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Salas-Groves E, Alcorn M, Childress A, Galyean S. The Effect of Web-Based Culinary Medicine to Enhance Protein Intake on Muscle Quality in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e49322. [PMID: 38349721 PMCID: PMC10900082 DOI: 10.2196/49322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common age-related musculoskeletal disorder is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. The causes of sarcopenia can include insufficient nutritional status, which may be due to protein-energy malnutrition, anorexia, limited food access and eating ability, or malabsorption. In the United States, 15.51% of older adults have been diagnosed with sarcopenia. Culinary medicine (CM) is a novel evidence-based medical field that combines the science of medicine with food and cooking to prevent and treat potential chronic diseases. CM helps individuals learn and practice culinary skills while tasting new recipes. Therefore, this program could successfully reduce barriers to protein intake, enabling older adults to enhance their diet and muscle quality. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine how a web-based CM intervention, emphasizing convenient ways to increase lean red meat intake, could improve protein intake with the promotion of physical activity to see how this intervention could affect older adults' muscle strength and mass. METHODS A 16-week, single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare a web-based CM intervention group (CMG) with a control group (CG) while monitoring each group's muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical activity for muscle quality. The CMG received weekly web-based cooking demonstrations and biweekly nutrition education videos about enhancing protein intake, whereas the CG just received the recipe handout. Anthropometrics, muscle mass, muscle strength, dietary habits, physical activity, and cooking effectiveness were established at baseline and measured after the intervention. The final number of participants for the data analysis was 24 in the CMG and 23 in the CG. RESULTS No between-group difference in muscle mass (P=.88) and strength (dominant P=.92 and nondominant P=.72) change from the prestudy visit was detected. No statistically significant difference in protein intake was seen between the groups (P=.50). A nonsignificant time-by-intervention interaction was observed for daily protein intake (P=.08). However, a statistically significant time effect was observed (P≤.001). Post hoc testing showed that daily protein intake was significantly higher at weeks 1 to 16 versus week 0 (P<.05). At week 16, the intake was 16.9 (95% CI 5.77-27.97) g higher than that at the prestudy visit. CONCLUSIONS This study did not affect protein intake and muscle quality. Insufficient consistent protein intake, low physical activity, intervention adherence, and questionnaire accuracy could explain the results. These studies could include an interdisciplinary staff, different recruitment strategies, and different muscle mass measurements. Future research is needed to determine if this intervention is sustainable in the long term and should incorporate a follow-up to determine program efficacy on several long-term behavioral and health outcomes, including if the participants can sustain their heightened protein intake and how their cooking skills have changed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05593978; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05593978.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Alcorn
- Hospitality and Retail Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Allison Childress
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Galyean
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Wen ZQ, Lin J, Xie WQ, Shan YH, Zhen GH, Li YS. Insights into the underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:54. [PMID: 37941072 PMCID: PMC10634069 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are structural and functional failures of the musculoskeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and sarcopenia. As the global population ages, degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are becoming more prevalent. However, the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases is not fully understood. Previous studies have revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a stress response that occurs when impairment of the protein folding capacity of the ER leads to the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER, contributing to degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. By affecting cartilage degeneration, synovitis, meniscal lesion, subchondral bone remodeling of osteoarthritis, bone remodeling and angiogenesis of osteoporosis, nucleus pulposus degeneration, annulus fibrosus rupture, cartilaginous endplate degeneration of IVDD, and sarcopenia, ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Preclinical studies have found that regulation of ER stress can delay the progression of multiple degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. These pilot studies provide foundations for further evaluation of the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of ER stress modulators in the treatment of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases in clinical trials. In this review, we have integrated up-to-date research findings of ER stress into the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. In a future perspective, we have also discussed possible directions of ER stress in the investigation of degenerative musculoskeletal disease, potential therapeutic strategies for degenerative musculoskeletal diseases using ER stress modulators, as well as underlying challenges and obstacles in bench-to-beside research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qin Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yun-Han Shan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ge-Hua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Vajdi M, Musazadeh V, Zareei M, Adeli S, Karimi A, Hojjati A, Darzi M, Shoorei H, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. The effects of whey protein on blood pressure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1633-1646. [PMID: 37419751 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to summarize data from available clinical trials on the effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) in adults. DATA SYNTHESIS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase, and SCOPUS from inception to October 2022. Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess pooled effect sizes. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochran's Q test and I2. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess potential sources of heterogeneity. The dose-response relationship was assessed using fractional polynomial modeling. Of the 2,840 records, 18 studies with 1,177 subjects were included. Pooled analysis showed that whey protein supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (WMD: -1.54 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.85 to -0.23, p = 0.021), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 64.2%, p < 0.001), but not for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -0.27 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.14, 0.59, p = 0.534) with high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 64.8%, p < 0.001). However, WP supplementation significantly reduced DBP at a dose of ˃30 g/day, in RCTs that used WP isolate powder for their intervention, in sample sizes ≤100, in studies with an intervention duration of ≤10 weeks, and in those studies that were conducted in patients with hypertension and had participants with a BMI of 25-30 kg/m2. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrated that WP intake significantly reduced SBP levels. Further large-scale studies are needed to specify the exact mechanism, and optimal dosage of WP supplementation to obtain a beneficial effect on BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zareei
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Adeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali Hojjati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Melika Darzi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chen M, Wang Y, Deng S, Lian Z, Yu K. Skeletal muscle oxidative stress and inflammation in aging: Focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:964130. [PMID: 36111339 PMCID: PMC9470179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.964130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging, the progressive loss of skeletal muscle will have negative effect on multiple physiological parameters, such as exercise, respiration, thermoregulation, and metabolic homeostasis. Accumulating evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main pathological characteristics of skeletal muscle during aging. Here, we focus on aging-related sarcopenia, summarize the relationship between aging and sarcopenia, and elaborate on aging-mediated oxidative stress and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle and its critical role in the occurrence and development of sarcopenia. In addition, we discuss the production of excessive reactive oxygen species in aging skeletal muscle, which reduces the ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells to participate in muscle regeneration, and analyze the potential molecular mechanism of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in aging skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we have also paid extensive attention to the possibility and potential regulatory pathways of skeletal muscle aging and oxidative stress mediate inflammation. Finally, in response to the abnormal activity of oxidative stress and inflammation during aging, we summarize several potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia, which may provide beneficial help for improving sarcopenia during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization, Lin’an, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
