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Gafen HB, Garces-Torres RS, Liu CC, Lewin AC, Camacho-Luna P, MacLean RA, Carter RT. Ophthalmic findings and reference values for selected ocular parameters in whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 39228086 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish baseline ophthalmic parameters for an endangered, semi-wild population of healthy whooping cranes (Grus americana) (WHCR) and Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) (SACR). ANIMALS STUDIED Eighteen WHCR and 16 SACR. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examination was performed by a single observer, followed by conjunctival swab collection for aerobic bacterial culture and measurement of tear production (phenol red thread test, PRTT) and corneal diameter (CD) as tolerated. Measurement of the axial globe (AG) length, anterior chamber (AC) depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber (VC) depth, and pecten length was performed via ocular ultrasound (OUS) as tolerated. RESULTS Eyelid cicatrization (n = 1 WHCR), keratitis (n = 2 WHCR), incipient cataracts (n = 1 WHCR, n = 4 SACR), and uveal cysts (n = 1 SACR) were identified. Twenty-one bacterial species were cultured from SACR, while 18 bacterial species were cultured from WHCR. SACR under 6 months old had increased PRTT values compared to older SACR (p = .0432). AG length and VC depth of male WHCR were greater than in female WHCR (p = .0045 and p = .0008, respectively). WHCR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .001 and p = .0013, respectively). SACR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .0001 and p < .0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS WHCR and SACR are amenable to complete ophthalmic examination. Age-related differences in PRTT in SACR, sexual dimorphism in WHCR, and age-related differences in AC depth and lens thickness in WHCR and SACR were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Mortier F, Daminet S, Marynissen S, Smets P, Paepe D. Value of repeated health screening in 259 apparently healthy mature adult and senior cats followed for 2 years. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2089-2098. [PMID: 38967102 PMCID: PMC11256131 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regular health screening is recommended, long-term follow-up data in healthy aged cats are lacking. OBJECTIVES Determine the most common conditions in a large group of apparently healthy older cats and which diseases are manifested within 2 years in cats confirmed to be healthy based on extensive health screening. ANIMALS Client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Thorough history, physical examination, blood tests, and urinalysis were performed in 259 apparently healthy mature adult (7-10 years) and senior (>10 years) cats. Semi-annual follow-up examinations were performed in 201 confirmed healthy cats. RESULTS At baseline, 21% of apparently healthy cats were not considered healthy but were diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) ≥ stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD; 7.7%) or hyperthyroidism (4.6%), among other disorders. Disease occurred significantly more frequently in senior cats compared with mature adult cats. In addition, 40% cats were overweight, 35% had moderate to severe dental disease, and 22% had abnormal cardiac auscultation findings. Within 2 years, 28% of mature adult and 54% of senior cats that were confirmed healthy at inclusion developed new diseases, most commonly IRIS ≥ stage 2 CKD (cumulative incidence, 13.4%), hyperthyroidism (8.5%), chronic enteropathy, hepatopathy or pancreatitis (7.5%), or neoplasia (7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The high prevalence and 2-year incidence of physical examination abnormalities and systemic diseases in apparently healthy older cats argue for regular health screening in cats ≥7 years of age. Although more common in senior cats, occult disease also occurs in mature adult cats, and owners should be informed accordingly.
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Vanden Broecke E, Van Mulders L, De Paepe E, Daminet S, Vanhaecke L. Optimization and validation of metabolomics methods for feline urine and serum towards application in veterinary medicine. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1310:342694. [PMID: 38811133 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics is an emerging and powerful technology that offers a comprehensive view of an organism's physiological status. Although widely applied in human medicine, it is only recently making its introduction in veterinary medicine. As a result, validated metabolomics protocols in feline medicine are lacking at the moment. Since biological interpretation of metabolomics data can be misled by the extraction method used, species and matrix-specific optimized and validated metabolomic protocols are sorely needed. RESULTS Systematic optimization was performed using fractional factorial experiments for both serum (n = 57) and urine (n = 24), evaluating dilution for both matrices, and aliquot and solvent volume, protein precipitation time and temperature for serum. For the targeted (n = 76) and untargeted (n = 1949) validation of serum respectively, excellent instrumental, intra-assay and inter-day precision were observed (CV ≤ 15% or 30%, respectively). Linearity deemed sufficient both targeted and untargeted (R2 ≥ 0.99 or 0.90, respectively). An appropriate targeted recovery between 70 and 130% was achieved. For the targeted (n = 69) and untargeted (n = 2348) validation of the urinary protocol, excellent instrumental and intra-assay precision were obtained (CV ≤ 15% or 30%, respectively). Subsequently, the discriminative ability of our metabolomics methods was confirmed for feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) by univariate statistics (n = 41 significant metabolites for serum, and n = 55 for urine, p-value<0.05) and validated OPLS-DA models (R2(Y) > 0.95, Q2(Y) > 0.65, p-value<0.001 for both matrices). SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to present an optimized and validated wholistic metabolomics methods for feline serum and urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. This robust methodology opens avenues for biomarker panel selection and a deeper understanding of feline CKD pathophysiology and other feline applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Vanden Broecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics (LIMET), Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Mulders
