1
|
Castell-Miller CV, Kono TJ, Ranjan A, Schlatter DC, Samac DA, Kimball JA. Interactive transcriptome analyses of Northern Wild Rice ( Zizania palustris L.) and Bipolaris oryzae show convoluted communications during the early stages of fungal brown spot development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1350281. [PMID: 38736448 PMCID: PMC11086184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1350281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Fungal diseases, caused mainly by Bipolaris spp., are past and current threats to Northern Wild Rice (NWR) grain production and germplasm preservation in both natural and cultivated settings. Genetic resistance against the pathogen is scarce. Toward expanding our understanding of the global gene communications of NWR and Bipolaris oryzae interaction, we designed an RNA sequencing study encompassing the first 12 h and 48 h of their encounter. NWR activated numerous plant recognition receptors after pathogen infection, followed by active transcriptional reprogramming of signaling mechanisms driven by Ca2+ and its sensors, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, activation of an oxidative burst, and phytohormone signaling-bound mechanisms. Several transcription factors associated with plant defense were found to be expressed. Importantly, evidence of diterpenoid phytoalexins, especially phytocassane biosynthesis, among expression of other defense genes was found. In B. oryzae, predicted genes associated with pathogenicity including secreted effectors that could target plant defense mechanisms were expressed. This study uncovered the early molecular communication between the NWR-B. oryzae pathosystem, which could guide selection for allele-specific genes to boost NWR defenses, and overall aid in the development of more efficient selection methods in NWR breeding through the use of the most virulent fungal isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J.Y. Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Daniel C. Schlatter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Samac
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Kimball
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva E, Dantas R, Barbosa JC, Berlinck RGS, Fill T. Metabolomics approach to understand molecular mechanisms involved in fungal pathogen-citrus pathosystems. Mol Omics 2024; 20:154-168. [PMID: 38273771 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Citrus is a crucial crop with a significant economic impact globally. However, postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens poses a considerable threat, leading to substantial financial losses. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Phyllosticta citricarpa are the main fungal pathogens, causing green mold, blue mold, sour rot and citrus black spot diseases, respectively. The use of chemical fungicides as a control strategy in citrus raises concerns about food and environmental safety. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions is essential to find safer alternatives. This review highlights the potential of the metabolomics approach in the search for bioactive compounds involved in the pathogen-citrus interaction, and how the integration of metabolomics and genomics contributes to the understanding of secondary metabolites associated with fungal virulence and the fungal infection mechanisms. Our goal is to provide a pipeline combining metabolomics and genomics that can effectively guide researchers to perform studies aiming to contribute to the understanding of the fundamental chemical and biochemical aspects of pathogen-host interactions, in order to effectively develop new alternatives for fungal diseases in citrus cultivation. We intend to inspire the scientific community to question unexplored biological systems, and to employ diverse analytical approaches and metabolomics techniques to address outstanding questions about the non-studied pathosystems from a chemical biology perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Silva
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Dantas
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Barbosa
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Taicia Fill
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, Zhao J, Liu M, Li J, Cheng J, Li W, Yuan M, Xiao S, Xue C. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes of Curvularia lunata. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13444. [PMID: 38481338 PMCID: PMC10938068 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are challenged by host-derived iron starvation or excess during infection, but the mechanism of plant pathogens rapidly adapting to the dynamic host iron environments to assimilate iron for invasion and colonization remains largely unexplored. Here, we found that the GATA transcription factor SreC in Curvularia lunata is required for virulence and adaption to the host iron excess environment. SreC directly binds to the ATGWGATAW element in an iron-dependent manner to regulate the switch between different iron assimilation pathways, conferring adaption to host iron environments in different trophic stages of C. lunata. SreC also regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes in C. lunata. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments is essential to the infectious growth and survival of C. lunata. We also demonstrate that CgSreA (a SreC orthologue) plays a similar role in Colletotrichum graminicola. We conclude that Sre mediates adaption to the host iron environment during infection, and the function is conserved in hemibiotrophic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
- Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar R, Singh A, Shukla E, Singh P, Khan A, Singh NK, Srivastava A. Siderophore of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium origin reduces reactive oxygen species mediated injury in Solanum spp. caused by fungal pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae036. [PMID: 38341275 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to explore antifungal properties of bacillibactin siderophore produced by the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus subtilis against fungal phytopathogens Alternaria porri and Fusarium equiseti isolated from Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena plants. METHODS AND RESULTS Alternaria porri and F. equiseti were isolated from infected plants of eggplant and tomato, respectively. A plate assay was employed to assess the effect of bacillibactin against the phytopathogens. The antifungal potential of the PGPR was evaluated by estimation of dry fungal biomass, visualization of cellular deformity using compound and scanning electron microscopy, antioxidative enzyme assay and analysis of membrane damage via using lipid peroxidation. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis was employed to investigate changes in intracellular iron content. The impact of bacillibactin on pathogenesis was evaluated by infecting detached leaves of S. lycopersicum and S. melongena plants with both the pathogens and treating the infected leaves with bacillibactin. Leaves were further investigated for ROS accumulation, extent of necrosis and cell death. Our findings revealed significant damage to the hyphal structure of A. porri and F. equiseti following treatment with bacillibactin. Biomass reduction, elevated antioxidative enzyme levels, and membrane damage further substantiated the inhibitory effects of the siderophore on fungal growth. ICP-AES analysis indicates an increase in intracellular iron content suggesting enhanced iron uptake facilitated by bacillibactin. Moreover, application of 1500 µg ml-1 bacillibactin on infected leaves demonstrated a substantial inhibition of ROS accumulation, necrosis, and cell death upon bacillibactin treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the potent antagonistic activity of bacillibactin against both the phytopathogens A. porri and F. equiseti growth, supporting its potential as a promising biological control agent for fungal plant diseases. Bacillibactin-induced morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations in the isolated fungi and pathogen-infected leaves highlight the prospects of bacillibactin as an effective and sustainable solution to mitigate economic losses associated with fungal infections in vegetable crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinsh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | - Ekta Shukla
- Department of Botany, Sunbeam College for Women, U.P., Bhagwanpur, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | - Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu H, Zhang J, Fan J, Jia W, Lv Y, Pan H, Zhang X. Infection-specific transcriptional patterns of the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus unravel genes involved in asexual development and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13413. [PMID: 38279855 PMCID: PMC10775821 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus is a destructive disease that threatens global maize (Zea mays) production. Despite many studies being conducted, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during infection. There is a need to understand the fungal arms strategy and identify novel functional genes as targets for fungicide development. Transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing was carried out across conidia germination and host infection by C. heterostrophus. The present study revealed major changes in C. heterostrophus gene expression during host infection. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced during C. heterostrophus infection could be involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, peroxisome, energy metabolism, amino acid degradation and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, histone acetyltransferase, secreted proteins, peroxisomal proteins, NADPH oxidase and transcription factors were selected for further functional validation. Here, we demonstrated that histone acetyltransferases (Hat2 and Rtt109), secreted proteins (Cel61A and Mep1), peroxisomal proteins (Pex11A and Pex14), NADPH oxidases (NoxA, NoxD and NoxR) and transcription factors (Crz1 and MtfA) play essential roles in C. heterostrophus conidiation, stress adaption and virulence. Taken together, our study revealed major changes in gene expression associated with C. heterostrophus infection and identified a diverse repertoire of genes critical for successful infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yu
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jiyue Zhang
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jinyu Fan
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wantong Jia
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yanan Lv
