1
|
Yoshimoto Y, Yoshimoto S, Kakiuchi K, Miyagawa R, Ota S, Hosokawa T, Ishida S, Higuchi Y, Hashiguchi A, Takashima H, Arawaka S. Spatial Fluctuation of Central Nervous System Lesions in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease with a Novel GJB1 Mutation. Intern Med 2024; 63:571-576. [PMID: 37407465 PMCID: PMC10937141 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1713-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMTX1), the most common form of CMTX, is caused by gap-junction beta 1 (GJB1) mutations. We herein report a 25-year-old Japanese man with disorientation, right hemiparesis, and dysarthria. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed high signal intensities in the bilateral cerebral white matter on diffusion-weighted imaging. He had experienced 2 episodes of transient central nervous system symptoms (at 7 and 13 years old). A genetic analysis identified a novel GJB1 mutation, c.169C>T, p.Gln57*. MRI abnormalities shifted from the cerebral white matter to the corpus callosum and had disappeared at the five-month follow-up. Transient changes between these lesions may indicate CMTX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Yoshimoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Shoko Yoshimoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kakiuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Rumina Miyagawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Shin Ota
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hosokawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Shimon Ishida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Shigeki Arawaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szabo E, Nagy B, Czajlik A, Komlodi T, Ozohanics O, Tretter L, Ambrus A. Mitochondrial Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes: Recent Developments on Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:295-381. [PMID: 38963492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The present work delves into the enigmatic world of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes discussing their metabolic significance, enzymatic operation, moonlighting activities, and pathological relevance with links to underlying structural features. This ubiquitous family of related but diverse multienzyme complexes is involved in carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), the citric acid cycle (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex), and amino acid catabolism (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase complex); the complexes all function at strategic points and also participate in regulation in these metabolic pathways. These systems are among the largest multienzyme complexes with at times more than 100 protein chains and weights ranging up to ~10 million Daltons. Our chapter offers a wealth of up-to-date information on these multienzyme complexes for a comprehensive understanding of their significance in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Czajlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Komlodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maciel VAZ, Maximiano-Alves G, Frezatti RSS, Alves ALDM, Andrade BMA, Leal RDCC, Tomaselli PJ, Reilly MM, Marques W. Unveiling the clinical and electrophysiological profile of CMTX6: Insights from two Brazilian families. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:614-619. [PMID: 37849068 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 6 (CMTX6) is an extremely rare condition associated with mutations in the PDK3 gene. To date, only three families from different countries have been reported (Australia, South Korea, and Germany). In this study, we sought to provide a comprehensive clinical and electrophysiological characterization of two Brazilian families. METHODS We conducted comprehensive clinical assessments, extensive electrophysiological evaluations, and performed whole-exome sequencing in the probands to investigate the genetic basis of the disease. RESULTS Males in the family carrying the Arg162His mutation displayed early-onset motor and/or sensory axonal neuropathy, absence of tendon jerks, pes cavus, and frequently reported pain. Females in the same family exhibited a milder phenotype of the disease with later onset and some remained asymptomatic into their 50s. In the unrelated family with a single affected male, the clinical presentation was characterized by severe progressive sensorimotor polyneuropathy accompanied by neuropathic pain. INTERPRETATION We report two Brazilian families with CMTX6 including one harboring a previously unpublished variant in the PDK3 gene, which co-segregates with the disease as expected in a X-linked disease. Notably, the clinical presentations across the five families with available descriptions, including our study, share striking similarities. Furthermore, the proximity of the three reported mutations suggests potential functional similarities and common underlying mechanisms. This study contributes to the growing knowledge of CMTX6 and underscores the importance of international collaborations in studying rare genetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Augusto Zanesi Maciel
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Maximiano-Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Siqueira Soares Frezatti
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Anna Letícia De Moraes Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mara Alves Andrade
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita De Cassia Carvalho Leal
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro José Tomaselli
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HCRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vollger MR, Korlach J, Eldred KC, Swanson E, Underwood JG, Cheng YHH, Ranchalis J, Mao Y, Blue EE, Schwarze U, Munson KM, Saunders CT, Wenger AM, Allworth A, Chanprasert S, Duerden BL, Glass I, Horike-Pyne M, Kim M, Leppig KA, McLaughlin IJ, Ogawa J, Rosenthal EA, Sheppeard S, Sherman SM, Strohbehn S, Yuen AL, Reh TA, Byers PH, Bamshad MJ, Hisama FM, Jarvik GP, Sancak Y, Dipple KM, Stergachis AB. Synchronized long-read genome, methylome, epigenome, and transcriptome for resolving a Mendelian condition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559521. [PMID: 37808736 PMCID: PMC10557686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the molecular basis of a Mendelian condition (MC) remains challenging owing to the diverse mechanisms by which genetic variants cause disease. To address this, we developed a synchronized long-read genome, methylome, epigenome, and transcriptome sequencing approach, which enables accurate single-nucleotide, insertion-deletion, and structural variant calling and diploid de novo genome assembly, and permits the simultaneous elucidation of haplotype-resolved CpG methylation, chromatin accessibility, and full-length transcript information in a single long-read sequencing run. Application of this approach to an Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) participant with a chromosome X;13 balanced translocation of uncertain significance revealed that this translocation disrupted the functioning of four separate genes (NBEA, PDK3, MAB21L1, and RB1) previously associated with single-gene MCs. Notably, the function of each gene was disrupted via a distinct mechanism that required integration of the four 'omes' to resolve. These included nonsense-mediated decay, fusion transcript formation, enhancer adoption, transcriptional readthrough silencing, and inappropriate X chromosome inactivation of autosomal genes. Overall, this highlights the utility of synchronized long-read multi-omic profiling for mechanistically resolving complex phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Vollger
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kiara C. Eldred
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biological Structure, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elliott Swanson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yong-Han H. Cheng
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yizi Mao
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulrike Schwarze
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine M. Munson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Aimee Allworth
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ian Glass
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha Horike-Pyne
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A. Leppig
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sam Sheppeard
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Sherman
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Strohbehn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy L. Yuen
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Reh
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biological Structure, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H. Byers
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fuki M. Hisama
