1
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Schiano C, Sephton B, Aiello R, Graffitti F, Lal N, Chiuri A, Santoro S, Amato LS, Marrucci L, de Lisio C, D’Ambrosio V. Engineering quantum states from a spatially structured quantum eraser. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9278. [PMID: 39047105 PMCID: PMC11268414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Quantum interference is a central resource in many quantum-enhanced tasks, from computation to communication. While usually occurring between identical photons, it can also be enabled by performing projective measurements that render the photons indistinguishable, a process known as quantum erasing. Structured light forms another hallmark of photonics, achieved by manipulating the degrees of freedom of light, and enables a multitude of applications in both classical and quantum regimes. By combining these ideas, we design and experimentally demonstrate a simple and robust scheme that tailors quantum interference to engineer photonic states with spatially structured coalescence along the transverse profile, a type of quantum mode with no classical counterpart. To achieve this, we locally tune the distinguishability of a photon pair by spatially structuring the polarization and creating a structured quantum eraser. We believe that these spatially engineered multiphoton quantum states may be of significance in fields such as quantum metrology, microscopy, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Schiano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bereneice Sephton
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiello
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Graffitti
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nijil Lal
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiuri
- Enea–Centro Ricerche Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Simone Santoro
- Enea–Centro Ricerche Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Luigi Santamaria Amato
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Centro di Geodesia Spaziale ‘Giuseppe Colombo’, Località Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Corrado de Lisio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D’Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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2
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Rodari G, Hoch F, Suprano A, Giordani T, Negro E, Carvacho G, Spagnolo N, Galvão EF, Sciarrino F. Polarization-encoded photonic quantum-to-quantum Bernoulli factory based on a quantum dot source. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado6244. [PMID: 39058770 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
A Bernoulli factory is a randomness manipulation routine that takes as input a Bernoulli random variable, outputting another Bernoulli variable whose bias is a function of the input bias. Recently proposed quantum-to-quantum Bernoulli factory schemes encode both input and output variables in qubit amplitudes. This primitive could be used as a subroutine for more complex quantum algorithms involving Bayesian inference and Monte Carlo methods. Here, we report an experimental implementation of a polarization-encoded photonic quantum-to-quantum Bernoulli factory. We present and test three interferometric setups implementing the basic operations of an algebraic field (inversion, multiplication, and addition), which, chained together, allow for the implementation of a generic quantum-to-quantum Bernoulli factory. These in-bulk schemes are validated using a quantum dot-based single-photon source featuring high brightness and indistinguishability, paired with a time-to-spatial demultiplexing setup to prepare input resources of up to three single-photon states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rodari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Hoch
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Suprano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Taira Giordani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Negro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gonzalo Carvacho
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ernesto F Galvão
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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3
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Rota MB, Krieger TM, Buchinger Q, Beccaceci M, Neuwirth J, Huet H, Horová N, Lovicu G, Ronco G, Covre da Silva SF, Pettinari G, Moczała-Dusanowska M, Kohlberger C, Manna S, Stroj S, Freund J, Yuan X, Schneider C, Ježek M, Höfling S, Basso Basset F, Huber-Loyola T, Rastelli A, Trotta R. A source of entangled photons based on a cavity-enhanced and strain-tuned GaAs quantum dot. ELIGHT 2024; 4:13. [PMID: 39070906 PMCID: PMC11269457 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-024-00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A quantum-light source that delivers photons with a high brightness and a high degree of entanglement is fundamental for the development of efficient entanglement-based quantum-key distribution systems. Among all possible candidates, epitaxial quantum dots are currently emerging as one of the brightest sources of highly entangled photons. However, the optimization of both brightness and entanglement currently requires different technologies that are difficult to combine in a scalable manner. In this work, we overcome this challenge by developing a novel device consisting of a quantum dot embedded in a circular Bragg resonator, in turn, integrated onto a micromachined piezoelectric actuator. The resonator engineers the light-matter interaction to empower extraction efficiencies up to 0.69(4). Simultaneously, the actuator manipulates strain fields that tune the quantum dot for the generation of entangled photons with corrected fidelities to a maximally entangled state up to 0.96(1). This hybrid technology has the potential to overcome the limitations of the key rates that plague QD-based entangled sources for entanglement-based quantum key distribution and entanglement-based quantum networks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43593-024-00072-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele B. Rota
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias M. Krieger
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Quirin Buchinger
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mattia Beccaceci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Neuwirth
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Hêlio Huet
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikola Horová
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Lovicu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ronco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Saimon F. Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Present Address: Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giorgio Pettinari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Kohlberger
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Santanu Manna
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Stroj
- Research Center for Microtechnology, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Campus V, Hochschulstrasse 1, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Julia Freund
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Xueyong Yuan
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Present Address: School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 China
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institut für Physik, Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky, Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Ježek
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Basso Basset
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Huber-Loyola
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Fan JJ, Ou ZY, Zhang Z. Entangled photons enabled ultrafast stimulated Raman spectroscopy for molecular dynamics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 39004616 PMCID: PMC11247098 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement has emerged as a great resource for studying the interactions between molecules and radiation. We propose a new scheme of stimulated Raman scattering with entangled photons. A quantum ultrafast Raman spectroscopy is developed for condensed-phase molecules, to monitor the exciton populations and coherences. Analytic results are obtained, showing an entanglement-enabled time-frequency scale not attainable by classical light. The Raman signal presents an unprecedented selectivity of molecular correlation functions, as a result of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. Our work suggests a new paradigm of using an unconventional interferometer as part of spectroscopy, with the potential to unveil advanced information about complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Joel Fan
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Ou
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Hong L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen L. Loss-Assisted Anomalous Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference Based on Nonunitary Multilayer Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:023601. [PMID: 39073935 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Hong-Ou-Mandel interference is an intrinsic quantum phenomenon that goes beyond the possibilities of classical physics, and enables numerous applications in quantum information science. While the photon-photon interaction is fundamentally limited to the bosonic nature of photons and the restricted phase responses from commonly used unitary optical elements, we present that a nonunitary material provides an alternative degree of freedom to control the two-photon quantum interference, even revealing anomalous quantum interference paths that do not exist in a unitary configuration. An elaborate lossy multilayer graphene that can work as a nonunitary beam splitter is used to explore its tunability over the effective photon-photon interaction in spatial modes, and to verify the particle exchange statistics by its experimental implementation in quantum state filter. This scheme is further extended to observe four-dimensional quantum interference patterns on the lossless and lossy beam splitters, and thus show its applicability even in higher-dimensional Hilbert space.
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6
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Portugal P, Brange F, Flindt C. Heat Pulses in Electron Quantum Optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:256301. [PMID: 38996267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.256301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Electron quantum optics aims to realize ideas from the quantum theory of light with the role of photons being played by charge pulses in electronic conductors. Experimentally, the charge pulses are excited by time-dependent voltages; however, one could also generate heat pulses by heating and cooling an electrode. Here, we explore this intriguing idea by formulating a Floquet scattering theory of heat pulses in mesoscopic conductors. The adiabatic emission of heat pulses leads to a heat current that in linear response is given by the thermal conductance quantum. However, we also find a high-frequency component, which ensures that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for heat currents, whose validity has been debated, is fulfilled. The heat pulses are uncharged, and we probe their electron-hole content by evaluating the partition noise in the outputs of a quantum point contact. We also employ a Hong-Ou-Mandel setup to examine if the pulses bunch or antibunch. Finally, to generate an electric current, we use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer that breaks the electron-hole symmetry and thereby enables a thermoelectric effect. Our Letter paves the way for systematic investigations of heat pulses in mesoscopic conductors, and it may stimulate future experiments.
