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Porteiro B, Roscam Abbing RLP, In Het Panhuis W, de Waart DR, Duijst S, Bolt I, Vogels EW, Levels JHM, Bosmans LA, Vos WG, Oude Elferink RPJ, Lutgens E, van de Graaf SFJ. Inhibition of hepatic bile salt uptake by Bulevirtide reduces atherosclerosis in Oatp1a1 -/-Ldlr -/- mice. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100594. [PMID: 39009243 PMCID: PMC11382107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile salts can strongly influence energy metabolism through systemic signaling, which can be enhanced by inhibiting the hepatic bile salt transporter Na+ taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), thereby delaying hepatic reuptake of bile salts to increase systemic bile salt levels. Bulevirtide is an NTCP inhibitor and was originally developed to prevent NTCP-mediated entry of Hepatitis B and D into hepatocytes. We previously demonstrated that NTCP inhibition lowers body weight, induces glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) secretion, and lowers plasma cholesterol levels in murine obesity models. In humans, a genetic loss-of-function variant of NTCP has been associated with reduced plasma cholesterol levels. Here, we aimed to assess if Bulevirtide treatment attenuates atherosclerosis development by treating female Ldlr-/- mice with Bulevirtide or vehicle for 11 weeks. Since this did not result in the expected increase in plasma bile salt levels, we generated Oatp1a1-/-Ldlr-/- mice, an atherosclerosis-prone model with human-like hepatic bile salt uptake characteristics. These mice showed delayed plasma clearance of bile salts and elevated bile salt levels upon Bulevirtide treatment. At the study endpoint, Bulevirtide-treated female Oatp1a1-/-Ldlr-/- mice had reduced atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root that coincided with lowered plasma LDL-c levels, independent of intestinal cholesterol absorption. In conclusion, Bulevirtide, which is considered safe and is EMA-approved for the treatment of Hepatitis D, reduces atherosclerotic lesion area by reducing plasma LDL-c levels. We anticipate that its application may extend to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, which warrants clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Porteiro
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wietse In Het Panhuis
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther W Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Levels
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A Bosmans
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sharkey KA, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Dr. Gary M. Mawe: A tribute to a scholar, mentor, and friend. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14807. [PMID: 38654527 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Ahmed M. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Bile. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2022; 15:105-120. [PMID: 35898963 PMCID: PMC9309561 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s360563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile is a unique body fluid synthesized in our liver. Enterohepatic circulation preserves bile in our body through its efficient synthesis, transport, absorption, and reuptake. Bile is the main excretory route for bile salts, bilirubin, and potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances. The primary way of eliminating cholesterol is bile. Although bile has many organic and inorganic contents, bile acid is the most physiologically active component. Bile acids have a multitude of critical physiologic functions in our body. These include emulsification of dietary fat, absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins, maintaining glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, sustenance of intestinal epithelial integrity and epithelial cell proliferation, reducing inflammation in the intestine, and prevention of enteric infection due to its antimicrobial properties. But bile acids can be harmful in certain altered conditions like cholecystectomy, terminal ileal disease or resection, cholestasis, duodenogastric bile reflux, duodenogastroesophageal bile reflux, and bile acid diarrhea. Bile acids can have malignant potentials as well. There are also important diagnostic and therapeutic roles of bile acid and bile acid modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Caldwell A, Grundy L, Harrington AM, Garcia-Caraballo S, Castro J, Bunnett NW, Brierley SM. TGR5 agonists induce peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9920. [PMID: 35705684 PMCID: PMC9200837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying chronic bladder conditions such as interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) are incompletely understood. However, targeting specific receptors mediating neuronal sensitivity to specific stimuli is an emerging treatment strategy. Recently, irritant-sensing receptors including the bile acid receptor TGR5, have been identified within the viscera and are thought to play a key role in neuronal hypersensitivity. Here, in mice, we identify mRNA expression of TGR5 (Gpbar1) in all layers of the bladder as well as in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and in isolated bladder-innervating DRG neurons. In bladder-innervating DRG neurons Gpbar1 mRNA was 100% co-expressed with Trpv1 and 30% co-expressed with Trpa1. In vitro live-cell calcium imaging of bladder-innervating DRG neurons showed direct activation of a sub-population of bladder-innervating DRG neurons with the synthetic TGR5 agonist CCDC, which was diminished in Trpv1-/- but not Trpa1-/- DRG neurons. CCDC also activated a small percentage of non-neuronal cells. Using an ex vivo mouse bladder afferent recording preparation we show intravesical application of endogenous (5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one sulphate, Pg5α) and synthetic (CCDC) TGR5 agonists enhanced afferent mechanosensitivity to bladder distension. Correspondingly, in vivo intravesical administration of CCDC increased the number of spinal dorsal horn neurons that were activated by bladder distension. The enhanced mechanosensitivity induced by CCDC ex vivo and in vivo was absent using Gpbar1-/- mice. Together, these results indicate a role for the TGR5 receptor in mediating bladder afferent hypersensitivity to distension and thus may be important to the symptoms associated with IC/BPS and OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Caldwell
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Level 7, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Andrea M Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Level 7, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Level 7, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Synthesis of Novel C/D Ring Modified Bile Acids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072364. [PMID: 35408759 PMCID: PMC9000252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid receptors have been identified as important targets for the development of new therapeutics to treat various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The synthesis of new bile acid analogues can help elucidate structure–activity relationships and define compounds that activate these receptors selectively. Towards this, access to large quantities of a chenodeoxycholic acid derivative bearing a C-12 methyl and a C-13 to C-14 double bond provided an interesting scaffold to investigate the chemical manipulation of the C/D ring junction in bile acids. The reactivity of this alkene substrate with various zinc carbenoid species showed that those generated using the Furukawa methodology achieved selective α-cyclopropanation, whereas those generated using the Shi methodology reacted in an unexpected manner giving rise to a rearranged skeleton whereby the C ring has undergone contraction to form a novel spiro–furan ring system. Further derivatization of the cyclopropanated steroid included O-7 oxidation and epimerization to afford new bile acid derivatives for biological evaluation.
