differentiation, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II, arabinogalactan-II and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were up-regulated in TW. Surprisingly, two isoforms of exostosin family proteins with putative xylan xylosyl transferase function and several lignin biosynthesis proteins were also up-regulated, even though xylan and lignin are known to be less abundant in TW than in NW. These data provided new insight into the processes behind TW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Bygdell
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ogonna Obudulu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj K Srivastava
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | - Robert Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Trygg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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31
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Engelsdorf T, Will C, Hofmann J, Schmitt C, Merritt BB, Rieger L, Frenger MS, Marschall A, Franke RB, Pattathil S, Voll LM. Cell wall composition and penetration resistance against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum are affected by impaired starch turnover in Arabidopsis mutants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:701-713. [PMID: 28204541 PMCID: PMC5441917 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Penetration resistance represents the first level of plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi. Here, we report that the starch-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutant has impaired penetration resistance against the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. We could not determine any changes in leaf cutin and epicuticular wax composition or indolic glucosinolate levels, but detected complex alterations in the cell wall monosaccharide composition of pgm. Notably, other mutants deficient in starch biosynthesis (adg1) or mobilization (sex1) had similarly affected cell wall composition and penetration resistance. Glycome profiling analysis showed that both overall cell wall polysaccharide extractability and relative extractability of specific pectin and xylan epitopes were affected in pgm, suggesting extensive structural changes in pgm cell walls. Screening of mutants with alterations in content or modification of specific cell wall monosaccharides indicated an important function of pectic polymers for penetration resistance and hyphal growth of C. higginsianum during the biotrophic interaction phase. While mutants with affected pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (mur8) were hypersusceptible, penetration frequency and morphology of fungal hyphae were impaired on pmr5 pmr6 mutants with increased pectin levels. Our results reveal a strong impact of starch metabolism on cell wall composition and suggest a link between carbohydrate availability, cell wall pectin and penetration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Will
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brian B Merritt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leonie Rieger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc S Frenger
- Universität Bonn, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Marschall
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg-Simon Ohm, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Rochus B Franke
- Universität Bonn, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lars M Voll
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Sun H, Li L, Lou Y, Zhao H, Yang Y, Gao Z. Cloning and Preliminary Functional Analysis of PeUGE Gene from Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:706-714. [PMID: 27525704 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (UGE) is a key enzyme involved in galactose metabolism by catalyzing the interconversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. The cDNA encoding UGE was isolated from Phyllostachys edulis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and was designated as PeUGE. The full-length cDNA of PeUGE was 1778 bp, which contained an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a peptide of 420 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 46.58 kDa and a theoretic isoelectric point of 9.07. The genomic sequence corresponding to the ORF of PeUGE was 2656 bp containing 10 exons separated by nine introns. Tissue-specific analysis showed that PeUGE was constitutively expressed with the highest level in shoots, which had an increasing trend with the growth of shoots. PeUGE was induced by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and water stresses. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and lateral roots analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing PeUGE systematically confirmed the crucial role of PeUGE in improving the tolerance to abiotic stresses. These results indicated that PeUGE might be one of the key genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides during the growth and development of bamboo and in response to stresses, which provided a candidate gene for molecular engineering to improve the quality of bamboo products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Sun
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Li
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Lou
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Hansheng Zhao
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China .,2 College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- 1 State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources , International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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33
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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34