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7
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Ehrhardt M, Dittel C, Heinrich M, Szameit A. Topological Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. Science 2024; 384:1340-1344. [PMID: 38900876 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of topology and optics provides a route to pursue robust photonic devices, with the application to photonic quantum computation in its infancy. However, the possibilities of harnessing topological structures to process quantum information with linear optics, through the quantum interference of photons, remain largely uncharted. Here, we present a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference effect of topological origin. We show that this interference of photon pairs-ranging from constructive to destructive-is solely determined by a synthetic magnetic flux, rendering it resilient to errors on a fundamental level. Our implementation establishes a quantized flux that facilitates exclusively destructive quantum interference. Our findings pave the way toward the development of next-generation photonic quantum circuitry and scalable quantum computing protected by virtue of topologically robust quantum gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ehrhardt
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinrich
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Makarov DN, Makarova KA. Quantum beam splitter based on free charged particles. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3042-3045. [PMID: 38824323 DOI: 10.1364/ol.525697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that the beam splitter is an integral part of many classical and quantum devices. The use of beam splitters in quantum technologies is currently particularly relevant. The emergence of new types of beam splitters provides new statistical characteristics of the separated photon beam and their control and new possibilities for use in various devices. This Letter presents a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of beam splitter based on free charged particles. This type of beam splitter has all the properties of a linear beam splitter with its reflection coefficient R, transmission coefficient T, and phase shift ϕ, which are presented in a simple analytical form. This type of beam splitter has interesting application prospects.
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9
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He L, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhang F, Zhang W, Feng X, Huang Y, Cui K, Liu F, Zhang W, Zhang X. Topologically Protected Quantum Logic Gates with Valley-Hall Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311611. [PMID: 38479726 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Topological photonics provide a promising way to realize more robust optical devices against some defects and environmental perturbations. Quantum logic gates are fundamental units of quantum computers, which are widely used in future quantum information processing. Thus, constructing robust universal quantum logic gates is an important way forward to practical quantum computing. However, the most important problem to be solved is how to construct the quantum-logic-gate-required 2 × 2 beam splitter with topological protection. Here, the experimental realization of the topologically protected contradirectional coupler is reported, which can be employed to realize the quantum logic gates, including control-NOT and Hadamard gates, on the silicon photonic platform. These quantum gates not only have high experimental fidelities but also exhibit a certain degree of tolerances against certain types of defects. This work paves the way for the development of practical optical quantum computations and signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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10
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Kim J. Practical Method for Achieving Single-Photon Femtosecond Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: Transient Stimulated Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5407-5412. [PMID: 38739918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-photon femtosecond spectroscopy have highlighted the power of entangled photons in probing the properties of materials, previously inaccessible through semiclassical spectroscopic approaches. In this study, we theoretically propose a new single-photon-based femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy technique termed single-photon transient stimulated emission (SP-TSE). SP-TSE not only enables the selective investigation of singly excited superposition states but also harnesses the quantum mechanical nature of photons for the efficient data acquisition of transient responses, thereby supporting the feasibility of experimental realization of SP-TSE. The key aspect of SP-TSE is the selective detection of two-photon states produced through stimulated emission using coincidence counting techniques. Our theoretical framework, supported by numerical simulations, demonstrates the efficacy in capturing the pure decoherence dynamics of a model molecular cavity, highlighting its potential to reveal quantum mechanical properties that are difficult to observe with semiclassical femtosecond time-resolved experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunWoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhang C, Gong Z, He D, Yan Y, Li S, Zhao K, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Research Progress of Single-Photon Emitters Based on Two-Dimensional Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:918. [PMID: 38869543 PMCID: PMC11173489 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
From quantum communications to quantum computing, single-photon emitters (SPEs) are essential components of numerous quantum technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have especially been found to be highly attractive for the research into nanoscale light-matter interactions. In particular, localized photonic states at their surfaces have attracted great attention due to their enormous potential applications in quantum optics. Recently, SPEs have been achieved in various 2D materials, while the challenges still remain. This paper reviews the recent research progress on these SPEs based on various 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and twisted-angle 2D materials. Additionally, we summarized the strategies to create, position, enhance, and tune the emission wavelength of these emitters by introducing external fields into these 2D system. For example, pronounced enhancement of the SPEs' properties can be achieved by coupling with external fields, such as the plasmonic field, and by locating in optical microcavities. Finally, this paper also discusses current challenges and offers perspectives that could further stimulate scientific research in this field. These emitters, due to their unique physical properties and integration potential, are highly appealing for applications in quantum information and communication, as well as other physical and technological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
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12
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Li Y, Cao L, Luo W, Zhang H, Cai H, Karim MF, Gao F, Fitzsimons J, Song Q, Liu AQ. Experimental Quantum Homomorphic Encryption Using a Quantum Photonic Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:200801. [PMID: 38829067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A fully homomorphic encryption system enables computation on encrypted data without the necessity for prior decryption. This facilitates the seamless establishment of a secure quantum channel, bridging the server and client components, and thereby providing the client with secure access to the server's substantial computational capacity for executing quantum operations. However, traditional homomorphic encryption systems lack scalability, programmability, and stability. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-concept implementation of a homomorphic encryption scheme on a compact quantum chip, verifying the feasibility of using photonic chips for quantum homomorphic encryption. Our work not only provides a solution for circuit expansion, addressing the longstanding challenge of scalability while significantly reducing the size of quantum network infrastructure, but also lays the groundwork for the development of highly sophisticated quantum fully homomorphic encryption systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Cao
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Fitzsimons
- Horizon Quantum Computing, 79 Ayer Rajah Crescent, BASH #03-01, 139955, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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13
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Liu YX, Zhu L, Luke J, Houwman JJA, Babin MC, Hu MG, Ni KK. Quantum interference in atom-exchange reactions. Science 2024:eadl6570. [PMID: 38753767 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions, where bonds break and form, are highly dynamic quantum processes. A fundamental question is whether coherence can be preserved in chemical reactions and then harnessed to generate entangled products. Here we investigated this question by studying the 2KRb → K2 + Rb2 reaction at 500 nK, focusing on the nuclear spin degrees of freedom. We prepared the initial nuclear spins in KRb in an entangled state by lowering the magnetic field to where the spin-spin interaction dominates and characterized the preserved coherence in nuclear spin wavefunction after the reaction. We observed an interference pattern that is consistent with full coherence at the end of the reaction, suggesting that entanglement prepared within the reactants could be redistributed through the atom-exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lingbang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeshurun Luke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J J Arfor Houwman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mark C Babin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ming-Guang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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14
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Meskine O, Descamps E, Keller A, Lemaître A, Baboux F, Ducci S, Milman P. Approaching Maximal Precision of Hong-Ou-Mandel Interferometry with Nonperfect Visibility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:193603. [PMID: 38804918 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In quantum mechanics, the precision achieved in parameter estimation using a quantum state as a probe is determined by the measurement strategy employed. The quantum limit of precision is bounded by a value set by the state and its dynamics. Theoretical results have revealed that in interference measurements with two possible outcomes, this limit can be reached under ideal conditions of perfect visibility and zero losses. However, in practice, these conditions cannot be achieved, so precision never reaches the quantum limit. But how do experimental setups approach precision limits under realistic circumstances? In this Letter, we provide a model for precision limits in two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry using coincidence statistics for nonperfect visibility and temporally unresolved measurements. We show that the scaling of precision with visibility depends on the effective area in time-frequency phase space occupied by the state used as a probe, and we find that an optimal scaling exists. We demonstrate our results experimentally for different states in a setup where the visibility can be controlled and reaches up to 99.5%. In the optimal scenario, a ratio of 0.97 is observed between the experimental precision and the quantum limit, establishing a new benchmark in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Meskine
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Descamps
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
- Département de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL, 45 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Keller
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
- Department de Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Baboux
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ducci
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P Milman
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
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15
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Lal N, Burenkov IA, Li-Baboud YS, Jabir MV, Kuo PS, Gerrits T, Slattery O, Polyakov SV. Synchronized source of indistinguishable photons for quantum networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18257-18267. [PMID: 38858987 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We present a source of indistinguishable photons at telecom wavelength, synchronized to an external clock, for the use in distributed quantum networks. We characterize the indistinguishability of photons generated in independent parametric down-conversion events using a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, and show non-classical interference with coalescence, C = 0.83(5). We also demonstrate the synchronization to an external clock within sub-picosecond timing jitter, which is significantly shorter than the single-photon wavepacket duration of ≈ 35 ps. Our source enables scalable quantum protocols over multi-node, long-distance optical networks using network-based clock recovery systems.