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6
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Bhimanwar RS, Mittal A. TGR5 agonists for diabetes treatment: a patent review and clinical advancements (2012-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:191-209. [PMID: 34652989 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.1994551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A cell surface bile acid receptor TGR5 can be considered a promising target for the treatment of various metabolic diseases. The TGR5 receptor is expressed in various tissues, including the liver, kidney, intestine, and adrenal glands, causing its effect in each tissue to differ. A major role for TGR5 is to maintain blood sugar levels. Also, TGR5 is postulated to contribute to an increase in energy expenditure. These benefits make it a potential candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases. AREA COVERED This paper highlights recent advances in the development of potent steroidal and non-steroidal TGR5 agonists and the peer-reviewed scientific articles that have led to understanding the structure-activity relationship for TGR5 agonists (2012-2020). The review also discusses the clinical progress made by some TGR5 agonists over the past eight years. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical studies have suggested a key role for the TGR5 receptor in GLP-1 secretion and have shown promising outcomes such as weight loss, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effects. Along with the evaluation of semisynthetic derivatives, synthetic compounds can also be considered as a possible avenue for the discovery of novel TGR5 agonists. Currently, few TGR5 agonists have reached the clinical trial stage, and, likely, we will soon discover a novel TGR5 modulator with fewer adverse effects. In silico studies can be performed with these scaffolds ranging from steroidal to heterocyclic rings to discover selective and safe TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana S Bhimanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune (Maharashtra) 411018, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
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7
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Ding L, Yang Q, Zhang E, Wang Y, Sun S, Yang Y, Tian T, Ju Z, Jiang L, Wang X, Wang Z, Huang W, Yang L. Notoginsenoside Ft1 acts as a TGR5 agonist but FXR antagonist to alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1541-1554. [PMID: 34221867 PMCID: PMC8245856 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications are highly related to a current public health crisis around the world. A growing body of evidence has indicated that G-protein coupled bile acid (BA) receptor TGR5 (also known as Gpbar-1) is a potential drug target to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders. We have identified notoginsenoside Ft1 (Ft1) from Panax notoginseng as an agonist of TGR5 in vitro. However, the pharmacological effects of Ft1 on diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here we show that Ft1 (100 mg/100 diet) increased adipose lipolysis, promoted fat browning in inguinal adipose tissue and induced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in the ileum of wild type but not Tgr5 -/- obese mice. In addition, Ft1 elevated serum free and taurine-conjugated bile acids (BAs) by antagonizing Fxr transcriptional activities in the ileum to activate Tgr5 in the adipose tissues. The metabolic benefits of Ft1 were abolished in Cyp27a1 -/- mice which have much lower BA levels. These results identify Ft1 as a single compound with opposite activities on two key BA receptors to alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AUC, area under the curve
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BAs, bile acids
- Bile acids
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR
- Ft1, notoginsenoside Ft1
- Fxr, nuclear farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knockout
- Metabolic disorders
- Notoginsenoside Ft1
- Obesity
- TGR5
- Tgr5, membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor
- Ucp, uncoupling protein
- Wt, wild-type
- cAMP, adenosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate
- eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue
- iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Siming Sun
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yingbo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linshan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xunjiang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Bidault-Jourdainne V, Merlen G, Glénisson M, Doignon I, Garcin I, Péan N, Boisgard R, Ursic-Bedoya J, Serino M, Ullmer C, Humbert L, Abdelrafee A, Golse N, Vibert E, Duclos-Vallée JC, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. TGR5 controls bile acid composition and gallbladder function to protect the liver from bile acid overload. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100214. [PMID: 33604531 PMCID: PMC7872982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims As the composition of the bile acid (BA) pool has a major impact on liver pathophysiology, we studied its regulation by the BA receptor Takeda G protein coupled receptor (TGR5), which promotes hepatoprotection against BA overload. Methods Wild-type, total and hepatocyte-specific TGR5-knockout, and TGR5-overexpressing mice were used in: partial (66%) and 89% extended hepatectomies (EHs) upon normal, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)- or cholestyramine (CT)-enriched diet, bile duct ligation (BDL), cholic acid (CA)-enriched diet, and TGR5 agonist (RO) treatments. We thereby studied the impact of TGR5 on: BA composition, liver injury, regeneration and survival. We also performed analyses on the gut microbiota (GM) and gallbladder (GB). Liver BA composition was analysed in patients undergoing major hepatectomy. Results The TGR5-KO hyperhydrophobic BA composition was not directly related to altered BA synthesis, nor to TGR5-KO GM dysbiosis, as supported by hepatocyte-specific KO mice and co-housing experiments, respectively. The TGR5-dependent control of GB dilatation was crucial for BA composition, as determined by experiments including RO treatment and/or cholecystectomy. The poor TGR5-KO post-EH survival rate, related to exacerbated peribiliary necrosis and BA overload, was improved by shifting BAs toward a less toxic composition (CT treatment). After either BDL or a CA-enriched diet with or without cholecystectomy, we found that GB dilatation had strong TGR5-dependent hepatoprotective properties. In patients, a more hydrophobic liver BA composition was correlated with an unfavourable outcome after hepatectomy. Conclusions BA composition is crucial for hepatoprotection in mice and humans. We indicate TGR5 as a key regulator of BA profile and thereby as a potential hepatoprotective target under BA overload conditions. Lay summary Through multiple in vivo experimental approaches in mice, together with a patient study, this work brings some new light on the relationships between biliary homeostasis, gallbladder function, and liver protection. We showed that hepatic bile acid composition is crucial for optimal liver repair, not only in mice, but also in human patients undergoing major hepatectomy. Reducing BA hydrophobicity improves outcomes after major hepatectomy in mice. The BA receptor TGR5 controls BA pool composition, which is crucial for liver repair. TGR5 targets the gallbladder to induce a hepatoprotective effect. In patients, a more hydrophobic BA pool is associated with liver injury after hepatectomy.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CC, cholecystectomy
- CT, cholestyramine
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- EH, extended hepatectomy
- GB, gallbladder
- GM, gut microbiota
- GPBAR1
- GPBAR1, G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1
- Gallbladder
- HI, hydrophobicity index
- Hepatoprotection
- KO, knockout
- ND, normal diet
- OA, oleanolic acid
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- TBA, total BA
- TGR5
- TGR5, Takeda G protein coupled receptor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grégory Merlen
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glénisson
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Noémie Péan
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Raphael Boisgard
- Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, SHFJ, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, U1220, CHU Purpan, CS60039, 31024, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, INSERM U 1057, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Ahmed Abdelrafee
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Golse
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, INSERM U 1057, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
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Liu JY, Chen HY, Zhang GX. Role and significance of bile acid membrane receptor GPBAR1 in pathogenesis of obstructive jaundice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1053-1058. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i21.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1 is the first confirmed G protein coupled bile acid membrane receptor, which is widely expressed in the liver, gallbladder, kidney, intestine, and the nervous and cardiovascular systems. During the development of obstructive jaundice (OJ), GPBAR1 is activated by bile acid signal and mediates different signal transduction pathways, thus playing a corresponding role in the pathogenesis of OJ. GPBAR1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OJ by controlling inflammation, regulating the function of bile duct epithelial barrier, inhibiting renal oxidative stress, and regulating intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal flora, pruritus and sensory disturbance, and cardiovascular function. This article reviews the role and signficance of GPBAR1 in the pathogenesis of OJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yue Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Gui-Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
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10
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Holter MM, Chirikjian MK, Govani VN, Cummings BP. TGR5 Signaling in Hepatic Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092598. [PMID: 32859104 PMCID: PMC7551395 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor that is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis. While the role of TGR5 signaling in immune cells, adipocytes and enteroendocrine L cells in metabolic regulation has been well described and extensively reviewed, the impact of TGR5-mediated effects on hepatic physiology and pathophysiology in metabolic regulation has received less attention. Recent studies suggest that TGR5 signaling contributes to improvements in hepatic insulin signaling and decreased hepatic inflammation, as well as metabolically beneficial improvements in bile acid profile. Additionally, TGR5 signaling has been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, and improved liver function. Despite the beneficial effects of TGR5 signaling on metabolic health, TGR5-mediated gallstone formation and gallbladder filling complicate therapeutic targeting of TGR5 signaling. To this end, there is a growing need to identify cell type-specific effects of hepatic TGR5 signaling to begin to identify and target the downstream effectors of TGR5 signaling. Herein, we describe and integrate recent advances in our understanding of the impact of TGR5 signaling on liver physiology and how its effects on the liver integrate more broadly with whole body glucose regulation.
