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Banerjee S. Methylglyoxal-induced modification of myoglobin: An insight into glycation mediated protein aggregation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 125:31-46. [PMID: 38997168 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by Maillard reaction, known as glycation, is thought to be the root cause of different complications, particularly in diabetes mellitus and age-related disorders. Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition and reacts with the proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following a Maillard-like reaction. In a time-dependent reaction study of MG with the heme protein myoglobin (Mb), MG was found to induce significant structural alterations of the heme protein, such as heme loss, changes in tryptophan fluorescence, and decrease of α-helicity with increased β-sheet content. These changes were found to occur gradually with increasing period of incubation. Incubation of Mb with MG induced the formation of several AGE adducts, including, carboxyethyllysine at Lys-16, carboxymethyllysine at Lys-87, carboxyethyllysine or pyrraline-carboxymethyllysine at Lys-133, carboxyethyllysine at Lys-42 and hydroimidazolone or argpyrimidine at Arg-31 and Arg-139. MG induced amyloid-like aggregation of Mb was detected at a longer period of incubation. MG-derived AGEs, therefore, appear to have an important role as the precursors of protein aggregation, which, in turn, may be associated with pathophysiological complications.
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Zhang C, Gu L, Xie H, Liu Y, Huang P, Zhang J, Luo D, Zhang J. Glucose transport, transporters and metabolism in diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166995. [PMID: 38142757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common reason for blindness in working-age individuals globally. Prolonged high blood glucose is a main causative factor for DR development, and glucose transport is prerequisite for the disturbances in DR caused by hyperglycemia. Glucose transport is mediated by its transporters, including the facilitated transporters (glucose transporter, GLUTs), the "active" glucose transporters (sodium-dependent glucose transporters, SGLTs), and the SLC50 family of uniporters (sugars will eventually be exported transporters, SWEETs). Glucose transport across the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is crucial for nourishing the neuronal retina in the context of retinal physiology. This physiological process primarily relies on GLUTs and SGLTs, which mediate the glucose transportation across both the cell membrane of retinal capillary endothelial cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Under diabetic conditions, increased accumulation of extracellular glucose enhances the retinal cellular glucose uptake and metabolism via both glycolysis and glycolytic side branches, which activates several biochemical pathways, including the protein kinase C (PKC), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), polyol pathway and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). These activated biochemical pathways further increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and activation of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The activated PARP further affects all the cellular components in the retina, and finally resulting in microangiopathy, neurodegeneration and low-to-moderate grade inflammation in DR. This review aims to discuss the changes of glucose transport, glucose transporters, as well as its metabolism in DR, which influences the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) and implies the possible therapeutic strategies for treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Limin Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peirong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
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Sakai-Sakasai A, Takeda K, Suzuki H, Takeuchi M. Structures of Toxic Advanced Glycation End-Products Derived from Glyceraldehyde, A Sugar Metabolite. Biomolecules 2024; 14:202. [PMID: 38397439 PMCID: PMC10887030 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have recently been implicated in the onset/progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRDs); therefore, the suppression of AGE-induced effects may be used in both the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Various AGEs are produced by different biological pathways in the body. Glyceraldehyde (GA) is an intermediate of glucose and fructose metabolism, and GA-derived AGEs (GA-AGEs), cytotoxic compounds that accumulate and induce damage in mammalian cells, contribute to the onset/progression of LSRDs. The following GA-AGE structures have been detected to date: triosidines, GA-derived pyridinium compounds, GA-derived pyrrolopyridinium lysine dimers, methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1, and argpyrimidine. GA-AGEs are a key contributor to the formation of toxic AGEs (TAGE) in many cells. The extracellular leakage of TAGE affects the surrounding cells via interactions with the receptor for AGEs. Elevated serum levels of TAGE, which trigger different types of cell damage, may be used as a novel biomarker for the prevention and early diagnosis of LSRDs as well as in evaluations of treatment efficacy. This review provides an overview of the structures of GA-AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakai-Sakasai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (K.T.)
- General Medicine Center, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeda
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (K.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (K.T.)
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis in hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and diabetic vascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1268308. [PMID: 38292764 PMCID: PMC10824962 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and vascular complications of diabetes. We propose the hypothesis, hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis, in explanation. Hexokinases (HKs) catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism. Increased flux of glucose metabolism through glycolysis gated by HKs, when occurring without concomitant increased activity of glycolytic enzymes-unscheduled glycolysis-produces increased levels of glycolytic intermediates with overspill into effector pathways of cell dysfunction and pathogenesis. HK1 is saturated with glucose in euglycemia and, where it is the major HK, provides for basal glycolytic flux without glycolytic overload. HK2 has similar saturation characteristics, except that, in persistent hyperglycemia, it is stabilized to proteolysis by high intracellular glucose concentration, increasing HK activity and initiating glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis. This drives the development of vascular complications of diabetes. Similar HK2-linked unscheduled glycolysis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in impaired fasting glucose drives the development of peripheral insulin resistance. Glucokinase (GCK or HK4)-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis occurs in persistent hyperglycemia in hepatocytes and beta-cells, contributing to hepatic insulin resistance and beta-cell glucotoxicity, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. Downstream effector pathways of HK-linked unscheduled glycolysis are mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; activation of hexosamine, protein kinase c, and dicarbonyl stress pathways; and increased Mlx/Mondo A signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS was proposed as the initiator of metabolic dysfunction in hyperglycemia, but it is rather one of the multiple downstream effector pathways. Correction of HK2 dysregulation is proposed as a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacotherapy addressing it corrected insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Overall, the damaging effects of hyperglycemia are a consequence of HK-gated increased flux of glucose metabolism without increased glycolytic enzyme activities to accommodate it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Lai SWT, Bhattacharya S, Lopez Gonzalez EDJ, Shuck SC. Methylglyoxal-Derived Nucleoside Adducts Drive Vascular Dysfunction in a RAGE-Dependent Manner. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:85. [PMID: 38247509 PMCID: PMC10812505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of death in patients with diabetes. An early precursor to DKD is endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD), which often precedes and exacerbates vascular disease progression. We previously discovered that covalent adducts formed on DNA, RNA, and proteins by the reactive metabolic by-product methylglyoxal (MG) predict DKD risk in patients with type 1 diabetes up to 16 years pre-diagnosis. However, the mechanisms by which MG adducts contribute to vascular disease onset and progression remain unclear. Here, we report that the most predominant MG-induced nucleoside adducts, N2-(1-carboxyethyl)-deoxyguanosine (CEdG) and N2-(1-carboxyethyl)-guanosine (CEG), drive endothelial dysfunction. Following CEdG or CEG exposure, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) undergo endothelial dysfunction, resulting in enhanced monocyte adhesion, increased reactive oxygen species production, endothelial permeability, impaired endothelial homeostasis, and exhibit a dysfunctional transcriptomic signature. These effects were discovered to be mediated through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as an inhibitor for intracellular RAGE signaling diminished these dysfunctional phenotypes. Therefore, we found that not only are MG adducts biomarkers for DKD, but that they may also have a role as potential drivers of vascular disease onset and progression and a new therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigmund Wai Tsuen Lai
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.W.T.L.); (E.D.J.L.G.)
| | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Edwin De Jesus Lopez Gonzalez
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.W.T.L.); (E.D.J.L.G.)
| | - Sarah C. Shuck
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.W.T.L.); (E.D.J.L.G.)