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Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. The plant secretory pathway for the trafficking of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2016; 26:940-949. [PMID: 27072815 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant endomembranes are required for the biosynthesis and secretion of complex cell wall matrix polysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteoglycans. To define the biochemical roadmap that guides the synthesis and deposition of these cell wall components it is first necessary to outline the localization of the biosynthetic and modifying enzymes involved, as well as the distribution of the intermediate and final constituents of the cell wall. Thus far, a comprehensive understanding of cell wall matrix components has been hampered by the multiplicity of trafficking routes in the secretory pathway, and the diverse biosynthetic roles of the endomembrane organelles, which may exhibit tissue and development specific features. However, the recent identification of protein complexes producing matrix polysaccharides, and those supporting the synthesis and distribution of a grass-specific hemicellulose are advancing our understanding of the functional contribution of the plant secretory pathway in cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the plant membrane trafficking routes and report on recent exciting accomplishments in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying secretion with focus on cell wall synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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35
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Abdula SE, Lee HJ, Kim J, Niño MC, Jung YJ, Cho YC, Nou I, Kang KK, Cho YG. BrUGE1 transgenic rice showed improved growth performance with enhanced drought tolerance. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:226-33. [PMID: 27162494 PMCID: PMC4785000 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. To understand the biological function of UGE from Brassica rapa, the gene BrUGE1 was cloned and introduced into the genome of wild type rice 'Gopum' using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Four lines which carried a single copy gene were selected and forwarded to T3 generation. Agronomic traits evaluation of the transgenic T3 lines (CB01, CB03, and CB06) under optimal field conditions revealed enriched biomass production particularly in panicle length, number of productive tillers, number of spikelets per panicle, and filled spikelets. These remarkably improved agronomic traits were ascribed to a higher photosynthetic rate complemented with higher CO2 assimilation. Transcripts of BrUGE1 in transgenic lines continuously accumulated at higher levels after the 20% PEG6000 treatment, implying its probable role in drought stress regulation. This was paralleled by rapid accumulation of soluble sugars which act as osmoprotectants, leading to delayed leaf rolling and drying. Our findings suggest the potential of BrUGE1 in improving rice growth performance under optimal and water deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailila E. Abdula
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University,
Cheongju 28644,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University,
Cheongju 28644,
Republic of Korea
| | - Joonki Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University,
Cheongju 28644,
Republic of Korea
| | - Marjohn C. Niño
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University,
Cheongju 28644,
Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Hankyong National University,
Ansung 17579,
Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chan Cho
- National Institute of Crop Science,
Jeollabuk-do 55365,
Republic of Korea
| | - Illsup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University,
Sunchon 57922,
Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Kyoo Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Hankyong National University,
Ansung 17579,
Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University,
Cheongju 28644,
Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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36
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Yin S, Kong JQ. Transcriptome-guided discovery and functional characterization of two UDP-sugar 4-epimerase families involved in the biosynthesis of anti-tumor polysaccharides in Ornithogalum caudatum. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-guided discovery and functional identification of UGE and UXE families were presented. Importantly, OcUGE1/2 and OcUXE1 were preliminarily revealed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of anticancer polysaccharides inO. caudatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yin
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
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37
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Paul P, Chaturvedi P, Selymesi M, Ghatak A, Mesihovic A, Scharf KD, Weckwerth W, Simm S, Schleiff E. The membrane proteome of male gametophyte in Solanum lycopersicum. J Proteomics 2016; 131:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Wang S, Ito T, Uehara M, Naito S, Takano J. UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 4 is required for organization of the trans-Golgi network/early endosome in Arabidopsis thaliana root epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:863-873. [PMID: 26013532 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane organization is essential for cell physiology. We previously identified an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant in which a plasma membrane (PM) marker GFP-NIP5;1 and trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) markers were accumulated in intracellular aggregates in epidermal cells of the root elongation zone. The mutant was identified as an allele of UDP-glucose epimerase 4 (UGE4)/root hair defective 1/root epidermal bulgar 1, which was previously described as a mutant with swollen root epidermal cells and has an altered sugar composition in cell wall polysaccharides. Importantly, these defects including aggregate formation were restored by supplementation of D-galactose in the medium. These results suggested that UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UGE4 is important for endomembrane organization in addition to cell wall structure. Here, we further investigated the nature of the aggregates using various markers of endomembrane compartments and BOR1-GFP, which traffics from PM to vacuole in response to high-B supply. The markers of multi-vesicular bodies/late endosomes (MVB/LEs) and BOR1-GFP were strongly accumulated in the intracellular aggregates, while