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics (LIMET), Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Paepe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics (LIMET), Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics (LIMET), Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Chlorine Gardens 19, BT9-5DL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Brown T, Defarges A, Monteith G, Appleby R, Bienzle D. Determination of the reference interval for urine kidney injury molecule-1 in 50 healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241238923. [PMID: 38647460 PMCID: PMC11103318 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241238923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to establish a reference interval (RI) for urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in healthy cats. METHODS History, physical examination, blood pressure, and feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus serology status were determined. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis and kidney ultrasound were performed, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, total thyroxine (TT4) and urine KIM-1 were measured. An RI was calculated and the effect of age, sex, body condition score (BCS), blood pressure, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), serum creatinine concentration (SCr), phosphorus, TT4, urine specific gravity (USG) and mid-sagittal kidney length on urine KIM-1 was evaluated using a general linear model. RESULTS Of 69 recruited cats, 50 met the inclusion criteria. There were 35 male cats and 15 female cats, with a median age of 4.3 years (range 1.0-12.3), median weight of 5.11 kg (range 2.52-8.45) and median BCS of 6/9 (range 3-8). The median serum concentrations were SDMA 11.0 µg/dl (range 2-14), SCr 88.5 µmol/l (range 47-136), phosphorus 1.41 mmol/l (range 0.8-2.2) and TT4 32.0 nmol/l (range 17-51). Median USG was 1.057 (range 1.035-1.076), mid-sagittal left kidney length was 3.50 cm (range 2.94-4.45) and mid-sagittal right kidney length was 3.70 cm (range 3.06-4.55). The derived RI for urine KIM-1 was 0.02-0.68. USG was a significant (P <0.001) predictor of urine KIM-1. Individually, age, sex, blood pressure, BCS, SDMA, SCr, phosphorus, TT4 and mid-sagittal kidney length were not significant predictors of urine KIM-1. In a multivariate model, if combined with USG, SDMA concentration was predictive (P = 0.030) of urine KIM-1. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Urine concentration was significantly correlated with urine KIM-1, which will be an important consideration when interpreting findings in cats with potential kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori Brown
- Mississauga Oakville Veterinary Emergency Hospital, Oakville, ON, Canada
| | - Alice Defarges
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Appleby
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Marynissen S, Junius G, Van den Steen E, Patteet L, Duchateau L, Croubels S, Daminet S, Paepe D. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine in older dogs: Reference interval and comparison of a gold standard method with the ELISA. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:960-970. [PMID: 38240346 PMCID: PMC10937498 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is used to screen for renal dysfunction in dogs. The gold standard technique for measuring SDMA, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is not widely available. Age-specific reference intervals for SDMA in older dogs are lacking. OBJECTIVES Prospective study in older dogs to validate a commercially available LC-MS/MS method for SDMA, compare SDMA concentrations with concentrations measured using ELISA and obtain a reference interval (RI) for older dogs using both methods. ANIMALS Client-owned older dogs undergoing health screening. METHODS The LC-MS/MS method was analytically validated (limit of detection, precision, and linearity). Serum was sent cooled overnight for ELISA or was frozen at -80°C until batch analysis using LC-MS/MS. Results of LC-MS/MS and ELISA were compared and RIs for older dogs were calculated according to international guidelines. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method showed good linearity (r2 = .99) and precision (coefficient of variation <10%), with a laboratory RI between 8.0 and 14.0 μg/dL. Paired measurements were available from 118 different dogs. Median SDMA concentration were 9.4 (range, 5.0-21.2) using LC-MS/MS and 12.0 (range, 5.0-22.0) μg/dL using ELISA. Both methods significantly differed with a mean difference of 2.2 μg/dL. The RI for older dogs for LC-MS/MS was 4.4-15.0 μg/dL, and for ELISA was 6.4-17.4 μg/dL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The ELISA provided significantly higher SDMA concentrations compared to the validated LC-MS/MS method, indicating the need for device- or assay-specific RI. The obtained age-specific RI for SDMA is considerably higher in older dogs compared to the general laboratory RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Guedes PEB, Pinto TM, Corrêa JMX, Niella RV, dos Anjos CM, de Oliveira JNS, Marques CSDC, de Souza SS, da Silva EB, de Lavor MSL. Efficacy of Preemptive Analgesia with Amantadine for Controlling Postoperative Pain in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:643. [PMID: 38396611 PMCID: PMC10886337 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the preemptive administration of amantadine on postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy and its influence on the physiological parameters. Twenty healthy domestic cats scheduled to undergo ovariohysterectomy at the Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, were divided into two groups: the control group (Group C; n = 10) and the amantadine group (Group A; n = 10). The cats in Group C received placebo capsules 30 min prior to the standard anesthetic protocol, whereas those in Group A received 5 mg/kg of amantadine orally 30 min prior to the standard anesthetic protocol. Postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analog scale and the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional scale for the evaluation of postoperative pain in cats. The administration of amantadine had no effect on the physiological parameters evaluated. The pain scores in Group A were lower than those in Group C, indicating that the frequency of rescue analgesic administration cats in Group A was lower. That way, preemptive oral administration of amantadine at a dose of 5 mg/kg was effective at controlling postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Moreover, no adverse effects or alterations in the physiological patterns were observed in the treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Taísa Miranda Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Janaína Maria Xavier Corrêa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Raquel Vieira Niella
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Carolina Moreira dos Anjos
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Jéssica Natália Silva de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Claire Souza da Costa Marques
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Sophia Saraiva de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil; (P.E.B.G.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.X.C.); (R.V.N.); (C.M.d.A.); (J.N.S.d.O.); (C.S.d.C.M.); (S.S.d.S.)