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Stergachis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bunik V. The Therapeutic Potential of Vitamins B1, B3 and B6 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease with the Compromised Status of Vitamin-Dependent Processes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:897. [PMID: 37508330 PMCID: PMC10376249 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neurological disorders is necessary for the development of personalized medicine. When the diagnosis considers not only the disease symptoms, but also their molecular basis, treatments tailored to individual patients may be suggested. Vitamin-responsive neurological disorders are induced by deficiencies in vitamin-dependent processes. These deficiencies may occur due to genetic impairments of proteins whose functions are involved with the vitamins. This review considers the enzymes encoded by the DHTKD1, PDK3 and PDXK genes, whose mutations are observed in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The enzymes bind or produce the coenzyme forms of vitamins B1 (thiamine diphosphate, ThDP) and B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, PLP). Alleviation of such disorders through administration of the lacking vitamin or its derivative calls for a better introduction of mechanistic knowledge to medical diagnostics and therapies. Recent data on lower levels of the vitamin B3 derivative, NAD+, in the blood of patients with CMT disease vs. control subjects are also considered in view of the NAD-dependent mechanisms of pathological axonal degeneration, suggesting the therapeutic potential of vitamin B3 in these patients. Thus, improved diagnostics of the underlying causes of CMT disease may allow patients with vitamin-responsive disease forms to benefit from the administration of the vitamins B1, B3, B6, their natural derivatives, or their pharmacological forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bunik
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Department of Biokinetics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Higuchi Y, Takashima H. Clinical genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:199-214. [PMID: 35304567 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in the field of inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease has helped identify the causative genes provided better understanding of the pathogenesis, and unraveled potential novel therapeutic targets. Several reports have described the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, molecular pathogenesis, and novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan. Based on the functions of the causative genes identified so far, the following molecular and cellular mechanisms are believed to be involved in the causation of CMTs/IPNs: myelin assembly, cytoskeletal structure, myelin-specific transcription factor, nuclear related, endosomal sorting and cell signaling, proteasome and protein aggregation, mitochondria-related, motor proteins and axonal transport, tRNA synthetases and RNA metabolism, and ion channel-related mechanisms. In this article, we review the epidemiology, genetic diagnosis, and clinicogenetic characteristics of CMT in Japan. In addition, we discuss the newly identified novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan, namely MME and COA7. Identification of the new causes of CMT will facilitate in-depth characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CMT, leading to the establishment of therapeutic approaches such as drug development and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Missense Variant in PDK1 Associated with Severe Neurodevelopmental Delay and Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123171. [PMID: 36551928 PMCID: PMC9775741 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which is used for energy conversion in cells. PDC activity is regulated by phosphorylation via kinases and phosphatases (PDK/PDP). Variants in all subunits of the PDC and in PDK3 have been reported, with varying phenotypes including lactic acidosis, neurodevelopmental delay, peripheral neuropathy, or seizures. Here, we report a de novo heterozygous missense variant in PDK1 (c.1139G > A; p.G380D) in a girl with developmental delay and early onset severe epilepsy. To investigate the role of PDK1G380D in energy metabolism and neuronal development, we used a zebrafish model. In zebrafish embryos we show a reduced number of cells with mitochondria with membrane potential, reduced movements, and a delay in neuronal development. Furthermore, we observe a reduction in the phosphorylation of PDH-E1α by PDKG380D, which suggests a disruption in the regulation of PDC activity. Finally, in patient fibroblasts, a mild reduction in the ratio of phosphorylated PDH over total PDH-E1α was detected. In summary, our findings support the notion that this aberrant PDK1 activity is the cause of clinical symptoms in the patient.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baker MJ, Crameri JJ, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial biology and dysfunction in secondary mitochondrial disease. Open Biol 2022; 12:220274. [PMID: 36475414 PMCID: PMC9727669 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a broad, genetically heterogeneous class of metabolic disorders characterized by deficits in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) defines pathologies resulting from mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear genes affecting either mtDNA expression or the biogenesis and function of the respiratory chain. Secondary mitochondrial disease (SMD) arises due to mutation of nuclear-encoded genes independent of, or indirectly influencing OXPHOS assembly and operation. Despite instances of novel SMD increasing year-on-year, PMD is much more widely discussed in the literature. Indeed, since the implementation of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in 2010, many novel mitochondrial disease genes have been identified, approximately half of which are linked to SMD. This review will consolidate existing knowledge of SMDs and outline discrete categories within which to better understand the diversity of SMD phenotypes. By providing context to the biochemical and molecular pathways perturbed in SMD, we hope to further demonstrate the intricacies of SMD pathologies outside of their indirect contribution to mitochondrial energy generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jordan J. Crameri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee Y, Kim J, Kim H, Han JE, Kim S, Kang KH, Kim D, Kim JM, Koh H. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Oxidative Stress in Drosophila DJ-1 Null Mutants. Mol Cells 2022; 45:454-464. [PMID: 35444068 PMCID: PMC9260132 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is one of the causative genes of early-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD). As a result, DJ-1 influences the pathogenesis of sporadic PD. DJ-1 has various physiological functions that converge to control the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on genetic analyses that sought to investigate novel antioxidant DJ-1 downstream genes, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase (PDK) was demonstrated to increase survival rates and decrease dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in DJ-1 mutant flies under oxidative stress. PDK phosphorylates and inhibits the PDH complex (PDC), subsequently downregulating glucose metabolism in the mitochondria, which is a major source of intracellular ROS. A loss-of-function mutation in PDK was not found to have a significant effect on fly development and reproduction, but severely ameliorated oxidative stress resistance. Thus, PDK plays a critical role in the protection against oxidative stress. Loss of PDH phosphatase (PDP), which dephosphorylates and activates PDH, was also shown to protect DJ-1 mutants from oxidative stress, ultimately supporting our findings. Further genetic analyses suggested that DJ-1 controls PDK expression through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia and oxidative stress. Furthermore, CPI-613, an inhibitor of PDH, protected DJ-1 null flies from oxidative stress, suggesting that the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PDH may be a novel treatment strategy for PD associated with DJ-1 dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Kyong-hwa Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Neuroscience Translational Research Solution Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Neuroscience Translational Research Solution Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hyongjong Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Neuroscience Translational Research Solution Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Detection of repeat expansions in large next generation DNA and RNA sequencing data without alignment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13124. [PMID: 35907931 PMCID: PMC9338934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatic methods for detecting short tandem repeat expansions in short-read sequencing have identified new repeat expansions in humans, but require alignment information to identify repetitive motif enrichment at genomic locations. We present superSTR, an ultrafast method that does not require alignment. superSTR is used to process whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing data, and perform the first STR analysis of the UK Biobank, efficiently screening and identifying known and potential disease-associated STRs in the exomes of 49,953 biobank participants. We demonstrate the first bioinformatic screening of RNA sequencing data to detect repeat expansions in humans and mouse models of ataxia and dystrophy.