those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the vacuolar membrane, and the Golgi were only slightly affected in the uge4 mutant. The abnormal localizations of these markers in the uge4 mutant differed from the effects of inhibitors of actin and microtubule polymerization, although they also affected endomembrane organization. Furthermore, electron microscopy analysis revealed accumulation of abnormal high-electron-density vesicles in elongating epidermal cells. The abnormal vesicles were often associated or interconnected with TGN/EEs and contained ADP-ribosylation factor 1, which is usually localized to the Golgi and the TGN/EEs. On the other hand, structures of the ER, Golgi apparatus, and MVB/LEs were apparently normal in uge4 cells. Together, our data indicate the importance of UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UGE4 for the organization and function of endomembranes, especially TGN/EEs, which are a sorting station of the secretory and vacuolar pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheliang Wang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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Yadav UP, Ayre BG, Bush DR. Transgenic approaches to altering carbon and nitrogen partitioning in whole plants: assessing the potential to improve crop yields and nutritional quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:275. [PMID: 25954297 PMCID: PMC4405696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The principal components of plant productivity and nutritional value, from the standpoint of modern agriculture, are the acquisition and partitioning of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) compounds among the various organs of the plant. The flow of essential organic nutrients among the plant organ systems is mediated by its complex vascular system, and is driven by a series of transport steps including export from sites of primary assimilation, transport into and out of the phloem and xylem, and transport into the various import-dependent organs. Manipulating C and N partitioning to enhance yield of harvested organs is evident in the earliest crop domestication events and continues to be a goal for modern plant biology. Research on the biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, and physiology of C and N partitioning has now matured to an extent that strategic manipulation of these transport systems through biotechnology are being attempted to improve movement from source to sink tissues in general, but also to target partitioning to specific organs. These nascent efforts are demonstrating the potential of applied biomass targeting but are also identifying interactions between essential nutrients that require further basic research. In this review, we summarize the key transport steps involved in C and N partitioning, and discuss various transgenic approaches for directly manipulating key C and N transporters involved. In addition, we propose several experiments that could enhance biomass accumulation in targeted organs while simultaneously testing current partitioning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kleczkowski LA, Decker D. Sugar Activation for Production of Nucleotide Sugars as Substrates for Glycosyltransferases in Plants. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University
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Gondolf VM, Stoppel R, Ebert B, Rautengarten C, Liwanag AJM, Loqué D, Scheller HV. A gene stacking approach leads to engineered plants with highly increased galactan levels in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:344. [PMID: 25492673 PMCID: PMC4268804 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineering of plants with a composition of lignocellulosic biomass that is more suitable for downstream processing is of high interest for next-generation biofuel production. Lignocellulosic biomass contains a high proportion of pentose residues, which are more difficult to convert into fuels than hexoses. Therefore, increasing the hexose/pentose ratio in biomass is one approach for biomass improvement. A genetic engineering approach was used to investigate whether the amount of pectic galactan can be specifically increased in cell walls of Arabidopsis fiber cells, which in turn could provide a potential source of readily fermentable galactose. RESULTS First it was tested if overexpression of various plant UDP-glucose 4-epimerases (UGEs) could increase the availability of UDP-galactose and thereby increase the biosynthesis of galactan. Constitutive and tissue-specific expression of a poplar UGE and three Arabidopsis UGEs in Arabidopsis plants could not significantly increase the amount of cell wall bound galactose. We then investigated co-overexpression of AtUGE2 together with the β-1,4-galactan synthase GalS1. Co-overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 led to over 80% increase in cell wall galactose levels in Arabidopsis stems, providing evidence that these proteins work synergistically. Furthermore, AtUGE2 and GalS1 overexpression in combination with overexpression of the NST1 master regulator for secondary cell wall biosynthesis resulted in increased thickness of fiber cell walls in addition to the high cell wall galactose levels. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that the increased galactose was present as β-1,4-galactan in secondary cell walls. CONCLUSIONS This approach clearly indicates that simultaneous overexpression of AtUGE2 and GalS1 increases the cell wall galactose to much higher levels than can be achieved by overexpressing either one of these proteins alone. Moreover, the increased galactan content in fiber cells while improving the biomass composition had no impact on plant growth and development and hence on the overall biomass amount. Thus, we could show that the gene stacking approach described here is a promising method to engineer advanced feedstocks for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe M Gondolf
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rhea Stoppel
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - April JM Liwanag
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- />Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
- />Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