| | - Elisângela Barboza da Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - Mário Sérgio Lima de Lavor
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
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Casas C, Dye C. Comparison of Thames Medical CAT+ Doppler and SunTech Vet 20 oscillometric devices for non-invasive blood pressure measurement in conscious cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231216350. [PMID: 38381465 PMCID: PMC10911307 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231216350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A comparative assessment of systolic blood pressure (BP) measurement agreement and precision in two commonly used non-invasive BP devices was carried out in conscious cats. METHODS Systolic BP measurements were obtained from 50 conscious cats as part of their clinical investigations. All measurements were taken by the same operator and were performed according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus guidelines. The same cuff location and cuff size were used for paired measurements. The order of device use was randomised, and an arousal score was assigned during each procedure. Precision was assessed using standard deviation and coefficient of variance comparisons. Agreement was assessed using graphical and statistical comparisons of derived 'delta mean' and 'mean of means' data. RESULTS A total of 50 cats aged between 3 months and 15 years were enrolled (29 domestic shorthair, seven domestic longhair, three British Shorthair, two Ragdoll, two Sphynx, two Persian, one Siamese, one Burmese, one Russian Blue, one Maine Coon and one Oriental) with a body weight in the range of 1.2-6.2 kg. BP measurements were in the range of 95-179 mmHg. Oscillometric measurements were associated with lower arousal scores. The Doppler device demonstrated superior repeatability precision. Body weight, sex, cuff size, cuff location, arousal score and the order in which the devices were used had no significant effect on precision or agreement. Correlation between the two devices was 0.0837 and agreement was considered clinically acceptable (<10 mmHg) in 32/50 (64%) cats. Of the 18 cats with suboptimal agreement, the oscillometric mean BP was higher in 14 (78%) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on this study sample, suboptimal agreement between paired CAT+ Doppler and SunTech Vet20 oscillometric BP measurements in 36% of conscious cats suggests that these devices should not be used interchangeably. Compared with Doppler, oscillometric measurements were consistently higher, particularly at higher blood pressures. Further studies are required to assess which device has superior accuracy in conscious cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Casas
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, IVC Evidensia, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - Charlotte Dye
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, IVC Evidensia, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
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Denenberg S, Machin KL, Landsberg GM. Behavior and Cognition of the Senior Cat and Its Interaction with Physical Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:153-168. [PMID: 37865588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
In cats, age-related pathologic condition and neurologic degeneration can produce changes in activity, vocalization, appearance, appetite, litter box use, sleep-wake cycle, personality, and cognitive ability. These changes can influence the relationship between owner and pet. Although cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) can cause altered behavior later in life, other medical or behavioral causes may mimic these clinical signs or complicate diagnosis. Management and treatment of CDS can be accomplished through pharmacologic intervention, diet and nutritional supplementation, and environmental enrichment aimed at slowing the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Denenberg
- North Toronto Veterinary Behaviour Specialty Clinic, 8705 Yonge Street, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 6Z1, Canada.
| | - Karen L Machin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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Reynolds BS, Chetboul V, Elliott J, Laxalde J, Nguyen P, Testault I, Dorso L, Abadie J, Lefebvre HP, Biourge V. Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:285-299. [PMID: 38084870 PMCID: PMC10800216 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk. OBJECTIVE Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial). ANIMALS Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]). METHODS Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Unité de cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), CHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinare d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris‐Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM UniversitéOnirisNantesFrance
| | | | - Laëticia Dorso
- Centre hospitalier Univesitaire VétérinaireOnirisNantesFrance
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Fulton EA, Weir W, Czopowicz M, McBrearty AR. The relationships between sediment findings and culture results and the presence of proteinuria in canine urine samples. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:749-758. [PMID: 37632274 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess relationships between urine sediment and microbial culture findings and the presence of proteinuria in canine urine samples, and to assess the change in the percentage of proteinuric samples and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio when urine abnormalities resolve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Canine urine samples collected via cystocentesis and submitted for culture and contemporaneous urinalysis (including urine protein-to-creatinine ratio) were retrospectively identified. Dogs receiving corticosteroids were excluded. Associations between haematuria (red blood cells>5/high-power field), pyuria (white blood cells>5/high-power field), presence of microorganisms on microscopy, active sediment, and positive culture and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio>0.5) were investigated. Patient characteristics were considered possible confounders. In dogs with repeat urinalysis, the associations between active sediment and positive culture resolution on proteinuria and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio were assessed. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-two of 491 samples were proteinuric (39.1%). Age was positively associated with proteinuria. In the multivariable analysis corrected for age, active sediment was the only variable significantly associated with proteinuria (adjusted odds ratio: 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.44 to 3.11); however, only 49.8% of samples with active sediment were proteinuric. Neither resolution of active sediment nor positive culture were associated with reduced proportions of proteinuric samples (from 57.9% to 42.1% and from 40.0% to 25.0%, respectively) or significant reductions in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (median change: -0.16 and -0.14, respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Attributing proteinuria to urinalysis abnormalities or a positive urine culture in canine cystocentesis samples is not supported by our findings, and could result in alternative causes of proteinuria (e.g. renal proteinuria) being overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fulton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - W Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - M Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A R McBrearty