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16
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Triggiani D, Tamma V. Estimation with Ultimate Quantum Precision of the Transverse Displacement between Two Photons via Two-Photon Interference Sampling Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:180802. [PMID: 38759164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
We present a quantum sensing scheme achieving the ultimate quantum sensitivity in the estimation of the transverse displacement between two photons interfering at a balanced beam splitter, based on transverse-momentum sampling measurements at the output. This scheme can possibly lead to enhanced high-precision nanoscopic techniques, such as superresolved single-molecule localization microscopy with quantum dots, by circumventing the requirements in standard direct imaging of camera resolution at the diffraction limit, and of highly magnifying objectives. Interestingly, we show that our interferometric technique achieves the ultimate spatial precision in nature irrespectively of the overlap of the two displaced photonic wave packets, while its precision is only reduced of a constant factor for photons differing in any nonspatial degrees of freedom. This opens a new research paradigm based on the interface between spatially resolved quantum interference and quantum-enhanced spatial sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Triggiani
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
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17
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Descamps É, Keller A, Milman P. Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill Encoding in Continuous Modal Variables of Single Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:170601. [PMID: 38728710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.170601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
GKP states, introduced by Gottesman, Kitaev, and Preskill, are continuous variable logical qubits that can be corrected for errors caused by phase space displacements. Their experimental realization is challenging, in particular, using propagating fields, where quantum information is encoded in the quadratures of the electromagnetic field. However, traveling photons are essential in many applications of GKP codes involving the long-distance transmission of quantum information. We introduce a new method for encoding GKP states in propagating fields using single photons, each occupying a distinct auxiliary mode given by the propagation direction. The GKP states are defined as highly correlated states described by collective continuous modes, as time and frequency. We analyze how the error detection and correction protocol scales with the total photon number and the spectral width. We show that the obtained code can be corrected for displacements in time-frequency phase space, which correspond to dephasing, or rotations, in the quadrature phase space and to photon losses. Most importantly, we show that generating two-photon GKP states is relatively simple, and that such states are currently produced and manipulated in several photonic platforms where frequency and time-bin biphoton entangled states can be engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éloi Descamps
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arne Keller
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
- Department de Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Pérola Milman
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
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18
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Zhang G, Hong C, Alkalay T, Umansky V, Heiblum M, Gornyi I, Gefen Y. Measuring statistics-induced entanglement entropy with a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3428. [PMID: 38654002 PMCID: PMC11039745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite its ubiquity in quantum computation and quantum information, a universally applicable definition of quantum entanglement remains elusive. The challenge is further accentuated when entanglement is associated with other key themes, e.g., quantum interference and quantum statistics. Here, we introduce two novel motifs that characterize the interplay of entanglement and quantum statistics: an 'entanglement pointer' and a 'statistics-induced entanglement entropy'. The two provide a quantitative description of the statistics-induced entanglement: (i) they are finite only in the presence of quantum entanglement underlined by quantum statistics and (ii) their explicit form depends on the quantum statistics of the particles (e.g., fermions, bosons, and anyons). We have experimentally implemented these ideas by employing an electronic Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer fed by two highly diluted electron beams in an integer quantum Hall platform. Performing measurements of auto-correlation and cross-correlation of current fluctuations of the scattered beams (following 'collisions'), we quantify the statistics-induced entanglement by experimentally accessing the entanglement pointer and the statistics-induced entanglement entropy. Our theoretical and experimental approaches pave the way to study entanglement in various correlated platforms, e.g., those involving anyonic Abelian and non-Abelian states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Changki Hong
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tomer Alkalay
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladimir Umansky
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moty Heiblum
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Igor Gornyi
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Yuval Gefen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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19
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Carosini L, Oddi V, Giorgino F, Hansen LM, Seron B, Piacentini S, Guggemos T, Agresti I, Loredo JC, Walther P. Programmable multiphoton quantum interference in a single spatial mode. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0993. [PMID: 38640248 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The interference of nonclassical states of light enables quantum-enhanced applications reaching from metrology to computation. Most commonly, the polarization or spatial location of single photons are used as addressable degrees of freedom for turning these applications into praxis. However, the scale-up for the processing of a large number of photons of these architectures is very resource-demanding due to the rapidly increasing number of components, such as optical elements, photon sources, and detectors. Here, we demonstrate a resource-efficient architecture for multiphoton processing based on time-bin encoding in a single spatial mode. We use an efficient quantum dot single-photon source and a fast programmable time-bin interferometer to observe the interference of up to eight photons in 16 modes, all recorded only with one detector, thus considerably reducing the physical overhead previously needed for achieving equivalent tasks. Our results can form the basis for a future universal photonics quantum processor operating in a single spatial mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carosini
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginia Oddi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena M Hansen
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benoit Seron
- Quantum Information and Communication, Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, CP 165/59, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tobias Guggemos
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center DLR, Münchener Straße 20, 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - Iris Agresti
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan C Loredo
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Walther
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Research Network for Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Holewa P, Vajner DA, Zięba-Ostój E, Wasiluk M, Gaál B, Sakanas A, Burakowski M, Mrowiński P, Krajnik B, Xiong M, Yvind K, Gregersen N, Musiał A, Huck A, Heindel T, Syperek M, Semenova E. High-throughput quantum photonic devices emitting indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3358. [PMID: 38637520 PMCID: PMC11026509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Single indistinguishable photons at telecom C-band wavelengths are essential for quantum networks and the future quantum internet. However, high-throughput technology for single-photon generation at 1550 nm remained a missing building block to overcome present limitations in quantum communication and information technologies. Here, we demonstrate the high-throughput fabrication of quantum-photonic integrated devices operating at C-band wavelengths based on epitaxial semiconductor quantum dots. Our technique enables the deterministic integration of single pre-selected quantum emitters into microcavities based on circular Bragg gratings. Respective devices feature the triggered generation of single photons with ultra-high purity and record-high photon indistinguishability. Further improvements in yield and coherence properties will pave the way for implementing single-photon non-linear devices and advanced quantum networks at telecom wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Holewa
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Daniel A Vajner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Zięba-Ostój
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Wasiluk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Benedek Gaál
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurimas Sakanas
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marek Burakowski
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mrowiński
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Meng Xiong
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kresten Yvind
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Musiał
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcin Syperek