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun J, Yang R, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Jia J, Huang H, Xiao S, Xue C. An efficient targeted gene deletion approach for Cochliobolus heterostrophus using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 216:106863. [PMID: 38036223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cochliobolus heterostrophus is a plant pathogenic fungus of southern corn leaf blight, which has been regarded as a model necrotrophic plant pathogen. Many methods have been developed to knock out targeted genes in C. heterostrophus, of which the most widely-used one is protoplast-mediated transformation. However, there are several problems of this method associated with protoplast preparation, DNA product, time consumption, or high cost. In this study, a highly efficient target gene deletion approach in C. heterostrophus was established and optimized, based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT); the transformation efficiency of this approach was 85-88 transformants per 105 conidia, and the homologous recombination efficiency was approximately 68.3%. Furthermore, six gene knockout mutants of C. heterostrophus were obtained using this ATMT method. The phenotypes of this fungus altered in the mutant strains, and the virulence of the mutants significantly reduced compared to of the wild type strain. Taken together, this ATMT system established in this study can be used as a genetic manipulation tool for C. heterostrophus, to better understand the functions of genes and its relation to virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yujia Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zengran Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongming Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhardwaj M, Kailoo S, Khan RT, Khan SS, Rasool S. Harnessing fungal endophytes for natural management: a biocontrol perspective. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280258. [PMID: 38143866 PMCID: PMC10748429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ever-evolving realm of agriculture, the convoluted interaction between plants and microorganisms have assumed paramount significance. Fungal endophytes, once perceived as mere bystanders within plant tissues, have now emerged as dynamic defenders of plant health. This comprehensive review delves into the captivating world of fungal endophytes and their multifaceted biocontrol mechanisms. Exploring their unique ability to coexist with their plant hosts, fungal endophytes have unlocked a treasure trove of biological weaponry to fend off pathogens and enhance plant resilience. From the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites to intricate signaling pathways these silent allies are masters of biological warfare. The world of fungal endophytes is quite fascinating as they engage in a delicate dance with the plant immune system, orchestrating a symphony of defense that challenges traditional notions of plant-pathogen interactions. The journey through the various mechanisms employed by these enigmatic endophytes to combat diseases, will lead to revelational understanding of sustainable agriculture. The review delves into cutting-edge research and promising prospects, shedding light on how fungal endophytes hold the key to biocontrol and the reduction of chemical inputs in agriculture. Their ecological significance, potential for bioprospecting and avenues for future research are also explored. This exploration of the biocontrol mechanisms of fungal endophytes promise not only to enrich our comprehension of plant-microbe relationships but also, to shape the future of sustainable and ecofriendly agricultural practices. In this intricate web of life, fungal endophytes are indeed the unsung heroes, silently guarding our crops and illuminating a path towards a greener, healthier tomorrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shafaq Rasool
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song X, Zheng R, Liu Y, Liu Z, Yu J, Li J, Zhang P, Gao Q, Li H, Li C, Liu X. Combined application of microbial inoculant and kelp-soaking wastewater promotes wheat seedlings growth and improves structural diversity of rhizosphere microbial community. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20697. [PMID: 38001242 PMCID: PMC10673839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial processing of kelp generates large amounts of kelp-soaking wastewater (KSW), which contains a large amount of nutrient-containing substances. The plant growth-promoting effect might be further improved by combined application of growth-promoting bacteria and the nutrient-containing KSW. Here, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the mixture of KSW and Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-1 (MS) vs. KSW alone (SE) on wheat seedlings, soil properties and the microbial community structure in wheat rhizosphere soil. The available potassium, available nitrogen, organic matter content and urease activity of MS soil as well as the available potassium of the SE soil were significantly different (p < 0.05) from those of the CK with water only added, increased by 39.51%, 36.25%, 41.61%, 80.56% and 32.99%, respectively. The dry and fresh weight of wheat seedlings from MS plants increased by 166.17% and 50.62%, respectively, while plant height increased by 16.99%, compared with CK. Moreover, the abundance and diversity of fungi in the wheat rhizosphere soil were significantly increased (p < 0.05), the relative abundance of Ascomycetes and Fusarium spp. decreased, while the relative abundance of Bacillus and Mortierella increased. Collectively, the combination of KSW and the plant growth-promoting strain M4-1 can promote wheat seedlings growth and improve the microecology of rhizosphere microorganisms, thereby solving the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution, ultimately turning waste into economic gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shandong Nongda Fertilizer Technology Co. Ltd, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jintai Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiong Gao
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Huying Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xunli Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang W, Forester NT, Applegate ER, Liu X, Johnson LJ. High-affinity iron uptake is required for optimal Epichloë festucae colonization of Lolium perenne and seed transmission. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1430-1442. [PMID: 37477276 PMCID: PMC10576175 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae uses a siderophore-mediated system to acquire iron, which is important to maintain endophyte-grass symbioses. Here we investigate the roles of the alternative iron acquisition system, reductive iron assimilation (RIA), via disruption of the fetC gene, which encodes a multicopper ferroxidase, either alone (i.e., ΔfetC) or in combination with disruption of the gene sidA, which encodes a siderophore biosynthesis enzyme (i.e., ΔfetC/ΔsidA). The phenotypic characteristics of these mutants were compared to ΔsidA and wild-type (WT) strains during growth under axenic culture conditions (in culture) and in symbiosis with the host grass, perennial ryegrass (in planta). Under iron deficiency, the colony growth rate of ΔfetC was slightly slower than that of WT, while the growth of ΔsidA and ΔfetC/ΔsidA mutants was severely suppressed. Siderophore analyses indicated that ΔfetC mutants hyperaccumulate ferriepichloënin A (FEA) at low iron concentrations and ferricrocin and FEA at higher iron concentrations. When compared to WT, all mutant strains displayed hyperbranching hyphal structures and a reduced ratio of Epichloë DNA to total DNA in planta. Furthermore, host colonization and vertical transmission through infection of the host seed were significantly reduced in the ΔfetC/ΔsidA mutants, confirming that high-affinity iron uptake is a critical process for Epichloë transmission. Thus, RIA and siderophore iron uptake are complementary systems required for the maintenance of iron metabolism, fungal growth, and symbiosis between E. festucae and perennial ryegrass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Emma R. Applegate
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Xinqi Liu
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandes C, Casadevall A, Gonçalves T. Mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad061. [PMID: 37884396 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species are cosmopolitan fungi darkly pigmented by melanin that infect numerous plant species causing economically important agricultural spoilage of various food crops. Alternaria spp. also infect animals, being described as entomopathogenic fungi but also infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their clinical importance in human health, as infection agents, lay in the growing number of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, Alternaria spp. are considered some of the most abundant and potent sources of airborne sensitizer allergens causing allergic respiratory diseases, as severe asthma. Among the numerous strategies deployed by Alternaria spp. to attack their hosts, the production of toxins, carrying critical concerns to public health as food contaminant, and the production of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, can be highlighted. Alternaria proteases also trigger allergic symptoms in individuals with fungal sensitization, acting as allergens and facilitating antigen access to the host subepithelium. Here, we review the current knowledge about the mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in plants and animals, the strategies used by Alternaria to cope with the host defenses, and the involvement Alternaria allergens and mechanisms of sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fernandes
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Wolfe Street, Room E5132, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Happacher I, Aguiar M, Yap A, Decristoforo C, Haas H. Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus: impact on biotic interactions and potential translational applications. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:829-842. [PMID: 37313590 PMCID: PMC10500206 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element that is limiting in most habitats including hosts for fungal pathogens. Siderophores are iron-chelators synthesized by most fungal species for high-affinity uptake and intracellular handling of iron. Moreover, virtually all fungal species including those lacking siderophore biosynthesis appear to be able to utilize siderophores produced by other species. Siderophore biosynthesis has been shown to be crucial for virulence of several fungal pathogens infecting animals and plants revealing induction of this iron acquisition system during virulence, which offers translational potential of this fungal-specific system. The present article summarizes the current knowledge on the fungal siderophore system with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus and its potential translational application including noninvasive diagnosis of fungal infections via urine samples, imaging of fungal infections via labeling of siderophores with radionuclides such as Gallium-68 for detection with positron emission tomography, conjugation of siderophores with fluorescent probes, and development of novel antifungal strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidor Happacher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Aguiar
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annie Yap