- The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital and Vets Now, Glasgow, Scotland
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11
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da Cruz Schaefer G, de Mattos Brose M, Herrera Becerra JR, Bernhardt Rovaris I, Peixoto da Silva Mello F, Schneck Simão B, de Faria Valle S, Poletto Ferreira M, Vieira Amorim da Costa F. Comparison of serum creatinine, point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine and renal imaging with glomerular filtration rate measured by renal scintigraphy in healthy and early chronic kidney diseased cats. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1845-1859. [PMID: 37133704 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate routinely used tests to diagnose cats in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to describe a model for evaluating these variables simultaneously. Apparently healthy cats were screened using serum creatinine (sCr), point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine (POC SDMA), urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) and imaging evaluation. Those parameters were compared to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessed by renal scintigraphy. Forty-four cats were included and consisted of 14 (31.8%) healthy cats (absence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL), 20 (45.5%) cats classified as CKD I (presence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL) and ten (22.7%) as CKD II (sCr equal to or greater than 1.6 mg/dL, with or without abnormalities in renal morphology). A large number (40.9%) of apparently healthy cats presented reduction in GFR, which included half of CKD I patients. Point-of-care SDMA was not a good predictor for decreased GFR, nor was it correlated with the variables GFR and sCr. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in CKD I and II groups in comparison with healthy cats, but there was no significant difference between the CKD I and II groups. Multivariate logistic regression model identified three variables that affected the odds of a cat having decreased GFR (< 2.5 mL/min/kg): sCr (OR = 18.3; p = 0.019; CI = 1.6-207.2), and the ultrasonographic findings 'reduced corticomedullary definition' (OR = 19.9; p = 0.022; CI = 1.6-254.0) and 'irregular contour' (OR = 65.6; p = 0.003; CI = 4.2-1038.2). Renal ultrasonography evaluation should always be considered for screening early CKD in apparently healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Cruz Schaefer
- Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mariana de Mattos Brose
- Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Herrera Becerra
- Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Inácio Bernhardt Rovaris
- Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Schneck Simão
- Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stella de Faria Valle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcio Poletto Ferreira
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Peterson ME, Rishniw M. Urine concentrating ability in cats with hyperthyroidism: Influence of radioiodine treatment, masked azotemia, and iatrogenic hypothyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2039-2051. [PMID: 37668163 PMCID: PMC10658547 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroid cats often have urine specific gravity (USG) values <1.035. It remains unclear how USG changes after treatment, if USG can be used to predict azotemia after treatment, or how iatrogenic hypothyroidism influences USG values. OBJECTIVES To determine the proportion of hyperthyroid cats with USG <1.035 vs ≥1.035; if USG changes after treatment; and whether USG <1.035 correlated with unmasking of azotemia or hypothyroidism. ANIMALS Six hundred fifty-five hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine; 190 clinically normal cats. METHODS Prospective, before-and-after study. Hyperthyroid cats had serum thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and creatinine concentrations, and USG measured before and 6 months after successful treatment with radioiodine. RESULTS Of untreated hyperthyroid cats, USG was ≥1.035 in 346 (52.8%) and <1.035 in 309 (47.2%). After treatment, 279/346 (80.6%) maintained USG ≥1.035, whereas 67/346 (19.4%) became <1.035; 272/309 (88%) maintained USG <1.035, whereas 37/309 (12%) became ≥1.035. Only 22/346 (6.4%) with USG ≥1.035 developed azotemia after treatment, compared with 136/309 (44%) with <1.035 (P < .001). Of cats remaining nonazotemic, 38% had USG <1.035, compared with 20% of normal cats (P < .001). The 137 cats with iatrogenic hypothyroidism had lower USG after treatment than did 508 euthyroid cats (1.024 vs 1.035), but USGs did not change after levothyroxine supplementation. USG <1.035 had high sensitivity (86.1%) but moderate specificity (65.2%) in predicting azotemia after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hyperthyroidism appears not to affect USG in cats. However, cats with evidence of sub-optimal concentrating ability before radioiodine treatment (USG < 1.035) are more likely to develop azotemia and unmask previously occult chronic kidney disease. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism itself did not appear to affect USG values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Peterson