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Meng F, Fu J, Zhang L, Guo M, Zhuang P, Yin Q, Zhang Y. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105591. [PMID: 37543309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a complex complication of diabetes in the central nervous system, and its pathological mechanism is still being explored. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in central nervous system that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Accumulating excellent research has identified astrocyte dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, aging and Parkinson's disease), and summarized and discussed its pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic value. However, the contribution of astrocytes to DCI has been largely overlooked. In this review, we first systematically summarized the effects and mechanisms of diabetes on brain astrocytes, and found that the diabetic environment (such as hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products and cerebral insulin resistance) mediated brain reactive astrogliosis, which was specifically reflected in the changes of cell morphology and the remodeling of signature molecules. Secondly, we emphasized the contribution and potential targets of reactive astrogliosis to DCI, and found that reactive astrogliosis-induced increased blood-brain barrier permeability, glymphatic system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, abnormal cell communication and cholesterol metabolism dysregulation worsened cognitive function. In addition, we summarized effective strategies for treating DCI by targeting astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the application of new techniques in astrocytes, including single-cell transcriptome, in situ sequencing, and prospected new functions, new subsets and new targets of astrocytes in DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Bansal S, Burman A, Tripathi AK. Advanced glycation end products: Key mediator and therapeutic target of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1146-1162. [PMID: 37664478 PMCID: PMC10473940 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i8.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is growing in epidemic proportions and has become one of the most critical public health concerns. Cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The cardiovascular diseases that accompany diabetes include angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and congestive heart failure. Among the various risk factors generated secondary to hyperglycemic situations, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are one of the important targets for future diagnosis and prevention of diabetes. In the last decade, AGEs have drawn a lot of attention due to their involvement in diabetic patho-physiology. AGEs can be derived exogenously and endogenously through various pathways. These are a non-homogeneous, chemically diverse group of compounds formed non-enzymatically by condensation between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amino groups of protein, lipids, and nucleic acid. AGEs mediate their pathological effects at the cellular and extracellular levels by multiple pathways. At the cellular level, they activate signaling cascades via the receptor for AGEs and initiate a complex series of intracellular signaling resulting in reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, cellular proliferation, and fibrosis that may possibly exacerbate the damaging effects on cardiac functions in diabetics. AGEs also cause covalent modifications and cross-linking of serum and extracellular matrix proteins; altering their structure, stability, and functions. Early diagnosis of diabetes may prevent its progression to complications and decrease its associated comorbidities. In the present review, we recapitulate the role of AGEs as a crucial mediator of hyperglycemia-mediated detrimental effects in diabetes-associated complications. Furthermore, this review presents an overview of future perspectives for new therapeutic interventions to ameliorate cardiovascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Archana Burman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Asok Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110095, India
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Tian Z, Chen S, Shi Y, Wang P, Wu Y, Li G. Dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs): An insight between modern diet and health. Food Chem 2023; 415:135735. [PMID: 36863235 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed by a series of chemical reactions of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and ketones at normal temperature or heated non-enzymatic conditions. A large amount of AGEs derived from Maillard Reaction (MR) during the process of food heat-processing. After oral intake, dietary AGEs are converted into biological AGEs through digestion and absorption, and accumulated in almost all organs. The safety and health risk of dietary AGEs have attracted wide attention. Increasing evidence have shown that uptake of dietary AGEs is closely related to the occurrence of many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarized the most updated information of production, bio-transport in vivo, detection technologies, and physiological toxicity of dietary AGEs, and also discussed approaches to inhibit dietary AGEs generation. Impressively, the future opportunities and challenges on the detection, toxicity, and inhibition of dietary AGEs are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Tian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yiheng Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Starr CR, Gorbatyuk MS. Posttranslational modifications of proteins in diseased retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1150220. [PMID: 37066080 PMCID: PMC10097899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1150220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are known to constitute a key step in protein biosynthesis and in the regulation of protein functions. Recent breakthroughs in protein purification strategies and current proteome technologies make it possible to identify the proteomics of healthy and diseased retinas. Despite these advantages, the research field identifying sets of posttranslationally modified proteins (PTMomes) related to diseased retinas is significantly lagging, despite knowledge of the major retina PTMome being critical to drug development. In this review, we highlight current updates regarding the PTMomes in three retinal degenerative diseases-namely, diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). A literature search reveals the necessity to expedite investigations into essential PTMomes in the diseased retina and validate their physiological roles. This knowledge would accelerate the development of treatments for retinal degenerative disorders and the prevention of blindness in affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Cai F, Liu Y, Liu K, Zhao R, Chen W, Yusufu A, Liu Y. Diabetes mellitus impairs bone regeneration and biomechanics. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:169. [PMID: 36872328 PMCID: PMC9987049 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rise of high-calorie diets and the aging of populations, the incidence of diabetes was increased dramatically in the world and the number of people with diabetes was predicted to rise to 600 million by 2045. Numerous studies have confirmed that several organ systems, including the skeletal system, are seriously affected by diabetes. In that study, the bone regeneration and the biomechanics of the newly regenerated bone were investigated in diabetic rats, which may provide a supplement for previous studies. METHODS A total of 40 SD rats were randomly divided into the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group (n = 20) and the control group (n = 20). Beyond that high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) were jointly used in the T2DM group, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of treatment conditions. Distraction osteogenesis was used in all animals for the next experimental observation. The evaluation criterion of the regenerated bone was based on radioscopy (once a week), micro-computed tomography (CT), general morphology, biomechanics (including ultimate load, modulus of elasticity, energy to failure, and stiffness), histomorphometry (including von Kossa, Masson trichrome, Goldner trichrome, and safranin O staining), and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All rats in the T2DM group with fasting glucose levels (FGL, > 16.7 mmol/L) were allowed to complete the following experiments. The results showed that rats with T2DM have a higher body weight (549.01 g ± 31.34 g) than rats in the control group (488.60 g ± 33.60 g) at the end of observation. Additionally, compared to the control group, slower bone regeneration in the distracted segments was observed in the T2DM group according to radiography, micro-CT, general morphology, and histomorphometry. Furthermore, a biomechanical test showed that there was a worse ultimate load (31.01 ± 3.39%), modulus of elasticity (34.44 ± 5.06%), energy to failure (27.42 ± 5.87%), and stiffness (34.55 ± 7.66%) than the control group (45.85 ± 7.61%, 54.38 ± 9.33%, 59.41 ± 10.96%, and 54.07 ± 9.30%, respectively). Furthermore, the decreased expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were presented in T2DM group by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that diabetes mellitus impairs bone regeneration and biomechanics in newly regenerated bone, a phenomenon that might be related to oxidative stress and poor angiogenesis brought on by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Cai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair Surgery, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanshi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruomei Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair Surgery, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenjiao Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair Surgery, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Aihemaitijiang Yusufu