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11
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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12
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Holter MM, Chirikjian MK, Briere DA, Maida A, Sloop KW, Schoonjans K, Cummings BP. Compound 18 Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Hepatocyte TGR5-dependent Manner in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072124. [PMID: 32708970 PMCID: PMC7400836 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid receptor, TGR5, is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, but the mechanisms by which TGR5 signaling improves glucose regulation are incompletely defined. In particular, TGR5 has an increasingly appreciated role in liver physiology and pathobiology; however, whether TGR5 signaling within the liver contributes to its glucoregulatory effects is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of hepatocyte TGR5 signaling on glucose regulation using a hepatocyte-specific TGR5 knockout mouse model. Hepatocyte-specific Tgr5Hep+/+ and Tgr5Hep−/− mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks and then orally gavaged with three doses of a highly potent, TGR5-specific agonist, Compound 18 (10 mg/kg), or vehicle, over 72 h and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after the last dose. Herein, we report that TGR5 mRNA and protein is present in mouse hepatocytes. Cumulative food intake, body weight, and adiposity do not differ between Tgr5Hep+/+ and Tgr5Hep−/− mice with or without treatment with Compound 18. However, administration of Compound 18 improves glucose tolerance in Tgr5HEP+/+ mice, but not in Tgr5Hep−/− mice. Further, this effect occurred independent of body weight and GLP-1 secretion. Together, these data demonstrate that TGR5 is expressed in hepatocytes, where it functions as a key regulator of whole-body glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Margot K. Chirikjian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Daniel A. Briere
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA (K.W.S.)
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.M.); (K.S.)
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle W. Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA (K.W.S.)
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-253-3552
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13
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Rahmani B, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Reid I, Khan SA. The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:931-948. [PMID: 32133965 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200305094727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide continues to pose a heavy burden. Though its gastrointestinal impact is appropriately recognized, the lesser known associations may be overlooked. OBJECTIVE We aim to review the negative implications of diabetes on the gallbladder and the biliary tract. METHODS A MEDLINE® database search of literature was conducted with emphasis on the previous five years, combining keywords such as "diabetes," "gallbladder," and "biliary". RESULTS The association of diabetes to the formation of gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the biliary tract are discussed along with diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION Though we uncover the role of diabetic neuropathy in gallbladder and biliary complications, the specific individual diabetic risk factors behind these developments is unclear. Also, in addition to diabetes control and surgical gallbladder management, the treatment approach also requires further focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Jason Gandhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | - Inefta Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Sardar Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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14
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Merlen G, Kahale N, Ursic-Bedoya J, Bidault-Jourdainne V, Simerabet H, Doignon I, Tanfin Z, Garcin I, Péan N, Gautherot J, Davit-Spraul A, Guettier C, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Ebnet K, Ullmer C, Cassio D, Tordjmann T. TGR5-dependent hepatoprotection through the regulation of biliary epithelium barrier function. Gut 2020; 69:146-157. [PMID: 30723104 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the hypothesis that TGR5, the bile acid (BA) G-protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in biliary epithelial cells, protects the liver against BA overload through the regulation of biliary epithelium permeability. DESIGN Experiments were performed under basal and TGR5 agonist treatment. In vitro transepithelial electric resistance (TER) and FITC-dextran diffusion were measured in different cell lines. In vivo FITC-dextran was injected in the gallbladder (GB) lumen and traced in plasma. Tight junction proteins and TGR5-induced signalling were investigated in vitro and in vivo (wild-type [WT] and TGR5-KO livers and GB). WT and TGR5-KO mice were submitted to bile duct ligation or alpha-naphtylisothiocyanate intoxication under vehicle or TGR5 agonist treatment, and liver injury was studied. RESULTS In vitro TGR5 stimulation increased TER and reduced paracellular permeability for dextran. In vivo dextran diffusion after GB injection was increased in TGR5-knock-out (KO) as compared with WT mice and decreased on TGR5 stimulation. In TGR5-KO bile ducts and GB, junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) was hypophosphorylated and selectively downregulated among TJP analysed. TGR5 stimulation induced JAM-A phosphorylation and stabilisation both in vitro and in vivo, associated with protein kinase C-ζ activation. TGR5 agonist-induced TER increase as well as JAM-A protein stabilisation was dependent on JAM-A Ser285 phosphorylation. TGR5 agonist-treated mice were protected from cholestasis-induced liver injury, and this protection was significantly impaired in JAM-A-KO mice. CONCLUSION The BA receptor TGR5 regulates biliary epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo through an impact on JAM-A expression and phosphorylation, thereby protecting liver parenchyma against bile leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Kahale
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Hayat Simerabet
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Zahra Tanfin
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Noémie Péan
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Gautherot
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Davit-Spraul
- Service de Biochimie, Hopital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris Sud Faculte de Medecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Université Paris Sud Faculte de Medecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hopital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- ER7, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6, Paris, France
| | | | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group 'Cell adhesion and cell polarity', Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doris Cassio
- U1174, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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15
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Di HT, Wu XZ, Wang HQ, Chen M, Kong EL, Yu WF, Wu FX. Involvement of the p38 MAPK-pHsp27 pathway in vascular hyporeactivity induced by obstructive jaundice in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109304. [PMID: 31810142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obstructive jaundice are prone to develop cardiovascular complications during surgery. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of p38 MAPK-pHsp27 pathway in vascular hyporesponsiveness induced by obstructive jaundice. Firstly, an experimental rat obstructive jaundice model was established by bile duct ligation (BDL). We found that the thoracic aorta rings isolated from BDL rats showed decreased response to norepinephrine and acetylcholine, while continuous intraperitoneal injection with SB203580, a selective P38 MAPK inhibitor, could significantly prevented BDL-induced hyporeactivity. Also, the immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays revealed that the up-regulation of pHsp27 and F-actin in thoracic aorta rings from BDL rats and bilirubin-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were also inhibited by SB203580. Moreover, we identified that bilirubin could induced decreased cell proliferation of VSMCs by using CCK8 assay and which was also prevented by SB203580. All these data demonstrated that p38 MAPK-pHsp27 mediates vascular hyporesponsiveness in rats with obstructive jaundice by modulating the expression level of pHsp27 and F-actin, and that inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling could remodel the vascular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Di
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Dongfang Hospital, Fujian, 354200, China
| | - Hong-Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Er-Liang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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16
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Gether IM, Nexøe-Larsen C, Knop FK. New Avenues in the Regulation of Gallbladder Motility-Implications for the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-Derived Drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2463-2472. [PMID: 30137354 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Several cases of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis have been reported in patients treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and GLP-2 receptor agonists (GLP-2RAs), respectively. Thus, the effects of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on gallbladder motility have been investigated. We have provided an overview of the mechanisms regulating gallbladder motility and highlight novel findings on the effects of bile acids and glucagon-like peptides on gallbladder motility. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The articles included in the present review were identified using electronic literature searches. The search results were narrowed to data reporting the effects of bile acids and GLPs on gallbladder motility. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Bile acids negate the effect of postprandial cholecystokinin-mediated gallbladder contraction. Two bile acid receptors seem to be involved in this feedback mechanism, the transmembrane Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and the nuclear farnesoid X receptor. Furthermore, activation of TGR5 in enteroendocrine L cells leads to release of GLP-1 and, possibly, GLP-2. Recent findings have pointed to the existence of a bile acid-TGR5-L cell-GLP-2 axis that serves to terminate meal-induced gallbladder contraction and thereby initiate gallbladder refilling. GLP-2 might play a dominant role in this axis by directly relaxing the gallbladder. Moreover, recent findings have suggested GLP-1RA treatment prolongs the refilling phase of the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS GLP-2 receptor activation in rodents acutely increases the volume of the gallbladder, which might explain the risk of gallbladder diseases associated with GLP-2RA treatment observed in humans. GLP-1RA-induced prolongation of human gallbladder refilling may explain the gallbladder events observed in GLP-1RA clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Gether
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christina Nexøe-Larsen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Ranjbar S, Seyednejad SA, Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. How can we develop better antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:549-562. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1593369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin Seyednejad
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Abstract
Bile acids have important roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. Metabolic diseases linked to obesity, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis. Here, the basic chemistry and regulation of bile acids as well as their metabolic effects will be reviewed. Changes in circulating bile acids associated with obesity and related diseases will be reviewed. Finally, pharmaceutical manipulation of bile acid homeostasis as therapy for metabolic diseases will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rose McGlone
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Bile Acid-Activated Receptors: GPBAR1 (TGR5) and Other G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:19-49. [PMID: 31302759 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The BA-responsive GPCRs S1PR2 and TGR5 are almost ubiquitously expressed in human and rodent tissues. In the liver, S1PR2 is expressed in all cell types, while TGR5 is predominately found in non-parenchymal cells. In contrast to S1PR2, which is mainly activated by conjugated bile acids (BAs), all BAs serve as ligands for TGR5 irrespective of their conjugation state and substitution pattern.Mice with targeted deletion of either S1PR2 or TGR5 are viable and develop no overt phenotype. In liver injury models, S1PR2 exerts pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects and thus aggravates liver damage, while TGR5 mediates anti-inflammatory, anti-cholestatic, and anti-fibrotic effects. Thus, inhibitors of S1PR2 signaling and agonists for TGR5 have been employed to attenuate liver injury in rodent models for cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis.In biliary epithelial cells, both receptors activate a similar signaling cascade resulting in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Overexpression of both S1PR2 and TGR5 was found in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue as well as in CCA cell lines, where stimulation of both GPCRs resulted in transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and triggered cell proliferation as well as increased cell migration and invasiveness.This chapter will focus on the function of S1PR2 and TGR5 in different liver cell types and summarizes current knowledge on the role of these receptors in liver disease models.