Collapse
|
12
|
GDAP1 loss of function inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by altering the actin cytoskeleton. Commun Biol 2022; 5:541. [PMID: 35662277 PMCID: PMC9166793 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 4A is an autosomal-recessive polyneuropathy caused by mutations of ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1), a putative glutathione transferase, which affects mitochondrial shape and alters cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here, we identify the underlying mechanism. We found that patient-derived motoneurons and GDAP1 knockdown SH-SY5Y cells display two phenotypes: more tubular mitochondria and a metabolism characterized by glutamine dependence and fewer cytosolic lipid droplets. GDAP1 interacts with the actin-depolymerizing protein Cofilin-1 and beta-tubulin in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting a role for actin signaling. Consistently, GDAP1 loss causes less F-actin close to mitochondria, which restricts mitochondrial localization of the fission factor dynamin-related protein 1, instigating tubularity. GDAP1 silencing also disrupts mitochondria-ER contact sites. These changes result in lower mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, explaining the metabolic changes upon GDAP1 loss of function. Together, our findings reconcile GDAP1-associated phenotypes and implicate disrupted actin signaling in CMT4A pathophysiology. GDAP1 mutations effect Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4A by inhibiting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and restricting mitochondrial localization of dynamin-related protein 1 through alterations of the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
|
13
|
Boyling A, Perez-Siles G, Kennerson ML. Structural Variation at a Disease Mutation Hotspot: Strategies to Investigate Gene Regulation and the 3D Genome. Front Genet 2022; 13:842860. [PMID: 35401663 PMCID: PMC8990796 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.842860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare form of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, CMTX3, is caused by an interchromosomal insertion occurring at chromosome Xq27.1. Interestingly, eight other disease phenotypes have been associated with insertions (or insertion-deletions) occurring at the same genetic locus. To date, the pathogenic mechanism underlying most of these diseases remains unsolved, although local gene dysregulation has clearly been implicated in at least two phenotypes. The challenges of accessing disease-relevant tissue and modelling these complex genomic rearrangements has led to this research impasse. We argue that recent technological advancements can overcome many of these challenges, particularly induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and their capacity to provide access to patient-derived disease-relevant tissue. However, to date these valuable tools have not been utilized to investigate the disease-associated insertions at chromosome Xq27.1. Therefore, using CMTX3 as a reference disease, we propose an experimental approach that can be used to explore these complex mutations, as well as similar structural variants located elsewhere in the genome. The mutational hotspot at Xq27.1 is a valuable disease paradigm with the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenic consequences of complex structural variation, and more broadly, refine our knowledge of the multifaceted process of long-range gene regulation. Intergenic structural variation is a critically understudied class of mutation, although it is likely to contribute significantly to unsolved genetic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boyling
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Boyling, ; Marina L. Kennerson,
| | - Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L. Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Boyling, ; Marina L. Kennerson,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Narayanan RK, Brewer MH, Perez-Siles G, Ellis M, Ly C, Burgess A, Neumann B, Nicholson GA, Vucic S, Kennerson ML. Charcot-Marie-tooth disease causing mutation (p.R158H) in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) affects synaptic transmission, ATP production and causes neurodegeneration in a CMTX6 C. elegans model. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:133-145. [PMID: 34387338 PMCID: PMC8682796 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot–Marie-Tooth (CMT) is a commonly inherited, non-fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects sensory and motor neurons in patients. More than 90 genes are known to cause axonal and demyelinating forms of CMT. The p.R158H mutation in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) gene is the genetic cause for an X linked form of axonal CMT (CMTX6). In vitro studies using patient fibroblasts and iPSC-derived motor neurons have shown that this mutation causes deficits in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Animal models that recapitulate pathogenic in vivo events in patients are crucial for investigating mechanisms of axonal degeneration and developing therapies for CMT. We have developed a C. elegans model of CMTX6 by knocking-in the p.R158H mutation in pdhk-2, the ortholog of PDK3. In addition, we have developed animal models overexpressing the wild type and mutant form of human PDK3 specifically in the GABAergic motor neurons of C. elegans. CMTX6 mutants generated in this study exhibit synaptic transmission deficits, locomotion defects and show signs of progressive neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the CMTX6 in vivo models display energy deficits that recapitulate the phenotype observed in patient fibroblasts and iPSC-derived motor neurons. Our CMTX6 animals represent the first in vivo model for this form of CMT and have provided novel insights into the cellular function and metabolic pathways perturbed by the p.R158H mutation, all the while closely replicating the clinical presentation observed in CMTX6 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Narayanan
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan H Brewer
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melina Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn Ly
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Burgess
- Cell Division Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord General Repatriation Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord General Repatriation Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs): an overview toward clinical applications. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228121. [PMID: 33739396 PMCID: PMC8026821 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) can regulate the catalytic activity of pyruvate decarboxylation oxidation via the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it further links glycolysis with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP generation. This review seeks to elucidate the regulation of PDK activity in different species, mainly mammals, and the role of PDK inhibitors in preventing increased blood glucose, reducing injury caused by myocardial ischemia, and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Regulations of PDKs expression or activity represent a very promising approach for treatment of metabolic diseases including diabetes, heart failure, and cancer. The future research and development could be more focused on the biochemical understanding of the diseases, which would help understand the cellular energy metabolism and its regulation by pharmacological effectors of PDKs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Genetic mechanisms of peripheral nerve disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135357. [PMID: 33249104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies of genetic etiology are a very diverse group of disorders manifesting either as non-syndromic inherited neuropathies without significant manifestations outside the peripheral nervous system, or as part of a systemic or syndromic genetic disorder. The former and most frequent group is collectively known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), with prevalence as high as 1:2,500 world-wide, and has proven to be genetically highly heterogeneous. More than 100 different genes have been identified so far to cause various CMT forms, following all possible inheritance patterns. CMT causative genes belong to several common functional pathways that are essential for the integrity of the peripheral nerve. Their discovery has provided insights into the normal biology of axons and myelinating cells, and has highlighted the molecular mechanisms including both loss of function and gain of function effects, leading to peripheral nerve degeneration. Demyelinating neuropathies result from dysfunction of genes primarily affecting myelinating Schwann cells, while axonal neuropathies are caused by genes affecting mostly neurons and their long axons. Furthermore, mutation in genes expressed outside the nervous system, as in the case of inherited amyloid neuropathies, may cause peripheral neuropathy resulting from accumulation of β-structured amyloid fibrils in peripheral nerves in addition to various organs. Increasing insights into the molecular-genetic mechanisms have revealed potential therapeutic targets. These will enable the development of novel therapeutics for genetic neuropathies that remain, in their majority, without effective treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Recent Advances in Drosophila Models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197419. [PMID: 33049996 PMCID: PMC7582988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. CMT patients typically show slowly progressive muscle weakness and sensory loss in a distal dominant pattern in childhood. The diagnosis of CMT is based on clinical symptoms, electrophysiological examinations, and genetic testing. Advances in genetic testing technology have revealed the genetic heterogeneity of CMT; more than 100 genes containing the disease causative mutations have been identified. Because a single genetic alteration in CMT leads to progressive neurodegeneration, studies of CMT patients and their respective models revealed the genotype-phenotype relationships of targeted genes. Conventionally, rodents and cell lines have often been used to study the pathogenesis of CMT. Recently, Drosophila has also attracted attention as a CMT model. In this review, we outline the clinical characteristics of CMT, describe the advantages and disadvantages of using Drosophila in CMT studies, and introduce recent advances in CMT research that successfully applied the use of Drosophila, in areas such as molecules associated with mitochondria, endosomes/lysosomes, transfer RNA, axonal transport, and glucose metabolism.
