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Tuffs SW, Dufresne K, Rishi A, Walton NR, McCormick JK. Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:417-434. [PMID: 38225276 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and crosslinking of the lateral regions of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells; these interactions alter the normal TCR-peptide-MHC class II architecture to activate T cells in a manner that is independent of the antigen specificity of the TCR. SAgs have well-recognized, central roles in human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever through their quantitative effects on the T cell response; in addition, numerous other consequences of SAg-driven T cell activation are now being recognized, including direct roles in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, bloodstream infections, skin disease and pharyngitis. In this Review, we summarize the expanding family of bacterial SAgs and how these toxins can engage highly diverse adaptive immune receptors. We highlight recent findings regarding how SAg-driven manipulation of the adaptive immune response may operate in multiple human diseases, as well as contributing to the biology and life cycle of SAg-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Ming K, Hu Y, Zhu M, Xing B, Mei M, Wei Z. Development of nanobodies against Staphylococcus enterotoxin B through yeast surface display. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126822. [PMID: 37703983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the primary virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus but there is still a lack of targeted drugs. SEB activates immune cells via interacting with MHC-II on antigen-presenting cells, leading to the production of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Blocking the interaction between SEB and MHC-II can avert the overactivation of immune cells. Nanobodies are the smallest functional antibodies that can bind stably to antigens. In this study, an ideal approach to obtain specific nanobodies without immunizing camelids was introduced. We constructed a library containing up to 5 × 108 nanobodies, and then screened those targeting SEB by using yeast surface display (YSD) technique and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). A total of 8 nanobodies with divergent complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) sequences were identified and one candidate Nb8 with high affinity to SEB was isolated. In vitro study demonstrated that Nb8 significantly inhibited SEB-induced inflammatory response. Molecular docking simulation indicated that the unique CDR3 sequence contributed to the binding of Nb8 to the MHC-II binding domain of SEB and accordingly cut off the connection between SEB and MHC-II. Our efforts contributed to the development of specific nanobodies for eliminating the threats of SEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ming
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meijun Zhu
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Banbin Xing
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meng Mei
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zigong Wei
- School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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3
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Vantourout P, Eum J, Conde Poole M, Hayday TS, Laing AG, Hussain K, Nuamah R, Kannambath S, Moisan J, Stoop A, Battaglia S, Servattalab R, Hsu J, Bayliffe A, Katragadda M, Hayday AC. Innate TCRβ-chain engagement drives human T cells toward distinct memory-like effector phenotypes with immunotherapeutic potentials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6174. [PMID: 38055824 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Clonotypic αβ T cell responses to cargoes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC), MR1, or CD1 proteins underpin adaptive immunity. Those responses are mostly mediated by complementarity-determining region 3 motifs created by quasi-random T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements, with diversity being highest for TCRγδ. Nonetheless, TCRγδ also displays nonclonotypic innate responsiveness following engagement of germline-encoded Vγ-specific residues by butyrophilin (BTN) or BTN-like (BTNL) proteins that uniquely mediate γδ T cell subset selection. We now report that nonclonotypic TCR engagement likewise induces distinct phenotypes in TCRαβ+ cells. Specifically, antibodies to germline-encoded human TCRVβ motifs consistently activated naïve or memory T cells toward core states distinct from those induced by anti-CD3 or superantigens and from others commonly reported. Those states combined selective proliferation and effector function with activation-induced inhibitory receptors and memory differentiation. Thus, nonclonotypic TCRVβ targeting broadens our perspectives on human T cell response modes and might offer ways to induce clinically beneficial phenotypes in defined T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Josephine Eum
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - María Conde Poole
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas S Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Adam G Laing
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rosamond Nuamah
- NIHR BRC Genomics Research Platform, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shichina Kannambath
- NIHR BRC Genomics Research Platform, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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4
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Weiss S, Holtfreter S, Meyer TC, Schmiedeke F, Cammann C, Dörr M, Felix SB, Grabe HJ, Homuth G, Kohler C, Mahncke C, Michalik S, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Samietz S, Völzke H, Völker U, Bröker BM. Toxin exposure and HLA alleles determine serum antibody binding to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229562. [PMID: 37731490 PMCID: PMC10507260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening toxic shock syndrome is often caused by the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. A well-known risk factor is the lack of neutralizing antibodies. To identify determinants of the anti-TSST-1 antibody response, we examined 976 participants of the German population-based epidemiological Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). We measured anti-TSST-1 antibody levels, analyzed the colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus strains, and performed a genome-wide association analysis of genetic risk factors. TSST-1-specific serum IgG levels varied over a range of 4.2 logs and were elevated by a factor of 12.3 upon nasal colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus. Moreover, the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels were strongly associated with HLA class II gene loci. HLA-DRB1*03:01 and HLA-DQB1*02:01 were positively, and HLA-DRB1*01:01 as well as HLA-DQB1*05:01 negatively associated with the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels. Thus, both toxin exposure and HLA alleles affect the human antibody response to TSST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja C. Meyer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frieder Schmiedeke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cedric Mahncke
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Samietz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Shepherd FR, Davies K, Miners KL, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Kollnberger S, Redman JE, Grant MM, Ladell K, Price DA, McLaren JE. The superantigens SpeC and TSST-1 specifically activate TRBV12-3/12-4 + memory T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:78. [PMID: 36670205 PMCID: PMC9854414 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial or viral infections can induce a state of immune hyperactivation that can culminate in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. The classic example is toxic shock syndrome, a life-threatening complication of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which is driven by potent toxins known as superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are thought to promote immune evasion via the promiscuous activation of T cells, which subsequently become hyporesponsive, and act by cross-linking major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to particular β-chain variable (TRBV) regions of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs). Although some of these interactions have been defined previously, our knowledge of SAg-responsive TRBV regions is incomplete. In this study, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs were highly responsive to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). In particular, SpeC and TSST-1 specifically induced effector cytokine production and the upregulation of multiple coinhibitory receptors among TRBV12-3/12-4+ CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, and importantly, these biological responses were dependent on human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. Collectively, these data provided evidence of functionally determinative and therapeutically relevant interactions between SpeC and TSST-1 and CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs, mediated via HLA-DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya R. Shepherd