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elizaveta Semenova
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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21
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Mayavan A. Comprehensive Review on Downconversion/Downshifting Silicate-Based Phosphors for Solar Cell Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16880-16892. [PMID: 38645325 PMCID: PMC11025098 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient utilization of the solar spectrum in commonly employed solar cells, stemming from a spectral mismatch between the solar spectrum and the solar cell's band gap, poses a barrier to enhancing solar cell efficiency. To overcome this challenge, downconverting silicate phosphors are employed in solar cells to capture the infrared spectrum of sunlight, thereby augmenting solar cell efficiency. Downconversion/downshifting involves in converting high-energy photons into one or two near-infrared (NIR) photons. Remarkably, silicate-based downconverting phosphors enhance solar cell sensitization, light scattering, antireflectivity, and stability. This review delves into the various energy transfer mechanisms utilized in silicate phosphors. The key aspects covered in this review encompass the development of silicate phosphors that emit NIR light and their synthesis process. The working principle of the solar cell and its parameters are discussed. The impacts of silicate phosphor size, coverage, volume concentration, and arrangement on solar cell performance are also explored. Furthermore, the study addresses several intriguing approaches for developing innovative silicate phosphors to enhance solar cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Mayavan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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22
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Villegas-Aguilar L, Polino E, Ghafari F, Quintino MT, Laverick KT, Berkman IR, Rogge S, Shalm LK, Tischler N, Cavalcanti EG, Slussarenko S, Pryde GJ. Nonlocality activation in a photonic quantum network. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3112. [PMID: 38600084 PMCID: PMC11006907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bell nonlocality refers to correlations between two distant, entangled particles that challenge classical notions of local causality. Beyond its foundational significance, nonlocality is crucial for device-independent technologies like quantum key distribution and randomness generation. Nonlocality quickly deteriorates in the presence of noise, and restoring nonlocal correlations requires additional resources. These often come in the form of many instances of the input state and joint measurements, incurring a significant resource overhead. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that single copies of Bell-local states, incapable of violating any standard Bell inequality, can give rise to nonlocality after being embedded into a quantum network of multiple parties. We subject the initial entangled state to a quantum channel that broadcasts part of the state to two independent receivers and certify the nonlocality in the resulting network by violating a tailored Bell-like inequality. We obtain these results without making any assumptions about the prepared states, the quantum channel, or the validity of quantum theory. Our findings have fundamental implications for nonlocality and enable the practical use of nonlocal correlations in real-world applications, even in scenarios dominated by noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villegas-Aguilar
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Emanuele Polino
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Farzad Ghafari
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | | | - Kiarn T Laverick
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Yugambeh Country, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Ian R Berkman
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lynden K Shalm
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Nora Tischler
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Eric G Cavalcanti
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Yugambeh Country, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Sergei Slussarenko
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Geoff J Pryde
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Yuggera Country, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
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23
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Chen S, Peng LC, Guo YP, Gu XM, Ding X, Liu RZ, Zhao JY, You X, Qin J, Wang YF, He YM, Renema JJ, Huo YH, Wang H, Lu CY, Pan JW. Heralded Three-Photon Entanglement from a Single-Photon Source on a Photonic Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:130603. [PMID: 38613293 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.130603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In the quest to build general-purpose photonic quantum computers, fusion-based quantum computation has risen to prominence as a promising strategy. This model allows a ballistic construction of large cluster states which are universal for quantum computation, in a scalable and loss-tolerant way without feed forward, by fusing many small n-photon entangled resource states. However, a key obstacle to this architecture lies in efficiently generating the required essential resource states on photonic chips. One such critical seed state that has not yet been achieved is the heralded three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (3-GHZ) state. Here, we address this elementary resource gap, by reporting the first experimental realization of a heralded 3-GHZ state. Our implementation employs a low-loss and fully programmable photonic chip that manipulates six indistinguishable single photons of wavelengths in the telecommunication regime. Conditional on the heralding detection, we obtain the desired 3-GHZ state with a fidelity 0.573±0.024. Our Letter marks an important step for the future fault-tolerant photonic quantum computing, leading to the acceleration of building a large-scale optical quantum computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Li-Chao Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Y-P Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - X-M Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - X Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - R-Z Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - J-Y Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - X You
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Cyberspace Security, Hefei, China
| | - J Qin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Y-F Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu-Ming He
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jelmer J Renema
- QuiX Quantum B.V., Hengelosestraat 500, 7521 AN Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Heng Huo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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24
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Sgobba F, Andrisani A, Santamaria Amato L. Photon Phase Delay Sensing with Sub-Attosecond Uncertainty. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2202. [PMID: 38610413 PMCID: PMC11014027 DOI: 10.3390/s24072202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The application of statistical estimation theory to Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry led to enticing results in terms of the detection limit for photon reciprocal delay and polarisation measurement. In the following paper, a fully fibre-coupled setup operating in the telecom wavelength region proves to achieve, for the first time, in common-path Hong-Ou-Mandel-based interferometry, a detection limit for photon phase delay at the zeptosecond scale. The experimental results are then framed in a theoretical model by calculating the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) and, after comparison with the obtained experimental results, it is shown that our setup attains the optimal measurement, nearly saturating CRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sgobba
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Space Geodesy Centre ‘Giuseppe Colombo’, Località Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, MT, Italy; (F.S.); (A.A.)
- National Council for Research-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Campi Flegrei n. 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Andrea Andrisani
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Space Geodesy Centre ‘Giuseppe Colombo’, Località Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, MT, Italy; (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Luigi Santamaria Amato
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Space Geodesy Centre ‘Giuseppe Colombo’, Località Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, MT, Italy; (F.S.); (A.A.)
- National Council for Research-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Campi Flegrei n. 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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25
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Morales Rodríguez MP, Magaña-Loaiza OS, Perez-Garcia B, Nieto Calzada LM, Marroquín Gutiérrrez F, Rodríguez-Lara BM. Coherent states of the Laguerre-Gauss modes. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1489-1492. [PMID: 38489432 DOI: 10.1364/ol.511439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Large quantum photonic systems hold promise for surpassing classical computational limits, yet their state preparation remains a challenge. We propose an alternative approach to study multiparticle dynamics by mapping the excitation mode of these systems to physical properties of the Laguerre-Gauss modes. We construct coherent states establishing a direct link between excitation number dynamics and the evolution of the Laguerre-Gauss modes. This highlights the photon transverse spatial degree of freedom as a versatile platform for testing the fundamental aspects of quantum multiparticle systems.