- Animal Endocrine Clinic, 21 West 100th StreetNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Veterinary Information NetworkDavisCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Biscop A, Paepe D. Biological variation of urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2261-2268. [PMID: 37828720 PMCID: PMC10658522 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory results are influenced by presence and severity of disease, as well as preanalytical factors, analytical variation, and biological variation. Biological variation data for urinary protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG) in cats are lacking. OBJECTIVES Determine the biological variation of UPC and USG in cats. ANIMALS Eighty healthy client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Urine was collected on days 0, 14, and 56 from all 80 cats to investigate the persistence of borderline or overt proteinuria or suboptimal urine concentration. In 15 of these cats, urine was collected weekly from day 0 to 42 to calculate the index of individuality (II) and reference change value (RCV), and on days 56 and 57 to evaluate day-to-day variability of UPC and USG. RESULTS Borderline or overt proteinuria (UPC ≥0.2) was present in 18/80 (23%) cats at baseline and persisted on 3 occasions in 2 months in 8/18 (44%) cats. Urine concentration was suboptimal at inclusion (USG <1.035) in 8/80 (10%) cats and at all 3 time points during 2 months in 3/8 (38%) cats. The II of UPC and USG indicated intermediate individuality. The 1-sided RCV was 82% for UPC and 36% for USG. Proteinuria substage was identical on 2 consecutive days in 13/15 (87%) cats, and urine concentrating ability remained the same in all 15 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A >82% increase in UPC in a healthy cat is not solely attributable to physiological and analytical variation. For USG, a decrease of >36% is considered clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Small Animal DepartmentGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research CenterGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Ann Biscop
- Small Animal DepartmentGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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14
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Mortier F, van Leeuwenberg R, Daminet S, Paepe D. Determination of age-specific reference intervals for selected serum and urinary biomarkers in elderly cats. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231207492. [PMID: 37991462 PMCID: PMC10812001 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Annual health screening is recommended in elderly cats to allow the early detection of conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperthyroidism. Nevertheless, age-specific reference intervals (RIs) for renal and thyroid parameters in this population are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine age-specific RIs for selected serum and urine biomarkers related to CKD and hyperthyroidism, namely serum creatinine (sCr), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), phosphate (P), total calcium (tCa), total thyroxine (TT4), urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG). These RIs were established for elderly cats (aged ⩾7 years) in general, as well as for mature adult cats (aged 7-10 years) and senior cats (aged >10 years) separately. METHODS A prospective study was conducted on client-owned cats aged ⩾7 years and considered healthy by their owners. The cats were screened to rule out metabolic and systemic diseases by means of a thorough history, complete physical examination, blood examination and urinalysis. The data from 206 healthy elderly cats (134 mature adult and 72 senior cats) were included. Age-appropriate RIs were determined following the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology and compared with existing laboratory RIs. RESULTS Clinically relevant differences between the age-specific RI and the laboratory RI were found for several variables. Compared with the laboratory RI, the upper limit of the RI for cats aged ⩾7 years was lower for sCr, TT4 and P, and higher for SDMA. The lower limit of the age-appropriate RI was lower for USG. The new RI was almost identical to the existing laboratory RI for tCa and UPC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using age-specific RIs for renal and thyroid biomarkers in mature adult and senior cats has important clinical consequences for the interpretation of health screening results in elderly cats. This confirms the need to adapt laboratory RIs to the specific animal population for which the RI will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Femke Mortier DVM, Diplomate ECVIM-CA, Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen 9820, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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15
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Knies M, Kooistra HS, Teske E. Prevalence of persistent hypertension and situational hypertension in a population of elderly cats in The Netherlands. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231172629. [PMID: 37278217 PMCID: PMC10811978 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231172629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic arterial hypertension is increasingly recognised and can have serious adverse consequences in cats. Unfortunately, the act of measuring blood pressure itself may cause an increase in blood pressure, known as situational hypertension. It is currently unknown how often this phenomenon occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of persistent hypertension and situational hypertension in an elderly population of cats in a first-opinion clinic and to assess which factors were associated with systolic hypertension. METHODS In this prospective study, systolic blood pressure was measured in 185 cats aged ⩾10 years using the Doppler sphygmomanometry method according to the recommendations of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement. Age, sex, body weight, body condition score, position during blood pressure measurement and apparent stress level were assessed. If a systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg was found, measurements were repeated to evaluate if persistent hypertension or situational hypertension was present. The first set of blood pressure measurements were used for all the statistical analyses. RESULTS The median systolic blood pressure for this population was 140 mmHg. The prevalence of persistent hypertension was at least 14.6% and situational hypertension at least 5.4%. Factors significantly associated with hypertension were age, higher apparent stress levels and a sitting position during measurement. Sex, body weight or body condition score did not significantly influence systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both persistent hypertension and situational hypertension are common in elderly cats. There are no reliable parameters to distinguish between the two, underlining the importance of a standard protocol and repeating measurements during a follow-up visit when hypertension is found. Age, demeanour and body position during blood pressure measurement influenced blood pressure in this population of elderly cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Knies