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Davies
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. Redman
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Melissa M. Grant
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A. Price
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. McLaren
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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6
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Brouiller F, Nadalin F, Bonté PE, Ait-Mohamed O, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Ginhoux F, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals dual sensing of HIV-1 in blood Axl + dendritic cells. iScience 2023; 26:106019. [PMID: 36866043 PMCID: PMC9971904 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of incoming viruses is a pivotal task of dendritic cells (DCs). Human primary blood DCs encompass various subsets that are diverse in their susceptibility and response to HIV-1. The recent identification of the blood Axl+DC subset, endowed with unique capacities to bind, replicate, and transmit HIV-1 prompted us to evaluate its anti-viral response. We demonstrate that HIV-1 induced two main broad and intense transcriptional programs in different Axl+DCs potentially induced by different sensors; an NF-κB-mediated program that led to DC maturation and efficient CD4+ T cell activation, and a program mediated by STAT1/2 that activated type I IFN and ISG responses. These responses were absent from cDC2 exposed to HIV-1 except when viral replication was allowed. Finally, Axl+DCs actively replicating HIV-1 identified by quantification of viral transcripts exhibited a mixed NF-κB/ISG innate response. Our results suggest that the route of HIV-1 entry may dictate different innate sensing pathways by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Brouiller
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,INSERM U944, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche médicale (INSERM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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7
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Matsunaga A, Tsuzuki S, Morioka S, Ohmagari N, Ishizaka Y. Long COVID: current status in Japan and knowledge about its molecular background. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:83-93. [PMID: 35586759 PMCID: PMC9066464 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2022.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Even after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), patients can experience prolonged complaints, referred to as "long COVID". Similar to reports in Caucasians, a follow-up study in Japan revealed that fatigue, dyspnea, cough, anosmia/dysgeusia, and dyssomnia are common symptoms. Although the precise mode of long COVID remains elusive, multiple etiologies such as direct organ damage by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), autoimmunity, prolonged inflammatory reactions, and psychiatric impairment seem to be involved. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic, and viral RNA and proteins are continuously detectable in multiple organs, including the brain. Viral proteins exert a number of different toxic effects on cells, suggesting that persistent infection is a key element for understanding long COVID. Here, we first reviewed the current status of long COVID in Japan, and then summarized literature that help us understand the molecular background of the symptoms. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of vaccination as a treatment for patients with long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsuzuki
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morioka
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Hamdy A, Leonardi A. Superantigens and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2022; 11:390. [PMID: 35456065 PMCID: PMC9026686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been posited SARS-CoV-2 contains at least one unique superantigen-like motif not found in any other SARS or endemic coronaviruses. Superantigens are potent antigens that can send the immune system into overdrive. SARS-CoV-2 causes many of the biological and clinical consequences of a superantigen, and, in the context of reinfection and waning immunity, it is important to better understand the impact of a widely circulating, airborne pathogen that may be a superantigen, superantigen-like or trigger a superantigenic host response. Urgent research is needed to better understand the long-term risks being taken by governments whose policies enable widespread transmission of a potential superantigenic pathogen, and to more clearly define the vaccination and public health policies needed to protect against the consequences of repeat exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hamdy
- Panres Pandemic Research, Newport TF10 8PG, UK
| | - Anthony Leonardi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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9
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Deacy AM, Gan SKE, Derrick JP. Superantigen Recognition and Interactions: Functions, Mechanisms and Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731845. [PMID: 34616400 PMCID: PMC8488440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens are unconventional antigens which recognise immune receptors outside their usual recognition sites e.g. complementary determining regions (CDRs), to elicit a response within the target cell. T-cell superantigens crosslink T-cell receptors and MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, leading to lymphocyte recruitment, induction of cytokine storms and T-cell anergy or apoptosis among many other effects. B-cell superantigens, on the other hand, bind immunoglobulins on B-cells, affecting opsonisation, IgG-mediated phagocytosis, and driving apoptosis. Here, through a review of the structural basis for recognition of immune receptors by superantigens, we show that their binding interfaces share specific physicochemical characteristics when compared with other protein-protein interaction complexes. Given that antibody-binding superantigens have been exploited extensively in industrial antibody purification, these observations could facilitate further protein engineering to optimize the use of superantigens in this and other areas of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Deacy
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, Experimental Drug Development Centre – Bioinformatics Institute (EDDC-BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Moreews M, Le Gouge K, Khaldi-Plassart S, Pescarmona R, Mathieu AL, Malcus C, Djebali S, Bellomo A, Dauwalder O, Perret M, Villard M, Chopin E, Rouvet I, Vandenesh F, Dupieux C, Pouyau R, Teyssedre S, Guerder M, Louazon T, Moulin-Zinsch A, Duperril M, Patural H, Giovannini-Chami L, Portefaix A, Kassai B, Venet F, Monneret G, Lombard C, Flodrops H, De Guillebon JM, Bajolle F, Launay V, Bastard P, Zhang SY, Dubois V, Thaunat O, Richard JC, Mezidi M, Allatif O, Saker K, Dreux M, Abel L, Casanova JL, Marvel J, Trouillet-Assant S, Klatzmann D, Walzer T, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Javouhey E, Belot A. Polyclonal expansion of TCR Vbeta 21.3 + CD4 + and CD8 + T cells is a hallmark of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh1516. [PMID: 34035116 PMCID: PMC8815705 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a delayed and severe complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection that strikes previously healthy children. As MIS-C combines clinical features of Kawasaki disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), we aimed to compare the immunological profile of pediatric patients with these different conditions. We analyzed blood cytokine expression, and the T cell repertoire and phenotype in 36 MIS-C cases, which were compared to 16 KD, 58 TSS, and 42 COVID-19 cases. We observed an increase of serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, IFNγ, CD25s, MCP1, IL-1RA) in MIS-C, TSS and KD, contrasting with low expression of HLA-DR in monocytes. We detected a specific expansion of activated T cells expressing the Vβ21.3 T cell receptor β chain variable region in both CD4 and CD8 subsets in 75% of MIS-C patients and not in any patient with TSS, KD, or acute COVID-19; this correlated with the cytokine storm detected. The T cell repertoire returned to baseline within weeks after MIS-C resolution. Vβ21.3+ T cells from MIS-C patients expressed high levels of HLA-DR, CD38 and CX3CR1 but had weak responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in vitro. Consistently, the T cell expansion was not associated with specific classical HLA alleles. Thus, our data suggested that MIS-C is characterized by a polyclonal Vβ21.3 T cell expansion not directed against SARS-CoV-2 antigenic peptides, which is not seen in KD, TSS and acute COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Moreews
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Kenz Le Gouge
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 959, Immunology Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Samira Khaldi-Plassart
- (RAISE), France; Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic diseases in children
| | - Rémi Pescarmona
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic diseases in children
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Christophe Malcus