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair Surgery, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Lemarchand M, Thouin K, De Serres-Bérard T, Bellenfant S, Cadau S, Berthod F. In vitro glycation of a tissue-engineered wound healing model to mimic diabetic ulcers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1657-1666. [PMID: 36810698 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers are a major complication of diabetes that occurs following minor trauma. Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia is a leading factor inducing ulcer formation and manifests notably through the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) such as N-carboxymethyl-lysin. AGEs have a negative impact on angiogenesis, innervation, and reepithelialization causing minor wounds to evolve into chronic ulcers which increases the risks of lower limb amputation. However, the impact of AGEs on wound healing is difficult to model (both in vitro on cells, and in vivo in animals) because it involves a long-term toxic effect. We have developed a tissue-engineered wound healing model made of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells cultured in a collagen sponge biomaterial. To mimic the deleterious effects induced by glycation on skin wound healing, the model was treated with 300 µM of glyoxal for 15 days to promote AGEs formation. Glyoxal treatment induced carboxymethyl-lysin accumulation and delayed wound closure in the skin mimicking diabetic ulcers. Moreover, this effect was reversed by the addition of aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of AGEs formation. This in vitro diabetic wound healing model could be a great tool for the screening of new molecules to improve the treatment of diabetic ulcers by preventing glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lemarchand
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Kiefer Thouin
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sabrina Bellenfant
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Cadau
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - François Berthod
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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12
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Hanssen NMJ, Tikellis C, Pickering RJ, Dragoljevic D, Lee MKS, Block T, Scheijen JL, Wouters K, Miyata T, Cooper ME, Murphy AJ, Thomas MC, Schalkwijk CG. Pyridoxamine prevents increased atherosclerosis by intermittent methylglyoxal spikes in the aortic arches of ApoE -/- mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114211. [PMID: 36916437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive glucose metabolite linked to diabetic cardiovascular disease (CVD). MGO levels surge during intermittent hyperglycemia. We hypothesize that these MGO spikes contribute to atherosclerosis, and that pyridoxamine as a MGO quencher prevents this injury. To study this, we intravenously injected normoglycemic 8-week old male C57Bl6 ApoE-/- mice with normal saline (NS, n = 10) or 25 µg MGO for 10 consecutive weeks (MGOiv, n = 11) with or without 1 g/L pyridoxamine (MGOiv+PD, n = 11) in the drinking water. We measured circulating immune cells by flow cytometry. We quantified aortic arch lesion area in aortic roots after Sudan-black staining. We quantified the expression of inflammatory genes in the aorta by qPCR. Intermittent MGO spikes weekly increased atherosclerotic burden in the arch 1.8-fold (NS: 0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.2 %), and this was prevented by pyridoxamine (0.8 ± 0.1 %). MGOiv spikes increased circulating neutrophils and monocytes (2-fold relative to NS) and the expression of ICAM (3-fold), RAGE (5-fold), S100A9 (2-fold) and MCP1 (2-fold). All these changes were attenuated by pyridoxamine. This study suggests that MGO spikes damages the vasculature independently of plasma glucose levels. Pyridoxamine and potentially other approaches to reduce MGO may prevent excess cardiovascular risk in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Tikellis
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raelene J Pickering
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Dept. of leukocyte biology and haematopoiesis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Dept. of leukocyte biology and haematopoiesis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tomasz Block
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Ljm Scheijen
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Dept. of leukocyte biology and haematopoiesis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Merlin C Thomas
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Škrha J, Horová E, Šoupal J, Valeriánová A, Malík J, Prázný M, Zima T, Kalousová M, Škrha J. Skin autofluorescence corresponds to microvascular reactivity in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108206. [PMID: 35644724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation accelerated by chronic hyperglycaemia contributes to the development of diabetic vascular complications throughout several mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is supposed to be impaired microvascular reactivity, that precedes significant vascular changes. The aim of this study was to find an association between advanced glycation, the soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE), and microvascular reactivity (MVR) in diabetes. Skin autofluorescence (SAF), which reflects advanced glycation, was assessed by AGE-Reader, MVR was measured by laser Doppler fluxmetry and evaluated together with sRAGE in 43 patients with diabetes (25 Type 1 and 18 Type 2) and 26 healthy controls of comparable age. SAF was significantly higher in patients with diabetes compared to controls (2.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.0 ± 0.5 AU; p < 0.01). Patients with diabetes with SAF > 2.3 AU presented significantly worse MVR in both post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) on the finger and forearm, and thermal hyperaemia (TH), compared to patients with SAF < 2.3 AU. SAF was age dependent in both diabetes (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and controls (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). There was no association between SAF and diabetes control expressed by glycated haemoglobin. A significant relationship was observed between SAF and sRAGE in diabetes (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), but not in controls. A significant inverse association was found between SAF and MVR on the forearm in diabetes (PORH: r = -0.42, p < 0.01; TH: r = -0.46, p < 0.005). Both advanced glycation expressed by higher SAF or sRAGE and impaired MVR are involved in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in diabetes, and we confirm a strong interplay of these processes in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Škrha
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Horová
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šoupal
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Valeriánová
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malík
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Prázný
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kalousová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Škrha
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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Banerjee S. Biophysical and mass spectrometry based characterization of methylglyoxal-modified myoglobin: Role of advanced glycation end products in inducing protein structural alterations. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2165-2172. [PMID: 34774865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive α-dicarbonyl compound which reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MG-induced AGE (MAGE) formation is particularly significant in diabetic condition. In the current study, we have undertaken a time-dependant characterization of MG-modified myoglobin following incubation of the heme protein with the α-dicarbonyl compound for different time periods. Interestingly, mass spectrometric studies indicated modifications at two specific lysine residues, Lys-87 and Lys-133. The AGE adducts identified at Lys-87 were carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, while those detected at Lys-133 included pyrraline-carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, respectively. Far-UV CD studies revealed a decrease in the native α-helical content of the heme protein gradually with increasing time of MG incubation. In addition, MG modification was found to induce changes in tertiary structure as well as surface hydrophobicity of the heme protein. MG-derived AGE adducts thus appear to alter the structure of Mb considerably. Considering the increased level of MG in diabetic condition, the current study appears physiologically relevant in terms of understanding AGE-mediated protein modification and subsequent structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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15
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Insulin Resistance and Cancer: In Search for a Causal Link. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011137. [PMID: 34681797 PMCID: PMC8540232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition which refers to individuals whose cells and tissues become insensitive to the peptide hormone, insulin. Over the recent years, a wealth of data has made it clear that a synergistic relationship exists between IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Although the underlying mechanism(s) for this association remain unclear, it is well established that hyperinsulinemia, a hallmark of IR, may play a role in tumorigenesis. On the other hand, IR is strongly associated with visceral adiposity dysfunction and systemic inflammation, two conditions which favor the establishment of a pro-tumorigenic environment. Similarly, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, in IR states, have been often associated with tumorigenesis in numerous types of human cancer. In addition to these observations, it is also broadly accepted that gut microbiota may play an intriguing role in the development of IR-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cancer, whereas potential chemopreventive properties have been attributed to some of the most commonly used antidiabetic medications. Herein we provide a concise overview of the most recent literature in this field and discuss how different but interrelated molecular pathways may impact on tumor development.