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20
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Nagahara T, Ohno K, Kanemoto H, Kakimoto T, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsujimoto H. Effect of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1050-1056. [PMID: 30256139 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.10.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Prednisolone was administered (2 mg/kg, SC, once daily for 2 weeks) to each dog and tapered over 2 weeks. Gallbladder emptying rate and bile composition were evaluated before and after administration of prednisolone for 2 weeks as well as 1 week after cessation of prednisolone administration. RESULTS Gallbladder emptying rate decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 27%; range, 0% to 38%), compared with rate before administration (median, 59%; range, 29% to 68%), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 45%; range, 23% to 48%). Gallbladder bile mucin concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 8.8 mg/dL; range, 6.2 to 11.3 mg/dL), compared with concentration before administration (median, 13.1 mg/dL; range, 10.7 to 21.7 mg/dL), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 14.3 mg/dL; range, 9.6 to 26.7 mg/dL). Gallbladder taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (8.1 mmol/L; range, 6.8 to 15.2 mmol/L), compared with concentration before administration (median, 27.2 mmol/L; range, 22.0 to 31.9 mmol/L), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 26.4 mmol/L; range, 15.1 to 31.5 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A lower gallbladder emptying rate caused by prednisolone administration may be involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs. Further studies are required to determine the clinical importance of lower gallbladder bile mucin concentrations caused by glucocorticoid administration in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs.
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21
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Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Distribution and Stimulus Secretion Coupling of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Intestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1603-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Chen T, Reich NW, Bell N, Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Kozuka K, He L, Spencer AG, Charmot D, Navre M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Tabora J, Caldwell JS, Jacobs JW, Lewis JG. Design of Gut-Restricted Thiazolidine Agonists of G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7589-7613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Patricia D. Finn
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - David Rodriguez
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jill Kohler
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Kenji Kozuka
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Limin He
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Andrew G. Spencer
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Dominique Charmot
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Marc Navre
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Samantha Koo-McCoy
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jocelyn Tabora
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Caldwell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Jacobs
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jason Gustaf Lewis
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
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23
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Kirchweger B, Kratz JM, Ladurner A, Grienke U, Langer T, Dirsch VM, Rollinger JM. In Silico Workflow for the Discovery of Natural Products Activating the G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1. Front Chem 2018; 6:242. [PMID: 30013964 PMCID: PMC6036132 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1) has been recognized as a promising new target for the treatment of diverse diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. The identification of novel and potent GPBAR1 agonists is highly relevant, as these diseases are on the rise and pharmacological unmet therapeutic needs are pervasive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a proficient workflow for the in silico prediction of GPBAR1 activating compounds, primarily from natural sources. A protocol was set up, starting with a comprehensive collection of structural information of known ligands. This information was used to generate ligand-based pharmacophore models in LigandScout 4.08 Advanced. After theoretical validation, the two most promising models, namely BAMS22 and TTM8, were employed as queries for the virtual screening of natural product and synthetic small molecule databases. Virtual hits were progressed to shape matching experiments and physicochemical clustering. Out of 33 diverse virtual hits subjected to experimental testing using a reporter gene-based assay, two natural products, farnesiferol B (27) and microlobidene (28), were confirmed as GPBAR1 activators reaching more than 50% receptor activation at 20 μM with EC50s of 13.53 μM and 13.88 μM, respectively. This activity is comparable to that of the endogenous ligand lithocholic acid (1). Seven further virtual hits showed activity reaching at least 15% receptor activation either at 5 or 20 μM, including new scaffolds from natural and synthetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jadel M. Kratz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Effect of a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet on gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1406-1413. [PMID: 29182389 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJCTIVE To investigate the effects of dietary lipid overload on bile acid metabolism and gallbladder motility in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, dogs were fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for a period of 2 weeks. After a 4-month washout period, dogs were fed the other diet for 2 weeks. Before and at the end of each feeding period, the concentrations of each of the gallbladder bile acids, cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced gallbladder motility, and bile acid metabolism-related hepatic gene expression were examined in all dogs. RESULTS The HFCD significantly increased plasma total cholesterol concentrations. The HFCD also increased the concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and decreased the concentration of taurocholic acid in bile and reduced gallbladder contractility, whereas the LFD significantly decreased the concentration of taurodeoxycholic acid in bile. Gene expression analysis revealed significant elevation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA expression after feeding the HFCD for 2 weeks, but the expression of other genes was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding the HFCD and LFD for 2 weeks induced changes in gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. In particular, feeding the HFCD caused an increase in plasma total cholesterol concentration, an increase of hydrophobic bile acid concentration in bile, and a decrease in gallbladder sensitivity to CCK. These results suggested that similar bile acid compositional changes and gallbladder hypomotility might be evident in dogs with hyperlipidemia.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gallstone disease is a major epidemiologic and economic burden worldwide, and the most frequent form is cholesterol gallstone disease. RECENT FINDINGS Major pathogenetic factors for cholesterol gallstones include a genetic background, hepatic hypersecretion of cholesterol, and supersaturated bile which give life to precipitating cholesterol crystals that accumulate and grow in a sluggish gallbladder. Additional factors include mucin and inflammatory changes in the gallbladder, slow intestinal motility, increased intestinal absorption of cholesterol, and altered gut microbiota. Mechanisms of disease are linked with insulin resistance, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The role of nuclear receptors, signaling pathways, gut microbiota, and epigenome are being actively investigated. SUMMARY Ongoing research on cholesterol gallstone disease is intensively investigating several pathogenic mechanisms, associated metabolic disorders, new therapeutic approaches, and novel strategies for primary prevention, including lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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26
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Abstract