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Seo JH, Lee Y. Association of physical activity with sarcopenia evaluated based on muscle mass and strength in older adults: 2008-2011 and 2014 - 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:217. [PMID: 35296249 PMCID: PMC8928682 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate physical activity (PA) is essential for preventing sarcopenia in older adults. However, there are insufficient epidemiological data on the intensity of PA needed to prevent age-related sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of PA intensity with skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods This was a population-based study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted using data from the 2008 − 2011 and 2014 − 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which included a total of 11,162 participants aged ≥ 60 years. PA was assessed using the results of a questionnaire and organized by intensity, frequency, and duration. The study population was divided into the following groups based on PA intensity: no exercise, walking only, moderate PA, and vigorous PA. To assess sarcopenia, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hand grip strength (HGS) were measured as indicators of muscle mass and strength, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between PA intensity and sarcopenia. Results SMI and HGS were significantly higher in men and women engaged in moderate to vigorous PA than in those who did not exercise. The odds ratios (ORs) for sarcopenia defined based on SMI and HGS were lowest in men engaged in vigorous PA (0.444, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.242 − 0.818 and 0.450, 95% CI: 0.228 − 0.890, respectively). In women, the OR for sarcopenia defined based on HGS was the lowest in the group engaged in vigorous PA (0.441, 95% CI: 0.199 − 0.975), while there was no risk reduction for sarcopenia defined based on SMI. Conclusions Moderate to vigorous PA was highly correlated with SMI and HGS in men and women. Intensive PA was positively correlated with sarcopenia prevention, which can be monitored using HGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Seo
- Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil 53, Gangdong-gu Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Lee
- Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil 53, Gangdong-gu Seoul, Korea
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Effects of an increased habitual dietary protein intake followed by resistance training on fitness, muscle quality and body composition of seniors: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1034-1045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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McCullough D, Kirwan R, Butler T, Perez de Heredia F, Thijssen D, Lip GYH, Mills J, Davies IG. Feasibility of a high-PRotein Mediterranean-style diet and resistance Exercise in cardiac Rehabilitation patients with sarcopenic obesity (PRiMER): Study protocol for a randomised control trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 45:492-498. [PMID: 34620360 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an essential component of long-term recovery following a cardiac event. Typical CR may not be optimal for patients presenting with sarcopenic obesity (SO) who present with reduced muscle mass and elevated adipose tissue, and may indicate greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Resistance exercise and high-protein diets are known to increase muscle mass, while Mediterranean-style diets have been shown to reduce CVD risk. A high-protein Mediterranean-style diet combined with resistance exercise intervention is yet to be trialled in cardiac rehabilitation populations. OBJECTIVES Primary outcome: to determine the feasibility of such an intervention by investigating the perceptions, acceptance and adherence to a resistance exercise protocol and high-protein Mediterranean style diet in a UK cardiac rehabilitation population with SO. Secondary outcome: to trial this protocol ahead of a fully powered clinical study. METHODS Eligible cardiac rehabilitation patients will be randomised to one of the following: 1) a control group (standard CR), 2) high-protein Mediterranean-style diet, 3) resistance exercise group, or 4) both high-protein Mediterranean-style diet and resistance exercise group. The pilot study will last 12 weeks. Measures of body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) grip strength, CVD risk (e.g., fasting triglycerides, glucose, cholesterol) and dietary adherence will be assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. To compare groups, a mixed model ANOVA (time x intervention) will be performed. Patient participant involvement throughout the development of this project will be used to determine the feasibility of a future, fully powered, randomised control trial. A feasibility questionnaire will help establish the proportion of eligible participants, their willingness to be randomised, response rates, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, focus groups, food tasting and telephone interviews will be conducted to assess the acceptability of recipes and exercise protocols provided. DISCUSSION This pilot trial will determine whether a fully powered, multi-centred randomised control trial in CR patients with SO can be implemented. The information received from patient involvement will be invaluable for identifying possible barriers to participation and tailoring interventions to participant needs, helping to increase the likelihood of long-term compliance to health-promoting lifestyle changes. REGISTRATION This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04272073), registered on 17/02/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04272073. DATE AND VERSION 28/12/20 version 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Kirwan
- Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Butler
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Fatima Perez de Heredia
- Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dick Thijssen
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Joseph Mills
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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8
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McCullough D, Webb R, Enright KJ, Lane KE, McVeigh J, Stewart CE, Davies IG. How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:389-405. [PMID: 33269425 PMCID: PMC8087567 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females globally use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), mostly for appearance and performance enhancing reasons. In combination with resistance exercise, AAS use increases muscle protein synthesis resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased performance. Primarily through binding to the androgen receptor, AAS exert their hypertrophic effects via genomic, non-genomic and anti-catabolic mechanisms. However, chronic AAS use also has a detrimental effect on metabolism ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much research has focused on AAS effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, with abnormal concentrations of these associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This clustering of interconnected abnormalities is often referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the impact of AAS use on mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and markers of MetS. AAS use markedly decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Chronic AAS use also appears to cause higher fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance and possibly higher levels of VAT; however, research is currently lacking on the effects of AAS use on glucose metabolism. While cessation of AAS use can restore normal lipid levels, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as depression and hypogonadism that can increase CVD risk. Research is currently lacking on effective treatments for withdrawal symptoms and further long-term research is warranted on the effects of AAS use on metabolic health in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Richard Webb
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Enright
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie E Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jim McVeigh
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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The longitudinal relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among adolescents. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1207-1218. [PMID: 32624008 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal relationship between muscle strength, dietary intake and physical activity among adolescents is not well understood. We investigated the trend and longitudinal effects of dietary intakes and physical activity scores on muscle strength in adolescents. This prospective cohort study consisted of 436 adolescents (134 males; 302 females) aged 13 years at baseline (2012) who were followed up at the ages of 15 (2014) and 17 (2016) years, respectively. We measured muscle strength using a calibrated hand dynamometer, estimated dietary intake with a 7-d dietary history and physical activity scores with a validated physical activity questionnaire for older children. A generalised estimating equation was used to examine the effect of dietary intakes and physical activity on muscle strength changes. The analysis was performed separately by sex. The muscle strength for males and females had increased within the 5-year period. The dietary intakes (energy and macronutrients) also increased initially but plateaued after the age of 15 years for both sexes. Females recorded a significant declining trend in physical activity scores compared with males as they grew older. A significant positive longitudinal relationship was found between protein (β = 0·035; P = 0·016), carbohydrate intake (β = 0·002; P = 0·013) and muscle strength among males. However, no longitudinal relationship was found between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among females. Higher protein and carbohydrate intake among males was associated with higher muscle strength but was not observed in females. Nutrition and physical activity focusing on strength building are required in early adolescence and need to be tailored to males and females accordingly.