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16
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Liu JJ, You Y, Gao SQ, Tang S, Chen L, Wen GB, Lin YW. Identification of the Protein Glycation Sites in Human Myoglobin as Rapidly Induced by d-Ribose. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195829. [PMID: 34641382 PMCID: PMC8512392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycation is an important protein post-translational modification and is one of the main pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Other than glycated hemoglobin, the protein glycation of other globins such as myoglobin (Mb) is less studied. The protein glycation of human Mb with ribose has not been reported, and the glycation sites in the Mb remain unknown. This article reports that d-ribose undergoes rapid protein glycation of human myoglobin (HMb) at lysine residues (K34, K87, K56, and K147) on the protein surface, as identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Moreover, glycation by d-ribose at these sites slightly decreased the rate of the met heme (FeIII) in reaction with H2O2 to form a ferryl heme (FeIV=O). This study provides valuable insight into the protein glycation by d-ribose and provides a foundation for studying the structure and function of glycated heme proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.-J.L.); (S.T.); (L.C.)
| | - Yong You
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (Y.Y.); (S.-Q.G.); (G.-B.W.)
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (Y.Y.); (S.-Q.G.); (G.-B.W.)
| | - Shuai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.-J.L.); (S.T.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.-J.L.); (S.T.); (L.C.)
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (Y.Y.); (S.-Q.G.); (G.-B.W.)
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.-J.L.); (S.T.); (L.C.)
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (Y.Y.); (S.-Q.G.); (G.-B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-734-8282375
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17
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Acute Lung Injury Biomarkers in the Prediction of COVID-19 Severity: Total Thiol, Ferritin and Lactate Dehydrogenase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081221. [PMID: 34439469 PMCID: PMC8388961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can suffer acute lung injury, or even death. Early identification of severe disease is essential in order to control COVID-19 and improve prognosis. Oxidative stress (OS) appears to play an important role in COVID-19 pathogenesis; we therefore conceived a study of the potential discriminative ability of serum biomarkers in patients with ARDS and those with mild to moderate disease (non-ARDS). 60 subjects were enrolled in a single-centre, prospective cohort study of consecutively admitted patients: 29 ARDS/31 non-ARDS. Blood samples were drawn and marker levels analysed by spectrophotometry and immunoassay techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and ferritin were significantly higher in ARDS versus non-ARDS cases at hospital admission. Leukocytes, LDH, ferritin, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also significantly elevated in ARDS compared to non-ARDS patients during the hospital stay. Total thiol (TT) was found to be significantly lower in ARDS. Conversely, D-dimer, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and advanced glycosylated end products (AGE) were elevated. Leukocytes, LDH, CRP, ferritin and IL-6 were found to be significantly higher in non-survivors. However, lymphocyte, tumour necrosis factor beta (TGF-β), and TT were lower. In summary, our results support the potential value of TT, ferritin and LDH as prognostic biomarkers for ARDS development in COVID-19 patients, distinguishing non-ARDS from ARDS (AUCs = 0.92; 0.91; 0.89) in a fast and cost-effective manner. These oxidative/inflammatory parameters appear to play an important role in COVID-19 monitoring and can be used in the clinical management of patients.
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Cabrera Cesar E, Lopez-Lopez L, Lara E, Hidalgo-San Juan MV, Parrado Romero C, Palencia JLRS, Martín-Montañez E, Garcia-Fernandez M. Serum Biomarkers in Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143167. [PMID: 34300333 PMCID: PMC8307287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of this study is to determine whether Advanced glycosylated end-products (AGE), Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) could be used as differential biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Method: Seventy-three patients were enrolled: 29 with IPF, 14 with CTD-ILD, and 30 healthy controls. The study included a single visit by participants. A blood sample was drawn and serum was analysed for AGE using spectrofluorimetry, AOPP by spectrophotometry, and MMP7 using sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AGE, AOPP and MMP7 serum levels were significantly higher in both IPF and CTD-ILD patients versus healthy controls; and AGE was also significantly elevated in CTD-ILD compared to the IPF group. AGE plasma levels clearly distinguished CTD-ILD patients from healthy participants (AUC = 0.95; 95% IC 0.86–1), whereas in IPF patients, the distinction was moderate (AUC = 0.78; 95% IC 0.60–0.97). Conclusion: In summary, our results provide support for the potential value of serum AGE, AOPP and MMP7 concentrations as diagnostic biomarkers in IPF and CTD-ILD to differentiate between ILD patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, this study provides evidence, for the first time, for the possible use of AGE as a differential diagnostic biomarker to distinguish between IPF and CTD-ILD. The value of these biomarkers as additional tools in a multidisciplinary approach to IPF and CTD-ILD diagnosis needs to be considered and further explored. Multicentre studies are necessary to understand the role of AGE in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cabrera Cesar
- Respiratory Service, Universitary Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.L.-L.); (M.V.H.-S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-646-905-201
| | - Lidia Lopez-Lopez
- Respiratory Service, Universitary Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.L.-L.); (M.V.H.-S.J.)
| | - Estrella Lara
- Department of Physiology and Human Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (E.L.); (C.P.R.); (M.G.-F.)
| | | | - Concepcion Parrado Romero
- Department of Physiology and Human Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (E.L.); (C.P.R.); (M.G.-F.)
| | - Jose Luis Royo Sánchez Palencia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Elisa Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology and Human Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (E.L.); (C.P.R.); (M.G.-F.)
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Saeed M, Kausar MA, Singh R, Siddiqui AJ, Akhter A. The Role of Glyoxalase in Glycation and Carbonyl Stress Induced Metabolic Disorders. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:846-859. [PMID: 32368974 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200505101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycation refers to the covalent binding of sugar molecules to macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids in a non-enzymatic reaction, resulting in the formation of irreversibly bound products known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are synthesized in high amounts both in pathological conditions, such as diabetes and under physiological conditions resulting in aging. The body's anti-glycation defense mechanisms play a critical role in removing glycated products. However, if this defense system fails, AGEs start accumulating, which results in pathological conditions. Studies have been shown that increased accumulation of AGEs acts as key mediators in multiple diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, arthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis, decreased skin elasticity, male erectile dysfunction, pulmonary fibrosis, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, glycation of nucleotides, proteins, and phospholipids by α-oxoaldehyde metabolites, such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO), causes potential damage to the genome, proteome, and lipidome. Glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1) acts as a part of the anti-glycation defense system by carrying out detoxification of GO and MGO. It has been demonstrated that GLO-1 protects dicarbonyl modifications of the proteome and lipidome, thereby impeding the cell signaling and affecting age-related diseases. Its relationship with detoxification and anti-glycation defense is well established. Glycation of proteins by MGO and GO results in protein misfolding, thereby affecting their structure and function. These findings provide evidence for the rationale that the functional modulation of the GLO pathway could be used as a potential therapeutic target. In the present review, we summarized the newly emerged literature on the GLO pathway, including enzymes regulating the process. In addition, we described small bioactive molecules with the potential to modulate the GLO pathway, thereby providing a basis for the development of new treatment strategies against age-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Sataywati College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Arif J Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Akhter
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
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20
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Senavirathna L, Ma C, Chen R, Pan S. Proteomic Investigation of Glyceraldehyde-Derived Intracellular AGEs and Their Potential Influence on Pancreatic Ductal Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051005. [PMID: 33923186 PMCID: PMC8145644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Accumulation of intracellular AGEs could stimulate cancer induction and facilitate cancer progression. We evaluated the toxic effect of glyceraldehyde-derived intracellular AGEs on normal and malignant pancreatic ductal cells by assessing the cell viability, toxicity, and oxidative stress, followed by proteomic analysis. Our functional studies showed that pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) were more resistant to glyceraldehyde treatment compared to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE), while cytotoxicity effects were observed in all cell types. Furthermore, using 13C isotopic labeled glyceraldehyde, the proteomic data revealed a dose-dependent increment of the number of glycation adducts in both these cell types. HPDE cells showed a higher number of intracellular AGEs compared to cancer cells. At a molecular level, the glycations in the lysine residues of proteins showed a concurrent increase with the concentration of the glyceraldehyde treatment, while the arginine glycations appeared to be less affected by the glyceraldehyde doses. Further pathway analysis of these glycated proteins suggested that the glycated proteins participate in important biological processes that are major hallmarks of cancer initiation and progression, including metabolic processes, immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and S100 protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmini Senavirathna
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cheng Ma
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Ru Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sheng Pan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Banerjee S. Long-term incubation of myoglobin with glyoxal induces amyloid like aggregation of the heme protein: Implications of advanced glycation end products in protein conformational disorders. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Endothelial response to glucose: dysfunction, metabolism, and transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:313-325. [PMID: 33522573 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell response to glucose plays an important role in both health and disease. Endothelial glucose-induced dysfunction was first studied in diabetic animal models and in cells cultured in hyperglycemia. Four classical dysfunction pathways were identified, which were later shown to result from the common mechanism of mitochondrial superoxide overproduction. More recently, non-coding RNA, extracellular vesicles, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were shown to affect glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells also metabolize glucose for their own energetic needs. Research over the past decade highlighted how manipulation of endothelial glycolysis can be used to control angiogenesis and microvascular permeability in diseases such as cancer. Finally, endothelial cells transport glucose to the cells of the blood vessel wall and to the parenchymal tissue. Increasing evidence from the blood-brain barrier and peripheral vasculature suggests that endothelial cells regulate glucose transport through glucose transporters that move glucose from the apical to the basolateral side of the cell. Future studies of endothelial glucose response should begin to integrate dysfunction, metabolism and transport into experimental and computational approaches that also consider endothelial heterogeneity, metabolic diversity, and parenchymal tissue interactions.