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26
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Barbiero A, Shooter G, Müller T, Skiba-Szymanska J, Stevenson RM, Goff LE, Ritchie DA, Shields AJ. Polarization-Selective Enhancement of Telecom Wavelength Quantum Dot Transitions in an Elliptical Bullseye Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2839-2845. [PMID: 38395430 PMCID: PMC10921464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the generation of nonclassical light. Coupling a quantum dot to a device capable of providing polarization-selective enhancement of optical transitions is highly beneficial for advanced functionalities, such as efficient resonant driving schemes or applications based on optical cyclicity. Here, we demonstrate broadband polarization-selective enhancement by coupling a quantum dot emitting in the telecom O-band to an elliptical bullseye resonator. We report bright single-photon emission with a degree of linear polarization of 96%, Purcell factor of 3.9 ± 0.6, and count rates up to 3 MHz. Furthermore, we present a measurement of two-photon interference without any external polarization filtering. Finally, we demonstrate compatibility with compact Stirling cryocoolers by operating the device at temperatures up to 40 K. These results represent an important step toward practical integration of optimal quantum dot photon sources in deployment-ready setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbiero
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Ginny Shooter
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Tina Müller
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Joanna Skiba-Szymanska
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
| | - R. Mark Stevenson
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Lucy E. Goff
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Shields
- Toshiba
Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United
Kingdom
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27
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Sun X, Suriyage M, Khan AR, Gao M, Zhao J, Liu B, Hasan MM, Rahman S, Chen RS, Lam PK, Lu Y. Twisted van der Waals Quantum Materials: Fundamentals, Tunability, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1992-2079. [PMID: 38335114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Twisted van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials have emerged as a rapidly developing field of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. These materials establish a new central research area and provide a promising platform for studying quantum phenomena and investigating the engineering of novel optoelectronic properties such as single photon emission, nonlinear optical response, magnon physics, and topological superconductivity. These captivating electronic and optical properties result from, and can be tailored by, the interlayer coupling using moiré patterns formed by vertically stacking atomic layers with controlled angle misorientation or lattice mismatch. Their outstanding properties and the high degree of tunability position them as compelling building blocks for both compact quantum-enabled devices and classical optoelectronics. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the understanding and manipulation of twisted van der Waals structures and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art research on moiré superlattices, encompassing interdisciplinary interests. It delves into fundamental theories, synthesis and fabrication, and visualization techniques, and the wide range of novel physical phenomena exhibited by these structures, with a focus on their potential for practical device integration in applications ranging from quantum information to biosensors, and including classical optoelectronics such as modulators, light emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. It highlights the unique ability of moiré superlattices to connect multiple disciplines, covering chemistry, electronics, optics, photonics, magnetism, topological and quantum physics. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in moiré superlattices, shedding light on their fundamental characteristics and their potential for transformative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manuka Suriyage
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (Rachna College Campus), Gujranwala, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Boqing Liu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sharidya Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruo-Si Chen
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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28
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Ge H, Tomita A, Okamoto A, Ogawa K. Reduction of the two-photon temporal distinguishability for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:822-825. [PMID: 38359191 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) has been proven to protect legitimate users from attacks against measurement devices. The MDI-QKD requires that the two photons arriving at the instrument be indistinguishable. Precise time control is required to eliminate the distinguishability due to differences in photon arrival times. In the conventional methods, the time difference between photons is measured at a measuring instrument (Charlie), and a control signal is transmitted to the users (Alice and Bob). However, this method requires a long feedback loop, and the control may become unstable for long-distance transmission. This article proposes a method in which the photon arrival time difference is detected and controlled at Charlie. The reference signal for the time control is generated by an optical frequency comb in synchronization with the quantum signal. Therefore, the quantum signal photons can also be synchronized by synchronizing the reference signal pulses. A proof-of-principle experiment confirmed that the time synchronization accuracy required for protocol execution could be obtained. This proposal simplifies the implementation of the MDI-QKD.
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29
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Duan L, Xu A, Wang L, Zhang Y. Accessing the spectrum of a single-photon by the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5418-5428. [PMID: 38439269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We present and experimentally demonstrate a method for determining the spectral characterization of a single-photon state. This technique is based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between a well-defined weak coherent state and a measured single-photon state. We estimate the spectrum of the single-photon state by fitting the measured interference dip with proposed model and least square method. Our method is particularly useful for characterising spectral property the single-photon state. It opens a way for robust and efficient on-line monitoring the single-photon emitters.
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30
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Oba J, Kajita S, Soeda A. Fast simulation for multi-photon, atomic-ensemble quantum model of linear optical systems addressing the curse of dimensionality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3208. [PMID: 38331972 PMCID: PMC10853269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Photons are elementary particles of light in quantum mechanics, whose dynamics can be difficult to gain detailed insights, especially in complex systems. Simulation is a promising tool to resolve this issue, but it must address the curse of dimensionality, namely, that the number of bases increases exponentially in the number of photons. Here we mitigate this dimensionality scaling by focusing on optical systems composed of linear optical objects, modeled as an ensemble of two-level atoms. We decompose the time evolutionary operator on multiple photons into a group of time evolution operators acting on a single photon. Since the dimension of a single-photon time evolution operator is exponentially smaller than that of a multi-photon one in the number of photons, the decomposition enables the multi-photon simulations to be performed at a much lower computational cost. We apply this method to basic single- and multi-photon phenomena, such as Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality, and confirm that the calculated properties are quantitatively comparable to the experimental results. Furthermore, our method visualizes the spatial propagation of photons hence provides insights that aid experiment designs for quantum-enabled technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Oba
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiji Kajita
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
| | - Akihito Soeda
- Principles of Informatics Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan.
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31
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Englbrecht M, Kraft T, Dittel C, Buchleitner A, Giedke G, Kraus B. Indistinguishability of Identical Bosons from a Quantum Information Theory Perspective. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:050201. [PMID: 38364122 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Using tools from quantum information theory, we present a general theory of indistinguishability of identical bosons in experiments consisting of passive linear optics followed by particle number detection. Our results do neither rely on additional assumptions on the input state of the interferometer, such as, for instance, a fixed mode occupation, nor on any assumption on the degrees of freedom that potentially make the particles distinguishable. We identify the expectation value of the projector onto the N-particle symmetric subspace as an operationally meaningful measure of indistinguishability, and derive tight lower bounds on it that can be efficiently measured in experiments. Moreover, we present a consistent definition of perfect distinguishability and characterize the corresponding set of states. In particular, we show that these states are diagonal in the computational basis up to a permutationally invariant unitary. Moreover, we find that convex combinations of states that describe partially distinguishable and perfectly indistinguishable particles can lead to perfect distinguishability, which itself is not preserved under convex combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Englbrecht
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tristan Kraft
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Buchleitner
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geza Giedke
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Barbara Kraus
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Dąbrowska AM, Kolenderska SM, Szlachetka J, Słowik K, Kolenderski P. Quantum-inspired optical coherence tomography using classical light in a single-photon counting regime. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:363-366. [PMID: 38194569 DOI: 10.1364/ol.505678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Quantum optical coherence tomography (Q-OCT) presents many advantages over its classical counterpart, optical coherence tomography (OCT), provides an increased axial resolution, and is immune to even orders of dispersion. The core of Q-OCT is the quantum interference of negatively correlated entangled photon pairs which, in the Fourier domain, are observed by means of a joint spectrum measurement. In this work, we explore the use of a spectral approach in a novel configuration where classical light pulses are employed instead of entangled photons. The intensity of these light pulses is reduced to a single photon level. We report theoretical analysis along with its experimental validation to show that although such a classical light is much easier to launch into an experimental system, it offers limited benefits compared to Q-OCT based on the entangled light. We analyze the differences in the characteristics of the joint spectrum obtained with entangled photons and with classical optical pulses and point out to the differences' source: the lack of the advantage-bringing term in the signal.