Collapse
|
18
|
Perez-Siles G, Cutrupi A, Ellis M, Screnci R, Mao D, Uesugi M, Yiu EM, Ryan MM, Choi BO, Nicholson G, Kennerson ML. Energy metabolism and mitochondrial defects in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMTX6) iPSC-derived motor neurons with the p.R158H PDK3 mutation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9262. [PMID: 32504000 PMCID: PMC7275085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is a group of inherited diseases clinically and genetically heterogenous, characterised by length dependent degeneration of axons of the peripheral nervous system. A missense mutation (p.R158H) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 gene (PDK3) has been identified as the genetic cause for an X-linked form of CMT (CMTX6) in two unrelated families. PDK3 is one of four PDK isoenzymes that regulate the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The balance between kinases (PDKs) and phosphatases (PDPs) determines the extend of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to generate acetyl CoA, critically linking glycolysis and the energy producing Krebs cycle. We had shown the p.R158H mutation causes hyperactivity of PDK3 and CMTX6 fibroblasts show hyperphosphorylation of PDC, leading to reduced PDC activity and ATP production. In this manuscript we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by re-programming CMTX6 fibroblasts (iPSCCMTX6). We also have engineered an isogenic control (iPSCisogenic) and demonstrated that genetic correction of the p.R158H mutation reverses the CMTX6 phenotype. Patient-derived motor neurons (MNCMTX6) show increased phosphorylation of the PDC, energy metabolism defects and mitochondrial abnormalities, including reduced velocity of trafficking mitochondria in the affected axons. Treatment of the MNCMTX6 with a PDK inhibitor reverses PDC hyperphosphorylation and the associated functional deficits founds in the patient motor neurons, demonstrating that the MNCMTX6 and MNisogenic motor neurons provide an excellent neuronal system for compound screening approaches to identify drugs for the treatment of CMTX6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - A Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Screnci
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Mao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B O Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - G Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perez-Siles G, Cutrupi A, Ellis M, Kuriakose J, La Fontaine S, Mao D, Uesugi M, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Nicholson G, Kennerson ML. Modelling the pathogenesis of X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy using patient-derived iPSCs. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/2/dmm041541. [PMID: 31969342 PMCID: PMC6994953 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7A encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase and is one of 23 genes in which mutations produce distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN), a group of diseases characterized by length-dependent axonal degeneration of motor neurons. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons from a patient with the p.T994I ATP7A gene mutation as an in vitro model for X-linked dHMN (dHMNX). Patient motor neurons show a marked reduction of ATP7A protein levels in the soma when compared to control motor neurons and failed to upregulate expression of ATP7A under copper-loading conditions. These results recapitulate previous findings obtained in dHMNX patient fibroblasts and in primary cells from a rodent model of dHMNX, indicating that patient iPSC-derived motor neurons will be an important resource for studying the role of copper in the pathogenic processes that lead to axonal degeneration in dHMNX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Melina Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
| | - Jakob Kuriakose
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125 VIC, Australia
| | - Di Mao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Reinaldo I Takata
- Sarah Network Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasilia, 70297-400 DF, Brazil
| | | | - Garth Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Z, Yang N, Yan Y, Li G, Liu A, Wu G, Sun C. Genome-wide association analysis of egg production performance in chickens across the whole laying period. BMC Genet 2019; 20:67. [PMID: 31412760 PMCID: PMC6693279 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg production is the most economically-important trait in layers as it directly influences benefits of the poultry industry. To better understand the genetic architecture of egg production, we measured traits including age at first egg (AFE), weekly egg number (EN) from onset of laying eggs to 80 weeks which was divided into five stage (EN1: from onset of laying eggs to 23 weeks, EN2: from 23 to 37 weeks, EN3: from 37 to 50 weeks, EN4: from 50 to 61 weeks, EN5: from 61 to 80 weeks) based on egg production curve and total egg number across the whole laying period (Total-EN). Then we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 1078 Rhode Island Red hens using a linear mixed model. RESULTS Estimates of pedigree and SNP-based genetic parameter showed that AFE and EN1 exhibited high heritability (0.51 ± 0.09, 0.53 ± 0.08), while the h2 for EN in other stages varied from low (0.07 ± 0.04) to moderate (0.24 ± 0.07) magnitude. Subsequently, seven univariate GWAS for AFE and ENs were carried out independently, from which a total of 161 candidate SNPs located on GGA1, GGA2, GGA5, GGA6, GGA9 and GGA24 were identified. Thirteen SNP located on GGA6 were associated with AFE and an interesting gene PRLHR that may affect AFE through regulating oxytocin secretion in chickens. Sixteen genome-wide significant SNPs associated with EN3 were in a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) region spanning from 117.87 Mb to 118.36 Mb on GGA1 and the most significant SNP (rs315777735) accounted for 3.57% of phenotypic variance. Genes POLA1, PDK3, PRDX4 and APOO identified by annotating sixteen genome-wide significant SNPs can be considered as candidates associated with EN3. Unfortunately, our study did not find any candidate gene for the total egg number. CONCLUSIONS Findings in our study could provide promising genes and SNP markers to improve egg production performance based on marker-assisted breeding selection, while further functional validation is still needed in other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiyuan Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Guangqi Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Aiqiao Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Guiqin Wu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing, 101206, China.
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dahiya R, Mohammad T, Gupta P, Haque A, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Hassan MI. Molecular interaction studies on ellagic acid for its anticancer potential targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23302-23315. [PMID: 35514501 PMCID: PMC9067284 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) plays a central role in the cancer metabolic switch through the reversible phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex thereby blocking the entry of pyruvate for its catabolism into the TCA cycle, and thus it is considered as an important drug target for various types of cancers. We have successfully expressed full length human PDK3 and investigated its interaction mechanism with dietary polyphenols in the search for potential inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the selected compounds preferentially bind to the ATP-binding pocket of PDK3 and interact with functionally important residues. In silico observations were further complemented by experimental measurements of the fluorescence quenching of PDK3 and confirmed with the isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. Ellagic acid (EA) significantly binds and inhibits the kinase activity of PDK3. In vitro cytotoxicity and the anti-proliferative properties of EA were evaluated by MTT assay. Conformational dynamics of the EA-PDK3 complex during molecular dynamics simulation revealed that a stable complex was maintained by a significant number of hydrogen bonds throughout the 100 ns trajectories. In conclusion, EA may be considered as a promising molecule for PDK3 inhibition and could be exploited as a lead molecule against PDK3 associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dahiya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Anzarul Haque
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nam SH, Choi BO. Clinical and genetic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease subtypes. PRECISION AND FUTURE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.23838/pfm.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
23
|
Rumora AE, Savelieff MG, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Disorders of mitochondrial dynamics in peripheral neuropathy: Clues from hereditary neuropathy and diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 145:127-176. [PMID: 31208522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common and debilitating complication of diabetes and prediabetes. Recent clinical studies have identified an association between the development of neuropathy and dyslipidemia in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Despite the prevalence of this complication, studies identifying molecular mechanisms that underlie neuropathy progression in prediabetes or diabetes are limited. However, dysfunctional mitochondrial pathways in hereditary neuropathy provide feasible molecular targets for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in neuropathy associated with prediabetes or diabetes. Recent studies suggest that elevated levels of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) associated with dyslipidemia impair mitochondrial dynamics in sensory neurons by inducing mitochondrial depolarization, compromising mitochondrial bioenergetics, and impairing axonal mitochondrial transport. This causes lower neuronal ATP and apoptosis. Conversely, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) restore nerve and sensory mitochondrial function. Understanding the mitochondrial pathways that contribute to neuropathy progression in prediabetes and diabetes may provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of this debilitating complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rumora
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A network biology approach to unraveling inherited axonopathies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1692. [PMID: 30737464 PMCID: PMC6368620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited axonopathies represent a spectrum of disorders unified by the common pathological mechanism of length-dependent axonal degeneration. Progressive axonal degeneration can lead to both Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) depending on the affected neurons: peripheral motor and sensory nerves or central nervous system axons of the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns, respectively. Inherited axonopathies display an extreme degree of genetic heterogeneity of Mendelian high-penetrance genes. High locus heterogeneity is potentially advantageous to deciphering disease etiology by providing avenues to explore biological pathways in an unbiased fashion. Here, we investigate ‘gene modules’ in inherited axonopathies through a network-based analysis of the Human Integrated Protein-Protein Interaction rEference (HIPPIE) database. We demonstrate that CMT2 and HSP disease proteins are significantly more connected than randomly expected. We define these connected disease proteins as ‘proto-modules’ and show the topological relationship of these proto-modules by evaluating their overlap through a shortest-path based measurement. In particular, we observe that the CMT2 and HSP proto-modules significantly overlapped, demonstrating a shared genetic etiology. Comparison of both modules with other diseases revealed an overlapping relationship between HSP and hereditary ataxia and between CMT2 + HSP and hereditary ataxia. We then use the DIseAse Module Detection (DIAMOnD) algorithm to expand the proto-modules into comprehensive disease modules. Analysis of disease modules thus obtained reveals an enrichment of ribosomal proteins and pathways likely central to inherited axonopathy pathogenesis, including protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, spliceosome, and mRNA processing. Furthermore, we determine pathways specific to each axonopathy by analyzing the difference of the axonopathy modules. CMT2-specific pathways include glycolysis and gluconeogenesis-related processes, while HSP-specific pathways include processes involved in viral infection response. Unbiased characterization of inherited axonopathy disease modules will provide novel candidate disease genes, improve interpretation of candidate genes identified through patient data, and guide therapy development.