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, 69437 Lyon, France
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Alicia Bellomo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Dauwalder
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Perret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Marine Villard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Emilie Chopin
- Cellular Biotechnology Department and Biobank, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Rouvet
- Cellular Biotechnology Department and Biobank, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Francois Vandenesh
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Dupieux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - Robin Pouyau
- Réanimation Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sonia Teyssedre
- Réanimation Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Margaux Guerder
- Réanimation Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | - Anne Moulin-Zinsch
- Unité medico-chirurgicale des cardiopathies congénitales, hôpital Louis-Pradel, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Marie Duperril
- Pediatric intensive care unit - University hospital of Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Hugues Patural
- Pediatric intensive care unit - University hospital of Saint-Étienne, France
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE - DVH - Université de Saint-Étienne - 42055, France
| | - Lisa Giovannini-Chami
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology Department, Hôpitaux pédiatriques de Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Aurélie Portefaix
- Center of Clinical Investigation, Lyon University Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Behrouz Kassai
- Center of Clinical Investigation, Lyon University Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, 69437 Lyon, France
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Lombard
- Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Hugues Flodrops
- Service de Pédiatrie, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Jean-Marie De Guillebon
- Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie pédiatrique, Hôpitaux pédiatriques de Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Centre de référence M3C, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Launay
- Urgences pédiatriques, Hôpital femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valérie Dubois
- EFS Auvergne Rhône Alpes, laboratoire Histocompatibilité, 111, rue Elisée-Reclus, 69150 Décines, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- EFS Auvergne Rhône Alpes, laboratoire Histocompatibilité, 111, rue Elisée-Reclus, 69150 Décines, France
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Richard
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon University, France
| | - Mehdi Mezidi
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon University, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Kahina Saker
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 959, Immunology Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 959, Immunology Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, 69003, Lyon, France
- Réanimation Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, 69437 Lyon, France
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11
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Goda K, Kenzaka T, Hoshijima M, Yachie A, Akita H. Toxic shock syndrome with a cytokine storm caused by Staphylococcus simulans: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:19. [PMID: 33407229 PMCID: PMC7789174 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exotoxins secreted from Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes act as superantigens that induce systemic release of inflammatory cytokines and are a common cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). However, little is known about TSS caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we present a rare case of TSS caused by Staphylococcus simulans (S. simulans). Case presentation We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who developed pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia from S. simulans following an influenza infection. The patient met the clinical criteria for probable TSS, and her symptoms included fever of 39.5 °C, diffuse macular erythroderma, conjunctival congestion, vomiting, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, and disorientation. Therefore, the following treatment was initiated for bacterial pneumonia complicating influenza A with suspected TSS: meropenem (1 g every 8 h), vancomycin (1 g every 12 h), and clindamycin (600 mg every 8 h). Blood cultures taken on the day after admission were positive for CoNS, whereas sputum and pharyngeal cultures grew Streptococcus pneumoniae (Geckler group 4) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, respectively. However, exotoxins thought to cause TSS, such as TSS toxin-1 and various enterotoxins, were not detected. The patient’s therapy was switched to cefazolin (2 g every 8 h) and clindamycin (600 mg every 8 h) for 14 days based on microbiologic test results. She developed desquamation of the fingers on hospital day 8 and was diagnosed with TSS. Conventional exotoxins, such as TSST-1, and S. aureus enterotoxins were not detected in culture samples. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as neopterin and IL-6, were high. CD8+ T cells were activated in peripheral blood. Vβ2+ population activation, which is characteristic for TSST-1, was not observed in the Vβ usage of CD8+ T cells in T cell receptor Vβ repertoire distribution analysis. Conclusions We present a case of S. simulans-induced TSS. Taken together, we speculate that no specific exotoxins are involved in the induction of TSS in this patient. A likely mechanism is uncontrolled cytokine release (i.e., cytokine storm) induced by non-specific immune reactions against CoNS proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba, 669-3495, Japan.,Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5 Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, 652-0032, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Kenzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba, 669-3495, Japan. .,Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5 Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, 652-0032, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Hoshijima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba, 669-3495, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hozuka Akita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, 2002-7 Iso, Hikami-cho, Tamba, 669-3495, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are common human pathogens, causing infections that include the skin. Both pathogens produce a family of secreted toxins called superantigens, which have been shown to be important in human diseases. The first cell types encountered by superantigens on skin are keratinocytes. Our studies demonstrated, that the human keratinocyte pathway, among other pathways, responds to superantigens with production of chemokines, setting off inflammation. This inflammatory response may be harmful, facilitating opening of the skin barrier. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are significant human pathogens, causing infections at multiple body sites, including across the skin. Both are organisms that cause human diseases and secrete superantigens, including toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs). On the skin, human keratinocytes represent the first cell type to encounter these superantigens. We employed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to evaluate the human primary keratinocyte response to both TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in triplicate analyses. Both superantigens caused large numbers of genes to be up- and downregulated. The genes that exhibited 2-fold differential gene expression compared to vehicle-treated cells, whether up- or downregulated, totaled 5,773 for TSST-1 and 4,320 for SEB. Of these, 4,482 were significantly upregulated by exposure of keratinocytes to TSST-1, whereas 1,291 were downregulated. For SEB, expression levels of 3,785 genes were upregulated, whereas those of 535 were downregulated. There was the expected high overlap in both upregulation (3,412 genes) and downregulation (400 genes). Significantly upregulated genes included those associated with chemokine production, with the possibility of stimulation of inflammation. We also tested an immortalized human keratinocyte line, from a different donor, for chemokine response to four superantigens. TSST-1 and SEB caused production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), MIP-3α, and IL-33. SPEA and SPEC were evaluated for stimulation of expression of IL-8 as a representative chemokine; both stimulated production of IL-8. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are common human pathogens, causing infections that include the skin. Both pathogens produce a family of secreted toxins called superantigens, which have been shown to be important in human diseases. The first cell types encountered by superantigens on skin are keratinocytes. Our studies demonstrated, that the human keratinocyte pathway, among other pathways, responds to superantigens with production of chemokines, setting off inflammation. This inflammatory response may be harmful, facilitating opening of the skin barrier.