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Morgan PT, Smeuninx B, Breen L. Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age. Front Nutr 2020; 7:569904. [PMID: 33335909 PMCID: PMC7736105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is of important clinical relevance for loss of independence in older adults. The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia ("sarcopenic-obesity") is increasing at a rapid rate. However, whilst the development of sarcopenia is understood to be multi-factorial and harmful to health, the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on skeletal muscle in aging, is poorly understood. Specifically, the presence of obesity in older age may be accompanied by a greater volume of skeletal muscle mass in weight-bearing muscles compared with lean older individuals, despite impaired physical function and resistance to anabolic stimuli. Collectively, these findings support a potential paradox in which obesity may protect skeletal muscle mass in older age. One explanation for these paradoxical findings may be that the anabolic response to weight-bearing activity could be greater in obese vs. lean older individuals due to a larger mechanical stimulus, compensating for the heightened muscle anabolic resistance. However, it is likely that there is a complex interplay between muscle, adipose, and external influences in the aging process that are ultimately harmful to health in the long-term. This narrative briefly explores some of the potential mechanisms regulating changes in skeletal muscle mass and function in aging combined with obesity and the interplay with sarcopenia, with a particular focus on muscle morphology and the regulation of muscle proteostasis. In addition, whilst highly complex, we attempt to provide an updated summary for the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on muscle mass and function in older age. We conclude with a brief discussion on treatment of sarcopenia and obesity and a summary of future directions for this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abe T, Iwata K, Yoshimura Y, Shinoda T, Inagaki Y, Ohya S, Yamada K, Oyanagi K, Maekawa Y, Honda A, Kohara N, Tsubaki A. Low Muscle Mass is Associated with Walking Function in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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12
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Liao CD, Wu YT, Tsauo JY, Chen PR, Tu YK, Chen HC, Liou TH. Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training on Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults with Lower-Extremity Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082422. [PMID: 32806718 PMCID: PMC7468926 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and osteoarthritis (OA) are associated with a high risk of muscle mass loss, which can lead to physical disability. This study investigated the effectiveness of protein supplementation combined with exercise training (PS + ET) in improving muscle mass and functional outcomes in older adults with lower-limb OA. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of PS + ET in older adults with hip or knee OA. Meta-analysis and risk of bias assessment of the included RCTs were conducted. Six RCTs were included in this systemic review; they had a median (range/total) Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score of 7 (6-9) out of 10, respectively. Five RCTs that enrolled patients who underwent total joint replacement were included in this meta-analysis. The PS + ET group exhibited significant improvements in muscle mass (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.13, p < 0.00001), pain (SMD = 1.36, p < 0.00001), and muscle strength (SMD = 0.44, p = 0.04). Our findings suggest that PS + ET improves muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional outcomes and reduces pain in older adults with lower-limb OA, particularly in those who have undergone total joint replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Tzu Wu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
- Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yih Tsauo
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
| | - Pey-Rong Chen
- Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2249-0088 (ext. 1600); Fax: +886-2-2248-0577
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Vasconcelos QDJS, Bachur TPR, Aragão GF. Whey protein supplementation and its potentially adverse effects on health: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:27-33. [PMID: 32702243 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Whey protein comprises soluble whey proteins and its benefits are well described in the literature. However, there are not many studies investigating the potential adverse effect of a diet with indiscriminate use of this supplement. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of papers that addressed this theme. A search was conducted in Medline, LILACS, TOXNET, Web of science, and Scopus electronic databases. In the end, 11 documents comprised this review. The majority of the papers associated the damaging effect with the chronic and abusive use of whey protein, with the kidneys and liver being the main organs affected. The other studies related whey protein to aggravation of aggression, presence of acne, and modification of the microbiota. Therefore, excessive consumption over a long period of protein supplementation may have some adverse effects on the body, which is aggravated when associated with sedentary lifestyle. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020140466. Novelty: A systematic review of experimental and randomized studies about the use of whey proteins supplements and its impact on physical health. Analysis revealed that chronic and without professional guidance use of whey protein supplementation may cause some adverse effects specially on kidney and liver function. Presented data support a need for future studies co-relating the use of different types of whey protein with and without exercise to better see the impact on human physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gislei Frota Aragão
- Faculty of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará 60430-275, Brazil.,Health Science Center, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará 60714-903, Brazil
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Saracino PG, Saylor HE, Hanna BR, Hickner RC, Kim JS, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of Pre-Sleep Whey vs. Plant-Based Protein Consumption on Muscle Recovery Following Damaging Morning Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072049. [PMID: 32664290 PMCID: PMC7400837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-sleep whey protein intake has been shown to improve overnight muscle protein synthesis, muscle size and strength, and muscle recovery. Despite a growing interest in alternative protein sources, such as plant-based protein, there is no evidence regarding the efficacy of plant-based proteins consumed pre-sleep. Therefore, we aimed to compare whey vs. plant-based pre-sleep protein dietary supplementation on muscle recovery in middle-aged men. Twenty-seven recreationally active, middle-aged men performed 5 sets of 15 repetitions of maximal eccentric voluntary contractions (ECC) for the knee extensors (ext) and flexors (flex), respectively, in the morning. Participants consumed 40 g of either whey hydrolysate (WH, n = 9), whey isolate (WI, n = 6), rice and pea combination (RP, n = 6), or placebo (PL, n = 6) 30 min pre-sleep on the day of ECC and the following two nights. Catered meals (15% PRO, 55% CHO, 30% Fat) were provided to participants for 5 days to standardize nutrition. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured at pre, immediately post (+0), +4, +6, +24, +48, and +72 h post-ECC. Isometric (ISOM) and isokinetic (ISOK) maximal voluntary contraction force were measured at pre, immediately post (+0), +24, +48, and +72 h post-ECC. Muscle soreness, thigh circumference, and HOMA-IR were measured at pre, +24, +48, and +72 h post-ECC. CK was increased at +4 h post-ECC, remained elevated at all time points compared to baseline (p < 0.001), and was significantly greater at +72 h compared to all other time points (p < 0.001). IL-6 was increased at +6 h (p = 0.002) with no other time differing from baseline. ISOMext was reduced after ECC (p = 0.001) and remained reduced until returning to baseline at +72 h. ISOMflex, ISOKext, and ISOKflex were reduced after ECC and remained reduced at +72 h (p < 0.001). Muscle soreness increased post-ECC (p < 0.001) and did not return to baseline. Thigh circumference (p = 0.456) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.396) did not change post-ECC. There were no significant differences between groups for any outcome measure. These data suggest that middle-aged men consuming 1.08 ± 0.02 g/kg/day PRO did not recover from damaging eccentric exercise at +72 h and that pre-sleep protein ingestion, regardless of protein source, did not aid in muscle recovery when damaging eccentric exercise was performed in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Saracino
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hannah E. Saylor
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Brett R. Hanna
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.G.S.); (H.E.S.); (B.R.H.); (R.C.H.); (J.-S.K.)
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) to combat the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. Biogerontology 2020; 21:475-484. [PMID: 32447556 PMCID: PMC7347670 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and function with age, termed sarcopenia, is an inevitable process, which has a significant impact on quality of life. During ageing we observe a progressive loss of total muscle fibres and a reduction in cross-sectional area of the remaining fibres, resulting in a significant reduction in force output. The mechanisms which underpin sarcopenia are complex and poorly understood, ranging from inflammation, dysregulation of protein metabolism and denervation. However, there is significant evidence to demonstrate that modified ROS generation, redox dis-homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction may have an important role to play. Based on this, significant interest and research has interrogated potential ROS-targeted therapies, ranging from nutritional-based interventions such as vitamin E/C, polyphenols (resveratrol) and targeted pharmacological compounds, using molecules such as SS-31 and MitoQ. In this review we evaluate these approaches to target aberrant age-related ROS generation and the impact on muscle mass and function.