Collapse
|
25
|
Takemaru M, Shimoe Y, Sato K, Hashiguchi A, Takashima H, Kuriyama M. [Transient, recurrent, white matter lesions in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with heterozygote mutation of GJB1 gene: case report of a female patient]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:302-307. [PMID: 29710024 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 32-year-old woman showed transient central type facial nerve palsy and bulbar symptoms. Brain MRI revealed high intensity signals in the cerebral white matter, splenium of corpus callosum, and posterior limb of internal capsule. Two elder brothers of the patient had distal dominant peripheral neuropathies in four limbs. In this family, the point mutation of GJB1 gene, encoding connexin 32, was revealed and X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX1) was diagnosed. The presented case was a heterozygote of this mutation. She showed severe transient central nervous system (CNS) symptoms and subclinical demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. The CNS symptoms and alterations of brain images were very similar among three siblings. There are many reports on male patients with CMTX1 who show associated CN symptoms, but female patients are very rare. There has been no previous report of a CMTX1 patient similar to the patient presented here. The trigger factors have been recognized at the onset of transient CN symptoms in these cases. The prevention of these factors is important for the management of such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takemaru
- Department of Neurology, Brain Attack Center, Ota Memorial Hospital
| | - Yutaka Shimoe
- Department of Neurology, Brain Attack Center, Ota Memorial Hospital
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Neurology, Brain Attack Center, Ota Memorial Hospital
- Present address: Department of Neurology, Okayama University Hospital
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences
| | - Masaru Kuriyama
- Department of Neurology, Brain Attack Center, Ota Memorial Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khadilkar SV, Yadav RS, Patel BA. X-Linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5361-0_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
27
|
Dohrn MF, Glöckle N, Mulahasanovic L, Heller C, Mohr J, Bauer C, Riesch E, Becker A, Battke F, Hörtnagel K, Hornemann T, Suriyanarayanan S, Blankenburg M, Schulz JB, Claeys KG, Gess B, Katona I, Ferbert A, Vittore D, Grimm A, Wolking S, Schöls L, Lerche H, Korenke GC, Fischer D, Schrank B, Kotzaeridou U, Kurlemann G, Dräger B, Schirmacher A, Young P, Schlotter-Weigel B, Biskup S. Frequent genes in rare diseases: panel-based next generation sequencing to disclose causal mutations in hereditary neuropathies. J Neurochem 2017; 143:507-522. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike F. Dohrn
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Department of Neurology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Nicola Glöckle
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | | | - Corina Heller
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Julia Mohr
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christine Bauer
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Erik Riesch
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Andrea Becker
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Florian Battke
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry; University Hospital Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Blankenburg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Klinikum Stuttgart; Olgahospital, Stuttgart Germany
- Faculty of Health; Witten/Herdecke University; Witten Germany
| | - Jörg B. Schulz
- Department of Neurology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Kristl G. Claeys
- Department of Neurology; University Hospitals Leuven and University of Leuven (KU Leuven); Leuven Belgium
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Debora Vittore
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Alexander Grimm
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | | | - Dirk Fischer
- Department of Neurology; University of Basel Hospital; Basel Switzerland
| | - Bertold Schrank
- Department of Neurology; Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik; Wiesbaden Germany
| | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Department of General Pediatrics; Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases; University Children's Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gerhard Kurlemann
- Department of Neuropediatrics; University Hospital Münster; Muenster Germany
| | - Bianca Dräger
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders; University Hospital Münster; Muenster Germany
| | - Anja Schirmacher
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders; University Hospital Münster; Muenster Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders; University Hospital Münster; Muenster Germany
| | - Beate Schlotter-Weigel
- Department of Neurology; Friedrich-Baur-Institute; Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen; Tuebingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Whole exome sequencing reveals inherited and de novo variants in autism spectrum disorder: a trio study from Saudi families. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5679. [PMID: 28720891 PMCID: PMC5515956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and clinical heterogeneity. The interplay of de novo and inherited rare variants has been suspected in the development of ASD. Here, we applied whole exome sequencing (WES) on 19 trios from singleton Saudi families with ASD. We developed an analysis pipeline that allows capturing both de novo and inherited rare variants predicted to be deleterious. A total of 47 unique rare variants were detected in 17 trios including 38 which are newly discovered. The majority were either autosomal recessive or X-linked. Our pipeline uncovered variants in 15 ASD-candidate genes, including 5 (GLT8D1, HTATSF1, OR6C65, ITIH6 and DDX26B) that have not been reported in any human condition. The remaining variants occurred in genes formerly associated with ASD or other neurological disorders. Examples include SUMF1, KDM5B and MXRA5 (Known-ASD genes), PRODH2 and KCTD21 (implicated in schizophrenia), as well as USP9X and SMS (implicated in intellectual disability). Consistent with expectation and previous studies, most of the genes implicated herein are enriched for biological processes pertaining to neuronal function. Our findings underscore the private and heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of ASD even in a population with high consanguinity rates.