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Emgård J, Bergsten H, McCormick JK, Barrantes I, Skrede S, Sandberg JK, Norrby-Teglund A. MAIT Cells Are Major Contributors to the Cytokine Response in Group A Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25923-25931. [PMID: 31772015 PMCID: PMC6926028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910883116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening, systemic reaction to invasive infection caused by group A streptococci (GAS). GAS superantigens are key mediators of STSS through their potent activation of T cells leading to a cytokine storm and consequently vascular leakage, shock, and multiorgan failure. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize MR1-presented antigens derived from microbial riboflavin biosynthesis and mount protective innate-like immune responses against the microbes producing such metabolites. GAS lack de novo riboflavin synthesis, and the role of MAIT cells in STSS has therefore so far been overlooked. Here we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of human MAIT cell responses to GAS, aiming to understand the contribution of MAIT cells to the pathogenesis of STSS. We show that MAIT cells are strongly activated and represent the major T cell source of IFNγ and TNF in the early stages of response to GAS. MAIT cell activation is biphasic with a rapid TCR Vβ2-specific, TNF-dominated response to superantigens and a later IL-12- and IL-18-dependent, IFNγ-dominated response to both bacterial cells and secreted factors. Depletion of MAIT cells from PBMC resulted in decreased total production of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, and TNFβ. Peripheral blood MAIT cells in patients with STSS expressed elevated levels of the activation markers CD69, CD25, CD38, and HLA-DR during the acute compared with the convalescent phase. Our data demonstrate that MAIT cells are major contributors to the early cytokine response to GAS, and are therefore likely to contribute to the pathological cytokine storm underlying STSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Emgård
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Bergsten
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Israel Barrantes
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
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14
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Czaja AJ. Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6579-6606. [PMID: 31832000 PMCID: PMC6906207 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, but they have not fully explained susceptibility, triggering events, and maintenance or escalation of the disease. Furthermore, they have not identified a critical defect that can be targeted. The goals of this review are to examine the diverse pathogenic mechanisms that have been considered in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate investigational opportunities to validate their contribution, and suggest interventions that might evolve to modify their impact. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Genetic and epigenetic factors can affect susceptibility by influencing the expression of immune regulatory genes. Thymic dysfunction, possibly related to deficient production of programmed cell death protein-1, can allow autoreactive T cells to escape deletion, and alterations in the intestinal microbiome may help overcome immune tolerance and affect gender bias. Environmental factors may trigger the disease or induce epigenetic changes in gene function. Molecular mimicry, epitope spread, bystander activation, neo-antigen production, lymphocytic polyspecificity, and disturbances in immune inhibitory mechanisms may maintain or escalate the disease. Interventions that modify epigenetic effects on gene expression, alter intestinal dysbiosis, eliminate deleterious environmental factors, and target critical pathogenic mechanisms are therapeutic possibilities that might reduce risk, individualize management, and improve outcome. In conclusion, diverse pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may identify a critical factor or sequence that can be validated and used to direct future management and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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16
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Sundararaj N, Kalagatur NK, Mudili V, Krishna K, Antonysamy M. Isolation and identification of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Indian food samples: evaluation of in-house developed aptamer linked sandwich ELISA (ALISA) method. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:1016-1026. [PMID: 30906059 PMCID: PMC6400782 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major food contaminants worldwide, and its enterotoxins are documented as food poisoning and bioterrorism agents. In the present study, an attempt was made to account on the incidences of toxigenic S. aureus and its antibiotic resistance profiles in ready to eat bakery food products from different parts of Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana). A total of 100 food samples, including milk, cake, cheese and chicken products were assessed for S. aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) by PCR. Among the subjected food samples, a total of 51 isolates belong to genus Staphylococcus and out of that, 34 isolates were S. aureus. Among 34 S. aureus isolates, 14 isolates were found positive for SEB. The PCR results were further co-evaluated with in-house developed aptamer linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) for the specific and sensitive detection of SEB. The obtained ALISA results were promising and found consistent with PCR analysis. Furthermore, 24%, 47%, 91%, 82%, 59%, and 47% of S. aureus isolates were found resistant to chloramphenicol, methicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and oxacillin, respectively and concluded as a multidrug resistance (MDR). In conclusion, the present study revealed high presence of toxigenic and MDR resistant S. aureus species among the studied regions of Southern India. The present study cautions the need of stringent food safety regulations in India to control the toxigenic and MDR S. aureus from food sources and to minimize the risks associated with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sundararaj
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kalagatur
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Venkataramana Mudili
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Kadirvelu Krishna
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Michael Antonysamy
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
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17
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Goldmann O, Medina E. Staphylococcus aureus strategies to evade the host acquired immune response. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:625-630. [PMID: 28939437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant public-health problem. Infection caused by S. aureus can manifest as acute or long-lasting persistent diseases that are often refractory to antibiotic and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To develop more effective strategies for preventing or treating these infections, it is crucial to understand why the immune response is incapable to eradicate the bacterium. When S. aureus first infect the host, there is a robust activation of the host innate immune responses. Generally, S. aureus can survive this initial interaction due to the expression of a wide array of virulence factors that interfere with the host innate immune defenses. After this initial interaction the acquired immune response is the arm of the host defenses that will try to clear the pathogen. However, S. aureus is capable of maintaining infection in the host even in the presence of a robust antigen-specific immune response. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying the ability of S. aureus to escape immune surveillance by the acquired immune response will help uncover potentially important targets for the development of immune-based adjunctive therapies and more efficient vaccines. There are several lines of evidence that lead us to believe that S. aureus can directly or indirectly disable the acquired immune response. This review will discuss the different immune evasion strategies used by S. aureus to modulate the different components of the acquired immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) represents a heterogeneous group of disorders that results in hypotension, multiorgan system involvement, and a characteristic rash or soft tissue infection caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal exotoxins and enterotoxins. Staphylococcal TSS emerged in the late 1970s as an illness associated with highly absorbent tampons; subsequently it has been described with postoperative infections, burns, and various viral illnesses. Although the morbidity rate associated with staphylococcal TSS may be high, the mortality rate approximates 5%. Streptococcal TSS has emerged in the 1980s and into the 1990s as a disorder that results in rapid progression of soft tissue infection in the form of cellulitis, myositis, or necrotizing fasciitis due to pyogenic streptococcal group A exotoxin. The rapidity of progression of local infection to hypotension and multiorgan failure results in a mortality rate of 30–70%. In both forms of TSS, staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins function as superantigens, a unique mechanism of immune activation that results in an exuberant T-cell response and profound cytokine expression. The role of antibiotics is reviewed. The use of clindamycin in streptococcal TSS and the potential therapeutic role of intravenous immunoglobulin in both forms of this disorder are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Dellaripa
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA
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Abstract
Superantigens secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes interact with the T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to elicit a massive cytokine release and activation of T cells in higher numbers than that seen with ordinary antigens. Because of this unique ability, superantigens have been implicated as etiological agents for many different types of diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, and inflammatory skin diseases. This review covers the main animal models that have been developed in order to identify the roles of superantigens in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Science, Concordia University - Saint Paul, 1282 Concordia Ave., S-115, St. Paul, MN, 55104, USA.