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33
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Park G, Matsumoto I, Kiyohara T, Hofmann HF, Okamoto R, Takeuchi S. Realization of photon correlations beyond the linear optics limit. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj8146. [PMID: 38134279 PMCID: PMC10745675 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Linear optical transformations of multiple single-photon inputs are fundamental for the development of photonic quantum technologies. Various nonclassical correlations can already be observed directly in states generated using only single-photon inputs and linear optics transformations. However, some quantum correlations require additional operations, and states that exhibit such correlations are classified as non-Fock states. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a two-photon three-mode non-Fock state that exhibits conditional quantum coherences that can only be achieved by non-Fock states. We determine the fidelity of the non-Fock state based on experimentally observed conditional visibilities that characterize the state and compare the result to the fidelity bounds for different classes of Fock and non-Fock states. Our experimental verification of the non-Fock character of the state provides insights into the technological requirements needed to achieve nonclassical correlations in multiphoton quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geobae Park
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Issei Matsumoto
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kiyohara
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Holger F. Hofmann
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeki Takeuchi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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34
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Crawford J, Dolzhenko D, Keach M, Mueninghoff A, Abrahao RA, Martinez-Rincon J, Stankus P, Vintskevich S, Nomerotski A. Towards quantum telescopes: demonstration of a two-photon interferometer for precision astrometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44246-44258. [PMID: 38178500 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Classical optical interferometry requires maintaining live, phase-stable links between telescope stations. This requirement greatly adds to the cost of extending to long baseline separations and limits on baselines will in turn limit the achievable angular resolution. Here we describe a novel type of two-photon interferometer for astrometry, which uses photons from two separate sky sources and does not require an optical link between stations. Such techniques may make large increases in interferometric baselines practical, even by orders of magnitude, with a corresponding improvement in astrometric precision benefiting numerous fields in astrophysics. We tested a benchtop analogue version of the two-source interferometer and unambiguously observe correlated behavior in detections of photon pairs from two thermal light sources, in agreement with theoretical predictions. This work opens new possibilities in future astronomical measurements.
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35
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Wells L, Müller T, Stevenson RM, Skiba-Szymanska J, Ritchie DA, Shields AJ. Coherent light scattering from a telecom C-band quantum dot. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8371. [PMID: 38102132 PMCID: PMC10724139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum networks have the potential to transform secure communication via quantum key distribution and enable novel concepts in distributed quantum computing and sensing. Coherent quantum light generation at telecom wavelengths is fundamental for fibre-based network implementations, but Fourier-limited emission and subnatural linewidth photons have so far only been reported from systems operating in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range. Here, we use InAs/InP quantum dots to demonstrate photons with coherence times much longer than the Fourier limit at telecom wavelength via elastic scattering of excitation laser photons. Further, we show that even the inelastically scattered photons have coherence times within the error bars of the Fourier limit. Finally, we make direct use of the minimal attenuation in fibre for these photons by measuring two-photon interference after 25 km of fibre, demonstrating finite interference visibility for photons emitted about 100,000 excitation cycles apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wells
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - T Müller
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK.
| | - R M Stevenson
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - J Skiba-Szymanska
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - D A Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - A J Shields
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
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36
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Khodadad Kashi A, Caspani L, Kues M. Spectral Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect between a Heralded Single-Photon State and a Thermal Field: Multiphoton Contamination and the Nonclassicality Threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:233601. [PMID: 38134802 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect is crucial for quantum information processing, and its visibility determines the system's quantum-classical characteristics. In an experimental and theoretical study of the spectral HOM effect between a thermal field and a heralded single-photon state, we demonstrate that the HOM visibility varies dependent on the relative photon statistics of the interacting fields. Our findings reveal that multiphoton components in a heralded state get engaged in quantum interference with a thermal field, resulting in improved visibilities at certain mean photon numbers. We derive a theoretical relationship for the HOM visibility as a function of the mean photon number of the thermal field and the thermal part of the heralded state. We show that the nonclassicality degree of a heralded state is reflected in its HOM visibility with a thermal field; our results establish a lower bound of 41.42% for the peak visibility, indicating the minimum assignable degree of nonclassicality to the heralded state. This research enhances our understanding of the HOM effect and its application to high-speed remote secret key sharing, addressing security concerns due to multiphoton contamination in heralded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Khodadad Kashi
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kues
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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37
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Lyons A, Zickus V, Álvarez-Mendoza R, Triggiani D, Tamma V, Westerberg N, Tassieri M, Faccio D. Fluorescence lifetime Hong-Ou-Mandel sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8005. [PMID: 38049423 PMCID: PMC10696080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in the time domain is typically performed by recording the arrival time of photons either by using electronic time tagging or a gated detector. As such the temporal resolution is limited by the performance of the electronics to 100's of picoseconds. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescence lifetime measurement technique based on photon-bunching statistics with a resolution that is only dependent on the duration of the reference photon or laser pulse, which can readily reach the 1-0.1 picosecond timescale. A range of fluorescent dyes having lifetimes spanning from 1.6 to 7 picoseconds have been here measured with only ~1 s measurement duration. We corroborate the effectiveness of the technique by measuring the Newtonian viscosity of glycerol/water mixtures by means of a molecular rotor having over an order of magnitude variability in lifetime, thus introducing a new method for contact-free nanorheology. Accessing fluorescence lifetime information at such high temporal resolution opens a doorway for a wide range of fluorescent markers to be adopted for studying yet unexplored fast biological processes, as well as fundamental interactions such as lifetime shortening in resonant plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lyons
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Vytautas Zickus
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Danilo Triggiani
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK
| | - Niclas Westerberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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38
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Lee CH, Kim Y, Im DG, Kim US, Tamma V, Kim YH. Coherent Two-Photon LIDAR with Incoherent Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:223602. [PMID: 38101366 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.223602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Coherent light detection and ranging (LIDAR) offers exceptional sensitivity and precision in measuring the distance of remote objects by employing first-order interference. However, the ranging capability of coherent LIDAR is principally constrained by the coherence time of the light source determined by the spectral bandwidth. Here, we introduce coherent two-photon LIDAR, which eliminates the range limitation of coherent LIDAR due to the coherence time. Our scheme capitalizes on the counterintuitive phenomenon of two-photon interference of thermal light, in which the second-order interference fringe remains impervious to the short coherence time of the light source determined by the spectral bandwidth. By combining this feature with transverse two-photon interference of thermal light, we demonstrate distance ranging beyond the coherence time without relying on time-domain interference fringes. Moreover, we show that our coherent two-photon LIDAR scheme is robust to turbulence and ambient noise. This work opens up novel applications of two-photon correlation in classical light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Yosep Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Dong-Gil Im