Collapse
|
29
|
López Del Amo V, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Seco-Cervera M, García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV, Pineda-Lucena A, Galindo MI. A Drosophila model of GDAP1 function reveals the involvement of insulin signalling in the mitochondria-dependent neuromuscular degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:801-809. [PMID: 28065847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a rare peripheral neuropathy for which there is no specific treatment. Some forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth are due to mutations in the GDAP1 gene. A striking feature of mutations in GDAP1 is that they have a variable clinical manifestation, according to disease onset and progression, histology and mode of inheritance. Studies in cellular and animal models have revealed a role of GDAP1 in mitochondrial morphology and distribution, calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. To get a better understanding of the disease mechanism we have generated models of over-expression and RNA interference of the Drosophila Gdap1 gene. In order to get an overview about the changes that Gdap1 mutations cause in our disease model, we have combined a comprehensive determination of the metabolic profile in the flies by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with gene expression analyses and biophysical tests. Our results revealed that both up- and down-regulation of Gdap1 results in an early systemic inactivation of the insulin pathway before the onset of neuromuscular degeneration, followed by an accumulation of carbohydrates and an increase in the β-oxidation of lipids. Our findings are in line with emerging reports of energy metabolism impairments linked to different types of neural pathologies caused by defective mitochondrial function, which is not surprising given the central role of mitochondria in the control of energy metabolism. The relationship of mitochondrial dynamics with metabolism during neurodegeneration opens new avenues to understand the cause of the disease, and for the discovery of new biomarkers and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López Del Amo
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46012 Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46012 Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Vicente Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46012 Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Ibo Galindo
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; IDM-Institute of Molecular Recognition, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; UPV-CIPF Joint Unit Disease Mechanisms and Nanomedicine, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nascimento A, Ortez C, Jou C, O'Callaghan M, Ramos F, Garcia-Cazorla À. Neuromuscular Manifestations in Mitochondrial Diseases in Children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2016; 23:290-305. [PMID: 28284391 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases exhibit significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that are the major contributor of adenosine triphosphate, through oxidative phosphorylation. These disorders may be developed at any age, with isolated or multiple system involvement, and in any pattern of inheritance. Defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain impair energy production and almost invariably involve skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves, causing exercise intolerance, cramps, recurrent myoglobinuria, or fixed weakness, which often affects extraocular muscles and results in droopy eyelids (ptosis), progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral ataxia, and peripheral polyneuropathy. This review describes the main neuromuscular symptomatology through different syndromes reported in the literature and from our experience. We want to highlight the importance of searching for the "clue clinical signs" associated with inheritance pattern as key elements to guide the complex diagnosis process and genetic studies in mitochondrial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Nascimento
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Pediatric Research Sant Joan de Déu, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Pediatric Research Sant Joan de Déu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar O'Callaghan
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Pediatric Research Sant Joan de Déu, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Ramos
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Pediatric Research Sant Joan de Déu, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Garcia-Cazorla
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Pediatric Research Sant Joan de Déu, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Units, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Perez-Siles G, Ly C, Grant A, Drew AP, Yiu EM, Ryan MM, Chuang DT, Tso SC, Nicholson GA, Kennerson ML. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMTX6) in patients with a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 mutation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:237-44. [PMID: 27388934 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. An X-linked form of CMT (CMTX6) is caused by a missense mutation (R158H) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3 (PDK3) gene. PDK3 is one of 4 isoenzymes that negatively regulate the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) by reversible phosphorylation of its first catalytic component pyruvate dehydrogenase (designated as E1). Mitochondrial PDC catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and links glycolysis to the energy-producing Krebs cycle. We have previously shown the R158H mutation confers PDK3 enzyme hyperactivity. In this study we demonstrate that the increased PDK3 activity in patient fibroblasts (PDK3(R158H)) leads to the attenuation of PDC through hyper-phosphorylation of E1 at selected serine residues. This hyper-phosphorylation can be reversed by treating the PDK3(R158H) fibroblasts with the PDK inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA). In the patient cells, down-regulation of PDC leads to increased lactate, decreased ATP and alteration of the mitochondrial network. Our findings highlight the potential to develop specific drug targeting of the mutant PDK3 as a therapeutic approach to treating CMTX6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Ly
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrienne Grant
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David T Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shih-Chia Tso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jha MK, Lee IK, Suk K. Metabolic reprogramming by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-lactic acid axis: Linking metabolism and diverse neuropathophysiologies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:1-19. [PMID: 27179453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that there is a complex interplay between metabolism and chronic disorders in the nervous system. In particular, the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase (PDK)-lactic acid axis is a critical link that connects metabolic reprogramming and the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. PDKs, via regulation of PDH complex activity, orchestrate the conversion of pyruvate either aerobically to acetyl-CoA, or anaerobically to lactate. The kinases are also involved in neurometabolic dysregulation under pathological conditions. Lactate, an energy substrate for neurons, is also a recently acknowledged signaling molecule involved in neuronal plasticity, neuron-glia interactions, neuroimmune communication, and nociception. More recently, the PDK-lactic acid axis has been recognized to modulate neuronal and glial phenotypes and activities, contributing to the pathophysiologies of diverse neurological disorders. This review covers the recent advances that implicate the PDK-lactic acid axis as a novel linker of metabolism and diverse neuropathophysiologies. We finally explore the possibilities of employing the PDK-lactic acid axis and its downstream mediators as putative future therapeutic strategies aimed at prevention or treatment of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Y, Yin F. A Review of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:761-72. [PMID: 26385972 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815604227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX) is the second common genetic variant of CMT. CMTX type 1 causes 90% of CMTX. The most important clinical features of CMTX are similar with other types of CMT; however, a few patients get the central nervous system involved with or without white matter lesions; males are more severely and earlier affected than females. In this review, the authors focus on the origin and classification of CMTX, the central nervous system manifestations of CMTX1, the possible mechanism by which GJB1 mutations cause CMT1X, and the emerging therapeutic strategies for CMTX. Moreover, several cases are presented to illustrate the central nervous system manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kennerson ML, Kim EJ, Siddell A, Kidambi A, Kim SM, Hong YB, Hwang SH, Chung KW, Choi BO. X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 6 (CMTX6) patients with a p.R158H mutation in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3 gene. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2016; 21:45-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jns.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory; ANZAC Research Institute & Sydney Medical School University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory; Concord Hospital; Sydney Australia
| | - Eun J. Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Neuroscience Center; Samsung Medical Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Anna Siddell
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory; ANZAC Research Institute & Sydney Medical School University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Aditi Kidambi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory; ANZAC Research Institute & Sydney Medical School University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Sung M. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kongju National University; Gongju Korea
| | - Young B. Hong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center; Kongju National University; Gongju Korea
- Neuroscience Center; Samsung Medical Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Sun H. Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki W. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kongju National University; Gongju Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center; Kongju National University; Gongju Korea