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Stach CS, Schlievert PM. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toxic Shock Syndrome in Rabbits. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1396:67-71. [PMID: 26676037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus superantigens. At the time of this publication, there are 24 identified staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs), some of which have yet to be fully characterized. Testing the capacity of superantigens to potentiate LPS sensitivity is essential to characterize the role of these proteins in disease development. Here we describe how to perform studies of the enhancement of LPS-induced toxic shock syndrome in rabbits. This protocol also provides information on a second important activity of superantigens: the production of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Stach
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Bowen Science Building 3-403, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Patrick M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Bowen Science Building 3-403, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Thammavongsa V, Kim HK, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. Staphylococcal manipulation of host immune responses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:529-43. [PMID: 26272408 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial commensal of the human nares and skin, is a frequent cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections. A hallmark of staphylococcal infections is their frequent recurrence, even when treated with antibiotics and surgical intervention, which demonstrates the bacterium's ability to manipulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we highlight how S. aureus virulence factors inhibit complement activation, block and destroy phagocytic cells and modify host B cell and T cell responses, and we discuss how these insights might be useful for the development of novel therapies against infections with antibiotic resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilasack Thammavongsa
- 1] Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. [2] Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 755 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Narita K, Hu DL, Asano K, Nakane A. Vaccination with non-toxic mutant toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induces IL-17-dependent protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv023. [PMID: 25857736 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is one of superantigens produced by Staphylococcus aureus. We have previously demonstrated that vaccination with non-toxic mutant TSST-1 (mTSST-1) develops host protection to lethal S. aureus infection in mice. However, the detailed mechanism underlying this protection is necessary to elucidate because the passive transfer of antibodies against TSST-1 fails to provide complete protection against S. aureus infection. In this study, the results showed that interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-producing cells were increased in the spleen cells of mTSST-1-vaccinated mice. The main source of IL-17A in mTSST-1-vaccinated mice was T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. The protective effect of vaccination was induced when the vaccinated wild type but not IL-17A-deficient mice were challenged with S. aureus. Gene expression of chemokines, CCL2 and CXCL1, and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were increased in spleens and livers of vaccinated mice after infection. The IL-17A-dependent immune response was TSST-1 specific because TSST-1-deficient S. aureus failed to induce the response. The present study suggests that mTSST-1 vaccination is able to provide the IL-17A-dependent host defense against S. aureus infection which promotes chemokine-mediated infiltration of phagocytes into the infectious foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Abstract
A neonate and his mother presented with fever and erythroderma. The mother met full diagnostic criteria for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, whereas the neonate lacked hypotension and multiorgan dysfunction. A wound culture from the neonate's circumcision site grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the tst gene. This provides evidence of the first reported case of toxic shock syndrome caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a mother-newborn pair.
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Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome: superantigen-mediated enhancement of endotoxin shock and adaptive immune suppression. Immunol Res 2015; 59:182-7. [PMID: 24816557 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus present a significant clinical and public health problem. S. aureus causes some of the most severe hospital-associated and community-acquired illnesses. Specifically, it is the leading cause of infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis, and the second leading cause of sepsis in the USA. While pathogenesis of S. aureus infections is at the center of current research, many questions remain about the mechanisms underlying staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and associated adaptive immune suppression. Both conditions are mediated by staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs)-secreted staphylococcal toxins that are major S. aureus virulence factors. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is the SAg responsible for almost all menstrual TSS cases in the USA. TSST-1, staphylococcal enterotoxin B and C are also responsible for most cases of non-menstrual TSS. While SAgs mediate all of the hallmark features of TSS, such as fever, rash, hypotension, and multi-organ dysfunction, they are also capable of enhancing the toxic effects of endogenous endotoxin. This interaction appears to be critical in mediating the severity of TSS and related mortality. In addition, interaction between SAgs and the host immune system has been recognized to result in a unique form of adaptive immune suppression, contributing to poor outcomes of S. aureus infections. Utilizing rabbit models of S. aureus infective endocarditis, pneumonia and sepsis, and molecular genetics techniques, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms of SAg and endotoxin synergism in the pathogenesis of TSS, and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SAg-mediated immune dysfunction.
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Kim H, Darwish I, Monroy MF, Prockop DJ, Liles WC, Kain KC. Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production but fail to improve survival in experimental staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:1. [PMID: 24423010 PMCID: PMC3898056 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by an overwhelming host-mediated response to bacterial superantigens produced mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. TSS is characterized by aberrant activation of T cells and excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines ultimately resulting in capillary leak, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality rates. No therapeutic or vaccine has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for TSS, and novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcome are needed. Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) are stromal cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Moreover, MSCs have immunomodulatory properties, including profound effects on activities of T cells and macrophages in specific contexts. Based on the critical role of host-derived immune mediators in TSS, we hypothesized that MSCs could modulate the host-derived proinflammatory response triggered by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and improve survival in experimental TSS. Methods Effects of MSCs on proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood were measured in wild-type C57BL/6 mice injected with 50 μg of SEB. Effects of MSCs on survival were monitored in fatal experimental TSS induced by consecutive doses of D-galactosamine (10 mg) and SEB (10 μg) in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Results Despite significantly decreasing serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF induced by SEB in wild-type mice, human MSCs failed to improve survival in experimental TSS in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Similarly, a previously described downstream mediator of human MSCs, TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), did not significantly improve survival in experimental TSS. Furthermore, murine MSCs, whether unstimulated or pre-treated with IFNγ, failed to improve survival in experimental TSS. Conclusions Our results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs are insufficient to rescue mice from experimental TSS, and that mediators other than IL-2, IL-6 and TNF are likely to play critical mechanistic roles in the pathogenesis of experimental TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra A, Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1 L7, Canada.