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Xia W, Cooper C, Li M, Xu L, Rizzoli R, Zhu M, Lin H, Beard J, Ding Y, Yu W, Cavalier E, Zhang Z, Kanis JA, Cheng Q, Wang Q, Reginster JY. East meets West: current practices and policies in the management of musculoskeletal aging. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1351-1373. [PMID: 31376119 PMCID: PMC6763533 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is defined as the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age. Healthy aging is dependent upon intrinsic capacity, a composite of physical and mental capacities, and the environment an individual inhabits and their interactions with it. Maintenance of musculoskeletal health during aging is a key determinant of functional ability. Sarcopenia, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, are a triad of musculoskeletal diseases of aging that are major contributors to the global burden of disease and disability worldwide. The prevention and management of these disorders is of increasing importance with pressure mounting from the aging population. In a new initiative, the Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases jointly organized a symposium to discuss current practices and policies in the management of musculoskeletal aging. The meeting allowed experts from Europe and China to share their experience and recommendations for the management of these three major diseases. Discussing and analyzing similarities and differences in their practice should lead, through a mutual enrichment of knowledge, to better management of these diseases, in order to preserve intrinsic capacity and retard the age-related degradation of physical ability. In future, it is hoped that sharing of knowledge and best practice will advance global strategies to reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disease and promote healthy aging tailored to meet the individual patient’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rene Rizzoli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liege, Belgium
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - John Beard
- Department of Aging and Lifecourse, World Health Organization (WHO), 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman Route 52, Porte 53, Domaine du Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University Affiliated Six People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - John A. Kanis
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qun Cheng
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quimei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liege, Belgium
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B23, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Duarte NM, Cruz AL, Silva DC, Cruz GM. Intake of whey isolate supplement and muscle mass gains in young healthy adults when combined with resistance training: a blinded randomized clinical trial (pilot study). J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:75-84. [PMID: 31565912 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein is consumed worldwide by athletes due to its alleged benefits on muscle mass and strength. Because of its rich branched chain amino acids content, namely leucine, whey appears to favor muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway in combination with resistance training, when taken after exercise in sufficient amounts. METHODS In the present study resistance trained (≥3 months) participants (men and women) between the age of 18 and 30 years old were randomized in a blinded fashion to whey protein isolate (N.=4) and an isocaloric placebo (N.=4) groups. Both groups were subjected to a 12-week RT protocol designed to increase muscle mass and strength. Muscle thickness of the biceps brachii (BB) at 67% of its length and quadriceps muscles, vastus lateralis (VL); vastus intermidius (VI) and rectus femoris (R.F.) at 30% and 50% of its length were assessed using ultrasound technique. Muscle strength was assessed using an isokinetic protocol at angular velocities of 60º.s-1 (5 repetitions) and 180º.s-1 (10 repetitions) with a range of motion of 0º to 100º on a dynamometer to determine peak torque (PT). Lean body mass (LBM) and body fat percentage (%BF) were assessed using a body composition analyzer through segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance method. All variables were assessed before and after interventions. RESULTS Results show an increase in muscle thickness of all muscles from RT except for V.L. and RF at 30% (P>0.05) with an increase in VI at 50% (P=0.045) and a trend in VI at 30% (P=0.075) related to whey protein intake. PT increased with RT for all knee flexors/extensors (P<0.05) and for elbow flexors/extensors at 60º extension and 180º flexion (P<0.05) with no effect from whey. LBM increased with RT (P=0.015) and %BF was maintained during the trial (P>0.05). No interactions were found between training and supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with whey protein, combined with RT can increase muscle mass with no effects on muscle strength. Whey protein supplementation may alter body composition in favor of additional fat free mass with no significant changes in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Duarte
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal -
| | - Agostinho L Cruz
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo C Silva
- CIR, Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça M Cruz
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ng AK, Hairi NN, Jalaludin MY, Majid HA. Dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among adolescents: the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHeART) study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026275. [PMID: 31248920 PMCID: PMC6597745 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of dietary intake and physical activity in muscle strength among adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING The Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHeART) study. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen-year-old secondary school children who have given consent and who participated in the MyHeART study in 2014. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Muscle strength was measured in relation to dietary intake (energy and macronutrients) and physical activity by using a hand grip dynamometer. RESULTS Among the 1012 participants (395 male; 617 female), the hand grip strength of the males was higher than that of the females (27.08 kg vs 18.63 kg; p<0.001). Also, males were more active (2.43vs2.12; p<0.001) and consumed a higher amount of energy (2047 kcal vs 1738 kcal; p<0.001), carbohydrate (280.71 g vs 229.31 g; p<0.001) and protein (1.46 g/kg body weight (BW) vs 1.35 g/kg BW; p<0.168). After controlling for ethnicity, place of residency and body mass index, there was a positive relationship between hand grip strength and the intake of energy (r=0.14; p=0.006), carbohydrate (r=0.153; p=0.002) and fat (r=0.124; p=0.014) and the physical activity score (r=0.170; p=0.001) and a negative relationship between hand grip strength and the intake of protein (r=-0.134; p=0.008), for males. However, this was not observed among females. CONCLUSIONS Energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes and physical activity score were positively correlated with hand grip strength while protein intake was negatively correlated with hand grip strength in males but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kah Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noran Naqiah Hairi
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Hazreen Abdul Majid
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Nutrition, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Dos Santos L, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 82:232-237. [PMID: 30870778 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of study was to analyze the effects of a combined whey protein (WP) and RT intervention on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women. METHODS The protocol is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a sample of seventy older women, divided into 3 groups: WP-placebo (WP-PLA, n = 24), placebo-WP (PLA-WP, n = 23), and placebo-placebo (PLA-PLA, n = 23). Each group drank 35 g of product (placebo or WP) pre- and post- training. The RT program was carried out over 12 weeks (3x/week; 3 × 8-12 repetitions maximum). Total body water (TBW), intra (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water, resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy. Lean soft tissue (LST) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; and food consumption was assessed by means of the average of two 24-hour recalls. ANCOVA for repeated measures was applied for comparisons, with baseline scores used as covariates. RESULTS A group by time interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for LST, ICW and the ECW/ICW ratio. There was a time effect (P < 0.05) for TBW, Xc, and PhA. A reduction (P <0.05) in R was found only in the WP-PLA and PLA-WP groups. CONCLUSION Whey protein supplementation (pre- or post-) combined with RT promoted an increase in ICW and LST, and also a reduction in ECW/ICW ratio in pre-conditioned older women. Regardless of the supplementation intake, the RT regimen improved PhA in older adult women. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03247192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen C G Nabuco
- Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Highway BR-364, Km 329, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78106-970, Brazil; Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Crisieli M Tomeleri
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil; Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Érico Veríssimo Avenue, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sugihara
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo R Fernandes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Edilaine F Cavalcante
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Dos Santos
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal.
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal.
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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21
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Is there sufficient evidence to supplement omega-3 fatty acids to increase muscle mass and strength in young and older adults? Clin Nutr 2019; 39:23-32. [PMID: 30661906 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω-3) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties that presents three main forms: alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, studies performed in both young and older adults suggest that ω-3 may improve gains in muscle mass and/or enhance physical function. Thus, the aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the current evidence of ω-3 intake/supplementation on muscle/lean mass (LM) and physical function in young and older adults, and draw research-based conclusions as to the practical implications of findings. We first assessed whether ω-3 intake is associated with muscle mass and strength (observational studies), and then sought to determine whether evidence shows that supplementation of ω-3 increases muscle protein synthesis, LM and strength in adults and older adults (interventional studies). The search was carried out in PubMed and Scopus databases for the periods between 1997 and November 2018. The following keywords were used alone and in combination: ω-3, fish oil, muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, lean mass, body composition, and physical function. In general, the evidence is mixed as to the effects of ω-3 supplementation on muscle mass in sedentary young and older adults; the hypertrophic effects of supplementation when combined with resistance training remain equivocal. Moreover, there is conflicting evidence as to whether supplementation confers a beneficial effect on muscle function in older adults. Importantly, this conclusion is based on limited data and more studies are needed before ω-3 supplementation can be recommended as a viable strategy for such purposes in clinical practice.