- Neuroscience Center; Samsung Medical Center; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hong YB, Kang J, Kim JH, Lee J, Kwak G, Hyun YS, Nam SH, Hong HD, Choi YR, Jung SC, Koo H, Lee JE, Choi BO, Chung KW. DGAT2 Mutation in a Family with Autosomal-Dominant Early-Onset Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:473-80. [PMID: 26786738 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy and is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder. We examined a Korean family in which two individuals had an autosomal-dominant axonal CMT with early-onset, sensory ataxia, tremor, and slow disease progression. Pedigree analysis and exome sequencing identified a de novo missense mutation (p.Y223H) in the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) gene. DGAT2 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial-associated membrane protein, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, which catalyzes the final step of the triglyceride (TG) biosynthesis pathway. The patient showed consistently decreased serum TG levels, and overexpression of the mutant DGAT2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse motor neuron cells. Moreover, the variant form of human DGAT2 inhibited the axonal branching in the peripheral nervous system of zebrafish. We suggest that mutation of DGAT2 is the novel underlying cause of an autosomal-dominant axonal CMT2 neuropathy. This study will help provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of axonal CMT and contribute to the molecular diagnostics of peripheral neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Hong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junghee Kang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Neuroscience center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Se Hyun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Dae Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heasoo Koo
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,SGI, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Albulym OM, Kennerson ML, Harms MB, Drew AP, Siddell AH, Auer-Grumbach M, Pestronk A, Connolly A, Baloh RH, Zuchner S, Reddel SW, Nicholson GA. MORC2 mutations cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with pyramidal signs. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:419-27. [PMID: 26659848 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing to identify the genetic mutation in a multigenerational Australian family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) and pyramidal signs. METHODS Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed to map the locus. Whole exome sequencing was undertaken on selected individuals (3 affected, 1 normal), and segregation analysis and mutation screening were carried out using high-resolution melt analysis. The GEM.app database was queried to identify additional families with mutations. RESULTS Significant linkage (2-point LOD score ≥ +3) and haplotype analysis mapped a new locus for CMT2 and pyramidal signs to a 6.6Mb interval on chromosome 22q12.1-q12.3. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel mutation (p.R252W) in the microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene mapping within the linkage region. The mutation fully segregated with the disease phenotype in the family. Screening additional families and querying unsolved CMT2 exomes, we identified the p.R252W mutation in 2 unrelated early onset CMT2 families and a second mutation p.E236G in 2 unrelated CMT2 families. Both the mutations occurred at highly conserved amino acid residues and were absent in the normal population. INTERPRETATION We have identified a new locus in which MORC2 mutations are the likely pathogenic cause of CMT2 and pyramidal signs in these families. MORC2 encodes the human CW-type zinc finger 2 protein, which is a chromatin modifier involved in the regulation of DNA repair as well as gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obaid M Albulym
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna H Siddell
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alan Pestronk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Anne Connolly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr John T. MacDonald Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferriero R, Iannuzzi C, Manco G, Brunetti-Pierri N. Differential inhibition of PDKs by phenylbutyrate and enhancement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity by combination with dichloroacetate. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:895-904. [PMID: 25601413 PMCID: PMC4551558 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a key enzyme in metabolism linking glycolysis to tricarboxylic acid cycle and its activity is tightly regulated by phosphorylation catalyzed by four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms. PDKs are pharmacological targets for several human diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and inherited PDHC deficiency. We investigated the inhibitory activity of phenylbutyrate toward PDKs and found that PDK isoforms 1-to-3 are inhibited whereas PDK4 is unaffected. Moreover, docking studies revealed putative binding sites of phenylbutyrate on PDK2 and 3 that are located on different sites compared to dichloroacetate (DCA), a previously known PDK inhibitor. Based on these findings, we showed both in cells and in mice that phenylbutyrate combined to DCA results in greater increase of PDHC activity compared to each drug alone. These results suggest that therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced by combination of drugs increasing PDHC enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ferriero
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Felgrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
| | - Clara Iannuzzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Felgrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article focuses on recent advances in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, in particular additions to the genetic spectrum, novel paradigms in molecular techniques and an update on therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Several new Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-causing genes have been recently identified, further enlarging the genetic diversity and phenotypic variability, including: SBF1, DHTKD1, TFG, MARS, HARS, HINT1, TRIM1, AIFM1, PDK3 and GNB4. The increasing availability and affordability of next-generation sequencing technologies has ramped up gene discovery and drastically changed genetic screening strategies. All large-scale trials studying the effect of ascorbic acid in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A have now been completed and were negative. Efforts have been made to design more robust outcome-measures for clinical trials. Promising results with lonaprisan, curcumin and histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors have been obtained in animal models. SUMMARY Charcot-Marie-Tooth is the most common form of inherited peripheral neuropathy and represents the most prevalent hereditary neuromuscular disorder. The genetic spectrum spans more than 70 genes. Gene discovery has been revolutionized recently by new high-throughput molecular technologies. In addition, the phenotypic diversity has grown tremendously. This is a major challenge for geneticists and neurologists. No effective therapy is available for Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Several large trials with ascorbic acid were negative but research into novel compounds continues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baets
- aNeurogenetics Group bPeripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics cLaboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge dDepartment of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sperl W, Fleuren L, Freisinger P, Haack TB, Ribes A, Feichtinger RG, Rodenburg RJ, Zimmermann FA, Koch J, Rivera I, Prokisch H, Smeitink JA, Mayr JA. The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:391-403. [PMID: 25526709 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate oxidation defects (PODs) are among the most frequent causes of deficiencies in the mitochondrial energy metabolism and represent a substantial subset of classical mitochondrial diseases. PODs are not only caused by deficiency of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) but also by various disorders recently described in the whole pyruvate oxidation route including cofactors, regulation of PDHC and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Our own patients from 2000 to July 2014 and patients identified by a systematic survey of the literature from 1970 to July 2014 with a pyruvate oxidation disorder and a genetically proven defect were included in the study (n=628). Of these defects 74.2% (n=466) belong to PDHC subunits, 24.5% (n=154) to cofactors, 0.5% (n=3) to PDHC regulation and 0.8% (n=5) to mitochondrial pyruvate import. PODs are underestimated in the field of mitochondrial diseases because not all diagnostic centres include biochemical investigations of PDHC in their routine analysis. Cofactor and transport defects can be missed, if pyruvate oxidation is not measured in intact mitochondria routinely. Furthermore deficiency of the X-chromosomal PDHA1 can be biochemically missed depending on the X-inactivation pattern. This is reflected by an increasing number of patients diagnosed recently by genetic high throughput screening approaches. PDHC deficiency including regulation and import affect mainly the glucose dependent central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. PODs with combined enzyme defects affect also other organs like heart, lung and liver. The spectrum of clinical presentation of PODs is still expanding. PODs are a therapeutically interesting group of mitochondrial diseases since some can be bypassed by ketogenic diet or treated by cofactor supplementation. PDHC kinase inhibition, chaperone therapy and PGC1α stimulation is still a matter of further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sperl
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brennan KM, Shy ME. New and emerging treatments of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
41
|
Carroll CJ, Brilhante V, Suomalainen A. Next-generation sequencing for mitochondrial disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1837-53. [PMID: 24138576 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of our understanding of mitochondrial function has come from studies of inherited mitochondrial diseases, but still majority of the patients lack molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, effective treatments for mitochondrial disorders do not exist. Development of therapies has been complicated by the fact that the diseases are extremely heterogeneous, and collecting large enough cohorts of similarly affected individuals to assess new therapies properly has been difficult. Next-generation sequencing technologies have in the last few years been shown to be an effective method for the genetic diagnosis of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Here we review the strategies and findings from studies applying next-generation sequencing methods for the genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Detailed knowledge of molecular causes also enables collection of homogenous cohorts of patients for therapy trials, and therefore boosts development of intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Carroll