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Dicarbonyl derived post-translational modifications: chemistry bridging biology and aging-related disease. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:97-110. [PMID: 31939602 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, nucleophilic amino acid residues are prone to non-enzymatic post-translational modification by electrophiles. α-Dicarbonyl compounds are a special type of electrophiles that can react irreversibly with lysine, arginine, and cysteine residues via complex mechanisms to form post-translational modifications known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone are the major endogenous dicarbonyls, with methylglyoxal being the most well-studied. There are several routes that lead to the formation of dicarbonyl compounds, most originating from glucose and glucose metabolism, such as the non-enzymatic decomposition of glycolytic intermediates and fructosyl amines. Although dicarbonyls are removed continuously mainly via the glyoxalase system, several conditions lead to an increase in dicarbonyl concentration and thereby AGE formation. AGEs have been implicated in diabetes and aging-related diseases, and for this reason the elucidation of their structure as well as protein targets is of great interest. Though the dicarbonyls and reactive protein side chains are of relatively simple nature, the structures of the adducts as well as their mechanism of formation are not that trivial. Furthermore, detection of sites of modification can be demanding and current best practices rely on either direct mass spectrometry or various methods of enrichment based on antibodies or click chemistry followed by mass spectrometry. Future research into the structure of these adducts and protein targets of dicarbonyl compounds may improve the understanding of how the mechanisms of diabetes and aging-related physiological damage occur.
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Skrabal F, Weber T, Skrabal K, Windhaber J, Ehsas H, Stockinger N, Boyer J. Measurement of aortofemoral volume wave velocity during the routine 12-channel ECG: relation to age, physiological hemoglobin A 1C, triglycerides and SBP in healthy individuals. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1989-1999. [PMID: 32890275 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measurements of pulse wave velocity are generally thought to be too impractical for clinical routine. This study aimed to develop a method that can be performed during routine 12-channel ECG. METHODS A 12-channel ECG simultaneously supplies arterial impedance plethysmographic signals from the extremities beside segmental multifrequency impedance measurements for obtaining body composition. The origin of the plethysmographic signal (volume wave) at the arms and legs was determined at the level of the elbows and the knees. The volume wave velocity (VWV) at the aorta and femoral arteries was calculated from the time difference of the plethysmographic signals between arms and legs. RESULTS Automated measurement of VWV was highly reproducible (r = 0.96). In 107 participants in perfect health, VWV in different models was positively related to age, physiological hemoglobin A 1C, triglycerides, normal standardized unattended blood pressure, but not to physiological low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Aortofemoral VWV was significantly higher in patients with established coronary artery disease than in healthy controls of the same age group (18.1 ± 5.8 vs. 11.9 ± 1.7 m/s, P < 0.001). VWV in study participants was higher than tonometrically determined pulse wave velocity as muscular arteries are included (13.2 ± 5.81 vs. 8.8 ± 2.98 m/s, n = 115, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These background arterial impedance plethysmographic measurements for the measurement of VWV made simultaneously during 12-channel ECG show promise for large-scale, routine clinical assessment of large artery function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Skrabal
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, Graz
| | - Thomas Weber
- Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels
| | | | - Jana Windhaber
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
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Hanssen NMJ, Kraakman MJ, Flynn MC, Nagareddy PR, Schalkwijk CG, Murphy AJ. Postprandial Glucose Spikes, an Important Contributor to Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes? Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:570553. [PMID: 33195459 PMCID: PMC7530333 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.570553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials investigating whether glucose lowering treatment reduces the risk of CVD in diabetes have thus far yielded mixed results. However, this doesn't rule out the possibility of hyperglycemia playing a major causal role in promoting CVD or elevating CVD risk. In fact, lowering glucose appears to promote some beneficial long-term effects, and continuous glucose monitoring devices have revealed that postprandial spikes of hyperglycemia occur frequently, and may be an important determinant of CVD risk. It is proposed that these short, intermittent bursts of hyperglycemia may have detrimental effects on several organ systems including the vasculature and the hematopoietic system collectively contributing to the state of elevated CVD risk in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms through which hyperglycemic spikes may increase atherosclerosis and how new and emerging interventions may combat this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- Diabetes Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM, School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM, School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Basman C, Fishman SL, Avtanski D, Rashid U, Kodra A, Chen K, Jonas R, Stoffels GJ, Lesser M, Inlall D, Ziskovich K, Singh V, Poretsky L. Glycosylated hemoglobin, but not advanced glycation end products, predicts severity of coronary artery disease in patients with or without diabetes. Metabol Open 2020; 7:100050. [PMID: 32924001 PMCID: PMC7474000 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is strong but the physiologic mechanisms responsible for this association remain unclear. Patients with DM exhibit high circulating levels of glycated proteins and lipoproteins called advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which have been implicated in the development of oxidative damage to vascular endothelium. We examined the relationships between the presence and extent of CAD and AGEs in patients undergoing elective coronary artery catheterization in an urban teaching hospital. Methods Patients with possible CAD (n = 364) were recruited prior to elective cardiac catheterization (52% male, 48% diabetic). Regression and correlation analyses were used to examine the relationship between serum AGE concentrations, soluble AGE receptor (sRAGE) concentration, HbA1c, LDL and the presence of obstructive CAD along with the burden of CAD measured by SYNTAX and SYNTAX II scores. Results AGE and sRAGE levels did not significantly correlate with any of the studied coronary artery disease parameters. HbA1c showed positive correlation with both SYNTAX and SYNTAX II scores in patients with and without diabetes. Conclusion In this cross-sectional study of patients with possible CAD, serum AGEs and sRAGE concentrations did not correlate with SYNTAX or SYNTAX II scores regardless of diabetic status. HbA1C correlated positively with the SYNTAX and SYNTAX II scores in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Basman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L Fishman
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Umar Rashid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arber Kodra
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karin Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guillaume J Stoffels
- Biostatics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Martin Lesser
- Biostatics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Damian Inlall
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karina Ziskovich
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonid Poretsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