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Arias MC, Pelletier S, Hilliou F, Wattebled F, Renou JP, D'Hulst C. From dusk till dawn: the Arabidopsis thaliana sugar starving responsive network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:482. [PMID: 25295047 PMCID: PMC4170100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are tightly controlled by photosynthetic carbon availability. The understanding of mechanisms governing carbon partitioning in plants will be a valuable tool in order to satisfy the rising global demand for food and biofuel. The goal of this study was to determine if sugar starvation responses were transcriptionally coordinated in Arabidopsis thaliana. A set of sugar-starvation responsive (SSR) genes was selected to perform a co-expression network analysis. Posteriorly, a guided-gene approach was used to identify the SSR-network from public data and to discover candidate regulators of this network. In order to validate the SSR network, a global transcriptome analysis was realized on three A. thaliana starch-deficient mutants. The starch-deficient phenotype in leaves induces sugar starvation syndrome at the end of the night due to the absence of photosynthesis. Promoter sequences of genes belonging to the SSR-network were analyzed in silico reveling over-represented motifs implicated in light, abscisic acid, and sugar responses. A small cluster of protein encoding genes belonging to different metabolic pathways, including three regulatory proteins, a protein kinase, a transcription factor, and a blue light receptor, were identified as the cornerstones of the SSR co-expression network. In summary, a large transcriptionally coordinated SSR network was identified and was validated with transcriptional data from three starch-deficient mutant lines. Candidate master regulators of this network were point out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Arias
- Unité Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576-CNRS, Université de Lille 1Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Frédérique Hilliou
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueSophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Fabrice Wattebled
- Unité Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576-CNRS, Université de Lille 1Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Christophe D'Hulst
- Unité Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576-CNRS, Université de Lille 1Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Guevara DR, El-Kereamy A, Yaish MW, Mei-Bi Y, Rothstein SJ. Functional characterization of the rice UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 1, OsUGE1: a potential role in cell wall carbohydrate partitioning during limiting nitrogen conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96158. [PMID: 24788752 PMCID: PMC4006880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants grown under inadequate mineralized nitrogen (N) levels undergo N and carbon (C) metabolic re-programming which leads to significant changes in both soluble and insoluble carbohydrate profiles. However, relatively little information is available on the genetic factors controlling carbohydrate partitioning during adaptation to N-limitation conditions in plants. A gene encoding a uridine-diphospho-(UDP)-glucose 4-epimerase (OsUGE-1) from rice (Oryza sativa) was found to be N-responsive. We developed transgenic rice plants to constitutively over-express the OsUGE-1 gene (OsUGE1-OX1-2). The transgenic rice lines were similar in size to wild-type plants at the vegetative stage and at maturity regardless of the N-level tested. However, OsUGE1-OX lines maintained 18-24% more sucrose and 12-22% less cellulose in shoots compared to wild-type when subjected to sub-optimal N-levels. Interestingly, OsUGE1-OX lines maintained proportionally more galactose and glucose in the hemicellulosic polysaccharide profile of plants compared to wild-type plants when grown under low N. The altered cell wall C-partitioning during N-limitation in the OsUGE1-OX lines appears to be mediated by OsUGE1 via the repression of the cellulose synthesis associated genes, OsSus1, OsCesA4, 7, and 9. This relationship may implicate a novel control point for the deposition of UDP-glucose to the complex polysaccharide profiles of rice cell walls. However, a direct relationship between OsUGE1 and cell wall C-partitioning during N-limitation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Guevara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashraf El-Kereamy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yong Mei-Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Uehara M, Wang S, Kamiya T, Shigenobu S, Yamaguchi K, Fujiwara T, Naito S, Takano J. Identification and Characterization of an Arabidopsis Mutant with Altered Localization of NIP5;1, a Plasma Membrane Boric Acid Channel, Reveals the Requirement for d-Galactose in Endomembrane Organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:704-14. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Deeplanaik N, Kumaran RC, Venkatarangaiah K, Shivashankar SKH, Doddamani D, Telkar S. Expression of drought responsive genes in pigeonpea and in silico comparison with soybean cDNA library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-013-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Recent progress in the identification and characterization of pectin biosynthetic proteins and the discovery of pectin domain-containing proteoglycans are changing our view of how pectin, the most complex family of plant cell wall polysaccharides, is synthesized. The functional confirmation of four types of pectin biosynthetic glycosyltransferases, the identification of multiple putative pectin glycosyl- and methyltransferases, and the characteristics of the GAUT1:GAUT7 homogalacturonan biosynthetic complex with its novel mechanism for retaining catalytic subunits in the Golgi apparatus and its 12 putative interacting proteins are beginning to provide a framework for the pectin biosynthetic process. We propose two partially overlapping hypothetical and testable models for pectin synthesis: the consecutive glycosyltransferase model and the domain synthesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani A Atmodjo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA.