The high prevalence of cholesterol gallstones, the availability of new information about pathogenesis, and the relevant health costs due to the management of cholelithiasis in both children and adults contribute to a growing interest in this disease. From an epidemiologic point of view, the risk of gallstones has been associated with higher risk of incident ischemic heart disease, total mortality, and disease-specific mortality (including cancer) independently from the presence of traditional risk factors such as body weight, lifestyle, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. This evidence points to the existence of complex pathogenic pathways linking the occurrence of gallstones to altered systemic homeostasis involving multiple organs and dynamics. In fact, the formation of gallstones is secondary to local factors strictly dependent on the gallbladder (that is, impaired smooth muscle function, wall inflammation, and intraluminal mucin accumulation) and bile (that is, supersaturation in cholesterol and precipitation of solid crystals) but also to "extra-gallbladder" features such as gene polymorphism, epigenetic factors, expression and activity of nuclear receptors, hormonal factors (in particular, insulin resistance), multi-level alterations in cholesterol metabolism, altered intestinal motility, and variations in gut microbiota. Of note, the majority of these factors are potentially manageable. Thus, cholelithiasis appears as the expression of systemic unbalances that, besides the classic therapeutic approaches to patients with clinical evidence of symptomatic disease or complications (surgery and, in a small subgroup of subjects, oral litholysis with bile acids), could be managed with tools oriented to primary prevention (changes in diet and lifestyle and pharmacologic prevention in subgroups at high risk), and there could be relevant implications in reducing both prevalence and health costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine - Hospital of Bisceglie, ASL BAT, Bisceglie, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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27
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Deutschmann K, Reich M, Klindt C, Dröge C, Spomer L, Häussinger D, Keitel V. Bile acid receptors in the biliary tree: TGR5 in physiology and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1319-1325. [PMID: 28844960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts represent signalling molecules with a variety of endocrine functions. Bile salt effects are mediated by different receptor molecules, comprising ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors as well as G protein-coupled membrane-bound receptors. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 (Gpbar-1) are prototypic bile salt receptors of both classes and are highly expressed in the liver including the biliary tree as well as in the intestine. In liver, TGR5 is localized in different non-parenchymal cells such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and small and large cholangiocytes. Through TGR5 bile salts can mediate choleretic, cell-protective as well as proliferative effects in cholangiocytes. A disturbance of these signalling mechanisms can contribute to the development of biliary diseases. In line with the important role of TGR5 for bile salt signalling, TGR5 knockout mice are more susceptible to cholestatic liver damage. Furthermore, in absence of TGR5 cholangiocyte proliferation in response to cholestasis is attenuated and intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts show increased cell damage, underscoring the role of the receptor for biliary physiology. Decreased TGR5 expression may also contribute to the development or progression of cholangiopathies like primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) since reduced TGR5-dependent cell-protective mechanisms such as bicarbonate secretion renders cholangiocytes more vulnerable towards bile salt toxicity. Nevertheless, TGR5 overexpression or constant stimulation of the receptor can promote cholangiocyte proliferation leading to cyst growth in polycystic liver disease or even progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Not only the stimulation of TGR5-mediated pathways by suitable TGR5 agonists but also the inhibition of TGR5 signalling by the use of antagonists represent potential therapeutic approaches for different types of biliary diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Deutschmann
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Reich
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Caroline Klindt
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carola Dröge
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lina Spomer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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28
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McIlvride S, Dixon PH, Williamson C. Bile acids and gestation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:90-100. [PMID: 28506676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous profound maternal physiological changes that occur from conception onwards and adapt throughout gestation in order to support a healthy pregnancy. By the time of late gestation, when circulating pregnancy hormones are at their highest concentrations, maternal adaptations include relative hyperlipidemia, hypercholanemia and insulin resistance. Bile acids have now been established as key regulators of metabolism, and their role in gestational changes in metabolism is becoming apparent. Bile acid homeostasis is tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor FXR, which has been shown to have reduced activity during pregnancy. This review focuses on the gestational alterations in bile acid homeostasis that occur in normal pregnancy, which in some women can become pathological, leading to the development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. As well as their important role in maternal metabolic health, we will review bile acid metabolism in the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraid McIlvride
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Dixon
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Lasalle M, Hoguet V, Hennuyer N, Leroux F, Piveteau C, Belloy L, Lestavel S, Vallez E, Dorchies E, Duplan I, Sevin E, Culot M, Gosselet F, Boulahjar R, Herledan A, Staels B, Deprez B, Tailleux A, Charton J. Topical Intestinal Aminoimidazole Agonists of G-Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 Promote Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Secretion and Improve Glucose Tolerance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4185-4211. [PMID: 28414465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 in various organs, tissues, and cell types, specifically in intestinal endocrine L-cells and brown adipose tissue, has made it a promising therapeutical target in several diseases, especially type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, recent studies have shown deleterious on-target effects of systemic TGR5 agonists. To avoid these systemic effects while stimulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreting enteroendocrine L-cells, we have designed TGR5 agonists with low intestinal permeability. In this article, we describe their synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation. Among them, compound 24 is a potent GLP-1 secretagogue, has low effect on gallbladder volume, and improves glucose homeostasis in a preclinical murine model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, making the proof of concept of the potential of topical intestinal TGR5 agonists as therapeutic agents in type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lasalle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Hoguet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Loïc Belloy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Duplan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- Univ. Artois , EA 2465 - Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Maxime Culot
- Univ. Artois , EA 2465 - Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Univ. Artois , EA 2465 - Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Rajaa Boulahjar
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
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30
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Abstract
In addition to their bioenergetic intracellular function, several classical metabolites act as extracellular signaling molecules activating cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), similar to hormones and neurotransmitters. "Signaling metabolites" generated from nutrients or by gut microbiota target primarily enteroendocrine, neuronal, and immune cells in the lamina propria of the gut mucosa and the liver and, through these tissues, the rest of the body. In contrast, metabolites from the intermediary metabolism act mainly as metabolic stress-induced autocrine and paracrine signals in adipose tissue, the liver, and the endocrine pancreas. Importantly, distinct metabolite GPCRs act as efficient pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of key immune cells, and signaling metabolites may thus function as important drivers of the low-grade inflammation associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The concept of key metabolites as ligands for specific GPCRs has broadened our understanding of metabolic signaling significantly and provides a number of novel potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Rudenko