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27
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Takahashi N, Imanishi K, Uchiyama T. Overall picture of an emerging neonatal infectious disease induced by a superantigenic exotoxin mainly produced by methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:737-45. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics; The University of Tokyo Hospital; Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Imanishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Takehiko Uchiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
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Grumann D, Nübel U, Bröker BM. Staphylococcus aureus toxins--their functions and genetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:583-92. [PMID: 23541411 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of encounters between Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and its human host ranges from life-threatening infection through allergic reactions to symptom-free colonization. The pan-genome of this bacterial species encodes numerous toxins, known or strongly suspected to cause specific diseases or symptoms. Three toxin families are in the focus of this review, namely (i) pore-forming toxins, (ii) exfoliative toxins and (iii) superantigens. The majority of toxin-encoding genes are located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in a pronounced heterogeneity in the endowment with toxin genes of individual S. aureus strains. Recent population genomic analysis have provided a framework for an improved understanding of the temporal and spatial scales of the motility of MGEs and their associated toxin genes. The distribution of toxin genes among clonal lineages within the species S. aureus is not random, and phylogenetic (sub-)lineages within clonal complexes feature characteristic toxin signatures. When studying pathogenesis, this lineage association, which is caused by the clonal nature of S. aureus makes it difficult to discriminate effects of specific toxins from contributions of the genetic background and/or other associated genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Grumann
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Natividad MF, Torres-Villanueva CAT, Saloma CP. Superantigen involvement and susceptibility factors in Kawasaki disease: profiles of TCR Vβ2+ T cells and HLA-DRB1, TNF-α and ITPKC genes among Filipino patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2013; 4:70-76. [PMID: 23565324 PMCID: PMC3612456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Superantigens and genetic factors may play roles in the etiology and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease (KD). To investigate these roles, percentages of TCR-Vβ2+ T cells were compared by flow cytometry using anti-Vβ2 monoclonal antibodies and genotyping was done on HLA-DRB1 exon 2, the -308 site of the TNF-α promoter region, and ITPKC SNP rs28493229 by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. There were higher percentages of Vβ2+ T-cells in KD patients (9.5 ± 2.15%) compared to healthy controls (7.25 ± 1.48%) (P<0.05, Student's t-test, n=6-8/group). However, no polymorphisms were observed in exon 2 of HLA-DRB1 and in the -308 region of the TNF-α promoter. The ITPKC SNP rs28493229 G/C polymorphism was observed in 1 KD patient and 4 healthy controls. This study suggests that KD etiology may be associated with a superantigen and that HLA-DRB1 exon2, TNF-α -308 region and ITPKC SNP rs28493229 may not be associated with KD. This is the first study investigating Vβ2+ T cells and candidate genes involvement among Filipino KD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena F Natividad
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon City
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical FoundationQuezon City, Philippines
| | - Celia Aurora T Torres-Villanueva
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon City
- Current affiliation: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research DivisionMelbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia P Saloma
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon City
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31
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Kim HK, Thammavongsa V, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:92-9. [PMID: 22088393 PMCID: PMC3538788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) that frequently reoccur. Staphylococal SSTIs can lead to invasive disease and sepsis, which are among the most significant causes of infectious disease mortality in both developed and developing countries. Human or animal infections with S. aureus do not elicit protective immunity against staphylococcal diseases. Here we review what is known about the immune evasive strategies of S. aureus that enable the pathogen's escape from protective immune responses. Three secreted products are discussed in detail, staphylococcal protein A (SpA), staphylococcal binder of immunoglobulin (Sbi) and adenosine synthase A (AdsA). By forming a complex with V(H)3-type IgM on the surface of B cells, SpA functions as a superantigen to modulate antibody responses to staphylococcal infection. SpA also captures pathogen-specific antibodies by binding their Fcγ portion. The latter activity of SpA is shared by Sbi, which also associates with complement factors 3d and factor H to promote the depletion of complement. AdsA synthesizes the immune signaling molecule adenosine, thereby dampening innate and adaptive immune responses during infection. We discuss strategies how the three secreted products of staphylococci may be exploited for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58 Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Vilasack Thammavongsa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58 Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58 Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58 Street, Chicago, IL 60637
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Brosnahan AJ, Schlievert PM. Gram-positive bacterial superantigen outside-in signaling causes toxic shock syndrome. FEBS J 2011; 278:4649-67. [PMID: 21535475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) are Gram-positive pathogens capable of producing a variety of bacterial exotoxins known as superantigens. Superantigens interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells to induce T cell proliferation and massive cytokine production, which leads to fever, rash, capillary leak and subsequent hypotension, the major symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Both S. aureus and group A streptococci colonize mucosal surfaces, including the anterior nares and vagina for S. aureus, and the oropharynx and less commonly the vagina for group A streptococci. However, due to their abilities to secrete a variety of virulence factors, the organisms can also cause illnesses from the mucosa. This review provides an updated discussion of the biochemical and structural features of one group of secreted virulence factors, the staphylococcal and group A streptococcal superantigens, and their abilities to cause toxic shock syndrome from a mucosal surface. The main focus of this review, however, is the abilities of superantigens to induce cytokines and chemokines from epithelial cells, which has been linked to a dodecapeptide region that is relatively conserved among all superantigens and is distinct from the binding sites required for interactions with APCs and T cells. This phenomenon, termed outside-in signaling, acts to recruit adaptive immune cells to the submucosa, where the superantigens can then interact with those cells to initiate the final cytokine cascades that lead to toxic shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA
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Macias ES, Pereira FA, Rietkerk W, Safai B. Superantigens in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:455-72; quiz 473-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Todd JK. Toxic shock syndrome - evolution of an emerging disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 697:175-81. [PMID: 21120726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7185-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James K Todd