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Anthropometric and demographic predictors of handgrip strength and lean mass quality in hospitalized individuals. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 24:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Granic A, Mendonça N, Hill TR, Jagger C, Stevenson EJ, Mathers JC, Sayer AA. Nutrition in the Very Old. Nutrients 2018; 10:E269. [PMID: 29495468 PMCID: PMC5872687 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of older adults aged 85 years and over (the very old) is growing rapidly in many societies because of increases in life expectancy and reduced mortality at older ages. In 2016, 27.3 million very old adults were living in the European Union, and in the UK, 2.4% of the population (1.6 million) were aged 85 and over. Very old age is associated with increased risks of malnutrition, multimorbidity, and disability. Diet (nutrition) is a modifiable risk factor for multiple age-related conditions, including sarcopenia and functional decline. Dietary characteristics and nutrient intakes of the very old have been investigated in several European studies of ageing to better understand their nutritional requirements, which may differ from those in the young-old. However, there is a major gap in regard to evidence for the role of dietary patterns, protein, vitamin D and other nutrients for the maintenance of physical and cognitive functioning in later life. The Newcastle 85+ Study, UK and the Life and Living in Advanced Age, New Zealand are unique studies involving single birth cohorts which aim to assess health trajectories in very old adults and their biological, social and environmental influences, including nutrition. In this review, we have updated the latest findings in nutritional epidemiology with results from these studies, concentrating on the diet-physical functioning relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Tom R Hill
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Carol Jagger
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - John C Mathers
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Avan A Sayer
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Skeletal muscle mass is associated with higher dietary protein intake and lower body fat in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Menopause 2018; 24:502-509. [PMID: 27922938 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between skeletal muscle mass and dietary protein intake, habitual physical activity, body composition, and metabolic variables. METHODS One hundred three healthy postmenopausal women from southern Brazil (age 55.2 ± 4.9 y, body mass index 27.2 ± 4.6 kg/m) were enrolled. Bone mineral density, %body fat, %trunk fat mass, and appendicular lean mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, and habitual physical activity by pedometer. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was expressed as appendicular lean mass standardized to body mass index. The cutoff for low lean mass was <0.512. Protein intake was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire and categorized into tertiles: ≤0.93 g/kg body weight (BW), 0.94 to 1.29 g/kg BW, and ≥1.3 g protein/kg BW. RESULTS The prevalence of low lean mass (SMI <0.512) was 7%. Waist circumference, %body fat, trunk fat mass, and diastolic blood pressure were higher, whereas SMI and mean daily steps were lower in women with protein intake ≤0.93 g/kg BW. SMI was positively correlated with physical activity (r = 0.205, P = 0.038) and protein intake (r = 0.334, P = 0.001), and negatively correlated with waist circumference (r = -0.505, P < 0.001) and %body fat (r = 0.808, P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis adjusted for age, time since menopause, previous smoking behavior, and energy intake showed an independent, positive contribution of protein intake (mean difference 0.007, 95% CI, 0.001-0.014, P = 0.044) and an independent, negative contribution of %body fat (mean difference -0.010, 95%CI, -0.011 to -0.008, P < 0.001) to SMI. CONCLUSIONS In our healthy postmenopausal women, SMI was positively associated with protein intake and negatively associated with %body fat.
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Strasser B, Volaklis K, Fuchs D, Burtscher M. Role of Dietary Protein and Muscular Fitness on Longevity and Aging. Aging Dis 2018; 9:119-132. [PMID: 29392087 PMCID: PMC5772850 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is an unfortunate effect of aging and many diseases and can compromise physical function and impair vital metabolic processes. Low levels of muscular fitness together with insufficient dietary intake are major risk factors for illness and mortality from all causes. Ultimately, muscle wasting contributes significantly to weakness, disability, increased hospitalization, immobility, and loss of independence. However, the extent of muscle wasting differs greatly between individuals due to differences in the aging process per se as well as physical activity levels. Interventions for sarcopenia include exercise and nutrition because both have a positive impact on protein anabolism but also enhance other aspects that contribute to well-being in sarcopenic older adults, such as physical function, quality of life, and anti-inflammatory state. The process of aging is accompanied by chronic immune activation, and sarcopenia may represent a consequence of a counter-regulatory strategy of the immune system. Thereby, the kynurenine pathway is induced, and elevation in the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan concentrations, which estimates the tryptophan breakdown rate, is often linked with inflammatory conditions and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A combined exercise program consisting of both resistance-type and endurance-type exercise may best help to ameliorate the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, to prevent muscle aging comorbidities, and to improve physical performance and quality of life. In addition, the use of dietary protein supplementation can further augment protein anabolism but can also contribute to a more active lifestyle, thereby supporting well-being and active aging in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University Innsbruck, Austria
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Seino S, Sumi K, Narita M, Yokoyama Y, Ashida K, Kitamura A, Shinkai S. Effects of Low-Dose Dairy Protein Plus Micronutrient Supplementation during Resistance Exercise on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:59-67. [PMID: 29300423 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether supplementation with low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients augments the effects of resistance exercise (RE) on muscle mass and physical performance compared with RE alone among older adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Tokyo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-two community-dwelling older adults (mean age, 73.5 years) were randomly allocated to an RE plus dairy protein and micronutrient supplementation group or an RE only group (n = 41 each). INTERVENTION The RE plus supplementation group participants ingested supplements with dairy protein (10.5 g/day) and micronutrients (8.0 mg zinc, 12 μg vitamin B12, 200 μg folic acid, 200 IU vitamin D, and others/day). Both groups performed the same twice-weekly RE program for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Whole-body, appendicular, and leg lean soft-tissue mass (WBLM, ALM, and LLM, respectively) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, physical performance, biochemical characteristics, nutritional intake, and physical activity were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The groups exhibited similar significant improvements in maximum gait speed, Timed Up-and-Go, and 5-repetition and 30-s chair stand tests. As compared with RE only, RE plus supplementation significantly increased WBLM (0.63 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-0.95), ALM (0.37 kg, 95% CI: 0.16-0.58), LLM (0.27 kg, 95% CI: 0.10-0.46), and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (4.7 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.6-7.9), vitamin B12 (72.4 pg/mL, 95% CI: 12.9-131.9), and folic acid (12.9 ng/mL, 95% CI: 10.3-15.5) (all P < 0.05 for group-by-time interactions). Changes over time in physical activity and nutritional intake excluding the supplemented nutrients were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrient supplementation during RE significantly increased muscle mass in older adults but did not further improve physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seino
- Satoshi Seino, PhD, Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan, Phone: +81 (3) 3964-3241 ext. 4252, E-mail:
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Santarpia L, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F. Dietary protein content for an optimal diet: a clinical view. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:345-348. [PMID: 28444858 PMCID: PMC5476844 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary protein role in different clinical nutritional conditions and some physio-pathological perspectives is a current and hot topic to discuss. Recent Proceedings of the Protein Summit 2, joining more than 60 nutrition scientists, health experts, and nutrition educators, suggest to increase plant but, in particular, animal protein intake because richer in leucine and consequently more effective to influence anabolic protein metabolism. The Panel conclusions are in apparent contradiction with the nutritional ecology statements, which strongly sustain the reduction of animal origin foods in the human diet and are currently concerned about the excessive, mainly animal protein intake in western and westernized Countries. In conclusion, it is time to carefully evaluate protein and aminoacid intake accurately considering quality, digestibility, daily distribution and individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Santarpia
- Interuniversity Centre for Obesity and Eating Disorders, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Franco Contaldo
- Interuniversity Centre for Obesity and Eating Disorders, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Fabrizio Pasanisi
- Interuniversity Centre for Obesity and Eating Disorders, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
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Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. Effects of 24 Weeks of Whole Body Vibration Versus Multicomponent Training on Muscle Strength and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:193-201. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marín-Cascales
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, Tufano JJ, Shiells K, Holmerova I. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:835-845. [PMID: 28553092 PMCID: PMC5441519 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s132940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been identified as beneficial for many diseases and health disorders, including sarcopenia. The positive influence of PA interventions on sarcopenia has been described previously on many occasions. Current reviews on the topic include studies with varied PA interventions for sarcopenia; nevertheless, no systematic review exploring the effects of PA in general on sarcopenia has been published. The main aim of this study was to explore the relationship between PA and sarcopenia in older people on the basis of cross-sectional and cohort studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect for articles addressing the relationship between PA and sarcopenia. Twenty-five articles were ultimately included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. A statistically significant association between PA and sarcopenia was documented in most of the studies, as well as the protective role of PA against sarcopenia development. Furthermore, the meta-analysis indicated that PA reduces the odds of acquiring sarcopenia in later life (odds ratio [OR] =0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.55). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis confirm the beneficial influence of PA in general for the prevention of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Steffl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard W Bohannon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Lenka Sontakova