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Yusta B, Matthews D, Flock GB, Ussher JR, Lavoie B, Mawe GM, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 promotes gallbladder refilling via a TGR5-independent, GLP-2R-dependent pathway. Mol Metab 2017; 6:503-511. [PMID: 28580281 PMCID: PMC5444019 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrients and bile acids and control metabolism via actions on structurally-related yet distinct G protein coupled receptors. GLP-1 regulates gut motility, appetite, islet function, and glucose homeostasis, whereas GLP-2 enhances intestinal nutrient absorption. GLP-1R agonists are used to treat diabetes and obesity, and a GLP-2R agonist is approved to treat short bowel syndrome. Unexpectedly, reports of gallbladder disease have been associated with the use of both GLP-1R and GLP-2R agonists and after bariatric surgery, although the mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS We investigated whether GLP-1 or GLP-2 acutely controls gallbladder (GB) volume and whether GLP-2 regulates GB muscle activity in mice. The expression of Tgr5, Glp2r, and Glp1r was assessed in mouse GB, and the effects of GLP-2 on hepatic bile acid (BA) flow, intestinal and liver BA uptake, and GB gene expression were determined. GLP-2 regulation of GB volume was assessed in wildtype, Glp2r-/- and Tgr5-/- mice. The effect of GLP-2 on GB smooth muscle (GBSM) calcium transients was characterized ex vivo. RESULTS Acute administration of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 lowered glucose but had no effect on GB volume in mice. In contrast, GLP-2 rapidly enhanced GB filling in a dose-dependent manner, actions maintained in the presence of cholecystokinin, and mediated through the canonical GLP-2R. GLP-2 also rapidly induced immediate early gene expression in GB, consistent with detection of the endogenous Glp2r in GB RNA. The ability of GLP-2 to increase GB volume was not abrogated by systemic administration of hexamethonium, propranolol, a vasoactive peptide receptor antagonist or N-Nitroarginine methyl ester, and was maintained in Tgr5-/- mice. In contrast, lithocholic acid, a Tgr5 agonist, increased GB filling in Glp2r-/- but not in Tgr5-/- mice. GLP-2 had no effect on ileal uptake or hepatic clearance of taurocholic acid or on hepatic bile flow, yet reduced the frequency of spontaneous calcium transients in murine GBSM ex vivo, in a tetrodotoxin-sensitive manner. CONCLUSIONS Our data extend endocrine concepts of regulation of GB filling beyond FXR-FGF15/19 and the direct effects of BA via Tgr5, to encompass a novel BA-Tgr5-L cell GLP-2 axis providing nutrient-mediated feedback from BA to terminate meal-related GB contraction. These findings have implications for conditions characterized by elevated circulating levels of GLP-2 such as after bariatric surgery and the development and use of agents that promote Tgr5 activation, L cell secretion, or GLP-2R agonism for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Yusta
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Grace B Flock
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lavoie
- The Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gary M Mawe
- The Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.,The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
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32
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Bile acids and their receptors during liver regeneration: "Dangerous protectors". Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:25-33. [PMID: 28302491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is orchestrated by a finely tuned interplay between processes of regeneration, inflammation and cell protection, allowing organisms to restore their integrity after partial loss of cells or organs. An important, although largely unexplored feature is that after injury and during liver repair, liver functions have to be maintained to fulfill the peripheral demand. This is particularly critical for bile secretion, which has to be finely modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile-induced injury. However, mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides cytokines and growth factors, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute an insufficiently explored signaling network during liver regeneration and repair. BA signal through both nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors which distributions are large in the organism, and which activation elicits a wide array of biological responses. While a number of studies have been dedicated to FXR signaling in liver repair processes, TGR5 remains poorly explored in this context. Because of the massive and potentially harmful BA overload that faces the remnant liver after partial ablation or destruction, both BA-induced adaptive and proliferative responses may stand in a central position to contribute to the regenerative response. Based on the available literature, both BA receptors may act in synergy during the regeneration process, in order to protect the remnant liver and maintain biliary homeostasis, otherwise potentially toxic BA overload would result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass.
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33
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Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Bile acid composition of gallbladder contents in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and biliary sludge. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:223-229. [PMID: 28140636 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine bile acid composition of gallbladder contents in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and biliary sludge. ANIMALS 18 dogs with gallbladder mucocele (GBM group), 8 dogs with immobile biliary sludge (i-BS group), 17 dogs with mobile biliary sludge (m-BS group), and 14 healthy dogs (control group). PROCEDURES Samples of gallbladder contents were obtained by use of percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis or during cholecystectomy or necropsy. Concentrations of 15 bile acids were determined by use of highperformance liquid chromatography, and a bile acid compositional ratio was calculated for each group. RESULTS Concentrations of most bile acids in the GBM group were significantly lower than those in the control and m-BS groups. Compositional ratio of taurodeoxycholic acid, which is 1 of 3 major bile acids in dogs, was significantly lower in the GBM and i-BS groups, compared with ratios for the control and m-BS groups. The compositional ratio of taurocholic acid was significantly higher and that of taurochenodeoxycholic acid significantly lower in the i-BS group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, concentrations and fractions of bile acids in gallbladder contents were significantly different in dogs with gallbladder mucocele or immobile biliary sludge, compared with results for healthy control dogs. Studies are needed to determine whether changes in bile acid composition are primary or secondary events of gallbladder abnormalities.
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34
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Yanguas-Casás N, Barreda-Manso MA, Nieto-Sampedro M, Romero-Ramírez L. TUDCA: An Agonist of the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 With Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2231-2245. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - M. Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
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Overexcited MaxiK and K ATP channels underlie obstructive jaundice-induced vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity of arterial smooth muscle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39246. [PMID: 28000721 PMCID: PMC5175282 DOI: 10.1038/srep39246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence has shown that obstructive jaundice can induce vascular hyporesponsiveness. The present study was designed to investigate mechanisms of MaxiK channel and KATP underlying cholestasis-induced vascular dysfunction. The isolated thoracic aorta was used to explore norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction. The function of MaxiK and KATP channels were investigated using whole-cell patch clamp recording. Compared with Sham group, NE-induced vascular contraction was blunted after bile duct ligation (BDL), which could not be ameliorated significantly after endothelial denudation. Charybdotoxin and glibenclamide induced a more pronounced recovery from vascular hyporesponsiveness to NE in BDL group compared with Sham group. BDL significantly promoted the charybdotoxin sensitive MaxiK current and KATP current in isolated aortic smooth muscle cells. In addition, the expression of auxiliary subunits (MaxiK-β1 and SUR2B) rather pore-forming subunits (MaxiK-α and Kir6.1) was significantly up-regulated after BDL. These findings suggest that MaxiK and KATP channels play an important role in regulating vascular hyporesponsiveness in BDL rats.
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Guarino MPL, Cicala M, Putignani L, Severi C. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular apparatus: An underestimated target of gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9871-9879. [PMID: 28018095 PMCID: PMC5143755 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the importance of the resident intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of several gastro-intestinal diseases has been largely investigated. Growing evidence suggest that microbiota can influence gastro-intestinal motility. The current working hypothesis is that dysbiosis-driven mucosal alterations induce the production of several inflammatory/immune mediators which affect gut neuro-muscular functions. Besides these indirect mucosal-mediated effects, the present review highlights that recent evidence suggests that microbiota can directly affect enteric nerves and smooth muscle cells functions through its metabolic products or bacterial molecular components translocated from the intestinal lumen. Toll-like receptors, the bacterial recognition receptors, are expressed both on enteric nerves and smooth muscle and are emerging as potential mediators between microbiota and the enteric neuromuscular apparatus. Furthermore, the ongoing studies on probiotics support the hypothesis that the neuromuscular apparatus may represent a target of intervention, thus opening new physiopathological and therapeutic scenarios.