- AniCura Clinic Drechtstreek, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Demeyere K, Meyer E, Paepe D. Effect of laboratory and sample storage factors on urinary protein:creatinine ratios and clinical decision making in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1038-1046. [PMID: 37015881 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) results affect the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of chronic kidney disease in cats. OBJECTIVES To investigate the interlaboratory and intralaboratory variability and the effect of storage on UPC and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) proteinuria substaging in cats. ANIMALS Healthy and diseased client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Urine of 60 cats was randomly sent to 4 (of 9) participating laboratories (to assess interlaboratory variability) and per cat, 2 laboratories each received 2 aliquots (to determine intralaboratory variability). Samples of 23 cats were analyzed in the same laboratory the day of collection, after preservation at 22°C for 1 day and at 4°C during 1-7 days (short-term storage) and at -24°C and -80°C for 6-12 months (long-term storage). Storage conditions were compared by equivalence testing. RESULTS UPCs showed good interclass correlation (ICC-inter, 0.90) and excellent intraclass correlation (ICC-intra, 0.99). However, in 30/60 (50%) cats at least 1 of 4 laboratories assigned a different IRIS proteinuria substage. Urinary protein:creatinine ratio remained stable with short-term storage, but not after 6 months storage at -24°C and after 12 months storage at -24°C or -80°C. Long-term storage caused a change in IRIS proteinuria substage in 27% of cats, whereas a shift occurred only in 4% of cats during short-term storage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Laboratory choice for UPC measurement can result in different IRIS substaging for the same cat, whereas urine storage at room temperature for 1 day or in the refrigerator for up to 7 days does not clinically affect UPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Research Group Biochemistry Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Research Group Biochemistry Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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De Voogt C, Williams L, Stammeleer L, Peremans K, Vandermeulen E, Paepe D, Daminet S. Radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroid cats: insights into the characteristics of owners and their cats, and owner motivation and perceptions. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X221150191. [PMID: 36744573 PMCID: PMC10812082 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221150191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radioiodine (131I) therapy is the most appropriate treatment option for many hyperthyroid cats, as it is minimally invasive and often curative. Nevertheless, 131I treatment is not always pursued by owners. Hence, it is important to obtain more insight into owner satisfaction during and after 131I treatment, and their decision-making process. In this study, we describe the characteristics of owners and their hyperthyroid cats referred for 131I therapy, and determine owners' motivation and how they experienced the 131I treatment of their cat. METHODS A survey was sent to owners whose cats underwent 131I therapy (n = 1071) between 2010 and 2017 at Ghent University. The survey contained 35 questions with tick-box or free-text answer options concerning family situation, pet insurance, previous therapy, comorbidities, motivation for 131I therapy and owner perception of this treatment. RESULTS In total, 438 owners completed 94% or more of the questionnaire. Over half of the cats (55%) had received previous medical, dietary or surgical treatment. Motivations for changing the initial therapy to 131I therapy included difficulties in administering medication (31%), insufficient improvement in clinical signs (23%), side effects (16%) and following the referring veterinarian's advice (16%). Almost a fifth of owners (18%) were not informed about the existence of 131I therapy by their veterinarian and found information on 131I treatment online or through friends. Hospitalising their cat was very distressing for 17% of owners. Most owners (92%) were satisfied with the treatment. Reasons for dissatisfaction were insufficient communication, iatrogenic hypothyroidism, persistent hyperthyroidism and comorbidities post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our study stresses the importance of communication regarding the possible outcome of 131I treatment, the importance of managing underlying comorbidities before treatment and anticipating the stress of owners during their cat's hospitalisation period. The results of this study could help in improving client communication when advising on 131I treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianie Williams
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Kongtasai T, Paepe D, Mortier F, Marynissen S, Meyer E, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in clinically healthy elderly cats: Evaluation of its potential to detect IRIS stage 1 chronic kidney disease and borderline proteinuria. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:3-12. [PMID: 36418182 PMCID: PMC9856989 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) is a promising biomarker to detect early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. Few healthy cats show increased uL-FABP for unknown reasons. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate uL-FABP in a large healthy elderly cat population comparing cats with and without International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1 CKD and with and without borderline proteinuria. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. One hundred ninety-six clinically healthy client-owned cats of ≥7 years old were subdivided based on two criteria: (1) having either IRIS stage 1 CKD or no evidence of CKD and (2) having borderline proteinuria or no proteinuria. Urinary L-FABP was measured using a validated commercially available feline L-FABP ELISA. RESULTS Overall, uL-FABP was detectable in 6/196 (3%) healthy elderly cats. For the first subdivision, nine (5%) cats had IRIS stage 1 CKD, 184 cats had no evidence CKD and three cats were excluded. All cats with IRIS stage 1 CKD had uL-FABP concentrations below the detection limit, whereas 6/184 (3%) cats without IRIS stage 1 CKD had detectable uL-FABP concentrations (median 1.79 ng/ml, range 0.79-3.66 ng/ml). For the second subdivision, 47 (24%) cats had borderline proteinuria, 147 cats had no proteinuria and two cats were excluded. One of the borderline proteinuric cats had a detectable uL-FABP concentration, whereas the other five cats with detectable uL-FABP concentrations were non-proteinuric. CONCLUSION With the current assay, the screening potential of uL-FABP as an early biomarker for feline CKD is limited as uL-FABP was rarely detected in clinically healthy elderly cats independently of the presence of either IRIS stage 1 CKD or borderline proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirawut Kongtasai