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kate Shiells
- Faculty of Humanities, Centre of Gerontology, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Holmerova
- Faculty of Humanities, Centre of Gerontology, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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JafariNasabian P, Inglis JE, Kelly OJ, Ilich JZ. Osteosarcopenic obesity in women: impact, prevalence, and management challenges. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:33-42. [PMID: 28144165 PMCID: PMC5245917 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome (OSO) has recently been identified as a condition encompassing osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity. OSO is especially deleterious in older adults (even if they are not obese by conventional measures), due to age-related redistribution of fat and its infiltration into bone and muscle. Osteoporosis and bone fractures in elderly increase the risk of sarcopenia, which, through decreased mobility, increases the risk of more falls and fractures, creating a vicious cycle. Obesity plays a dual role: to a certain extent, it promotes bone and muscle gains through mechanical loading; in contrast, increased adiposity is also a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other endocrine factors that impair bone and muscle. As the elderly population increases, changes in lifestyle to delay the onset of OSO, or prevent OSO, are warranted. Among these changes, dietary patterns and physical activity modifications are the first ones to be implemented. The typical Western diet (and lifestyle) promotes several chronic diseases including OSO, by facilitating a pro-inflammatory state, largely via the imbalance in omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio and low-fiber and high-processed food consumption. Nutritional modifications to prevent and/or alleviate the OSO syndrome include adequate intake of protein, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D and increasing consumptions of foods containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber. Certain types of physical activity, often decreased in overweight/obese women and in elderly, might preserve bone and muscle, as well as help in reducing body fat accrual and fat infiltration. Habitual daily activities and some alternative modes of exercise may be more appropriate for older adults and play a crucial role in preventing bone and muscle loss and maintaining optimal weight. In conclusion, older adults who suffer from OSO syndrome may benefit from combined efforts to improve diet and physical activity, and such recommendations should be fostered as part of public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah JafariNasabian
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Julia E Inglis
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | - Jasminka Z Ilich
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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Russ DW, Acksel C, McCorkle KW, Edens NK, Garvey SM. Effects of Running Wheel Activity and Dietary HMB and β-alanine Co-Supplementation on Muscle Quality in Aged Male Rats. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:554-561. [PMID: 28448086 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of skeletal muscle function is linked to increased risk for loss of health and independence in older adults. Dietary interventions that can enhance aging muscle function, alone or in combination with exercise, may offer an effective way to reduce these risks. The goal of this study was to evaluate the muscular effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and beta-alanine (β-Ala) co-supplementation in aged Sprague-Dawley rats with voluntary access to running wheels (RW). METHODS Aged (20 months) rats were housed with ad libitum access to RW while on a purified diet for 4 weeks, then balanced for RW activity and assigned to either a control or an experimental diet (control + HMB and β-Ala) for the next 4 weeks (n = 10/group). At the end of the study, we assessed muscle size, in situ force and fatigability in the medial gastrocnemius muscles, as well as an array of protein markers related to various age- and activity-responsive signaling pathways. RESULTS Dietary HMB+β-Ala did not improve muscle force or fatigue resistance, but a trend for increased muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was observed (P = 0.077). As a result, rats on the experimental diet exhibited reduced muscle quality (force/CSA; P = 0.032). Dietary HMB+β-Ala reduced both the abundance of PGC1-α (P = 0.050) and the ratio of the lipidated to non-lipidated forms of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (P = 0.004), markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, respectively. Some alterations in myostatin signaling also occurred in the dietary HMB+β-Ala group. There was an unexpected difference (P = 0.046) in RW activity, which increased throughout the study in the animals on the control diet, but not in animals on the experimental diet. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the short-term addition of dietary HMB+β-Ala to modest physical activity provided little enhancement of muscle function in this model of uncomplicated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Russ
- David W. Russ, PT, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Division of Physical Therapy , School of Rehab and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, W279 Grover Center, Athens, OH 45701, (ph.)740-566-0022, (fax)740-593-0293,
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Age-related deficits in skeletal muscle recovery following disuse are associated with neuromuscular junction instability and ER stress, not impaired protein synthesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:127-46. [PMID: 26826670 PMCID: PMC4761718 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength can be accelerated by impaired recovery of muscle mass following a transient atrophic stimulus. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms underlying the attenuated recovery of muscle mass and strength in old rats following disuse-induced atrophy. Adult (9 month) and old (29 month) male F344BN rats underwent hindlimb unloading (HU) followed by reloading. HU induced significant atrophy of the hindlimb muscles in both adult (17-38%) and old (8-29%) rats, but only the adult rats exhibited full recovery of muscle mass and strength upon reloading. Upon reloading, total RNA and protein synthesis increased to a similar extent in adult and old muscles. At baseline and upon reloading, however, proteasome-mediated degradation was suppressed leading to an accumulation of ubiquitin-tagged proteins and p62. Further, ER stress, as measured by CHOP expression, was elevated at baseline and upon reloading in old rats. Analysis of mRNA expression revealed increases in HDAC4, Runx1, myogenin, Gadd45a, and the AChRs in old rats, suggesting neuromuscular junction instability/denervation. Collectively, our data suggests that with aging, impaired neuromuscular transmission and deficits in the proteostasis network contribute to defects in muscle fiber remodeling and functional recovery of muscle mass and strength.
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Francis P, Mc Cormack W, Toomey C, Norton C, Saunders J, Kerin E, Lyons M, Jakeman P. Twelve weeks' progressive resistance training combined with protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes increases upper leg lean tissue mass, muscle strength and extended gait speed in healthy older women. Biogerontology 2016; 18:881-891. [PMID: 27933408 PMCID: PMC5684326 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The age-related decline in functional capability is preceded by a reduction in muscle quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes on upper leg lean tissue mass (LTM), muscle quality and functional capability in healthy 50–70 years women. In a single-blinded, randomized, controlled design, 57 healthy older women (age 61.1 ± 5.1 years, 1.61 ± 0.65 m, 65.3 ± 15.3 kg) consumed 0.33 g/kg body mass of a milk-based protein matrix (PRO) for 12 weeks. Of the 57 women, 29 also engaged in a PRT intervention (PRO + PRT). In comparison to the PRO group (n = 28), those in the PRO + PRT group had an increase in upper leg LTM [0.04 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.01) kg vs. 0.13 (95% CI 0.08–0.18) kg, P = 0.027], as measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; an increase in knee extensor (KE) torque [−1.6 (95% CI −7.3 to 4.4 N m) vs. 10.2 (95% CI 4.3–15.8 N m), P = 0.007], as measured from a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (Con-Trex MJ; CMV AG); and an increase in extended gait speed [-0.01 (95% CI −0.52–0.04) m s−1 vs. 0.10 (95% CI 0.05–0.22) m s−1, P = 0.001] as measured from a maximal 900 m effort. There was no difference between groups in the time taken to complete 5 chair rises or the number of chair rises performed in 30 s (P > 0.05). PRT in healthy older women ingesting a dietary protein supplement is an effective strategy to improve upper leg LTM, KE torque and extended gait speed in healthy older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Francis
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS13HE, UK. .,Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. .,Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - William Mc Cormack
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clodagh Toomey
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Norton
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jean Saunders
- Statistical Consulting Unit/CSTAR @ UL, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emmet Kerin
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark Lyons
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Philip Jakeman
- Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
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Translating novel insights from age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and phenotypic flexibility into diet and lifestyle recommendations for the elderly. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lean body mass change over 6 years is associated with dietary leucine intake in an older Danish population. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1556-62. [PMID: 26979049 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Higher protein intake, and particularly higher leucine intake, is associated with attenuated loss of lean body mass (LBM) over time in older individuals. Dietary leucine is thought to be a key mediator of anabolism. This study aimed to assess this relationship over 6 years among younger and older adult Danes. Dietary leucine intake was assessed at baseline and after 6 years in men and women, aged 35-65 years, participating in the Danish cohort of the WHO-MONICA (Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease) study (n 368). Changes in LBM over the 6 years were measured by bioelectrical impedance using equations developed for this Danish population. The association between leucine and LBM changes was examined using multivariate linear regression and ANCOVA analyses adjusted for potential confounders. After adjustment for baseline LBM, sex, age, energy intake and physical activity, leucine intake was associated with LBM change in those older than 65 years (n 79), with no effect seen in those younger than 65 years. Older participants in the highest quartile of leucine intake (7·1 g/d) experienced LBM maintenance, whereas lower intakes were associated with LBM loss over 6 years (for trend: β=0·434, P=0·03). Sensitivity analysis indicated no effect modification of sex or the presence of CVD. Greater leucine intake in conjunction with adequate total protein intake was associated with long-term LBM retention in a healthy older Danish population. This study corroborates findings from laboratory investigations in relation to protein and leucine intakes and LBM change. A more diverse and larger sample is needed for confirmation of these results.