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maguvu TE, Travadon R, Cantu D, Trouillas FP. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of multiple isolates of Ceratocystis destructans, the causal agent of Ceratocystis canker of almond in California. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14873. [PMID: 37684350 PMCID: PMC10491840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceratocystis canker caused by Ceratocystis destructans is a severe disease of almond, reducing the longevity and productivity of infected trees. Once the disease has established in an individual tree, there is no cure, and management efforts are often limited to removing the infected area of cankers. In this study, we present the genome assemblies of five C. destructans isolates isolated from symptomatic almond trees. The genomes were assembled into a genome size of 27.2 ± 0.9 Mbp with an average of 6924 ± 135 protein-coding genes and an average GC content of 48.8 ± 0.02%. We concentrated our efforts on identifying putative virulence factors of canker pathogens. Analysis of the secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes showed that the genomes harbored 83.4 ± 1.8 secreted CAZymes. The secreted CAZymes covered all the known categories of CAZymes. AntiSMASH revealed that the genomes had at least 7 biosynthetic gene clusters, with one of the non-ribosomal peptide synthases encoding dimethylcoprogen, a conserved virulence determinant of plant pathogenic ascomycetes. From the predicted proteome, we also annotated cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and transporters, these are well-established virulence determinants of canker pathogens. Moreover, we managed to identify 57.4 ± 2.1 putative effector proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was applied to compare gene content with two closely related species C. fimbriata, and C. albifundus. This study provides the first genome assemblies for C. destructans, expanding genomic resources for an important almond canker pathogen. The acquired knowledge provides a foundation for further advanced studies, such as molecular interactions with the host, which is critical for breeding for resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda E Maguvu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Renaud Travadon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Florent P Trouillas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuan CS, Ng KP, Yew SM, Umar Meleh H, Seow HF, How KN, Yeo SK, Jee JM, Tan YC, Yee WY, Hoh CC, Velayuthan RD, Na SL, Masri SN, Chew SY, Than LTL. Comparative genomic and phenotypic analyses of pathogenic fungi Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Bipolaris papendorfii isolated from human skin scraping. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1351-1372. [PMID: 37351789 PMCID: PMC10485236 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Bipolaris species are fungal plant pathogens that have been reported to cause human diseases. Recently, we have isolated numerous N. dimidiatum and Bipolaris species from the skin scrapings and nails of different patients. In this work, we have sequenced the genome of one strain of N. dimidiatum. The sequenced genome was compared to that of a previously reported Bipolaris papendorfii genome for a better understanding of their complex lifestyle and broad host-range pathogenicity. Both N. dimidiatum UM 880 (~ 43 Mb) and B. papendorfii UM 226 (~ 33 Mb) genomes include 11,015-12,320 putative coding DNA sequences, of which 0.51-2.49% are predicted transposable elements. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed several genes involved in melanin biosynthesis and iron uptake. The arsenal of CAZymes related to plants pathogenicity is comparable between the species, including genes involved in hemicellulose and pectin decomposition. Several important gene encoding keratinolytic peptidases were identified in N. dimidiatum and B. papendorfii, reflecting their potential pathogenic role in causing skin and nail infections. In this study, additional information on the metabolic features of these two species, such as nutritional profiling, pH tolerance, and osmotolerant, are revealed. The genomic characterization of N. dimidiatum and B. papendorfii provides the basis for the future functional studies to gain further insights as to what makes these fungi persist in plants and why they are pathogenic to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hadiza Umar Meleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Heng Fong Seow
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kang Nien How
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siok Koon Yeo
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jap Meng Jee
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yung-Chie Tan
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, 43200 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Yan Yee
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, 43200 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, 43200 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rukumani Devi Velayuthan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Ling Na
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Norbaya Masri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun J, Zhao J, Huang H, Jia J, Yuan M, Xiao S, Xue C. Highly efficient gene knockout system in the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). J Microbiol Methods 2023; 212:106812. [PMID: 37625551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, a hemibiotrophic pathogenic fungus, is the causal agent of anthracnose of maize, which causes significant yield losses worldwide, especially in warm and humid maize production regions. An efficient targeted genes knockout protocol is crucial to explore molecular mechanisms of fungal virulence to the host. In this study, we established a gene knockout transformation system by employing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to knockout genes in M 1.001 strain of C. graminicola. The conidia germination status, induction medium type, and ratio of Agrobacterium cell and conidia suspension were optimized for the knockout of CgBRN1(OR352905), a gene relating to the fungal melanin biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, CgPKS18 (OR352906) and CgCDC25 (OR352903) were knocked out to test the applicability of the gene knockout transformation system. In this established system, transformation efficiency was 176 transformants per 1 × 105 conidia and the homologous recombination efficiency was 53.3 to 75%. Furthermore, disease index, lesion number and lesion size caused by the three above-mentioned mutant strains were found to be reduced significantly compared to the wild-type strain, which indicated reduction in fungal virulence due to the lack of those genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongming Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vijay K, Shibasini M, Sivasakthivelan P, Kavitha T. Microbial siderophores as molecular shuttles for metal cations: sources, sinks and application perspectives. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:322. [PMID: 37644212 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the highly abundant elements on the earth's crust, an essential micronutrient for a majority of life forms, and exists in two frequent oxidation states such as ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+). These two oxidation states are interconvertible by redox reactions and form complexes with a wide range of siderophores. At neutral pH in soil, Fe2+ is highly soluble upto 100 mM but have less biological value, whereas Fe3+ is less soluble upto 10-9 M. This reduced bioavailability of Fe3+ induces competition among microorganisms. As many microorganisms need at least 10-6 M of Fe3+ form of iron for their growth, siderophores from these microbes readily withdraw Fe3+ iron from a variety of habitats for their survival. In this review, we bring into light the several recent investigations related to diverse chemistry of microbial siderophores, mechanisms of siderophore uptake, biosynthetic gene clusters in microbial genomes, various sources of heavy metal cations in soil, siderophore-binding protein receptors and commercialisation perspectives of siderophores. Besides, this review unearths the recent advancements in the characterisation of novel siderophores and its heavy metal complexes alongside the interaction kinetics with receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Vijay
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Murugan Shibasini
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Panneerselvam Sivasakthivelan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India
| | - Thangavel Kavitha
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin C, Feng XL, Liu Y, Li ZC, Li XZ, Qi J. Bioinformatic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Pathogenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:850. [PMID: 37623621 PMCID: PMC10455296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are among the filamentous fungi with the most pronounced impact on agricultural production and human health. The mycotoxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium not only attack various plants including crops, causing various plant diseases that lead to reduced yields and even death, but also penetrate into the food chain of humans and animals to cause food poisoning and consequent health hazards. Although sporadic studies have revealed some of the biosynthetic pathways of Fusarium toxins, they are insufficient to satisfy the need for a comprehensive understanding of Fusarium toxin production. In this study, we focused on 35 serious pathogenic Fusarium species with available genomes and systematically analyzed the ubiquity of the distribution of identified Fusarium- and non-Fusarium-derived fungal toxin biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) in these species through the mining of core genes and the comparative analysis of corresponding BGCs. Additionally, novel sesterterpene synthases and PKS_NRPS clusters were discovered and analyzed. This work is the first to systematically analyze the distribution of related mycotoxin biosynthesis in pathogenic Fusarium species. These findings enhance the knowledge of mycotoxin production and provide a theoretical grounding for the prevention of fungal toxin production using biotechnological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhao-chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bouqellah NA, Elkady NA, Farag PF. Secretome Analysis for a New Strain of the Blackleg Fungus Plenodomus lingam Reveals Candidate Proteins for Effectors and Virulence Factors. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:740. [PMID: 37504729 PMCID: PMC10381368 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal secretome is the main interface for interactions between the pathogen and its host. It includes the most important virulence factors and effector proteins. We integrated different bioinformatic approaches and used the newly drafted genome data of P. lingam isolate CAN1 (blackleg of rapeseed fungus) to predict the secretion of 217 proteins, including many cell-wall-degrading enzymes. All secretory proteins were identified; 85 were classified as CAZyme families and 25 were classified as protease families. Moreover, 49 putative effectors were predicted and identified, where 39 of them possessed at least one conserved domain. Some pectin-degrading enzymes were noticeable as a clustering group according to STRING web analysis. The secretome of P. lingam CAN1 was compared to the other two blackleg fungal species (P. lingam JN3 and P. biglobosus CA1) secretomes and their CAZymes and effectors were identified. Orthologue analysis found that P. lingam CAN1 shared 14 CAZy effectors with other related species. The Pathogen-Host Interaction database (PHI base) classified the effector proteins in several categories where most proteins were assigned as reduced virulence and two of them termed as hypervirulence. Nowadays, in silico approaches can solve many ambiguous issues about the mechanism of pathogenicity between fungi and plant host with well-designed bioinformatics tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla A Bouqellah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 42317-8599, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia A Elkady