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of PharmacologyToxicology and BiochemistryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of NutritionGenetics and EthologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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19
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Sparkes A, Garelli-Paar C, Blondel T, Guillot E. 'The Mercury Challenge': feline systolic blood pressure in primary care practice - a European survey. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e310-e323. [PMID: 35757930 PMCID: PMC9511504 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to collect data from a substantial number of older cats having their systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured in a variety of clinical practices, to describe the findings and assess variables that affected the duration of assessment and the values obtained. METHODS An international (European-based) multicentre convenience sample survey of cats ⩾7 years of age attending veterinary clinics and having SBP measured as part of their clinical assessment. Information gathered included details of the cat, concomitant disease(s) or therapies, SBP results, device used, time taken to assess SBP and the demeanor of the cat. RESULTS Useable data were available from 8884 cats aged 7-26 years, from 811 clinics across 16 countries. The device used to measure SBP was Doppler in 47.4% and oscillometry in 48.5%. The demeanor of the cat was reported to be calm in 45.7%, anxious in 41.9% and nervous in 8.9%; and the duration of assessment was reported to be <5 mins in 50.4%, 5-10 minutes in 41.7% and >10 mins in 7.9%. Concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD) was reported in 21.8%, hyperthyroidism in 12.0% or both in 3.1%. The median SBP was 150 mmHg (range 80-310), with 18.6% classified as hypertensive (SBP 160-179 mmHg) and 21.1% as severely hypertensive (SBP ⩾180 mmHg). The measured SBP was significantly affected by the cat's demeanor, duration of SBP assessment, presence of CKD and/or hyperthyroidism, the cat's sex and age, and the presence of concomitant therapy. The duration of SBP assessment was significantly affected by the cat's demeanor. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In veterinary clinics, SBP can be measured in most cats within a short period of time using either Doppler or oscillometric equipment. The presence of CKD or hyperthyroidism was associated with significantly higher SBP values, and anxious or nervous cats had higher SBP values and took longer to obtain SBP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sparkes
- Simply Feline Veterinary Consultancy, Shaftesbury, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Thomas Blondel
- Innovation and Development, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France
| | - Emilie Guillot
- Companion Animal Franchise, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France
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20
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Dowgray N, Pinchbeck G, Eyre K, Biourge V, Comerford E, German AJ. Aging in Cats: Owner Observations and Clinical Finding in 206 Mature Cats at Enrolment to the Cat Prospective Aging and Welfare Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859041. [PMID: 35445099 PMCID: PMC9014291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six cats, aged between 7 and 10 years, from the North-west of the UK, were enrolled in a cat aging and welfare study to determine the frequency of age-related conditions and associations with husbandry, owner observations of physical appearance, activity and behavior. This is the largest study to date of mature cats that includes data from an owner questionnaire and clinical examinations. At enrolment, owners frequently reported physical changes (53%), behavioral changes (47%), changes to eating patterns (41%), and activity changes (40%) in their mature cats. On physical examination, 45% cats were in overweight condition and 12% were obese. A heart murmur was detected in 29% cats, whilst indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mmHg in 5% cats. Dental disease was present in 54% cats and was associated with a matted hair coat (P = 0.01), increased sleeping (P = 0.02), absence of gray hairs (P = 0.03), and increased irritability to other pets (P = 0.04). Abnormalities were evident in 58% of cats that allowed an orthopedic examination (OE) to be performed. These cats were older than cats with a normal OE (P = 0.01), and abnormal OE findings were associated with a matted coat (P = 0.03) and increased grooming (P = 0.04). Aazotaemia was present in 10% cats, and this was associated with cats being observed to “sniff their food and then walk away” (P = 0.04). Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3% cats, who were older (P = 0.02), had a leaner BCS (P = 0.02) and lesser blood creatinine concentrations (P = 0.01). Hyperthyroid cats were also more likely to have increased liver enzyme activity and increased SBP (P = <0.001) compared with non-hyperthyroid cats. Of the 176 cats where all clinical assessments were conducted, only 12% had no evidence of any disease. Clinical abnormalities are commonly identified when thorough, clinical assessments are performed in mature pet cats visiting primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dowgray
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Cat Care, Tisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Eyre
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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da Costa JC, Coe JB, Blois SL, Stone EA. Twenty-five components of a baseline, best-practice companion animal physical exam established by a panel of experts. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:923-930. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To establish the components of a best-practice, baseline companion animal physical exam (CAPE).
SAMPLE
25 small animal veterinary internists and 20 small animal primary care veterinarians, all teaching the CAPE at veterinary colleges in the US, Canada, and Australia.
PROCEDURES
Using the Delphi Method of Consensus, 3 rounds of online questionnaires were sent to participants. The first round included demographic questions, questions about teaching the physical exam, and an open-ended question allowing participants to record details of how they conduct a CAPE. In the second round, participants were asked to rate components of the CAPE, which were derived from round 1, as “always examine,” “only examine as needed,” or “undecided.” Following round 2, any component not reaching 90% consensus (set a priori) for the response “always examine” was put forth in round 3, with a summary of comments from the round 2 participants for each remaining component.