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Chow ECY, Quach HP, Zhang Y, Wang JZY, Evans DC, Li AP, Silva J, Tirona RG, Lai Y, Pang KS. Disrupted Murine Gut–to–Human Liver Signaling Alters Bile Acid Homeostasis in Humanized Mouse Liver Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:174-191. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Fiorucci S, Zampella A, Cirino G, Bucci M, Distrutti E. Decoding the vasoregulatory activities of bile acid-activated receptors in systemic and portal circulation: role of gaseous mediators. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H21-H32. [PMID: 27765751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00577.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are end products of cholesterol metabolism generated in the liver and released in the intestine. Primary and secondary bile acids are the result of the symbiotic relation between the host and intestinal microbiota. In addition to their role in nutrient absorption, bile acids are increasingly recognized as regulatory signals that exert their function beyond the intestine by activating a network of membrane and nuclear receptors. The best characterized of these bile acid-activated receptors, GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5) and the farnesosid-X-receptor (FXR), have also been detected in the vascular system and their activation mediates the vasodilatory effects of bile acids in the systemic and splanchnic circulation. GPBAR1, is a G protein-coupled receptor, that is preferentially activated by lithocholic acid (LCA) a secondary bile acid. GPBAR1 is expressed in endothelial cells and liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs) and responds to LCA by regulating the expression of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), an enzyme involved in generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Activation of CSE by GPBAR1 ligands in LSECs is due to genomic and nongenomic effects, involves protein phosphorylation, and leads to release of H2S. Despite that species-specific effects have been described, vasodilation caused by GPBAR1 ligands in the liver microcirculation and aortic rings is abrogated by inhibition of CSE but not by eNOS inhibitor. Vasodilation caused by GPBAR1 (and FXR) ligands also involves large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels likely acting downstream to H2S. The identification of GPBAR1 as a vasodilatory receptor is of relevance in the treatment of complex disorders including metabolic syndrome-associated diseases, liver steatohepatitis, and portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy;
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; and
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; and
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; and
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Feng HY, Chen YC. Role of bile acids in carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer: An old topic with new perspective. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7463-77. [PMID: 27672269 PMCID: PMC5011662 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of bile acids in colorectal cancer has been well documented, but their role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. In this review, we examined the risk factors of pancreatic cancer. We found that bile acids are associated with most of these factors. Alcohol intake, smoking, and a high-fat diet all lead to high secretion of bile acids, and bile acid metabolic dysfunction is a causal factor of gallstones. An increase in secretion of bile acids, in addition to a long common channel, may result in bile acid reflux into the pancreatic duct and to the epithelial cells or acinar cells, from which pancreatic adenocarcinoma is derived. The final pathophysiological process is pancreatitis, which promotes dedifferentiation of acinar cells into progenitor duct-like cells. Interestingly, bile acids act as regulatory molecules in metabolism, affecting adipose tissue distribution, insulin sensitivity and triglyceride metabolism. As a result, bile acids are associated with three risk factors of pancreatic cancer: obesity, diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia. In the second part of this review, we summarize several studies showing that bile acids act as cancer promoters in gastrointestinal cancer. However, more question are raised than have been solved, and further oncological and physiological experiments are needed to confirm the role of bile acids in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis.
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Ma SY, Ning MM, Zou QA, Feng Y, Ye YL, Shen JH, Leng Y. OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side effects, lowered blood glucose via dual actions on TGR5 activation and DPP-4 inhibition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1359-1369. [PMID: 27264313 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM TGR5 agonists stimulate intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release, but systemic exposure causes unwanted side effects, such as gallbladder filling. In the present study, linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor with a large molecular weight and polarity, and MN6, a previously described TGR5 agonist, were linked to produce OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side-effects and dual function in lowering blood glucose by activation of TGR5 and inhibition of DPP-4. METHODS TGR5 activation was assayed in HEK293 cells stably expressing human or mouse TGR5 and a CRE-driven luciferase gene. DPP-4 inhibition was assessed based on the rate of hydrolysis of a surrogate substrate. GLP-1 secretion was measured in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. OL3 permeability was tested in Caco-2 cells. Acute glucose-lowering effects of OL3 were evaluated in ICR and diabetic ob/ob mice. RESULTS OL3 activated human and mouse TGR5 with an EC50 of 86.24 and 17.36 nmol/L, respectively, and stimulated GLP-1 secretion in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells (3-30 μmol/L). OL3 inhibited human and mouse DPP-4 with IC50 values of 18.44 and 69.98 μmol/L, respectively. Low permeability of OL3 was observed in Caco-2 cells. In ICR mice treated orally with OL3 (150 mg/kg), the serum OL3 concentration was 101.10 ng/mL at 1 h, and decreased to 13.38 ng/mL at 5.5 h post dose, confirming the low absorption of OL3 in vivo. In ICR mice and ob/ob mice, oral administration of OL3 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels, which was a synergic effect of activating TGR5 that stimulated GLP-1 secretion in the intestine and inhibiting DPP-4 that cleaved GLP-1 in the plasma. In ICR mice, oral administration of OL3 did not cause gallbladder filling. CONCLUSION OL3 is a low-absorbed TGR5 agonist that lowers blood glucose without inducing gallbladder filling. This study presents a new strategy in the development of potent TGR5 agonists in treating type 2 diabetes, which target to the intestine to avoid systemic side effects.
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Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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Ao M, Domingue JC, Khan N, Javed F, Osmani K, Sarathy J, Rao MC. Lithocholic acid attenuates cAMP-dependent Cl- secretion in human colonic epithelial T84 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C1010-23. [PMID: 27076617 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00350.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play a complex role in colonic fluid secretion. We showed that dihydroxy BAs, but not the monohydroxy BA lithocholic acid (LCA), stimulate Cl(-) secretion in human colonic T84 cells (Ao M, Sarathy J, Domingue J, Alrefai WA, Rao MC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 305: C447-C456, 2013). In this study, we explored the effect of LCA on the action of other secretagogues in T84 cells. While LCA (50 μM, 15 min) drastically (>90%) inhibited FSK-stimulated short-circuit current (Isc), it did not alter carbachol-stimulated Isc LCA did not alter basal Isc, transepithelial resistance, cell viability, or cytotoxicity. LCA's inhibitory effect was dose dependent, acted faster from the apical membrane, rapid, and not immediately reversible. LCA also prevented the Isc stimulated by the cAMP-dependent secretagogues 8-bromo-cAMP, lubiprostone, or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). The LCA inhibitory effect was BA specific, since CDCA, cholic acid, or taurodeoxycholic acid did not alter FSK or carbachol action. While LCA alone had no effect on intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i), it decreased FSK-stimulated [cAMP]i by 90%. Although LCA caused a small increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), chelation by BAPTA-AM did not reverse LCA's effect on Isc LCA action does not appear to involve known BA receptors, farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, or bile acid-specific transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5. LCA significantly increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which was completely abolished by the MEK inhibitor PD-98059. Surprisingly PD-98059 did not reverse LCA's effect on Isc Finally, although LCA had no effect on basal Isc, nystatin permeabilization studies showed that LCA both stimulates an apical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl(-) current and inhibits a basolateral K(+) current. In summary, 50 μM LCA greatly inhibits cAMP-stimulated Cl(-) secretion, making low doses of LCA of potential therapeutic interest for diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jada C Domingue
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nabihah Khan
- Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois
| | - Fatima Javed
- Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois
| | - Kashif Osmani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jayashree Sarathy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois
| | - Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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TGR5 and Immunometabolism: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:847-857. [PMID: 26541439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade substantial progress has been made in understanding how the insurgence of chronic low-grade inflammation influences the physiology of several metabolic diseases. Tissue-resident immune cells have been identified as central players in these processes, linking inflammation to metabolism. The bile acid-responsive G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is expressed in monocytes and macrophages, and its activation mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we summarize recent advances in TGR5 research, focusing on the downstream effector pathways that are modulated by TGR5 activators, and on its therapeutic potential in inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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Abstract
TGR5 (Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5) [also known as GPBAR1 (G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1), M-BAR (membrane-type receptor for bile acids) or GPR131 (G-protein-coupled receptor 131)] is a G-protein-coupled receptor that was discovered as a bile acid receptor. TGR5 has specific roles in several tissues, among which are the regulation of energy expenditure, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) secretion and gall bladder filling. An accumulating body of evidence now demonstrates that TGR5 also acts in a number of processes important in inflammation. Most striking in this context are several observations that TGR5 signalling curbs the inflammatory response of macrophages via interfering with NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activity. In line with this, recent animal studies also suggest that TGR5 could be exploited as a potential target for intervention in a number of inflammation-driven diseases, including atherosclerosis. In the present paper, I review our current understanding of TGR5 with a strong focus on its potential as target for intervention in inflammation-driven diseases.