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Peter F Farag
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jenner M, Hai Y, Nguyen HH, Passmore M, Skyrud W, Kim J, Garg NK, Zhang W, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Tang Y. Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear non-ribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2832. [PMID: 37198174 PMCID: PMC10192304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores belonging to the ferrichrome family are essential for the viability of fungal species and play a key role for virulence of numerous pathogenic fungi. Despite their biological significance, our understanding of how these iron-chelating cyclic hexapeptides are assembled by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymes remains poorly understood, primarily due to the nonlinearity exhibited by the domain architecture. Herein, we report the biochemical characterization of the SidC NRPS, responsible for construction of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. In vitro reconstitution of purified SidC reveals its ability to produce ferricrocin and its structural variant, ferrichrome. Application of intact protein mass spectrometry uncovers several non-canonical events during peptidyl siderophore biosynthesis, including inter-modular loading of amino acid substrates and an adenylation domain capable of poly-amide bond formation. This work expands the scope of NRPS programming, allows biosynthetic assignment of ferrichrome NRPSs, and sets the stage for reprogramming towards novel hydroxamate scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yang Hai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Hong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Transmed Co., Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Munro Passmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Will Skyrud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Arzeda, 3421 Thorndyke Ave W, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Junyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li R, Zheng P, Sun X, Dong W, Shen Z, Chen P, Wu D. Genome Sequencing and Analysis Reveal Potential High-Valued Metabolites Synthesized by Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050522. [PMID: 37233233 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia sp. is a typical opportunistic plant pathogen, which can also be classified as an endophytic fungus. In this study, the genome of a jasmonic-acid-producing Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2 was sequenced and analyzed to understand its application value. The results showed that the L. iranensis DWH-2 genome was 43.01 Mb in size with a GC content of 54.82%. A total of 11,224 coding genes were predicted, among which 4776 genes were annotated based on Gene Ontology. Furthermore, the core genes involved in the pathogenicity of the genus Lasiodiplodia were determined for the first time based on pathogen-host interactions. Eight Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) genes related to 1,3-β-glucan synthesis were annotated based on the CAZy database and three relatively complete known biosynthetic gene clusters were identified based on the Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell database, which were associated with the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, dimethylcoprogen, and (R)-melanin. Moreover, eight genes associated with jasmonic acid synthesis were detected in pathways related to lipid metabolism. These findings fill the gap in the genomic data of high jasmonate-producing strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingyun Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ziqiang Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu JJ, Wu PC, Yago JI, Chung KR. The Regulatory Hub of Siderophore Biosynthesis in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Alternaria alternata. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040427. [PMID: 37108881 PMCID: PMC10146468 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A GATA zinc finger-containing repressor (AaSreA) suppresses siderophore biosynthesis in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata under iron-replete conditions. In this study, targeted gene deletion revealed two bZIP-containing transcription factors (AaHapX and AaAtf1) and three CCAAT-binding proteins (AaHapB, AaHapC, and AaHapE) that positively regulate gene expression in siderophore production. This is a novel phenotype regarding Atf1 and siderophore biosynthesis. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that only AaHapX and AaSreA were regulated by iron. AaSreA and AaHapX form a transcriptional feedback negative loop to regulate iron acquisition in response to the availability of environmental iron. Under iron-limited conditions, AaAtf1 enhanced the expression of AaNps6, thus playing a positive role in siderophore production. However, under nutrient-rich conditions, AaAtf1 plays a negative role in resistance to sugar-induced osmotic stress, and AaHapX plays a negative role in resistance to salt-induced osmotic stress. Virulence assays performed on detached citrus leaves revealed that AaHapX and AaAtf1 play no role in fungal pathogenicity. However, fungal strains carrying the AaHapB, AaHapC, or AaHapE deletion failed to incite necrotic lesions, likely due to severe growth deficiency. Our results revealed that siderophore biosynthesis and iron homeostasis are regulated by a well-organized network in A. alternata.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Q, Dong C. Dual Transcriptomics Reveals Interspecific Interactions between the Mycoparasite Calcarisporium cordycipiticola and Its Host Cordyceps militaris. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0480022. [PMID: 36946736 PMCID: PMC10100745 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04800-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcarisporium cordycipiticola is a mycoparasite of the edible fungus Cordyceps militaris, and mycoparasitism causes devastating diseases of mushrooms. In this study, dual-transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal interspecific interactions between the mycoparasite C. cordycipiticola and its host C. militaris. At 4 and 8 days postinfection (dpi), 2,959 and 2,077 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of C. cordycipiticola and 914 and 1,548 DEGs of C. militaris were identified compared with the mycelial stage, respectively, indicating that C. cordycipiticola responded more quickly than C. militaris. Lectins of the pathogen may play a role in the recognition of fungal prey. Both Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that primary metabolism was vigorous for the pathogen to colonize the host and that the pathogen's attack substantially altered C. militaris' primary metabolism. C. cordycipiticola upregulated some carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes, including CBM18, GH18, GH16, and GH76, for degrading the host cell wall and defending against host immunity. C. militaris produced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) to respond to the infection. The GO term "heme binding" was the only shared term enriched at both stages at 4 and 8 dpi, indicating that iron was important for both the pathogen and the host. The uptake of iron by pathogens through multiple pathways promoted colonization and removed high ROS levels produced by the host. The transcription levels of Cmhsp78, Cmhsp70, and Cmhyd1 in C. militaris responded quickly, and these genes have potential as candidates for the breeding of resistant varieties. This study provides clues for understanding the interactions between a mycoparasite and its mushroom host and will be helpful for the breeding of resistant varieties and disease prevention and control for this edible fungus. IMPORTANCE White mildew disease caused by Calcarisporium cordycipiticola is devastating for the fruiting body cultivation of Cordyceps militaris, a popular and highly valued edible fungus. Here, the pathogenic mechanisms of C. cordycipiticola, the responses of C. militaris to the infection, and the interaction of these two phylogenetically close species were revealed by time course dual-transcriptome profiles. In general, the host C. militaris responds more slowly than the pathogen C. cordycipiticola. For the first time, we found that iron was important for both the mycoparasite and the host. C. cordycipiticola takes up iron by multiple pathways to promote colonization and remove high ROS levels produced by the host. The rapidly responding genes Cmhsp70, Cmhsp78, and Cmhyd1 in C. militaris may have the potential as candidate genes for the breeding of resistant varieties. This study expands our understanding of the mycoparasitic interactions of two species from sister families and will be helpful for the breeding of and disease prevention and control in mushrooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In 1970, the Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic ravaged U.S. fields to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by never-before-seen, supervirulent, Race T of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. The functional difference between Race T and O, the previously known, far less aggressive strain, is production of T-toxin, a host-selective polyketide. Supervirulence is associated with ~1 Mb of Race T-specific DNA; only a fraction encodes T-toxin biosynthetic genes (Tox1). Tox1 is genetically and physically complex, with unlinked loci (Tox1A, Tox1B) genetically inseparable from breakpoints of a Race O reciprocal translocation that generated hybrid Race T chromosomes. Previously, we identified 10 genes for T-toxin biosynthesis. Unfortunately, high-depth, short-read sequencing placed these genes on four small, unconnected scaffolds surrounded by repeated A+T rich sequence, concealing context. To sort out Tox1 topology and pinpoint the hypothetical Race O translocation breakpoints corresponding to Race T-specific insertions, we undertook PacBio long-read sequencing which revealed Tox1 gene arrangement and the breakpoints. Six Tox1A genes are arranged as three small islands in a Race T-specific sea (~634 kb) of repeats. Four Tox1B genes are linked, on a large loop of Race T-specific DNA (~210 kb). The race O breakpoints are short sequences of race O-specific DNA; corresponding positions in race T are large insertions of race T-specific, A+T rich DNA, often with similarity to transposable (predominantly Gypsy) elements. Nearby, are 'Voyager Starship' elements and DUF proteins. These elements may have facilitated Tox1 integration into progenitor Race O and promoted large scale recombination resulting in race T. IMPORTANCE In 1970 a corn disease epidemic ravaged fields in the United States to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by a never-before seen, supervirulent strain of the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. This was a plant disease epidemic, however, the current COVID-19 pandemic of humans is a stark reminder that novel, highly virulent, pathogens evolve with devastating consequences, no matter what the host-animal, plant, or other organism. Long read DNA sequencing technology allowed in depth structural comparisons between the sole, previously known, much less aggressive, version of the pathogen and the supervirulent version and revealed, in meticulous detail, the structure of the unique virulence-causing DNA. These data are foundational for future analysis of mechanisms of DNA acquisition from a foreign source.