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Handford M, Rodríguez-Furlán C, Marchant L, Segura M, Gómez D, Alvarez-Buylla E, Xiong GY, Pauly M, Orellana A. Arabidopsis thaliana AtUTr7 encodes a golgi-localized UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose transporter that affects lateral root emergence. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1263-80. [PMID: 22933714 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are antiporters comprising a gene family that plays a fundamental role in the biosynthesis of complex cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins in plants. However, due to the limited number of related mutants that have observable phenotypes, the biological function(s) of most NSTs in cell wall biosynthesis and assembly have remained elusive. Here, we report the characterization of AtUTr7 from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.), which is homologous to multi-specific UDP-sugar transporters from Drosophila melanogaster, humans, and Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that AtUTr7 possesses the common structural characteristics conserved among NSTs. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged version, we demonstrate that AtUTr7 is localized in the Golgi apparatus. We also show that AtUTr7 is widely expressed, especially in the roots and in specific floral organs. Additionally, the results of an in vitro nucleotide sugar transport assay carried out with a tobacco and a yeast expression system suggest that AtUTr7 is capable of transferring UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc, but not a range of other UDP- and GDP-sugars, into the Golgi lumen. Mutants lacking expression of AtUTr7 exhibited an early proliferation of lateral roots as well as distorted root hairs when cultivated at high sucrose concentrations. Furthermore, the distribution of homogalacturonan with a low degree of methyl esterification differed in lateral root tips of the mutant compared to wild-type plants, although additional analytical procedures revealed no further differences in the composition of the root cell walls. This evidence suggests that the transport of UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc into the Golgi under conditions of high root biomass production plays a role in lateral root and root hair development.
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Søgaard C, Stenbæk A, Bernard S, Hadi M, Driouich A, Scheller HV, Sakuragi Y. GO-PROMTO illuminates protein membrane topologies of glycan biosynthetic enzymes in the Golgi apparatus of living tissues. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31324. [PMID: 22363620 PMCID: PMC3283625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the main site of glycan biosynthesis in eukaryotes. Better understanding of the membrane topology of the proteins and enzymes involved can impart new mechanistic insights into these processes. Publically available bioinformatic tools provide highly variable predictions of membrane topologies for given proteins. Therefore we devised a non-invasive experimental method by which the membrane topologies of Golgi-resident proteins can be determined in the Golgi apparatus in living tissues. A Golgi marker was used to construct a series of reporters based on the principle of bimolecular fluorescence complementation. The reporters and proteins of interest were recombinantly fused to split halves of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and transiently co-expressed with the reporters in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue. Output signals were binary, showing either the presence or absence of fluorescence with signal morphologies characteristic of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The method allows prompt and robust determinations of membrane topologies of Golgi-resident proteins and is termed GO-PROMTO (for GOlgi PROtein Membrane TOpology). We applied GO-PROMTO to examine the topologies of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides including xyloglucan and arabinan. The results suggest the existence of novel biosynthetic mechanisms involving transports of intermediates across Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Søgaard
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Villum Kann Rasmussen Centre for ProActive Plants, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Stenbæk
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Villum Kann Rasmussen Centre for ProActive Plants, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire-EA 4358, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Masood Hadi
- Technologies Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Sandia National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire-EA 4358, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Villum Kann Rasmussen Centre for ProActive Plants, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Sen M, Shah B, Rakshit S, Singh V, Padmanabhan B, Ponnusamy M, Pari K, Vishwakarma R, Nandi D, Sadhale PP. UDP-glucose 4, 6-dehydratase activity plays an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity and virulence of Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002384. [PMID: 22114559 PMCID: PMC3219719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen, undergoes morphogenetic changes that are associated with virulence. We report here that GAL102 in C. albicans encodes a homolog of dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, an enzyme that affects cell wall properties as well as virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. We found that GAL102 deletion leads to greater sensitivity to antifungal drugs and cell wall destabilizing agents like Calcofluor white and Congo red. The mutant also formed biofilms consisting mainly of hyphal cells that show less turgor. The NMR analysis of cell wall mannans of gal102 