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Acute Glucose Load, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Nonenzymatic Glycation, and Screening for Gestational Diabetes. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1587-1594. [DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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MD2 activation by direct AGE interaction drives inflammatory diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2148. [PMID: 32358497 PMCID: PMC7195432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the mechanisms of TLR4 activation remain unclear. Here we examine the role of myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2), a co-receptor of TLR4, in high glucose (HG)- and diabetes-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. We show increased MD2 in heart tissues of diabetic mice and serum of human diabetic subjects. MD2 deficiency in mice inhibits TLR4 pathway activation, which correlates with reduced myocardial remodeling and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, we show that HG induces extracellular advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which bind directly to MD2, leading to formation of AGEs-MD2-TLR4 complex and initiation of pro-inflammatory pathways. We further detect elevated AGE-MD2 complexes in heart tissues and serum of diabetic mice and human subjects with DCM. In summary, we uncover a new mechanism of HG-induced inflammatory responses and myocardial injury, in which AGE products directly bind MD2 to drive inflammatory DCM. The mechanisms underlying cardiac inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that advanced glycation end products bind to the TLR4 co-receptor MD2 initiating pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Haque E, Kamil M, Hasan A, Irfan S, Sheikh S, Khatoon A, Nazir A, Mir SS. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein aggregation and their cross talk: new insight in tumorigenesis. Glycobiology 2020; 30:49-57. [PMID: 31508802 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycation and protein aggregation are two distinct phenomena being observed in cancer cells as factors promoting cancer cell viability. Protein aggregation is an abnormal interaction between proteins caused as a result of structural changes in them after any mutation or environmental assault. Protein aggregation is usually associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, but of late, research findings have shown its association with the development of different cancers like lung, breast and ovarian cancer. On the contrary, protein glycation is a cascade of irreversible nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugar with the amino group of the protein resulting in the modification of protein structure and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These AGEs are reported to obstruct the normal function of proteins. Lately, it has been reported that protein aggregation occurs as a result of AGEs. This aggregation of protein promotes the transformation of healthy cells to neoplasia leading to tumorigenesis. In this review, we underline the current knowledge of protein aggregation and glycation along with the cross talk between the two, which may eventually lead to the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejazul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India.,Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanskaul. 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mohd Kamil
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India.,Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanskaul. 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.,Department of Microbiology, Beykoz Life Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (BILSAB), Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adria Hasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Safia Irfan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Saba Sheikh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Aisha Khatoon
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
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Omolaoye TS, du Plessis SS. Male infertility: A proximate look at the advanced glycation end products. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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31
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Hanssen NMJ, Scheijen JLJM, Houben AJHM, van de Waarenburg M, Berendschot TTJM, Webers CAB, Reesink KD, van Greevenbroek MMJ, van der Kallen C, Schaper NC, Schram MT, Henry RMA, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. Fasting and post-oral-glucose-load levels of methylglyoxal are associated with microvascular, but not macrovascular, disease in individuals with and without (pre)diabetes: The Maastricht Study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2020; 47:101148. [PMID: 32058030 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive dicarbonyl compounds, such as methylglyoxal (MGO), rise during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), particularly in (pre)diabetes. Fasting MGO levels are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Yet, whether fasting or post-OGTT plasma MGO levels are associated with vascular disease in people with (pre)diabetes is unknown. METHODS Subjects with normal glucose metabolism (n=1796; age: 57.9±8.2 years; 43.3% men), prediabetes (n=478; age: 61.6±7.6 years; 54.0% men) and T2DM (n=669; age: 63.0±7.5 years; 67.0% men) from the Maastricht Study underwent OGTTs. Plasma MGO levels were measured at baseline and 2h after OGTT by mass spectrometry. Prior CVD was established via questionnaire. CKD was reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria; retinopathy was assessed using retinal photographs. Data were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, HbA1c, BMI and medication use. Odd ratios (ORs) were expressed per standard deviation of LN-transformed MGO. RESULTS Fasting and post-OGTT MGO levels were associated with higher ORs for albuminuria ≥30mg/24h [fasting: 1.12 (95% CI: 0.97-1.29); post-OGTT: 1.19 (1.01-1.41)], eGFR<60mL/min/1.73 m2 [fasting: 1.58 (95% CI: 1.38-1.82), post-OGTT: 1.57 (1.34-1.83)] and retinopathy [fasting: 1.59 (95% CI: 1.01-2.53), post-OGTT: 1.38 (0.77-2.48)]. No associations with prior CVD were found. CONCLUSION Fasting and post-OGTT MGO levels were associated with microvascular disease, but not prior CVD. Thus, therapeutic strategies directed at lowering MGO levels may prevent microvascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M J Hanssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J L J M Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van de Waarenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T T J M Berendschot
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C A B Webers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K D Reesink
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M M J van Greevenbroek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C van der Kallen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N C Schaper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M T Schram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R M A Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Glyoxal modification mediates conformational alterations in silk fibroin: Induction of fibrillation with amyloidal features. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-0009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Gui F, You Z, Fu S, Wu H, Zhang Y. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591. [PMID: 33013692 PMCID: PMC7499433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication which affects retinal function and results in severe loss of vision and relevant retinal diseases. Retinal vascular dysfunction caused by multifactors, such as advanced glycosylation end products and receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, proliferator-activated receptor-γ disruption, growth factors, oxidative stress, and microRNA. These factors promote retinal endothelial dysfunction, which results in the development of DR. In this review, we summarize the contributors in the pathophysiology of DR for a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism in the development of DR with a special emphasis on retinal endothelial dysfunction.