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Ikwuobe J, Bellary S, Griffiths HR. Innovative biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus: relevance to dietary management of frailty in older adults. Biogerontology 2016; 17:511-27. [PMID: 26897532 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases in prevalence in the elderly. There is evidence for significant muscle loss and accelerated cognitive impairment in older adults with T2DM; these comorbidities are critical features of frailty. In the early stages of T2DM, insulin sensitivity can be improved by a "healthy" diet. Management of insulin resistance by diet in people over 65 years of age should be carefully re-evaluated because of the risk for falling due to hypoglycaemia. To date, an optimal dietary programme for older adults with insulin resistance and T2DM has not been described. The use of biomarkers to identify those at risk for T2DM will enable clinicians to offer early dietary advice that will delay onset of disease and of frailty. Here we have used an in silico literature search for putative novel biomarkers of T2DM risk and frailty. We suggest that plasma bilirubin, plasma, urinary DPP4-positive microparticles and plasma pigment epithelium-derived factor merit further investigation as predictive biomarkers for T2DM and frailty risk in older adults. Bilirubin is screened routinely in clinical practice. Measurement of specific microparticle frequency in urine is less invasive than a blood sample so is a good choice for biomonitoring. Future studies should investigate whether early dietary changes, such as increased intake of whey protein and micronutrients that improve muscle function and insulin sensitivity, affect biomarkers and can reduce the longer term complication of frailty in people at risk for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ikwuobe
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Srikanth Bellary
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Francaux M, Demeulder B, Naslain D, Fortin R, Lutz O, Caty G, Deldicque L. Aging Reduces the Activation of the mTORC1 Pathway after Resistance Exercise and Protein Intake in Human Skeletal Muscle: Potential Role of REDD1 and Impaired Anabolic Sensitivity. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010047. [PMID: 26784225 PMCID: PMC4728660 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the anabolic resistance observed in elderly people. Nine young (22 ± 0.1 years) and 10 older (69 ± 1.7 years) volunteers performed a one-leg extension exercise consisting of 10 × 10 repetitions at 70% of their 3-RM, immediately after which they ingested 30 g of whey protein. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest in the fasted state and 30 min after protein ingestion in the non-exercised (Pro) and exercised (Pro+ex) legs. Plasma insulin levels were determined at the same time points. No age difference was measured in fasting insulin levels but the older subjects had a 50% higher concentration than the young subjects in the fed state (p < 0.05). While no difference was observed in the fasted state, in response to exercise and protein ingestion, the phosphorylation state of PKB (p < 0.05 in Pro and Pro+ex) and S6K1 (p = 0.059 in Pro; p = 0.066 in Pro+ex) was lower in the older subjects compared with the young subjects. After Pro+ex, REDD1 expression tended to be higher (p = 0.087) in the older group while AMPK phosphorylation was not modified by any condition. In conclusion, we show that the activation of the mTORC1 pathway is reduced in skeletal muscle of older subjects after resistance exercise and protein ingestion compared with young subjects, which could be partially due to an increased expression of REDD1 and an impaired anabolic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Bénédicte Demeulder
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Raphael Fortin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Lutz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Gilles Caty
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
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Demeny D, Jukic K, Dawson B, O'Leary F. Current practices of dietitians in the assessment and management of malnutrition in elderly patients. Nutr Diet 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dallas Demeny
- School of Molecular Biosciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Katherine Jukic
- School of Molecular Biosciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Beryl Dawson
- NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney Local Health District, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Balmain Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Fiona O'Leary
- School of Molecular Biosciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Hengevoss J, Piechotta M, Müller D, Hanft F, Parr MK, Schänzer W, Diel P. Combined effects of androgen anabolic steroids and physical activity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:86-96. [PMID: 25797375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysing effects of pharmaceutical substances and training on feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may be helpful to quantify the benefit of strategies preventing loss of muscle mass, and in the fight against doping. In this study we analysed combined effects of anabolic steroids and training on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Therefore intact male Wistar rats were dose-dependently treated with metandienone, estradienedione and the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) S-1. In serum cortisol, testosterone, 17β-estradiol (E2), prolactin, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were determined. Six human volunteers were single treated with 1-androstenedione. In addition abusing and clean body builders were analysed. Serum concentrations of inhibin B, IGF-1, cortisol, prolactin, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), testosterone and LH were determined. In rats, administration of metandienone, estradienedione and S-1 resulted in an increase of muscle fiber diameter. Metandienone and estradienedione but not S-1 administration significantly decreases LH and inhibin B serum concentration. Administration of estradienedione resulted in an increase of E2 and S-1 in an increase of cortisol. Single administration of 1-androstenedione in humans decreased cortisol and inhibin B serum concentrations. LH was not affected. In abusing body builders a significantly decrease of LH, TSH and inhibin B and an increase of prolactin, IGF-1 and T4 was detected. In clean body builders only T4 and TSH were affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hengevoss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dennis Müller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Fabian Hanft
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW, Jacques PF, Kritchevsky SB, Moore LL, Rodriguez NR, van Loon LJ. Protein and healthy aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1339S-1345S. [PMID: 25926511 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of optimizing dietary protein intake in older adults continues to evolve. An overarching hypothesis generated during Protein Summit 2.0 was that consuming an adequate amount of high-quality protein at each meal, in combination with physical activity, may delay the onset of sarcopenia, slow its progression, reduce the magnitude of its functional consequences, or all of these. The potential benefits of young and middle-aged adults adopting a diet pattern whereby adequate protein is consumed at each meal as a countermeasure to sarcopenia are presented and discussed. For example, meeting a protein threshold (∼25-30 g/meal) represents a promising, yet still largely unexplored dietary strategy to help maintain muscle mass and function. For many older adults, breakfast is a carbohydrate-dominated lower-protein meal and represents an opportunity to improve and more evenly distribute daily protein intake. Although both animal and plant-based proteins can provide the required essential amino acids for health, animal proteins generally have a higher proportion of the amino acid leucine. Leucine plays a key role in stimulating translation initiation and muscle protein anabolism and is the focus of ongoing research. Protein requirements should be assessed in the light of habitual physical activity. An evenly distributed protein diet provides a framework that allows older adults to benefit from the synergistic anabolic effect of protein and physical activity. To fully understand the role of dietary protein intake in healthy aging, greater efforts are needed to coordinate and integrate research design and data acquisition and interpretation from a variety of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Paul F Jacques
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Lynn L Moore
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Nancy R Rodriguez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
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42