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - U-Shin Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
| | - Yoon-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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39
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Conradt F, Bezold V, Wiechert V, Huber S, Mecking S, Leitenstorfer A, Tenne R. Electric-Field Fluctuations as the Cause of Spectral Instabilities in Colloidal Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9753-9759. [PMID: 37871158 PMCID: PMC10636921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Spectral diffusion (SD) represents a substantial obstacle toward implementation of solid-state quantum emitters as a source of indistinguishable photons. By performing high-resolution emission spectroscopy for individual colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures, we prove the causal link between the quantum-confined Stark effect and SD. Statistically analyzing the wavelength of emitted photons, we show that increasing the sensitivity of the transition energy to an applied electric field results in amplified spectral fluctuations. This relation is quantitatively fit to a straightforward model, indicating the presence of a stochastic electric field on a microscopic scale, whose standard deviation is 9 kV/cm, on average. The current method will enable the study of SD in multiple types of quantum emitters such as solid-state defects or organic lead halide perovskite quantum dots, for which spectral instability is a critical barrier for applications in quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Conradt
- Department
of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Bezold
- Department
of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Volker Wiechert
- Department
of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Steffen Huber
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alfred Leitenstorfer
- Department
of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ron Tenne
- Department
of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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40
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Stipčević M. Enhancing the Security of the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Protocol against Detector-Blinding Attacks via the Use of an Active Quantum Entropy Source in the Receiving Station. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1518. [PMID: 37998210 PMCID: PMC10670559 DOI: 10.3390/e25111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
True randomness is necessary for the security of any cryptographic protocol, including quantum key distribution (QKD). In QKD transceivers, randomness is supplied by one or more local, private entropy sources of quantum origin which can be either passive (e.g., a beam splitter) or active (e.g., an electronic quantum random number generator). In order to better understand the role of randomness in QKD, I revisit the well-known "detector blinding" attack on the BB84 QKD protocol, which utilizes strong light to achieve undetectable and complete recovery of the secret key. I present two findings. First, I show that the detector-blinding attack was in fact an attack on the receiver's local entropy source. Second, based on this insight, I propose a modified receiver station and a statistical criterion which together enable the robust detection of any bright-light attack and thus restore security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Stipčević
- Photonics and Quantum Optics Research Unit, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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Srivastava S, Horoshko DB, Kolobov MI. Erecting time telescope for photonic quantum networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:38560-38577. [PMID: 38017959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A time lens allows one to stretch or compress optical waveforms in time, similar to the conventional lens in space. However, a single-time-lens imaging system always imparts a residual temporal chirp on the image, which may be detrimental for quantum networks, where the temporal image interacts with other fields. We show that a two-time-lens imaging system satisfying the telescopic condition, a time telescope, is necessary and sufficient for creating a chirpless image. We develop a general theory of a time telescope, find the conditions for loss minimization, and show how an erecting time telescope creating a real image of a temporal object can be constructed. We consider several applications of such a telescope to making indistinguishable the photons generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion or single emitters such as quantum dots.
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42
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Li M, Li C, Yan L, Li Q, Gong Q, Li Y. Fractal photonic anomalous Floquet topological insulators to generate multiple quantum chiral edge states. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:262. [PMID: 37914682 PMCID: PMC10620381 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous Floquet topological insulators with vanishing Chern numbers but supporting chiral edge modes are attracting more and more attention. Since the existing anomalous Floquet topological insulators usually support only one kind of chiral edge mode even at a large lattice size, they are unscalable and unapplicable for multistate topological quantum systems. Recently, fractal topological insulators with self-similarity have been explored to support more nontrivial modes. Here, we demonstrate the first experimental realization of fractal photonic anomalous Floquet topological insulators based on dual Sierpinski carpet consisting of directional couplers using the femtosecond laser direct writing. The fabricated lattices support much more kinds of chiral edge states with fewer waveguides and enable perfect hopping of quantum states with near unit transfer efficiency. Instead of zero-dimensional bound modes for quantum state transport in previous laser direct-written topological insulators, we generate multiple propagating single-photon chiral edge states in the fractal lattice and observe high-visibility quantum interferences. These suggest the successful realization of highly indistinguishable single-photon chiral edge states, which can be applied in various quantum operations. This work provides the potential for enhancing the multi-fold manipulation of quantum states, enlarging the encodable quantum information capacity in a single lattice via high-dimensional encoding and many other fractal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Chu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Linyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China.
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43
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Wolterink TAW, Heinrich M, Scheel S, Szameit A. Order-Invariant Two-Photon Quantum Correlations in PT-Symmetric Interferometers. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3451-3457. [PMID: 37869557 PMCID: PMC10588553 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton correlations in linear photonic quantum networks are governed by matrix permanents. Yet, surprisingly few systematic properties of these crucial algebraic objects are known. As such, predicting the overall multiphoton behavior of a network from its individual building blocks typically defies intuition. In this work, we identify sequences of concatenated two-mode linear optical transformations whose two-photon behavior is invariant under reversal of the order. We experimentally verify this systematic behavior in parity-time-symmetric complex interferometer arrangements of varying compositions. Our results underline new ways in which quantum correlations may be preserved in counterintuitive ways, even in small-scale non-Hermitian networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. W. Wolterink
- Institute for Physics, University
of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinrich
- Institute for Physics, University
of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheel
- Institute for Physics, University
of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- Institute for Physics, University
of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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44
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Hernández-Sánchez L, Ramos-Prieto I, Soto-Eguibar F, Moya-Cessa HM. Exact solution for the interaction of two decaying quantized fields. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5435-5438. [PMID: 37831886 DOI: 10.1364/ol.503837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We show that the Markovian dynamics of two coupled harmonic oscillators may be analyzed using a Schrödinger equation and an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. This may be achieved by a non-unitary transformation that involves superoperators; such transformation enables the removal of quantum jump superoperators, which allows us to rewrite the Lindblad master equation in terms of a von Neumann-like equation with an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. This may be generalized to an arbitrary number of interacting fields. Finally, by applying an extra non-unitary transformation, we may diagonalize the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to obtain the evolution of any input state in a fully quantum domain.