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Banerjee S. Glyoxal modification mediates conformational alterations in silk fibroin: Induction of fibrillation with amyloidal features. J Biosci 2020; 45:32. [PMID: 32098911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silkwormsilk protein fibroin is widely exploited to develop novel silk-based biomaterials due to its stable β-sheet structure, providing high crystallinity and tensile strength. The polymorphic behaviour of silk fibroin provides a window to modulate its structural transitions during self-assembly for different functional outcomes. Most studies are therefore mainly focused on formation of well-developed β-sheet structure and self-assembly of silk fibroin which are regulated by many parameters. Glyoxal, a highly reactive α-oxoaldehyde, reacts with different proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. Considering the significance of protein modification by glyoxal-derived AGEs, in the present study the effect of glyoxal (250, 500 and 1000 μM) on the structure of silk fibroin has been investigated. CD and fluorescence studies reveal that higher concentrations of the α-oxoaldehyde induce considerable alterations of secondary and tertiary structure of the protein leading to aggregation following incubation with for 3 weeks. The aggregates exhibit fibrillar morphology with amyloidal nature as evident from SEM, FTIR and XRD experiments. The findings highlight that glycationinduced modification can be a possible approach for modulating the conformation of the silk protein which may be relevant in connection to clinical, biomedical or synthetic biology based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 009, India
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Patel SH, Yue F, Saw SK, Foguth R, Cannon JR, Shannahan JH, Kuang S, Sabbaghi A, Carroll CC. Advanced Glycation End-Products Suppress Mitochondrial Function and Proliferative Capacity of Achilles Tendon-Derived Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12614. [PMID: 31471548 PMCID: PMC6717202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Debilitating cases of tendon pain and degeneration affect the majority of diabetic individuals. The high rate of tendon degeneration persists even when glucose levels are well controlled, suggesting that other mechanisms may drive tendon degeneration in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of advanced glycation end-products on tendon fibroblasts to further our mechanistic understanding of the development and progression of diabetic tendinopathy. We proposed that advanced glycation end-products would induce limitations to mitochondrial function and proliferative capacity in tendon-derived fibroblasts, restricting their ability to maintain biosynthesis of tendon extracellular matrix. Using an in-vitro cell culture system, rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts were treated with glycolaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products (0, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) for 48 hours in normal glucose (5.5 mM) and high glucose (25 mM) conditions. We demonstrate that tendon fibroblasts treated with advanced glycation end-products display reduced ATP production, electron transport efficiency, and proliferative capacity. These impairments were coupled with alterations in mitochondrial DNA content and expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that advanced glycation end-products disrupt tendon fibroblast homeostasis and may be involved in the development and progression of diabetic tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam H Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shannon K Saw
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Foguth
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arman Sabbaghi
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Jones ML, Buhimschi IA, Zhao G, Bartholomew A, Smith-Timms J, Rood KM, Buhimschi CS. Acute Glucose Load, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Nonenzymatic Glycation, and Screening for Gestational Diabetes. Reprod Sci 2019:1933719119831772. [PMID: 30813845 DOI: 10.1177/1933719119831772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS: To investigate if oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) associates with changes in maternal symptoms (ie, flushing, sweating), blood nonenzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGE), acute-phase reactive inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. METHODS: Prospective case-control study of patients screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). One hundred nonfasting, second-trimester consecutive pregnant women allocated to either 50 g OGTT or water. Five women who had a 3-hour fasting 100 g OGTT also enrolled. Maternal serum glucose, AGE, soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were immunoassayed. Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) estimated with antioxidant capacity-peroxyl assay. Data corrected for gestational age and maternal body mass index. RESULTS: During 50 g OGTT there was a decrease in systolic blood pressure not accompanied by the onset of adverse clinical symptoms. There was a decrease in serum glucose levels 1 hour after water ( P = .019) but not glucose ingestion. Serum CRP ( P = .001) but not IL-6 was increased. The AGE, sRAGE, and TRAP levels remained unchanged. Similar results were seen during 100 g OGTT, except serum glucose was significantly elevated after 1 hour. CONCLUSION: Results suggest screening tools for gestational diabetes are safe and clinically well tolerated during pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03029546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Jones
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- 2 Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guomao Zhao
- 2 Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Bartholomew
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordan Smith-Timms
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kara M Rood
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- 2 Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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38
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Methylglyoxal stress, the glyoxalase system, and diabetic chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:26-33. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Beránek M, Nováková D, Rozsíval P, Dršata J, Palička V. Glycation and Advanced Glycation End-Products in Laboratory Experiments in Vivo and in Vitro. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the amount of glycated proteins and advanced glycation end products (AGE) in cataractous lens homogenates of patients who underwent phacoemulsification, and to define a simple in vitro protein model of glycoxidation. Analysis of 30 cataractous lenses (15 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic) revealed a significant increase in both glycated lens proteins of diabetics compared with the controls (0.15 vs 0.08 nmol/mg protein, P < 0.01) and AGE-linked fluorescence at 440 nm (4.8 vs 2.8 AU/mg protein, P < 0.01). The presence of AGE fluorescence in lenses indicates the role of oxidative stress in cataractogenesis. Fifty-six days incubation of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, used as model proteins, with 500 mM D-fructose at 25 and 37 °C led to a complete inhibition of ALT and AST activities. The fluorescence of both aminotransferases rose according to the chosen incubation temperature: 37 °C > 25 °C > 4 °C. ALT and AST incubated in a medium containing D-fructose are subject to nonenzymatic glycation followed by a consequent formation of AGE products. Our data: i) support the concept of glycation-glycoxidation pathway appearing in diabetic patients; ii) form a base for determination of the efficiency of various antioxidative compounds in vitro.
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Hanssen NMJ, Westerink J, Scheijen JLJM, van der Graaf Y, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. Higher Plasma Methylglyoxal Levels Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1689-1695. [PMID: 29784769 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound and a potential key player in diabetic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether plasma MGO levels are associated with CVD in type 2 diabetes is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 1,003 individuals (mean ± SD age 59.1 ± 10.5 years, 69.3% male, and 61.6% with prior CVD) with type 2 diabetes from the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease cohort (SMART). We measured plasma MGO levels and two other dicarbonyls (glyoxal [GO] and 3-deoxyglucosone [3-DG]) at baseline with mass spectrometry. Median follow-up of CVD events was 8.6 years. Data were analyzed with Cox regression with adjustment for sex, age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HbA1c, BMI, prior CVD, and medication use. Hazard ratios are expressed per SD Ln-transformed dicarbonyl. RESULTS A total of 287 individuals suffered from at least one CVD event (n = 194 fatal events, n = 146 myocardial infarctions, and n = 72 strokes); 346 individuals died, and 60 individuals underwent an amputation. Higher MGO levels were associated with total (hazard ratio 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.42]) and fatal (1.49 [1.30-1.71]) CVD and with all-cause mortality (1.25 [1.11-1.40]), myocardial infarction (1.22 [1.02-1.45]), and amputations (1.36 [1.05-1.76]). MGO levels were not apparently associated with stroke (1.03 [0.79-1.35]). Higher GO levels were significantly associated with fatal CVD (1.17 [1.00-1.37]) but not with other outcomes. 3-DG was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Plasma MGO and GO levels are associated with cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Influencing dicaronyl levels may therefore be a target to reduce CVD in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean L J M Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Li P, Chen D, Cui Y, Zhang W, Weng J, Yu L, Chen L, Chen Z, Su H, Yu S, Wu J, Huang Q, Guo X. Src Plays an Important Role in AGE-Induced Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Tubulogenesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29977209 PMCID: PMC6021521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), produced by the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and lipids under hyperglycemia or oxidative stress conditions, has been implicated to be pivotal in the development of diabetic vascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy. We previously demonstrated that Src kinase played a causative role in AGE-induced hyper-permeability and barrier dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). While the increase of vascular permeability is the early event of angiogenesis, the effect of Src in AGE-induced angiogenesis and the mechanism has not been completely revealed. Here, we investigated the impact of Src on AGE-induced HUVECs proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis. Inhibition of Src with inhibitor PP2 or siRNA decreased AGE-induced migration and tubulogenesis of HUVECs. The inactivation of Src with pcDNA3/flag-SrcK298M also restrained AGE-induced HUVECs proliferation, migration, and tube formation, while the activation of Src with pcDNA3/flag-SrcY530F enhanced HUVECs angiogenesis alone and exacerbated AGE-induced angiogenesis. AGE-enhanced HUVECs angiogenesis in vitro was accompanied with the phosphorylation of ERK in HUVECs. The inhibition of ERK with its inhibitor PD98059 decreased AGE-induced HUVECs angiogenesis. Furthermore, the inhibition and silencing of Src suppressed the AGE-induced ERK activation. And the silencing of AGEs receptor (RAGE) inhibited the AGE-induced ERK activation and angiogenesis as well. In conclusions, this study demonstrated that Src plays a pivotal role in AGE-promoted HUVECs angiogenesis by phosphorylating ERK, and very likely through RAGE-Src-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deshu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Su