deletion strain revealed that a major constituent of mannan is missing and the phosphomannan component known to affect virulence is greatly reduced. We also observed that there was a substantial reduction in the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation but increase in the expression of genes encoding glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in the mutant. These, along with altered mannosylation of cell wall proteins together might be responsible for multiple phenotypes displayed by the mutant. Finally, the mutant was unable to grow in the presence of resident peritoneal macrophages and elicited a weak pro-inflammatory cytokine response in vitro. Similarly, this mutant elicited a poor serum pro-inflammatory cytokine response as judged by IFNγ and TNFα levels and showed reduced virulence in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Importantly, an Ala substitution for a conserved Lys residue in the active site motif YXXXK, that abrogates the enzyme activity also showed reduced virulence and increased filamentation similar to the gal102 deletion strain. Since inactivating the enzyme encoded by GAL102 makes the cells sensitive to antifungal drugs and reduces its virulence, it can serve as a potential drug target in combination therapies for C. albicans and related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manimala Sen
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavin Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Srabanti Rakshit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavna Padmanabhan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Parag P. Sadhale
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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50
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Li C, Wang Y, Liu L, Hu Y, Zhang F, Mergen S, Wang G, Schläppi MR, Chu C. A rice plastidial nucleotide sugar epimerase is involved in galactolipid biosynthesis and improves photosynthetic efficiency. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002196. [PMID: 21829379 PMCID: PMC3145628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the final determinator for crop yield. To gain insight into genes controlling photosynthetic capacity, we selected from our large T-DNA mutant population a rice stunted growth mutant with decreased carbon assimilate and yield production named photoassimilate defective1 (phd1). Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed that PHD1 encodes a novel chloroplast-localized UDP-glucose epimerase (UGE), which is conserved in the plant kingdom. The chloroplast localization of PHD1 was confirmed by immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, and UGE activity in isolated chloroplasts, which was approximately 50% lower in the phd1-1 mutant than in the wild type. In addition, the amounts of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose substrates in chloroplasts were significantly higher and lower, respectively, indicating that PHD1 was responsible for a major part of UGE activity in plastids. The relative amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), a major chloroplast membrane galactolipid, was decreased in the mutant, while the digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) amount was not significantly altered, suggesting that PHD1 participates mainly in UDP-galactose supply for MGDG biosynthesis in chloroplasts. The phd1 mutant showed decreased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, and altered chloroplast ultrastructure, suggesting that a correct amount of galactoglycerolipids and the ratio of glycolipids versus phospholipids are necessary for proper chloroplast function. Downregulated expression of starch biosynthesis genes and upregulated expression of sucrose cleavage genes might be a result of reduced photosynthetic activity and account for the decreased starch and sucrose levels seen in phd1 leaves. PHD1 overexpression increased photosynthetic efficiency, biomass, and grain production, suggesting that PHD1 plays an important role in supplying sufficient galactolipids to thylakoid membranes for proper chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic activity. These findings will be useful for improving crop yields and for bioenergy crop engineering. Photosynthesis is carried out in chloroplast, a plant-specific organelle. Photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts contain high levels of glycolipids, and UDP-galactose is a dominating donor for glycolipid biosynthesis. Although glycolipid assembly of photosynthetic membranes has been characterized at the genetic and enzymatic level, the mechanism of substrate supply of UDP-galactose for the glycolipid biosynthetic pathway remains obscure. By genetic screening of rice mutants that are impaired in photosynthetic capacity and carbon assimilation, we identified PHD1 as a novel nucleotide sugar epimerase involved in a process of glycolipid biosynthesis and participating in photosynthetic membrane biogenesis. PHD1 was preferentially expressed in green and meristem tissues, and the PHD1 protein was targeted to chloroplasts. We revealed that UDP-galactose for glycolipid biosynthesis catalyzed by the new enzyme was generated inside chloroplasts, and the reduced amounts of glycolipids in the mutant led to decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity. Overexpression of this gene lead to growth acceleration, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, and finally improved biomass and grain yield in rice. These results suggest that PHD1 has significant economic implications in both traditional crop improvement and bioenergy crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sod Mergen
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R. Schläppi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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