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Jung P, Pereira MA, Hiebert B, Song X, Rockwood K, Tangri N, Arora RC. The impact of frailty on postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:869-75.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Marcotte GR, West DWD, Baar K. The molecular basis for load-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:196-210. [PMID: 25359125 PMCID: PMC4809742 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a mature (weight neutral) animal, an increase in muscle mass only occurs when the muscle is loaded sufficiently to cause an increase in myofibrillar protein balance. A tight relationship between muscle hypertrophy, acute increases in protein balance, and the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was demonstrated 15 years ago. Since then, our understanding of the signals that regulate load-induced hypertrophy has evolved considerably. For example, we now know that mechanical load activates mTORC1 in the same way as growth factors, by moving TSC2 (a primary inhibitor of mTORC1) away from its target (the mTORC activator) Rheb. However, the kinase that phosphorylates and moves TSC2 is different in the two processes. Similarly, we have learned that a distinct pathway exists whereby amino acids activate mTORC1 by moving it to Rheb. While mTORC1 remains at the forefront of load-induced hypertrophy, the importance of other pathways that regulate muscle mass are becoming clearer. Myostatin, is best known for its control of developmental muscle size. However, new mechanisms to explain how loading regulates this process are suggesting that it could play an important role in hypertrophic muscle growth as well. Last, new mechanisms are highlighted for how β2 receptor agonists could be involved in load-induced muscle growth and why these agents are being developed as non-exercise-based therapies for muscle atrophy. Overall, the results highlight how studying the mechanism of load-induced skeletal muscle mass is leading the development of pharmaceutical interventions to promote muscle growth in those unwilling or unable to perform resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Marcotte
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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44
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Conte M, Vasuri F, Bertaggia E, Armani A, Santoro A, Bellavista E, Degiovanni A, D'Errico-Grigioni A, Trisolino G, Capri M, Franchi MV, Narici MV, Sandri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. Differential expression of perilipin 2 and 5 in human skeletal muscle during aging and their association with atrophy-related genes. Biogerontology 2015; 16:329-40. [PMID: 25559404 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, is a phenomenon characterizing human aging whose etiology is still not clear. While there is increasing evidence for the influence of inter-muscular adipose tissue infiltration in the development of sarcopenia, much less is known about a possible role for intra-muscular triglycerides (IMTG). IMTG accumulate in form of lipid droplets decorated by proteins such as Perilipins (Plins). In skeletal muscle the most abundant are Plin2 and Plin5. In this study we compared the expression of these two Plins in Vastus lateralis muscle samples of subjects of different age, both healthy donors (HD) and patients with limited lower limb mobility (LLMI). These latter are characterized by a condition of chronic physical inactivity. Plin2 expression resulted higher in old age for both HD and LLMI patients, while Plin5 slightly decreased only in LLMI patients. Moreover, in these patients, only Plin2 was associated with the decrease of muscle strength and the expression of factors related to muscle atrophy (MuRF1, Atrogin and p53). An increase in Plin2 and a concomitant decrease of Plin5 was also observed when we considered animal model of disuse-induced muscle atrophy. As a whole, these data indicate that Plin2 and Plin5 have a different expression pattern during muscle aging and inactivity, and only Plin2 appears to be associated with functional alterations of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy,
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Lucas SJ, Breen L, Phillips AC. Exercising our brains, muscles and cells to fight the ageing process. Sci Prog 2015; 98:413-5. [PMID: 26790179 PMCID: PMC10365453 DOI: 10.3184/003685015x14467218232110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J.E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Devries MC, Phillips SM. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1194-203. [PMID: 24576864 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related sarcopenia and dynapenia have negative effects on strength and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Resistance training (RT) increases muscle mass and strength in older adults and is an established countermeasure for sarcopenia and dynapenia, and creatine may enhance this effect. We aimed to determine whether the addition of Cr to RT increased gains in muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults over RT alone by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed and Healthstar databases were searched. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials that involved older adults supplemented with Cr and included RT regimens (>6 wk) were included. Data were analyzed using fixed or random (if data were heterogeneous) effects meta-analysis using RevMan 5. RESULTS The meta-analysis comprised 357 older adults (average ± SD Cr: 63.6 ± 5.9 yr, Pl: 64.2 ± 5.4 yr) with 12.6 ± 4.9 wk of RT. Cr + RT increased total body mass (P = 0.004) and fat-free mass (P < 0.0001) with no effect on fat mass as compared with RT alone. Cr + RT increased chest press (P = 0.004) and leg press (P = 0.02) one-repetition maximum to a greater extent than RT alone, with no difference in the effect on knee extension or biceps curl one-repetition maximum, isokinetic or isometric knee extension peak torque. Cr + RT had a greater effect than RT alone on the 30-s chair stand test (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Retention of muscle mass and strength is integral to healthy aging. The results from this meta-analysis are encouraging in supporting a role for Cr supplementation during RT in healthful aging by enhancing muscle mass gain, strength, and functional performance over RT alone; however, the limited number of studies indicates further work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Devries
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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47
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Kulkarni B, Hills AP, Byrne NM. Nutritional influences over the life course on lean body mass of individuals in developing countries. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:190-204. [PMID: 24697348 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The double burden of childhood undernutrition and adult-onset adiposity in transitioning societies poses a significant public health challenge. The development of suboptimal lean body mass (LBM) could partly explain the link between these two forms of malnutrition. This review examines the evidence on both the role of nutrition in “developmental programming” of LBM and the nutritional influences that affect LBM throughout the life course. Studies from developing countries assessing the relationship of early nutrition with later LBM provide important insights. Overall, the evidence is consistent in suggesting a positive association of early nutritional status (indicated by birth weight and growth during first 2 years) with LBM in later life. Evidence on the impact of maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on later LBM is inconsistent. In addition, the role of nutrients (protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin D) that can affect LBM throughout the life course is described. Promoting optimal intakes of these important nutrients throughout the life course is important for reducing childhood undernutrition as well as for improving the LBM of adults.
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Chasen M, Bhargava R, MacDonald N. Rehabilitation for patients with advanced cancer. CMAJ 2014; 186:1071-5. [PMID: 25047989 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.131402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chasen
- Division of Palliative Care (Chasen, Bhargava), Élisabeth-Bruyère Hospital; Department of Medicine (Chasen, Bhargava), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Chasen, Bhargava, MacDonald); Department of Medicine (Chasen), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Oncology (MacDonald), McGill University, Montréal, Que.
| | - Ravi Bhargava
- Division of Palliative Care (Chasen, Bhargava), Élisabeth-Bruyère Hospital; Department of Medicine (Chasen, Bhargava), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Chasen, Bhargava, MacDonald); Department of Medicine (Chasen), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Oncology (MacDonald), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Neil MacDonald
- Division of Palliative Care (Chasen, Bhargava), Élisabeth-Bruyère Hospital; Department of Medicine (Chasen, Bhargava), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Chasen, Bhargava, MacDonald); Department of Medicine (Chasen), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Oncology (MacDonald), McGill University, Montréal, Que
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Langer H, Carlsohn A. Effects of Different Dietary Proteins and Amino Acids on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Adults After Resistance Exercise. Strength Cond J 2014. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Bickerstaffe A, van Dijk J, Beelen A, Zwarts M, Nollet F. Loss of motor unit size and quadriceps strength over 10years in post-polio syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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