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lin YW. Structure and function of heme proteins regulated by diverse post-translational modifications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 641:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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43
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Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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45
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Kido D, Mizutani K, Takeda K, Mikami R, Matsuura T, Iwasaki K, Izumi Y. Impact of diabetes on gingival wound healing via oxidative stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189601. [PMID: 29267310 PMCID: PMC5739411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms linking high glucose to gingival wound healing. Bilateral wounds were created in the palatal gingiva adjacent to maxillary molars of control rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After evaluating postsurgical wound closure by digital imaging, the maxillae including wounds were resected for histological examinations. mRNA expressions of angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers in the surgical sites were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Primary fibroblast culture from the gingiva of both rats was performed in high glucose and normal medium. In vitro wound healing and cell proliferation assays were performed. Oxidative stress marker mRNA expressions and reactive oxygen species production were measured. Insulin resistance was evaluated via PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling following insulin stimulation using Western blotting. To clarify oxidative stress involvement in high glucose culture and cells of diabetic rats, cells underwent N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment; subsequent Akt activity was measured. Wound healing in diabetic rats was significantly delayed compared with that in control rats. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, p-47, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA levels were significantly higher at baseline in diabetic rats than in control rats. In vitro study showed that cell proliferation and migration significantly decreased in diabetic and high glucose culture groups compared with control groups. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and p47 expressions and reactive oxygen species production were significantly higher in diabetic and high glucose culture groups than in control groups. Akt phosphorylation decreased in the high glucose groups compared with the control groups. Erk1/2 phosphorylation increased in the high glucose groups, with or without insulin treatment, compared with the control groups. Impaired Akt phosphorylation partially normalized after antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment. Thus, delayed gingival wound healing in diabetic rats occurred because of impaired fibroblast proliferation and migration. Fibroblast dysfunction may occur owing to high glucose-induced insulin resistance via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kido
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Mizutani
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kohei Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risako Mikami
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Iwasaki
- Department of Nanomedicine, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Hanssen NMJ, Scheijen JLJM, Jorsal A, Parving HH, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. Higher Plasma Methylglyoxal Levels Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A 12-Year Follow-up Study. Diabetes 2017; 66:2278-2283. [PMID: 28588100 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a major precursor for advanced glycation end products, is increased in diabetes. In diabetic rodents, inhibition of MGO prevents cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether plasma MGO levels are associated with incident CVD in people with type 1 diabetes is unknown. We included 159 individuals with persistent normoalbuminuria and 162 individuals with diabetic nephropathy (DN) from the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center. We measured MGO at baseline and recorded fatal and nonfatal CVD over a median follow-up of 12.3 years (interquartile range 7.6-12.5 years). Data were analyzed by Cox regression, with adjustment for sex, age, HbA1c, DN, diabetes duration, smoking, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, and BMI. During follow-up, 73 individuals suffered at least one CVD event (36 fatal and 53 nonfatal). Higher MGO levels were associated with total, fatal, and nonfatal incident CVD (hazard ratios [HRs] 1.47 [95% CI 1.13-1.91], 1.42 [1.01-1.99], and 1.46 [1.08-1.98], respectively). We observed a similar trend for total mortality (HR 1.24 [0.99-1.56]). This study shows for the first time in our knowledge that plasma MGO levels are associated with cardiovascular events in individuals with type 1 diabetes. MGO may explain, at least in part, the increased risk for CVD in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean L J M Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Jorsal
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Tarnow
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Matou-Nasri S, Sharaf H, Wang Q, Almobadel N, Rabhan Z, Al-Eidi H, Yahya WB, Trivilegio T, Ali R, Al-Shanti N, Ahmed N. Biological impact of advanced glycation endproducts on estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2808-2820. [PMID: 28712835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus potentiates the risk of breast cancer. We have previously described the pro-tumorigenic effects of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line mediated through the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). However, a predominant association between women with ER-positive breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been reported. Therefore, we have investigated the biological impact of AGEs on ER-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using in vitro cell-based assays including cell count, migration, and invasion assays. Western blot, FACS analyses and quantitative real time-PCR were also performed. We found that AGEs at 50-100μg/mL increased MCF-7 cell proliferation and cell migration associated with an enhancement of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, without affecting their poor invasiveness. However, 200μg/mL AGEs inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis indicated by caspase-3 cleavage detected using Western blotting. A phospho-protein array analysis revealed that AGEs mainly induce the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and cAMP response element binding protein-1 (CREB1), both signaling molecules considered as key regulators of AGEs pro-tumorigenic effects. We also showed that AGEs up-regulate RAGE and ER expression at the protein and transcript levels in MCF-7 cells, in a RAGE-dependent manner after blockade of AGEs/RAGE interaction using neutralizing anti-RAGE antibody. Throughout the study, BSA had no effect on cellular processes. These findings pave the way for future studies investigating whether the exposure of AGEs-treated ER-positive breast cancer cells to estrogen could lead to a potentiation of breast cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hana Sharaf
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser Almobadel
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaki Rabhan
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Eidi
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam Bin Yahya
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thadeo Trivilegio
- Core Facility, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ali
- Core Facility, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Shanti
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom..
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Formation of Pentosidine Cross-Linking in Myoglobin by Glyoxal: Detection of Fluorescent Advanced Glycation End Product. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1213-1219. [PMID: 28299531 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal, a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition and reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. Considering the significance of protein modification by glyoxal-derived AGEs, we investigated the in vitro effect of glyoxal (200 μM) on the monomeric heme protein myoglobin (Mb) (100 μM) after incubation for one week at 25 °C. Glyoxal-treated Mb exhibited increased absorbance around the Soret region, decreased α-helicity and thermal stability compared to control Mb. Intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of the treated Mb showed an additional signal in the 400-500 nm region on excitation at 280 nm that was absent in control Mb. When excited at 335 nm, the glyoxal-treated sample gave a strong fluorescence indicating AGE formation. Mass spectrometric studies revealed formation of glyoxal-derived fluorescent AGE adduct pentosidine between Lys-145 and Arg-139 residues of Mb. Other than pentosidine, additional AGE adducts, namely, carboxymethyllysine at Lys-133, hydroimidazolone at Arg-31 and pyrrolidone-carboxymethyllysine at Lys-145 were also detected. Lys-145 was thus found to contain two different types of AGE adducts, indicating the heterogeneous nature of in vitro glycation reaction. AGE-induced protein modifications might be associated with complications in disease conditions.
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Methylglyoxal modification enhances the stability of hemoglobin and lowers its iron-mediated oxidation reactions: An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Banerjee S. Methyglyoxal administration induces modification of hemoglobin in experimental rats: An in vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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