Collapse
|
23
|
Narh Mensah DL, Wingfield BD, Coetzee MPA. Nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters and characteristics of predicted NRPS-dependent siderophore synthetases in Armillaria and other species in the Physalacriaceae. Curr Genet 2023; 69:7-24. [PMID: 36369495 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are often pathogenicity or virulence factors synthesized by genes contained in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Nonribosomal polypeptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters are SMGCs which produce peptides such as siderophores, the high affinity ferric iron chelating compounds required for iron uptake under aerobic conditions. Armillaria spp. are mostly facultative necrotrophs of woody plants. NRPS-dependent siderophore synthetase (NDSS) clusters of Armillaria spp. and selected Physalacriaceae were investigated using a comparative genomics approach. Siderophore biosynthesis by strains of selected Armillaria spp. was evaluated using CAS and split-CAS assays. At least one NRPS cluster and other clusters were detected in the genomes studied. No correlation was observed between the number and types of SMGCs and reported pathogenicity of the species studied. The genomes contained one NDSS cluster each. All NDSSs were multi-modular with the domain architecture (ATC)3(TC)2. NDSS clusters of the Armillaria spp. showed a high degree of microsynteny. In the genomes of Desarmillaria spp. and Guyanagaster necrorhizus, NDSS clusters were more syntenic with NDSS clusters of Armillaria spp. than to those of the other Physalacriaceae species studied. Three A-domain orthologous groups were identified in the NDSSs, and atypical Stachelhaus codes were predicted for the A3 orthologous group. In vitro biosynthesis of mainly hydroxamate and some catecholate siderophores was observed. Hence, Armillaria spp. generally contain one highly conserved, NDSS cluster although some interspecific variations in the products of these clusters is expected. Results from this study lays the groundwork for future studies to elucidate the molecular biology of fungal phyto-pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Narh Mensah
- Departments of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute (CSIR-FRI), P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Departments of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin P A Coetzee
- Departments of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Interconnected Set of Enzymes Provide Lysine Biosynthetic Intermediates and Ornithine Derivatives as Key Precursors for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010159. [PMID: 36671360 PMCID: PMC9854754 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and plants synthesize thousands of secondary metabolites with important biological and pharmacological activities. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is performed by networks of complex enzymes such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The efficient production of these metabolites is dependent upon the supply of precursors that arise from primary metabolism. In the last decades, an impressive array of biosynthetic enzymes that provide specific precursors and intermediates leading to secondary metabolites biosynthesis has been reported. Suitable knowledge of the elaborated pathways that synthesize these precursors or intermediates is essential for advancing chemical biology and the production of natural or semisynthetic biological products. Two of the more prolific routes that provide key precursors in the biosynthesis of antitumor, immunosuppressant, antifungal, or antibacterial compounds are the lysine and ornithine pathways, which are involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactams and other non-ribosomal peptides, and bacterial and fungal siderophores. Detailed analysis of the molecular genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme system shows that they are formed by closely related components. Particularly the focus of this study is on molecular genetics and the enzymatic steps that lead to the formation of intermediates of the lysine pathway, such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and related compounds, and of ornithine-derived molecules, such as N5-Acetyl-N5-Hydroxyornithine and N5-anhydromevalonyl-N5-hydroxyornithine, which are precursors of siderophores. We provide evidence that shows interesting functional relationships between the genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize these products. This information will contribute to a better understanding of the possibilities of advancing the industrial applications of synthetic biology.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tu Q, Wang L, An Q, Shuai J, Xia X, Dong Y, Zhang X, Li G, He Y. Comparative transcriptomics identifies the key in planta-expressed genes of Fusarium graminearum during infection of wheat varieties. Front Genet 2023; 14:1166832. [PMID: 37144121 PMCID: PMC10151574 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1166832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most devastating diseases in wheat, which reduces the yield and quality of grain. Fusarium graminearum infection of wheat cells triggers dynamic changes of gene expression in both F. graminearum and wheat, leading to molecular interactions between pathogen and host. The wheat plant in turn activates immune signaling or host defense pathways against FHB. However, the mechanisms by which F. graminearum infects wheat varieties with different levels of host resistance are largely limited. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the F. graminearum transcriptome in planta during the infection of susceptible and resistant wheat varieties at three timepoints. A total of 6,106 F. graminearum genes including those functioning in cell wall degradation, synthesis of secondary metabolites, virulence, and pathogenicity were identified during the infection of different hosts, which were regulated by hosts with different genetic backgrounds. Genes enriched with metabolism of host cell wall components and defense response processes were specifically dynamic during the infection with different hosts. Our study also identified F. graminearum genes that were specifically suppressed by signals derived from the resistant plant host. These genes may represent direct targets of the plant defense against infection by this fungus. Briefly, we generated databases of in planta-expressed genes of F. graminearum during infection of two different FHB resistance level wheat varieties, highlighted their dynamic expression patterns and functions of virulence, invasion, defense response, metabolism, and effector signaling, providing valuable insight into the interactions between F. graminearum and susceptible/resistant wheat varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tu
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi An
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Shuai
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Dong
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Li, ; Yi He,
| | - Yi He
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Li, ; Yi He,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu L, Huang J, Lu X, Zhou C. Development of plant systemic resistance by beneficial rhizobacteria: Recognition, initiation, elicitation and regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952397. [PMID: 36017257 PMCID: PMC9396261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been demonstrated to be closely linked with plants since their earliest evolution, to help early land plants adapt to environmental threats. Mounting evidence has indicated that plants can release diverse kinds of signal molecules to attract beneficial bacteria for mediating the activities of their genetics and biochemistry. Several rhizobacterial strains can promote plant growth and enhance the ability of plants to withstand pathogenic attacks causing various diseases and loss in crop productivity. Beneficial rhizobacteria are generally called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that induce systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogen infection. These ISR-eliciting microbes can mediate the morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants. In the last decade, the mechanisms of microbial signals, plant receptors, and hormone signaling pathways involved in the process of PGPR-induced ISR in plants have been well investigated. In this review, plant recognition, microbial elicitors, and the related pathways during plant-microbe interactions are discussed, with highlights on the roles of root hair-specific syntaxins and small RNAs in the regulation of the PGPR-induced ISR in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fu D, Li J, Yang X, Li W, Zhou Z, Xiao S, Xue C. Iron redistribution induces oxidative burst and resistance in maize against Curvularia lunata. PLANTA 2022; 256:46. [PMID: 35867182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ΔClnps6 induced iron redistribution in maize B73 leaf cells and resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst to enhance plant resistance against Curvularia lunata. Iron is an indispensable co-factor of various crucial enzymes that are involved in cellular metabolic processes and energy metabolism in eukaryotes. For this reason, plants and pathogens compete for iron to maintain their iron homeostasis, respectively. In our previous study, ΔClnps6, the extracellular siderophore biosynthesis deletion mutant of Curvularia lunata, was sensitive to exogenous hydrogen peroxide and virulence reduction. However, the mechanism was not studied. Here, we report that maize B73 displayed highly resistance to ΔClnps6. The plants recruited more iron at cell wall appositions (CWAs) to cause ROS bursts. Intracellular iron deficiency induced by iron redistribution originated form up-regulated expression of genes involved in intracellular iron consumption in leaves and absorption in roots. The RNA-sequencing data also showed that the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologue (ZmRBOH4) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme 4 (ZmNADP-ME4) involved in ROS production was up-regulated in maize B73 after ΔClnps6 infection. Simultaneously, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes lipoxygenase (ZmLOX), allene oxide synthase (ZmAOS), GA degradation gene gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase (ZmGA2OX6) and ABA degradation genes abscisic acid hydroxylase (ZmABH1, ZmABH2) involved in iron homeostasis were up-regulated expression. Ferritin1 (ZmFER1) positive regulated maize resistance against C. lunata via ROS burst under Fe-limiting conditions. Overall, our results showed that iron played vital roles in activating maize resistance in B73-C. lunata interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zengran Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang J, Zhu W, Goodwin PH, Lin Q, Xia M, Xu W, Sun R, Liang J, Wu C, Li H, Wang Q, Yang L. Response of Fusarium pseudograminearum to Biocontrol Agent Bacillus velezensis YB-185 by Phenotypic and Transcriptome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:763. [PMID: 35893131 PMCID: PMC9331925 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biological control agents (BCAs) is a promising alternative control measure for Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum. A bacterial strain, YB-185, was isolated from the soil of wheat plants with FCR and identified as Bacillus velezensis. YB-185 exhibited strong inhibition of F. pseudograminearum mycelial growth and conidial germination in culture. Seed treatment with YB-185 in greenhouse and field resulted in reductions in disease by 66.1% and 57.6%, respectively, along with increased grain yield. Microscopy of infected root tissues confirmed that YB-185 reduced root invasion by F. pseudograminearum. RNA-seq of F. pseudograminearum during co-cultivation with B. velezensis YB-185 revealed 5086 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the control. Down-regulated DEGs included genes for glucan synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, mechanosensitive ion channels, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin, and plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes, whereas up-regulated DEGs included genes for chitin synthesis, ergosterol synthesis, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and ABC transporters. In addition, fungal cell apoptosis increased significantly, as indicated by TUNEL staining, and the scavenging rate of 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS·+) in the fungus significantly decreased. Thus, F. pseudograminearum may be trying to maintain normal cell functions by increasing cell wall and membrane synthesis, antioxidant and anti-stress responses, detoxification of bacterial antimicrobial compounds, and transportation of damaging compounds from its cells. However, cell death and free radical accumulation still occurred, indicating that the responses were insufficient to prevent cell damage. Bacillus velezensis YB-185 is a promising BCA against FCR that acts by directly damaging F. pseudograminearum, thus reducing its ability to colonize roots and produce symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wenqian Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Qitong Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Mingcong Xia