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kankotia S, Stacpoole PW. Dichloroacetate and cancer: new home for an orphan drug? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:617-29. [PMID: 25157892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the anti-cancer effects of DCA, an orphan drug long used as an investigational treatment for various acquired and congenital disorders of mitochondrial intermediary metabolism. Inhibition by DCA of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases and subsequent reactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and oxidative phosphorylation is the common mechanism accounting for the drug's anti-neoplastic effects. At least two fundamental changes in tumor metabolism are induced by DCA that antagonize tumor growth, metastases and survival: the first is the redirection of glucose metabolism from glycolysis to oxidation (reversal of the Warburg effect), leading to inhibition of proliferation and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis. These effects have been replicated in both human cancer cell lines and in tumor implants of diverse germ line origin. The second fundamental change is the oxidative removal of lactate, via pyruvate, and the co-incident buffering of hydrogen ions by dehydrogenases located in the mitochondrial matrix. Preclinical studies demonstrate that DCA has additive or synergistic effects when used in combination with standard agents designed to modify tumor oxidative stress, vascular remodeling, DNA integrity or immunity. These findings and limited clinical results suggest that potentially fruitful areas for additional clinical trials include 1) adult and pediatric high grade astrocytomas; 2) BRAF-mutant cancers, such as melanoma, perhaps combined with other pro-oxidants; 3) tumors in which resistance to standard platinum-class drugs alone may be overcome with combination therapy; and 4) tumors of endodermal origin, in which extensive experimental research has demonstrated significant anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic effects of DCA, leading to improved host survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kankotia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jerath NU, Shy ME. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies: Understanding molecular pathogenesis could lead to future treatment strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:667-78. [PMID: 25108281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies, like many other degenerative disorders, have been challenging to treat. At this point, there is little specific therapy for the inherited neuropathies other than genetic counseling as well as symptomatic treatment and rehabilitation. In the past, ascorbic acid, progesterone antagonists, and subcutaneous neurotrophin-3 (NT3) injections have demonstrated improvement in animal models of CMT 1A, the most common inherited neuropathy, but have failed to translate any effect in humans. Given the difficulty in treatment, it is important to understand the molecular pathogenesis of hereditary neuropathies in order to strategize potential future therapies. The hereditary neuropathies are in an era of molecular insight and over the past 20 years, more than 78 subtypes of Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) have been identified and extensively studied to understand the biological pathways in greater detail. Next generation molecular sequencing has also improved the diagnosis as well as the understanding of CMT. A greater understanding of the molecular pathways will help pave the way to future therapeutics of CMT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita U Jerath
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael E Shy
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is an emerging target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. To maintain a steady-state concentration of adenosine triphosphate during the feed-fast cycle, cells require efficient utilization of fatty acid and glucose, which is controlled by the PDC. The PDC converts pyruvate, coenzyme A (CoA), and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) into acetyl-CoA, reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and carbon dioxide. The activity of the PDC is up- and down-regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, respectively. In addition, pyruvate is a key intermediate of glucose oxidation and an important precursor for the synthesis of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and nonessential amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Harel T, Lupski J. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and pathways to molecular based therapies. Clin Genet 2014; 86:422-31. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Harel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
| | - J.R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cassereau J, Codron P, Funalot B. Inherited peripheral neuropathies due to mitochondrial disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:366-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
47
|
Abstract
Pyruvate is an obligatory intermediate in the oxidative disposal of glucose and a major precursor for the synthesis of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and non-essential amino acids. Stringent control of the fate of pyruvate is critically important for cellular homeostasis. The regulatory mechanisms for its metabolism are therefore of great interest. Recent advances include the findings that (a) the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is sensitive to inhibition by thiazolidinediones; (b) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases induce the Warburg effect in many disease states; and (c) pyruvate carboxylase is an important determinate of the rates of gluconeogenesis in humans with type 2 diabetes. These enzymes are potential therapeutic targets for several diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Fundamental Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease within the Frame of the Human Genome Project Success. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:13-32. [PMID: 24705285 PMCID: PMC3978509 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies comprise a group of monogenic disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. CMT is characterized by a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neuropathies, involving all types of Mendelian inheritance patterns. Over 1,000 different mutations have been discovered in 80 disease-associated genes. Genetic research of CMT has pioneered the discovery of genomic disorders and aided in understanding the effects of copy number variation and the mechanisms of genomic rearrangements. CMT genetic study also unraveled common pathomechanisms for peripheral nerve degeneration, elucidated gene networks, and initiated the development of therapeutic approaches. The reference genome, which became available thanks to the Human Genome Project, and the development of next generation sequencing tools, considerably accelerated gene and mutation discoveries. In fact, the first clinical whole genome sequence was reported in a patient with CMT. Here we review the history of CMT gene discoveries, starting with technologies from the early days in human genetics through the high-throughput application of modern DNA analyses. We highlight the most relevant examples of CMT genes and mutation mechanisms, some of which provide promising treatment strategies. Finally, we propose future initiatives to accelerate diagnosis of CMT patients through new ways of sharing large datasets and genetic variants, and at ever diminishing costs.
Collapse
|
49
|
Exome sequencing greatly expedites the progressive research of Mendelian diseases. Front Med 2014; 8:42-57. [PMID: 24384736 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of whole-exome sequencing (WES) has facilitated the discovery of rare structure and functional genetic variants. Combining exome sequencing with linkage studies is one of the most efficient strategies in searching disease genes for Mendelian diseases. WES has achieved great success in the past three years for Mendelian disease genetics and has identified over 150 new Mendelian disease genes. We illustrate the workflow of exome capture and sequencing to highlight the advantages of WES. We also indicate the progress and limitations of WES that can potentially result in failure to identify disease-causing mutations in part of patients. With an affordable cost, WES is expected to become the most commonly used tool for Mendelian disease gene identification. The variants detected cumulatively from previous WES studies will be widely used in future clinical services.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pareyson D, Piscosquito G, Moroni I, Salsano E, Zeviani M. Peripheral neuropathy in mitochondrial disorders. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:1011-24. [PMID: 24050734 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Why is peripheral neuropathy common but mild in many mitochondrial disorders, and why is it, in some cases, the predominant or only manifestation? Although this question remains largely unanswered, recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have begun to clarify the importance of mitochondrial functioning and distribution in the peripheral nerve. Mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics (ie, fusion and fission) frequently result in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth phenotype. Peripheral neuropathies with different phenotypic presentations occur in mitochondrial diseases associated with abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance, or associated with defects in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V. Our knowledge of mitochondrial disorders is rapidly growing as new nuclear genes are identified and new phenotypes described. Early diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, essential to provide appropriate genetic counselling, has become crucial in a few treatable conditions. Recognising and diagnosing an underlying mitochondrial defect in patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy is therefore of paramount importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|