- Department of Epidemiology, The Children's Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Dang MH, Kato H, Ueshiba H, Omori-Miyake M, Yamagoe S, Ando K, Imanishi K, Arimura Y, Haruta I, Kotani T, Ozaki M, Suzuki K, Uchiyama T, Yagi J. Possible role of LECT2 as an intrinsic regulatory factor in SEA-induced toxicity in d-galactosamine-sensitized mice. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:311-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Taylor AL, Llewelyn MJ. Superantigen-induced proliferation of human CD4+CD25- T cells is followed by a switch to a functional regulatory phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6591-8. [PMID: 21048104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens are potent T cell activators. In humans they cause toxic shock and scarlet fever, and they are implicated in Kawasaki's disease, autoimmunity, atopy, and sepsis. Their function remains unknown, but it may be to impair host immune responses increasing bacterial carriage and transmission. Regulatory (CD25(+)FOXP3(+)) T cells (Tregs) play a role in controlling inflammatory responses to infection. Approximately 2% of circulating T cells are naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs). Conventional Ag stimulation of naive FOXP3(-) T cells induces Ag-specific Tregs. Polyclonal T cell activation has been shown to produce non-Ag-specific Tregs. Because superantigens are unique among microbial virulence factors in their ability to trigger polyclonal T cell activation, we wanted to determine whether superantigen stimulation of T cells could induce non-Ag-specific Tregs. We assessed the effect of superantigen stimulation of human T cells on activation, regulatory markers, and cytokine production by flow cytometry and T cell suppression assays. Stimulation of PBMCs with staphylococcal exotoxin A and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and K/L resulted in dose-dependent FOXP3 expression. Characterization of this response for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin K/L confirmed its Vβ specificity, that CD25(+)FOXP3(+) cells arose from CD25(-) T cells and required APCs. These cells had increased CTLA-4 and CD127 expression, typical of the recently described activated converted Treg-like cells, and exhibited functional suppressor activity comparable to nTregs. Superantigen-stimulated CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T cells expressed IL-10 at lower superantigen concentrations than was required to trigger IFN-γ production. This study provides a mechanism for bacterial evasion of the immune response through the superantigen induction of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Taylor
- Pathogen-Host Interaction Group, Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
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Foster TJ. Colonization and infection of the human host by staphylococci: adhesion, survival and immune evasion. Vet Dermatol 2010; 20:456-70. [PMID: 20178484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The natural habitat of Staphylococcus aureus in humans is the moist squamous epithelium of the anterior nares. Several bacterial surface proteins are implicated in promoting adhesion to desquamated epithelial cells. Clumping factor B (ClfB) and iron-regulated surface determinant A both promote nasal colonization in rodent models, and in the case of ClfB, humans. One of the ligands involved in adhesion is cytokeratin 10. Reduction in nasal colonization can be achieved by active and passive immunization. S. aureus is well endowed with secreted and surface components that compromise innate immune responses, particularly the function of neutrophils. S. aureus secretes proteins that reduce migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream to the site of infection by impeding diapedesis and receptors for chemotactic molecules. Several secreted proteins interfere with complement C3 and C5 convertases, thus reducing the level of C3b opsonin and the chemotactic peptide C5a. Host proteases are recruited to the cell surface to enhance destruction of opsonic C3b and IgG. Surface components ClfA, protein A and polysaccharide capsule compromise the recognition of opsonins on the bacterial cell surface. If engulfed by neutrophils the intracellular bacterium can resist reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide radicals, defensin peptides and bactericidal proteins. A prior infection by S. aureus does not induce complete protective immunity. This could be due to immunosuppression caused by expression of superantigen proteins that disrupt normal activation of T cells and B cells during antigen presentation. By studying the molecular pathogenesis of S. aureus infections markers might be found for investigating S. pseudintermedius infections of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Foster
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Inoue H, Hoshina T, Kinjo T, Saito M, Kusuhara K, Hara T. Toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease in a 2-month-old infant. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:e86-8. [PMID: 20500469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Takahashi N, Kato H, Imanishi K, Ohki T, Uehara R, Momoi MY, Nishida H, Uchiyama T. Change of specific T cells in an emerging neonatal infectious disease induced by a bacterial superantigen. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:524-30. [PMID: 19703246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new epidemic, NTED, has recently occurred in Japan. The cause of NTED is a bacterial superantigen, TSST-1. The aim of the present study was to analyze the change in Vbeta2(+) T cells reactive to TSST-1 in NTED in order to establish T-cell-targeted diagnostic criteria for NTED. Blood samples from 75 patients with clinically diagnosed NTED were collected from 13 neonatal intensive care units throughout Japan. We investigated the percentages of Vbeta2(+), Vbeta3(+) and Vbeta12(+) T cells and their CD45RO expressions in the samples using flow cytometry. In 18 of the 75 patients, we conducted multiple examinations of the T cells and monitored serial changes. The Vbeta2(+) T-cell population rapidly changed over three phases of the disease. Whereas the percentage of Vbeta2(+) T cells was widely distributed over the entire control range, CD45RO expression on Vbeta2(+) T cells in CD4(+) in all 75 patients was consistently higher than the control range. Patients cannot necessarily be diagnosed as having NTED based on expansion of Vbeta2(+) T cells alone in the early acute phase. Instead, CD45RO expression on specific Vbeta2(+) cells is a potential diagnostic marker for a rapid diagnosis of NTED. We present three diagnostic categories of NTED. Fifty patients (66.7%) were included in the category 'definitive NTED'. It is important to demonstrate an increase of Vbeta2(+) T cells in the following phase in cases of 'probable NTED' or 'possible NTED'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi, Japan.
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Analysis of T-cell receptor usage in myeloperoxidase−antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated renal vasculitis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 14:36-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-009-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute, multi-system, toxin-mediated illness, often resulting in multi-organ failure. It represents the most fulminant expression of a spectrum of diseases caused by toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). The importance of Gram-positive organisms as pathogens is increasing, and TSS is likely to be underdiagnosed in patients with staphylococcal or group A streptococcal infection who present with shock. TSS results from the ability of bacterial toxins to act as superantigens, stimulating immune-cell expansion and rampant cytokine expression in a manner that bypasses normal MHC-restricted antigen processing. A repetitive cycle of cell stimulation and cytokine release results in a cytokine avalanche that causes tissue damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and organ dysfunction. Specific therapy focuses on early identification of the illness, source control, and administration on antimicrobial agents including drugs capable of suppressing toxin production (eg, clindamycin, linezolid). Intravenous immunoglobulin has the potential to neutralise superantigen and to mitigate subsequent tissue damage.
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42
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Brosnahan AJ, Schaefers MM, Amundson WH, Mantz MJ, Squier CA, Peterson ML, Schlievert PM. Novel toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 amino acids required for biological activity. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12995-3003. [PMID: 19012411 DOI: 10.1021/bi801468w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens interact with T lymphocytes and macrophages to cause T lymphocyte proliferation and overwhelming cytokine production, which lead to toxic shock syndrome. Staphylococcus aureus superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 is a major cause of menstrual toxic shock syndrome. In general, superantigen-secreting S. aureus remains localized at the vaginal surface, and the superantigen must therefore penetrate the vaginal mucosa to interact with underlying immune cells to cause toxic shock syndrome. A dodecapeptide region (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 amino acids F119-D130), relatively conserved among superantigens, has been implicated in superantigen penetration of the epithelium. The purpose of this study was to determine amino acids within this dodecapeptide region that are required for interaction with vaginal epithelium. Alanine mutations were constructed in S. aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 amino acids D120 to D130. All mutants maintained superantigenicity, and selected mutants were lethal when given intravenously to rabbits. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induces interleukin-8 from immortalized human vaginal epithelial cells; however, three toxin mutants (S127A, T128A, and D130A) induced low levels of interleukin-8 compared to wild type toxin. When carboxy-terminal mutants (S127A to D130A) were administered vaginally to rabbits, D130A was nonlethal, while S127A and T128A demonstrated delayed lethality compared to wild type toxin. In a porcine ex vivo permeability model, mutant D130A penetrated the vaginal mucosa more quickly than wild type toxin. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 residue D130 may contribute to binding an epithelial receptor, which allows it to penetrate the vaginal mucosa, induce interleukin-8, and cause toxic shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Brosnahan AJ, Mantz MJ, Squier CA, Peterson ML, Schlievert PM. Cytolysins augment superantigen penetration of stratified mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2364-73. [PMID: 19201891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes colonize mucosal surfaces of the human body to cause disease. A group of virulence factors known as superantigens are produced by both of these organisms that allows them to cause serious diseases from the vaginal (staphylococci) or oral mucosa (streptococci) of the body. Superantigens interact with T cells and APCs to cause massive cytokine release to mediate the symptoms collectively known as toxic shock syndrome. In this study we demonstrate that another group of virulence factors, cytolysins, aid in the penetration of superantigens across vaginal mucosa as a representative nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial surface. The staphylococcal cytolysin alpha-toxin and the streptococcal cytolysin streptolysin O enhanced penetration of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A, respectively, across porcine vaginal mucosa in an ex vivo model of superantigen penetration. Upon histological examination, both cytolysins caused damage to the uppermost layers of the vaginal tissue. In vitro evidence using immortalized human vaginal epithelial cells demonstrated that although both superantigens were proinflammatory, only the staphylococcal cytolysin alpha-toxin induced a strong immune response from the cells. Streptolysin O damaged and killed the cells quickly, allowing only a small release of IL-1beta. Two separate models of superantigen penetration are proposed: staphylococcal alpha-toxin induces a strong proinflammatory response from epithelial cells to disrupt the mucosa enough to allow for enhanced penetration of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, whereas streptolysin O directly damages the mucosa to allow for penetration of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and possibly viable streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Staphylococcus aureus superantigens elicit redundant and extensive human Vbeta patterns. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2043-50. [PMID: 19255190 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01388-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can produce a wide variety of exotoxins, including toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), staphylococcal enterotoxins, and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. These toxins share superantigenic activity. To investigate the beta chain (Vbeta) specificities of each of these toxins, TSST-1 and all known S. aureus enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins were produced as recombinant proteins and tested for their ability to induce the selective in vitro expansion of human T cells bearing particular Vbeta T-cell receptors (TCR). Although redundancies were observed between the toxins and the Vbeta populations, each toxin induced the expansion of distinct Vbeta subsets, including enterotoxin H and enterotoxin-like toxin J. Surprisingly, the Vbeta signatures were not associated with a specific phylogenic group of toxins. Interestingly, each human Vbeta analyzed in this study was stimulated by at least one staphylococcal superantigen, suggesting that the bacterium derives a selective advantage from targeting the entire human TCR Vbeta panel.
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Dateki S, Kumamoto T, Takayanagi T, Ohki T, Takahashi N, Moriuchi H. Differential T-cell response in a young child and neonates with toxic shock syndrome. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:155-6. [PMID: 19371300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Dateki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Saga Hospital, Saga, Japan.
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Dias R, Carmo L, Heneine L, Rocha P, Barbosa C, Rodrigues R, Linardi V. The use of mice as animal model for testing acute toxicity (LD-50) of toxic shock syndrome toxin. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute toxicity test (LD-50) using toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) was tested in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and Swiss mice. Animals (n = 10) were intraperitoneally injected with TSST-1 (0.01-10.0µg/mouse) followed 4h later by potentiating dose of lipopolysaccharide (75.0µg of LPS - E. coli O111:B4) and cumulative mortality was recorded over 72h. Control animals received either TSST-1 or LPS alone. The data were submitted to qui-Square test and acute toxicity test was calculated by probit analysis (confidence limits expressed as µg toxin/kg). BALB/c mice was the most sensitive (20.0µg/kg, 95% confidence limits: 9.0-92.0) followed by C57BL/6 (38.5µg/kg, 95% confidence limits: 9.11- 401.6). Data from Swiss mice was not conclusive, indicating only low sensitivity. Selection of the animal model and standardization of the experiment are fundamental for the development of serum neutralization tests used for final quality control of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.S. Dias
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro; Centro Universitário Metodista Izabela Hendrix
| | - L.S. Carmo
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro; UFMG
| | - L.G.D. Heneine
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro; Centro Universitário Metodista Izabela Hendrix
| | - P.H. Rocha
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro
| | - C.F. Barbosa
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro
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Matsuda Y, Kato H, Ono E, Kikuchi K, Muraoka M, Takagi K, Imanishi K, Itoh S, Itoh T, Ogawa T, Nitta K, Inokuchi S, Hibi T, Ohta H, Uchiyama T. Diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome by two different systems; clinical criteria and monitoring of TSST-1-reactive T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 52:513-21. [PMID: 19090830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two methods of TSS diagnosis were evaluated: comparison of symptoms with clinical criteria and monitoring for evidence of selective activation of Vbeta2(+) T cells by the causative toxin, TSS toxin-1 (TSST-1). Ten patients with acute and systemic febrile infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus were monitored for increase in TSST-1-reactive Vbeta2(+) T cells during their clinical courses. Nine of the ten patients were diagnosed with TSS based on evidence of selective activation of Vbeta2(+) T cells by TSST-1; however, clinical symptoms met the clinical criteria for TSS in only six of these nine patients. In the remaining patient, clinical symptoms met the clinical criteria, but selective activation of Vbeta2(+) T cells was not observed. Time taken to reach the diagnosis of TSS could be significantly shortened by utilizing the findings from tracing Vbeta2(+) T cells. In vitro studies showed that TSST-1- reactive T cells from TSS patients were anergic in the early phase of their illness. Examining selective activation of Vbeta2(+) T cells could be a useful tool to supplement clinical criteria for early diagnosis of TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Matsuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Selective excretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 in a superantigen-inducing neonatal infectious disease. Cytokine 2009; 45:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dokouhaki P, Moghaddam R, Rezvany M, Ghassemi J, Novin MG, Zarnani A, Akhondi MM, Ostadkarampour M, Mellstedt H, Razavi A, Jeddi-Tehrani M. Repertoire and clonality of T-cell receptor beta variable genes expressed in endometrium and blood T cells of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:160-71. [PMID: 18705843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a relatively common disorder, the underlying causes of which are thought to be immunological in most cases. METHOD OF STUDY Expression profile and clonality pattern of T-cell receptor beta variable (TCRBV) genes in endometrium and blood of patients with RSA were investigated by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using BV gene-specific primers. Relative expression of each BV family was determined and clonal expansion of the over-expressed genes was assessed by analysis of CDR3 length polymorphism. RESULTS Compared to blood, relative expression of four TCRBV genes was significantly higher in the endometrium of RSA group. Over-expressed genes, except for TCRBV3, all had restricted and oligoclonal patterns of expression in the endometrium. CONCLUSION Endometrial T cells have a skewed TCRBV repertoire with restricted transcript heterogeneity, which is shared by both groups and minor variations observed in this pattern in RSA patients may reflect more recent and/or repeated exposure to nominal antigens or superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh Dokouhaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Norgren M, Eriksson A. Streptococcal Superantigens and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Severe Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549709064091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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