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wen Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Runhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Juan Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Secondary Metabolism Gene Clusters Exhibit Increasingly Dynamic and Differential Expression during Asexual Growth, Conidiation, and Sexual Development in Neurospora crassa. mSystems 2022; 7:e0023222. [PMID: 35638725 PMCID: PMC9239088 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00232-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolite clusters (SMCs) encode the machinery for fungal toxin production. However, understanding their function and analyzing their products requires investigation of the developmental and environmental conditions in which they are expressed. Gene expression is often restricted to specific and unexamined stages of the life cycle. Therefore, we applied comparative genomics analyses to identify SMCs in Neurospora crassa and analyzed extensive transcriptomic data spanning nine independent experiments from diverse developmental and environmental conditions to reveal their life cycle-specific gene expression patterns. We reported 20 SMCs comprising 177 genes-a manageable set for investigation of the roles of SMCs across the life cycle of the fungal model N. crassa-as well as gene sets coordinately expressed in 18 predicted SMCs during asexual and sexual growth under three nutritional and two temperature conditions. Divergent activity of SMCs between asexual and sexual development was reported. Of 126 SMC genes that we examined for knockout phenotypes, al-2 and al-3 exhibited phenotypes in asexual growth and conidiation, whereas os-5, poi-2, and pmd-1 exhibited phenotypes in sexual development. SMCs with annotated function in mating and crossing were actively regulated during the switch between asexual and sexual growth. Our discoveries call for attention to roles that SMCs may play in the regulatory switches controlling mode of development, as well as the ecological associations of those developmental stages that may influence expression of SMCs. IMPORTANCE Secondary metabolites (SMs) are low-molecular-weight compounds that often mediate interactions between fungi and their environments. Fungi enriched with SMs are of significant research interest to agriculture and medicine, especially from the aspects of pathogen ecology and environmental epidemiology. However, SM clusters (SMCs) that have been predicted by comparative genomics alone have typically been poorly defined and insufficiently functionally annotated. Therefore, we have investigated coordinate expression in SMCs in the model system N. crassa, and our results suggest that SMCs respond to environmental signals and to stress that are associated with development. This study examined SMC regulation at the level of RNA to integrate observations and knowledge of these genes in various growth and development conditions, supporting combining comparative genomics and inclusive transcriptomics to improve computational annotation of SMCs. Our findings call for detailed study of the function of SMCs during the asexual-sexual switch, a key, often-overlooked developmental stage.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sedaghatjoo S, Mishra B, Forster MK, Becker Y, Keilwagen J, Killermann B, Thines M, Karlovsky P, Maier W. Comparative genomics reveals low levels of inter- and intraspecies diversity in the causal agents of dwarf and common bunt of wheat and hint at conspecificity of Tilletia caries and T. laevis. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:11. [PMID: 35672841 PMCID: PMC9172201 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTilletia caries and T. laevis, which are the causal agents of common bunt, as well as T. controversa, which causes dwarf bunt of wheat, threaten especially organic wheat farming. The three closely related fungal species differ in their teliospore morphology and partially in their physiology and infection biology. The gene content as well as intraspecies variation in these species and the genetic basis of their separation is unknown. We sequenced the genome of four T. caries, five T. controversa, and two T. laevis and extended this dataset with five publicly available ones. The genomes of the three species displayed microsynteny with up to 94.3% pairwise aligned regions excluding repetitive regions. The majority of functionally characterized genes involved in pathogenicity, life cycle, and infection of corn smut, Ustilago maydis, were found to be absent or poorly conserved in the draft genomes and the biosynthetic pathway for trimethylamine in Tilletia spp. could be different from bacteria. Overall, 75% of the identified protein-coding genes comprising 84% of the total predicted carbohydrate utilizing enzymes, 72.5% putatively secreted proteins, and 47.4% of effector-like proteins were conserved and shared across all 16 isolates. We predicted nine highly identical secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters comprising in total 62 genes in all species and none were species-specific. Less than 0.1% of the protein-coding genes were species-specific and their function remained mostly unknown. Tilletia controversa had the highest intraspecies genetic variation, followed by T. caries and the lowest in T. laevis. Although the genomes of the three species are very similar, employing 241 single copy genes T. controversa was phylogenetically distinct from T. caries and T. laevis, however these two could not be resolved as individual monophyletic groups. This was in line with the genome-wide number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and small insertions and deletions. Despite the conspicuously different teliospore ornamentation of T. caries and T. laevis, a high degree of genomic identity and scarcity of species-specific genes indicate that the two species could be conspecific.
Collapse
|
31
|
Courtial J, Helesbeux JJ, Oudart H, Aligon S, Bahut M, Hamon B, N'Guyen G, Pigné S, Hussain AG, Pascouau C, Bataillé-Simoneau N, Collemare J, Berruyer R, Poupard P. Characterization of NRPS and PKS genes involved in the biosynthesis of SMs in Alternaria dauci including the phytotoxic polyketide aldaulactone. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8155. [PMID: 35581239 PMCID: PMC9114375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria dauci is a Dothideomycete fungus, causal agent of carrot leaf blight. As a member of the Alternaria genus, known to produce a lot of secondary metabolite toxins, A. dauci is also supposed to synthetize host specific and non-host specific toxins playing a crucial role in pathogenicity. This study provides the first reviewing of secondary metabolism genetic basis in the Alternaria genus by prediction of 55 different putative core genes. Interestingly, aldaulactone, a phytotoxic benzenediol lactone from A. dauci, was demonstrated as important in pathogenicity and in carrot partial resistance to this fungus. As nothing is known about aldaulactone biosynthesis, bioinformatic analyses on a publicly available A. dauci genome data set that were reassembled, thanks to a transcriptome data set described here, allowed to identify 19 putative secondary metabolism clusters. We exploited phylogeny to pinpoint cluster 8 as a candidate in aldaulactone biosynthesis. This cluster contains AdPKS7 and AdPKS8, homologs with genes encoding a reducing and a non-reducing polyketide synthase. Clusters containing such a pair of PKS genes have been identified in the biosynthesis of resorcylic acid lactones or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactones. AdPKS7 and AdPKS8 gene expression patterns correlated with aldaulactone production in different experimental conditions. The present results highly suggest that both genes are responsible for aldaulactone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Courtial
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR4207 QUASAV, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hugo Oudart
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Bruno Hamon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume N'Guyen
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Sandrine Pigné
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Ahmed G Hussain
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France.,Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Pascouau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Berruyer
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France.
| | - Pascal Poupard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49000, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gajewska J, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Mattoo A, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. Fungal and oomycete pathogens and heavy metals: an inglorious couple in the environment. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:6. [PMID: 35468869 PMCID: PMC9036806 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination of the environment is a major problem worldwide. The rate of global deposition of HMs in soil has dramatically increased over the past two centuries and there of facilitated their rapid accumulation also in living systems. Although the effects of HMs on plants, animals and humans have been extensively studied, yet little is known about their effects on the (patho)biology of the microorganisms belonging to a unique group of filamentous eukaryotic pathogens, i.e., fungi and oomycetes. Much of the literature concerning mainly model species has revealed that HM stress affects their hyphal growth, morphology, and sporulation. Toxicity at cellular level leads to disturbance of redox homeostasis manifested by the formation of nitro-oxidative intermediates and to the induction of antioxidant machinery. Despite such adverse effects, published data is indicative of the fact that fungal and oomycete pathogens have a relatively high tolerance to HMs in comparison to other groups of microbes such as bacteria. Likely, these pathogens may harbor a network of detoxification mechanisms that ensure their survival in a highly HM-polluted (micro)habitat. Such a network may include extracellular HMs immobilization, biosorption to cell wall, and/or their intracellular sequestration to proteins or other ligands. HMs may also induce a hormesis-like phenomenon allowing the pathogens to maintain or even increase fitness against chemical challenges. Different scenarios linking HMs stress and modification of the microorganisms pathogenicity are disscused in this review.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu H, Jia W, Xiao K, Jiao W, Zhang X, Pan H. The Autophagy Genes ChATG4 and ChATG8 Are Required for Reproductive Development, Virulence, and Septin Assembly in Cochliobolus heterostrophus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:830-841. [PMID: 34664975 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degrading process that is crucial for cell growth and development in eukaryotes, especially when they face starvation and stressful conditions. To evaluate the functions of Atg4 and Atg8 in mycelial growth, asexual and sexual development, and virulence in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, ΔChatg4 and ΔChatg8 mutants were generated by gene replacement. Strains deleted for ChATG4 and ChATG8 genes showed significant changes in vegetative growth and development of conidia and ascospores compared with the wild-type strain. The autophagy process was blocked and virulence was reduced dramatically in ΔChatg4 and ΔChatg8 mutants. In addition, deletion of ChATG4 and ChATG8 disordered Cdc10 subcellular localization and formation of septin rings. The direct physical interaction between ChAtg4 and ChAtg8 was detected by yeast two-hybrid assay, and ChAtg4-GFP was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, although GFP-ChAtg8 appeared as punctate structures. All phenotypes were restored in complemented strains. Taken together, these findings indicate that ChATG4 and ChATG8 are crucial for autophagy to regulate fungal growth, development, virulence, and localization of septin in C. heterostrophus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wantong Jia
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenli Jiao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dauda WP, Morumda D, Abraham P, Adetunji CO, Ghazanfar S, Glen E, Abraham SE, Peter GW, Ogra IO, Ifeanyi UJ, Musa H, Azameti MK, Paray BA, Gulnaz A. Genome-Wide Analysis of Cytochrome P450s of Alternaria Species: Evolutionary Origin, Family Expansion and Putative Functions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040324. [PMID: 35448554 PMCID: PMC9028179 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are a group of monooxygenase enzymes involved in primary, secondary and xenobiotic metabolisms. They have a wide application in the agriculture sector where they could serve as a target for herbicides or fungicides, while they could function in the pharmaceutical industry as drugs or drugs structures or for bioconversions. Alternaria species are among the most commonly encountered fungal genera, with most of them living as saprophytes in different habitats, while others are parasites of plants and animals. This study was conducted to elucidate the diversity and abundance, evolutionary relationships and cellular localization of 372 cytochrome P450 in 13 Alternaria species. The 372 CYP proteins were phylogenetically clustered into ten clades. Forty (40) clans and seventy-one (71) cyp families were identified, of which eleven (11) families were found to appear in one species each. The majority of the CYP proteins were located in the endomembrane system. Polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster was the predominant secondary metabolic-related gene cluster in all the Alternaria species studied, except in A. porriof, where non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes were dominant. This study reveals the expansion of cyps in these fungal genera, evident in the family and clan expansions, which is usually associated with the evolution of fungal characteristics, especially their lifestyle either as parasites or saprophytes, with the ability to metabolize a wide spectrum of substrates. This study can be used to understand the biology, physiology and toxigenic potentials of P450 in these fungal genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadzani Palnam Dauda
- Crop Science Unit, Department of Agronomy, Federal University Gashua, Gashua P.M.B. 1005, Yobe State, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Daji Morumda
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Wukari, Wukari P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria;
| | - Peter Abraham
- Department of Horticulture, Federal College of Horticulture, Dadin Kowa P.M.B. 108, Gombe State, Nigeria;
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, Auchi P.M.B. 04, Edo State, Nigeria;
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Agricultural Research Centre, National Institute of Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology (NIGAB), Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Elkanah Glen
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja P.M.B. 1154, Kogi State, Nigeria;
| | | | - Grace Wabba Peter
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 800001, Kaduna State, Nigeria; (G.W.P.); (I.O.O.)