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45
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Chiriano F, Ho J, Morrison CL, Webb JW, Pickston A, Graffitti F, Fedrizzi A. Hyper-entanglement between pulse modes and frequency bins. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35131-35142. [PMID: 37859251 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-entanglement between two or more photonic degrees of freedom (DOF) can enhance and enable new quantum protocols by allowing each DOF to perform the task it is optimally suited for. Here we demonstrate the generation of photon pairs hyper-entangled between pulse modes and frequency bins. The pulse modes are generated via parametric downconversion in a domain-engineered crystal and subsequently entangled to two frequency bins via a spectral mapping technique. The resulting hyper-entangled state is characterized and verified via measurement of its joint spectral intensity and non-classical two-photon interference patterns from which we infer its spectral phase. The protocol combines the robustness to loss, intrinsic high dimensionality and compatibility with standard fiber-optic networks of the energy-time DOF with the ability of hyper-entanglement to increase the capacity and efficiency of the quantum channel, already exploited in recent experimental applications in both quantum information and quantum computation.
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46
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Guo Y, Yang ZX, Zeng ZQ, Ding C, Shimizu R, Jin RB. Comparison of multi-mode Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and multi-slit interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32849-32864. [PMID: 37859078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference of multi-mode frequency entangled states plays a crucial role in quantum metrology. However, as the number of modes increases, the HOM interference pattern becomes increasingly complex, making it challenging to comprehend intuitively. To overcome this problem, we present the theory and simulation of multi-mode-HOM interference (MM-HOMI) and compare it to multi-slit interference (MSI). We find that these two interferences have a strong mapping relationship and are determined by two factors: the envelope factor and the details factor. The envelope factor is contributed by the single-mode HOM interference (single-slit diffraction) for MM-HOMI (MSI). The details factor is given by sin (Nx)/sin (x) ([sin (Nv)/sin (v)]2) for MM-HOMI (MSI), where N is the mode (slit) number and x (v) is the phase spacing of two adjacent spectral modes (slits). As a potential application, we demonstrate that the square root of the maximal Fisher information in MM-HOMI increases linearly with the number of modes, indicating that MM-HOMI is a powerful tool for enhancing precision in time estimation. We also discuss multi-mode Mach-Zehnder interference, multi-mode NOON-state interference, and the extended Wiener-Khinchin theorem. This work may provide an intuitive understanding of MM-HOMI patterns and promote the application of MM-HOMI in quantum metrology.
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47
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Szuniewicz J, Kurdziałek S, Kundu S, Zwolinski W, Chrapkiewicz R, Lahiri M, Lapkiewicz R. Noise-resistant phase imaging with intensity correlation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5396. [PMID: 37738351 PMCID: PMC10516487 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Interferometric methods form the basis of highly sensitive measurement techniques from astronomy to bioimaging. Interferometry typically requires high stability between the measured and reference beams. The presence of rapid phase fluctuations washes out interference fringes, making phase profile recovery impossible. This challenge can be addressed by shortening the measurement time. However, such an approach reduces photon-counting rates, precluding applications in low-intensity imaging. We introduce a phase imaging technique which is immune to time-dependent phase fluctuations. Our technique, relying on intensity correlation instead of direct intensity measurements, allows one to obtain high interference visibility for arbitrarily long acquisition times. We prove the optimality of our method using the Cramér-Rao bound in the extreme case when no more than two photons are detected within the time window of phase stability. Our technique will broaden prospects in phase measurements, including emerging applications such as in infrared and x-ray imaging and quantum and matter-wave interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Szuniewicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kurdziałek
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sanjukta Kundu
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zwolinski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Mayukh Lahiri
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Radek Lapkiewicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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48
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Fujihashi Y, Miwa K, Higashi M, Ishizaki A. Probing exciton dynamics with spectral selectivity through the use of quantum entangled photons. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114201. [PMID: 37712788 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum light is increasingly recognized as a promising resource for developing optical measurement techniques. Particular attention has been paid to enhancing the precision of the measurements beyond classical techniques by using nonclassical correlations between quantum entangled photons. Recent advances in the quantum optics technology have made it possible to manipulate spectral and temporal properties of entangled photons, and photon correlations can facilitate the extraction of matter information with relatively simple optical systems compared to conventional schemes. In these respects, the applications of entangled photons to time-resolved spectroscopy can open new avenues for unambiguously extracting information on dynamical processes in complex molecular and materials systems. Here, we propose time-resolved spectroscopy in which specific signal contributions are selectively enhanced by harnessing nonclassical correlations of entangled photons. The entanglement time characterizes the mutual delay between an entangled twin and determines the spectral distribution of photon correlations. The entanglement time plays a dual role as the knob for controlling the accessible time region of dynamical processes and the degrees of spectral selectivity. In this sense, the role of the entanglement time is substantially equivalent to the temporal width of the classical laser pulse. The results demonstrate that the application of quantum entangled photons to time-resolved spectroscopy leads to monitoring dynamical processes in complex molecular and materials systems by selectively extracting desired signal contributions from congested spectra. We anticipate that more elaborately engineered photon states would broaden the availability of quantum light spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujihashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Miwa
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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49
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de Barros JA, Holik F. Ontological indistinguishability as a central tenet of quantum theory. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220100. [PMID: 37517445 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum indistinguishability directly relates to the philosophical debate on the notions of identity and individuality. They are crucial for our understanding of multipartite quantum systems. Furthermore, the correct interpretation of this feature of quantum theory has implications that transcend fundamental science and philosophy, given that quantum indistinguishability is a resource in quantum information theory. Most of the conceptual analysis of quantum indistinguishability is restricted to studying the permutational invariance of quantum states, the concomitant quantum statistics and their entanglement. Here, we analyse the role of indistinguishability and non-individuality in other areas of quantum theory. We start by analysing how a very peculiar use of indistinguishability underlies Feynman's rules for summing amplitudes in interference phenomena. Next, we study how quantum indistinguishability is underestimated in several topics of debate in the quantum physics literature, such as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument, Bell's inequalities and the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem. Finally, we argue that an ontology of truly indistinguishable entities can serve as a basis for a quantum ontology that can give interesting answers to the interpretational problems of quantum mechanics. We claim that, in addition to superposition, contextuality and entanglement, indistinguishability (understood in a robust ontological sense) is one of the central features of quantum physics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de Barros
- School of Liberal Studies, San Francisco State University, 1900 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F Holik
- Instituto de Física La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Calle 113 entre 64 y 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dieks D. Emergence and identity of quantum particles. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220107. [PMID: 37517439 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
According to classical physics, particles are basic constituents of the physical world. Quantum theory is much less friendly to particles; in particular, relativistic quantum field theory (RQFT) creates serious obstacles for the idea that particles are fundamental. Apparently, when moving from the domain of RQFT to that of classical mechanics (CM), particles have to emerge at some stage. It is standard to assume that this emergence has been completed at the level of quantum mechanics, halfway between RQFT and CM, even though particles of the same kind in many-particle quantum mechanics have the curious feature of being 'entities without identity'. Against this 'Received View' about the nature of quantum particles we outline and defend an Alternative View (AV), in which the emergent character of particles is emphasized. According to this AV, the step to a particle theory has not yet been made in quantum mechanics: conditions have still to be satisfied in order to make the particle concept applicable. If these conditions are met, the quantum particles that emerge are distinguishable individuals possessing physically defined identities, in stark contrast to what the Received View asserts. We will compare and contrast the two Views, both from a physical and a logical/conceptual point of view. This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dieks
- History and Philosophy of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht,The Netherlands
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