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Jourdainne V, Péan N, Doignon I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. The Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 and Liver Regeneration. Dig Dis 2015; 33:319-26. [PMID: 26045264 DOI: 10.1159/000371668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the literature on the bile acid (BA) membrane receptor TGR5 is dedicated to its potential role in the metabolic syndrome, through its regulatory impact on energy expenditure, insulin and GLP-1 secretion, and inflammatory processes. While the receptor was cloned in 2002, very little data are available on TGR5 functions in the normal and diseased liver. However, TGR5 is highly expressed in Kupffer cells and liver endothelial cells, and is particularly enriched in the biliary tract [cholangiocytes and gallbladder (GB) smooth muscle cells]. We recently demonstrated that TGR5 has a crucial protective impact on the liver in case of BA overload, including after partial hepatectomy. KEY MESSAGES TGR5-KO mice after PH exhibited periportal bile infarcts, excessive hepatic inflammation and defective adaptation of biliary composition (bicarbonate and chloride). Most importantly, TGR5-KO mice had a more hydrophobic BA pool, with more secondary BA than WT animals, suggesting that TGR5-KO bile may be harmful for the liver, mainly in situations of BA overload. As GB is both the tissue displaying the highest level of TGR5 expression and a crucial physiological site for the regulation of BA pool hydrophobicity by reducing secondary BA, we investigated whether TGR5 may control BA pool composition through an impact on GB. Preliminary data suggest that in the absence of TGR5, reduced GB filling dampens the cholecystohepatic shunt, resulting in more secondary BA, more hydrophobic BA pool and extensive liver injury in case of BA overload. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of BA overload, TGR5 is protective of the liver through the regulation of not only secretory and inflammatory processes, but also through the control of BA pool composition, at least in part by targeting the GB. Thereby, TGR5 appears to be crucial for protecting the regenerating liver from BA overload.
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Renga B, Bucci M, Cipriani S, Carino A, Monti MC, Zampella A, Gargiulo A, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H114-26. [PMID: 25934094 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00087.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GPBAR1 is a bile acid-activated receptor (BAR) for secondary bile acids, lithocholic (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), expressed in the enterohepatic tissues and in the vasculature by endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Despite that bile acids cause vasodilation, it is unclear why these effects involve GPBAR1, and the vascular phenotype of GPBAR1 deficient mice remains poorly defined. Previous studies have suggested a role for nitric oxide (NO) in regulatory activity exerted by GPBAR1 in liver endothelial cells. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vasodilatory agent generated in endothelial cells by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE). Here we demonstrate that GPBAR1 null mice had increased levels of primary and secondary bile acids and impaired vasoconstriction to phenylephrine. In aortic ring preparations, vasodilation caused by chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a weak GPBAR1 ligand and farnesoid-x-receptor agonist (FXR), was iberiotoxin-dependent and GPBAR1-independent. In contrast, vasodilation caused by LCA was GPBAR1 dependent and abrogated by propargyl-glycine, a CSE inhibitor, and by 5β-cholanic acid, a GPBAR1 antagonist, but not by N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (l-NIO), an endothelial NO synthase inhibitor, or iberiotoxin, a large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels antagonist. In venular and aortic endothelial (HUVEC and HAEC) cells GPBAR1 activation increases CSE expression/activity and H2S production. Two cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) sites (CREs) were identified in the CSE promoter. In addition, TLCA stimulates CSE phosphorylation on serine residues. In conclusion we demonstrate that GPBAR1 mediates the vasodilatory activity of LCA and regulates the expression/activity of CSE. Vasodilation caused by CDCA involves BKCa channels. The GPBAR1/CSE pathway might contribute to endothelial dysfunction and hyperdynamic circulation in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Gargiulo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy;
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Beuers U, Trauner M, Jansen P, Poupon R. New paradigms in the treatment of hepatic cholestasis: from UDCA to FXR, PXR and beyond. J Hepatol 2015; 62:S25-37. [PMID: 25920087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is an impairment of bile formation/flow at the level of the hepatocyte and/or cholangiocyte. The first, and for the moment, most established medical treatment is the natural bile acid (BA) ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). This secretagogue improves, e.g. in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy or early stage primary biliary cirrhosis, impaired hepatocellular and cholangiocellular bile formation mainly by complex post-transcriptional mechanisms. The limited efficacy of UDCA in various cholestatic conditions urges for development of novel therapeutic approaches. These include nuclear and membrane receptor agonists and BA derivatives. The nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are transcriptional modifiers of bile formation and at present are under investigation as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in cholestatic disorders. The membrane receptors fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and apical sodium BA transporter (ASBT) deserve attention as additional therapeutic targets, as does the potential therapeutic agent norUDCA, a 23-C homologue of UDCA. Here, we provide an overview on established and future promising therapeutic agents and their potential molecular mechanisms and sites of action in cholestatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul Poupon
- UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hépatologie, F-75012 Paris, France
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Woods SE, Leonard MR, Hayden JA, Brophy MB, Bernert KR, Lavoie B, Muthupalani S, Whary MT, Mawe GM, Nolan EM, Carey MC, Fox JG. Impaired cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying incriminated in spontaneous "black" pigment gallstone formation in germfree Swiss Webster mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G335-49. [PMID: 25477375 PMCID: PMC4329474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
"Black" pigment gallstones form in sterile gallbladder bile in the presence of excess bilirubin conjugates ("hyperbilirubinbilia") from ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, or induced enterohepatic cycling (EHC) of unconjugated bilirubin. Impaired gallbladder motility is a less well-studied risk factor. We evaluated the spontaneous occurrence of gallstones in adult germfree (GF) and conventionally housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) Swiss Webster (SW) mice. GF SW mice were more likely to have gallstones than SPF SW mice, with 75% and 23% prevalence, respectively. In GF SW mice, gallstones were observed predominately in heavier, older females. Gallbladders of GF SW mice were markedly enlarged, contained sterile black gallstones composed of calcium bilirubinate and <1% cholesterol, and had low-grade inflammation, edema, and epithelial hyperplasia. Hemograms were normal, but serum cholesterol was elevated in GF compared with SPF SW mice, and serum glucose levels were positively related to increasing age. Aged GF and SPF SW mice had deficits in gallbladder smooth muscle activity. In response to cholecystokinin (CCK), gallbladders of fasted GF SW mice showed impaired emptying (females: 29%; males: 1% emptying), whereas SPF SW females and males emptied 89% and 53% of volume, respectively. Bilirubin secretion rates of GF SW mice were not greater than SPF SW mice, repudiating an induced EHC. Gallstones likely developed in GF SW mice because of gallbladder hypomotility, enabled by features of GF physiology, including decreased intestinal CCK concentration and delayed intestinal transit, as well as an apparent genetic predisposition of the SW stock. GF SW mice may provide a valuable model to study gallbladder stasis as a cause of black pigment gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Woods
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Monika R. Leonard
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Joshua A. Hayden
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Megan Brunjes Brophy
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kara R. Bernert
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Brigitte Lavoie
- 4Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Mark T. Whary
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Gary M. Mawe
- 4Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martin C. Carey
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - James G. Fox
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
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Chen Y, Kong J, Wu S. Cholesterol gallstone disease: focusing on the role of gallbladder. J Transl Med 2015; 95:124-31. [PMID: 25502177 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most common biliary tract diseases worldwide in which both genetic and environmental factors have roles in its pathogenesis. Biliary cholesterol supersaturation from metabolic defects in the liver is traditionally seen as the main pathogenic factor. Recently, there have been renewed investigative interests in the downstream events that occur in gallbladder lithogenesis. This article focuses on the role of the gallbladder in the pathogenesis of cholesterol GSD (CGD). Various conditions affecting the crystallization process are discussed, such as gallbladder motility, concentrating function, lipid transport, and an imbalance between pro-nucleating and nucleation inhibiting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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50
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Zhou C, Zou F, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zha X. Identification of new non-steroidal TGR5 agonists using virtual screening with combined pharmacophore models. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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