| | - Israel Ogwuche Ogra
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 800001, Kaduna State, Nigeria; (G.W.P.); (I.O.O.)
| | - Ulasi Joseph Ifeanyi
- Department of Crop Science, University of Uyo, Uyo P.M.B. 1071, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria;
| | - Hannatu Musa
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 800001, Kaduna State, Nigeria;
| | - Mawuli Kwamla Azameti
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aneela Gulnaz
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Begum N, Harzandi A, Lee S, Uhlen M, Moyes DL, Shoaie S. Host-mycobiome metabolic interactions in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2121576. [PMID: 36151873 PMCID: PMC9519009 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities (mycobiome) have an important role in sustaining the resilience of complex microbial communities and maintenance of homeostasis. The mycobiome remains relatively unexplored compared to the bacteriome despite increasing evidence highlighting their contribution to host-microbiome interactions in health and disease. Despite being a small proportion of the total species, fungi constitute a large proportion of the biomass within the human microbiome and thus serve as a potential target for metabolic reprogramming in pathogenesis and disease mechanism. Metabolites produced by fungi shape host niches, induce immune tolerance and changes in their levels prelude changes associated with metabolic diseases and cancer. Given the complexity of microbial interactions, studying the metabolic interplay of the mycobiome with both host and microbiome is a demanding but crucial task. However, genome-scale modelling and synthetic biology can provide an integrative platform that allows elucidation of the multifaceted interactions between mycobiome, microbiome and host. The inferences gained from understanding mycobiome interplay with other organisms can delineate the key role of the mycobiome in pathophysiology and reveal its role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Begum
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Azadeh Harzandi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David L. Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang J, Zhang P, Zeng G, Wu G, Qi L, Chen G, Fang W, Yin WB. Transcriptional Differences Guided Discovery and Genetic Identification of Coprogen and Dimerumic Acid Siderophores in Metarhizium robertsii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:783609. [PMID: 34899665 PMCID: PMC8656255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.783609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are small molecular iron chelators and participate in the multiple cellular processes in fungi. In this study, biosynthesis gene clusters of coprogens and dimerumic acids were identified by transcriptional level differences of genes related to iron deficiency conditions in Metarhizium robertsii. This leads to the characterization of new coprogen metachelin C (1) and five known siderophores metachelin A (2), metachelin A-CE (3), metachelin B (4), dimerumic acid 11-mannoside (5), and dimerumic acid (6). The structure of metachelin C (1) was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS analysis. Genetic deletions of mrsidA, and mrsidD abolished the production of compounds 1–6 that implied their involvement in the biosynthesis of coprogen and dimerumic acid. Interestingly, NRPS gene mrsidD is responsible for biosynthesis of both coprogen and dimerumic acid, thus we proposed plausible biosynthetic pathways for the synthesis of coprogen and dimerumic acid siderophores. Therefore, our study provides the genetic basis for understanding the biosynthetic pathway of coprogen and dimerumic acid in Metarhizium robertsii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guohong Zeng
- College of Life Science, Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Landa Qi
- Henan Academy of Science Institute of Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guocan Chen
- Henan Academy of Science Institute of Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zubair M, Farzand A, Mumtaz F, Khan AR, Sheikh TMM, Haider MS, Yu C, Wang Y, Ayaz M, Gu Q, Gao X, Wu H. Novel Genetic Dysregulations and Oxidative Damage in Fusarium graminearum Induced by Plant Defense Eliciting Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus TS1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212094. [PMID: 34829976 PMCID: PMC8622878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study elaborates inter-kingdom signaling mechanisms, presenting a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to combat biotic as well as abiotic stress in wheat. Fusarium graminearum is a devastating pathogen causing head and seedling blight in wheat, leading to huge yield and economic losses. Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus strain TS1 was found as a potential biocontrol agent for suppression of F. graminearum under low temperature by carrying out extensive biochemical and molecular studies in comparison with a temperate biocontrol model strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 at 15 and 25 °C. TS1 was able to produce hydrolytic extracellular enzymes as well as antimicrobial lipopeptides, i.e., surfactin, bacillomycin, and fengycin, efficiently at low temperatures. The Bacillus strain-induced oxidative cellular damage, ultrastructural deformities, and novel genetic dysregulations in the fungal pathogen as the bacterial treatment at low temperature were able to downregulate the expression of newly predicted novel fungal genes potentially belonging to necrosis inducing protein families (fgHCE and fgNPP1). The wheat pot experiments conducted at 15 and 25 °C revealed the potential of TS1 to elicit sudden induction of plant defense, namely, H2O2 and callose enhanced activity of plant defense-related enzymes and induced over-expression of defense-related genes which accumulatively lead to the suppression of F. graminearum and decreased diseased leaf area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Ayaz Farzand
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran 13145-784, Iran;
| | - Abdur Rashid Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | | | - Chenjie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-84395268
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Paediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Infections in the Emergency Setting: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111366. [PMID: 34827304 PMCID: PMC8615165 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance occurs due to the propensity of microbial pathogens to develop resistance to antibiotics over time. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have been developed in response to this growing crisis, to limit unnecessary antibiotic prescription through initiatives such as education-based seminars, prescribing guidelines, and rapid respiratory pathogen (RRP) testing. Paediatric patients who present to the emergency setting with respiratory symptoms are a particularly high-risk population susceptible to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing behaviours and are therefore an ideal cohort for focused ASPs. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of ASPs in this clinical context. A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was conducted to review the current evidence. Thirteen studies were included in the review and these studies assessed a range of stewardship interventions and outcome measures. Overall, ASPs reduced the rates of antibiotic prescription, increased the prescription of narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and shortened the duration of antibiotic therapy. Multimodal interventions that were education-based and those that used RRP testing were found to be the most effective. Whilst we found strong evidence that ASPs are effective in reducing antibiotic prescribing, further studies are required to assess whether they translate to equivalent clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Luo X, Tian T, Bonnave M, Tan X, Huang X, Li Z, Ren M. The Molecular Mechanisms of Phytophthora infestans in Response to Reactive Oxygen Species Stress. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2067-2079. [PMID: 33787286 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0321-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are critical for the growth, development, proliferation, and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens; however, excessive levels of ROSs are toxic. Little is known about the signaling cascades in response to ROS stress in oomycetes such as Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Here, P. infestans was used as a model system to investigate the mechanism underlying the response to ROS stress in oomycete pathogens. Results showed severe defects in sporangium germination, mycelium growth, appressorium formation, and virulence of P. infestans in response to H2O2 stress. Importantly, these phenotypes mimic those of P. infestans treated with rapamycin, the inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR, 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase). Strong synergism occurred when P. infestans was treated with a combination of H2O2 and rapamycin, suggesting that a crosstalk exists between ROS stress and the TOR signaling pathway. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome, proteome, and phosphorylation omics showed that H2O2 stress significantly induced the operation of the TOR-mediated autophagy pathway. Monodansylcadaverine staining showed that in the presence of H2O2 and rapamycin, the autophagosome level increased in a dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, transgenic potatoes containing double-stranded RNA of TOR in P. infestans (PiTOR) displayed high resistance to P. infestans. Therefore, TOR is involved in the ROS response and is a potential target for control of oomycete diseases, because host-mediated silencing of PiTOR increases potato resistance to late blight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maxime Bonnave
- Centre for Agriculture and Agro-Industry of Hainaut Province, Ath 7800, Belgium
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gorshkov V, Parfirova O, Petrova O, Gogoleva N, Kovtunov E, Vorob’ev V, Gogolev Y. The Knockout of Enterobactin-Related Gene in Pectobacterium atrosepticum Results in Reduced Stress Resistance and Virulence towards the Primed Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179594. [PMID: 34502502 PMCID: PMC8431002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron from the environment have been shown to contribute to virulence and/or stress resistance of some plant pathogenic bacteria. Phytopathogenic bacteria of Pectobacterium genus possess genes for the synthesis of siderophore enterobactin, which role in plant-pathogen interactions has not been elucidated. In the present study we characterized the phenotype of the mutant strain of Pba deficient for the enterobactin-biosynthetic gene entA. We showed that enterobactin may be considered as a conditionally beneficial virulence factor of Pba. The entA knockout did not reduce Pba virulence on non-primed plants; however, salicylic acid-primed plants were more resistant to ΔentA mutant than to the wild type Pba. The reduced virulence of ΔentA mutant towards the primed plants is likely explained by its compromised resistance to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kovtunov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
| | - Vladimir Vorob’ev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (O.P.); (O.P.); (N.G.); (E.K.); (V.V.); (Y.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Deletion of the Bcnrps1 Gene Increases the Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea and Reduces Its Tolerance to the Exogenous Toxic Substances Spermidine and Pyrimethanil. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090721. [PMID: 34575759 PMCID: PMC8467525 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the infection of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, the concentration of polyamines, which are toxic substances for the phytopathogen, increases in the grape. Nine NRPS genes have been identified in the genome of B. cinerea, yet the function of five of them remains unknown. For this reason, we have studied the expression of the 9 NRPS genes by RT-qPCR in a medium supplemented with sublethal concentrations of three polyamines (1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM)). Our results show that the presence of polyamines in the culture medium triggered the overexpression of the Bcnrps1 gene in the pathogen. Deleting Bcnrps1 did not affect mycelial growth or adaptation to osmotic stress, and we show that its expression is not essential for the cycle of infection of the B. cinerea. However, mutating the Bcnrps1 gene resulted in overexpression of the Bcnrps6 gene, which encodes for the excretion of siderophores of the coprogen family. Moreover, gene deletion has reduced the tolerance of B. cinerea B05.10 to toxic substances such as the polyamine SPD and the fungicide pyrimethanil, and its virulence has increased. Our findings provide new insights into the function of the Bcnrps1 gene and its involvement in the tolerance of B. cinerea against exogenous toxic compounds.
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang Q, Wang W, Lin Y, Lin Y, Tang Z, Wang J, Tao J, Tang W, Liu W. Characterization of a carboxyl methyltransferase in Fusarium graminearum provides insights into the biosynthesis of fusarin A. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6638-6643. [PMID: 34195739 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen that causes a series of devastating crop diseases by producing a variety of mycotoxins. Fusarins are a class of polyketide-nonribosomal peptide hybrids. In Fusarium mycotoxins, a variable 2-pyrrolidone ring conjugates with a polyene chain substituted with a methyl ester moiety. The enzymatic route through which fusarin A, a major member of the fusarin family with a characteristic tetrohydrofuran-coupled pyrrolidone ring, is formed in F. graminearum has not been established. By targeting the final step in the biosynthesis of fusarin A, we report here an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent carboxyl methyltransferase responsible for the formation of the methyl ester moiety by in vivo gene inactivation, isolation and characterization of a key fusarin intermediate, and in vitro biochemical characterization. Related findings provide insights into the poorly understood biosynthetic pathway of fusarin A. Additionally, bioactivity assays demonstrate that the methyl ester is necessary for fusarin cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wanqiu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yueting Lin
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yuqi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiang Tao
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China. and Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xing Y, Xu N, Bhandari DD, Lapin D, Sun X, Luo X, Wang Y, Cao J, Wang H, Coaker G, Parker JE, Liu J. Bacterial effector targeting of a plant iron sensor facilitates iron acquisition and pathogen colonization. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2015-2031. [PMID: 33751120 PMCID: PMC8290286 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of nutrients from different species is necessary for pathogen colonization. Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for nearly all organisms, but little is known about how pathogens manipulate plant hosts to acquire iron. Here, we report that AvrRps4, an effector protein delivered by Pseudomonas syringae bacteria to plants, interacts with and targets the plant iron sensor protein BRUTUS (BTS) to facilitate iron uptake and pathogen proliferation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection of rps4 and eds1 by P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing AvrRps4 resulted in iron accumulation, especially in the plant apoplast. AvrRps4 alleviates BTS-mediated degradation of bHLH115 and ILR3(IAA-Leucine resistant 3), two iron regulatory proteins. In addition, BTS is important for accumulating immune proteins Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) at both the transcriptional and protein levels upon Pst (avrRps4) infections. Our findings suggest that AvrRps4 targets BTS to facilitate iron accumulation and BTS contributes to RPS4/EDS1-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xuming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Genetic Relationships in the Toxin-Producing Fungal Endophyte, Alternaria oxytropis Using Polyketide Synthase and Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070538. [PMID: 34356917 PMCID: PMC8306250 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The legume Oxytropis sericea hosts a fungal endophyte, Alternaria oxytropis, which produces secondary metabolites (SM), including the toxin swainsonine. Polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) enzymes are associated with biosynthesis of fungal SM. To better understand the origins of the SM, an unannotated genome of A. oxytropis was assessed for protein sequences similar to known PKS and NRPS enzymes of fungi. Contigs exhibiting identity with known genes were analyzed at nucleotide and protein levels using available databases. Software were used to identify PKS and NRPS domains and predict identity and function. Confirmation of sequence for selected gene sequences was accomplished using PCR. Thirteen PKS, 5 NRPS, and 4 PKS-NRPS hybrids were identified and characterized with functions including swainsonine and melanin biosynthesis. Phylogenetic relationships among closest amino acid matches with Alternaria spp. were identified for seven highly conserved PKS and NRPS, including melanin synthesis. Three PKS and NRPS were most closely related to other fungi within the Pleosporaceae family, while five PKS and PKS-NRPS were closely related to fungi in the Pleosporales order. However, seven PKS and PKS-NRPS showed no identity with fungi in the Pleosporales or the class Dothideomycetes, suggesting a different evolutionary origin for those genes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gluck-Thaler E, Haridas S, Binder M, Grigoriev IV, Crous PW, Spatafora JW, Bushley K, Slot JC. The Architecture of Metabolism Maximizes Biosynthetic Diversity in the Largest Class of Fungi. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2838-2856. [PMID: 32421770 PMCID: PMC7530617 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological diversity in fungi is largely defined by metabolic traits, including the ability to produce secondary or “specialized” metabolites (SMs) that mediate interactions with other organisms. Fungal SM pathways are frequently encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which facilitate the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways. Variation in BGC composition reflects the diversity of their SM products. Recent studies have documented surprising diversity of BGC repertoires among isolates of the same fungal species, yet little is known about how this population-level variation is inherited across macroevolutionary timescales. Here, we applied a novel linkage-based algorithm to reveal previously unexplored dimensions of diversity in BGC composition, distribution, and repertoire across 101 species of Dothideomycetes, which are considered the most phylogenetically diverse class of fungi and known to produce many SMs. We predicted both complementary and overlapping sets of clustered genes compared with existing methods and identified novel gene pairs that associate with known secondary metabolite genes. We found that variation among sets of BGCs in individual genomes is due to nonoverlapping BGC combinations and that several BGCs have biased ecological distributions, consistent with niche-specific selection. We observed that total BGC diversity scales linearly with increasing repertoire size, suggesting that secondary metabolites have little structural redundancy in individual fungi. We project that there is substantial unsampled BGC diversity across specific families of Dothideomycetes, which will provide a roadmap for future sampling efforts. Our approach and findings lend new insight into how BGC diversity is generated and maintained across an entire fungal taxonomic class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Gluck-Thaler
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Liu Y, Kong D, Wu HL, Ling HQ. Iron in plant-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2114-2124. [PMID: 33161430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for most organisms. As an indispensable co-factor of many enzymes, iron is involved in various crucial metabolic processes that are required for the survival of plants and pathogens. Conversely, excessive iron produces highly active reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to the cells of plants and pathogens. Therefore, plants and pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate iron status at a moderate level for maintaining their fitness. Over the past decades, many efforts have been made to reveal these mechanisms, and some progress has been made. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the roles of iron in plant-pathogen interactions and propose prospects for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danyu Kong
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ashraf S, Dhusia K, Verma S. Siderophores Mediated Iron Acquisition and Virulence of Brown Rot Disease in Stone Fruits Caused by Monilinia fructicola in Jammu and Kashmir. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
50
|
Fungal Siderophores: Prospects and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|