RESULTS
35 components of a baseline CAPE were identified from round 1. The 25 components that reached 90% consensus by the end of round 3 were checking the oral cavity, nose, eyes, ears, heart, pulse rate, pulse quality, pulse synchrony, lungs, respiratory rate, lymph nodes, abdomen, weight, body condition score, mucous membranes, capillary refill time, general assessment, masses, haircoat, skin, hydration, penis and testicles or vulva, neck, limbs, and, in cats only, thyroid glands.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The findings establish an expert panel’s consensus on 25 components of a baseline, best-practice CAPE that can be used to help inform veterinary curricula, future research, and the practice of veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. da Costa
- 1Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B. Coe
- 1Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shauna L. Blois
- 2Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- 2Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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22
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Van Poucke M, Van Renterghem E, Peterson ME, van den Berg MF, Stock E, Peelman LJ, Daminet S. Association of recessive c.430G>A (p.(Gly144Arg)) thyroid peroxidase variant with primary congenital hypothyroidism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1597-1606. [PMID: 36054182 PMCID: PMC9511070 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a rare endocrine disorder in cats with a largely unknown genetic cause. OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical presentation of CH in 11 affected cats and identify the causal genetic variant. ANIMALS Eleven CH-cats from 10 unrelated families, 11 CH-free family members, 21 unrelated CH-free cats, and 155 unrelated nondiagnosed cats from different breeds. METHODS Case control study of CH-cats and their siblings (2019-2021). Diagnosis was based on low to low-normal serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations, high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and clinical signs compatible with CH. We identified the causal variant using Sanger sequencing, genotyping via PCR-RFLP and variant interpretation using ACMG/AMP guidelines. RESULTS All CH-cats (5 weeks-8 years) had disproportionate dwarfism. A goiter was not palpable in all. Thyroid scintigraphy with radiopertechnetate showed abnormally high uptake by thyroid glands, whereas scintigraphy with radioiodine showed abnormally low uptake, compatible with a defect in iodine organification by thyroid peroxidase (TPO). All cases were homozygous for TPO variant XM_006930524.4:c.430G>A(p.(Gly144Arg)), while none of the CH-free cats were. All sampled parents were heterozygous for this recessive variant. This variant was found in 15 cat breeds with an estimated allele frequency of 9%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Disproportionate dwarfism, abnormally high TSH and abnormally low to low-normal T4 concentrations are diagnostic for CH in cats. All cases had dyshormonogenesis demonstrated by thyroid scintigraphy. This novel TPO missense variant (not described in humans) causes CH in cats and awareness of it can assist in diagnosis and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Van Poucke
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Emilie Van Renterghem
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Marit F. van den Berg
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Luc J. Peelman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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23
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Quimby J, Erickson A, Mcleland S, Cianciolo R, Maranon D, Lunn K, Elliott J, Lawson J, Hess A, Paschall R, Bailey S. Renal Senescence, Telomere Shortening and Nitrosative Stress in Feline Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120314. [PMID: 34941841 PMCID: PMC8703545 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney tissues from cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) and adult and senior cats without CKD were assessed to determine whether telomere shortening and nitrosative stress are associated with senescence in feline CKD. The histopathologic assessment of percent global glomerulosclerosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and fibrosis was performed. Senescence and nitrosative stress were evaluated utilizing p16 and iNOS immunohistochemistry, respectively. Renal telomere length was evaluated using telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry. CKD cats were found to have significantly increased p16 staining in both the renal cortex and corticomedullary junction compared to adult and senior cats. Senior cats had significantly increased p16 staining in the corticomedullary junction compared to adult cats. p16 staining in both the renal cortex and corticomedullary junction were found to be significantly correlated with percent global glomerulosclerosis, cortical inflammatory infiltrate, and fibrosis scores. p16 staining also correlated with age in non-CKD cats. Average telomere length was significantly decreased in CKD cats compared to adult and senior cats. CKD cats had significantly increased iNOS staining compared to adult cats. Our results demonstrate increased renal senescence, telomere shortening, and nitrosative stress in feline CKD, identifying these patients as potential candidates for senolytic therapy with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-3551
| | - Andrea Erickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.); (R.P.)
| | - Shannon Mcleland
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.); (R.C.)
| | - David Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521-1618, USA; (D.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Katharine Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-0001, USA;
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London E16 2PX, UK;
| | - Jack Lawson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Ann Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521-4593, USA;
| | - Rene Paschall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.E.); (R.P.)
| | - Susan Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521-1618, USA; (D.M.); (S.B.)
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24
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Frezoulis PS, Oikonomidis IL, Saridomichelakis MN, Kasabalis D, Pappa A, Bouza-Rapti P, Chochlios T, Tsouloufi TK, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Soubasis N. Prevalence, association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and outcome of stress hyperglycaemia in sick cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:197-202. [PMID: 34796970 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of stress hyperglycaemia in sick cats, and to investigate the association of stress hyperglycaemia with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records (2004 to 2013) from sick cats admitted to the Medicine Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were enrolled if a serum glucose measurement and a complete medical record were available. Cats that were healthy, hypoglycaemic, diabetic, sedated or had a previous administration of drugs (apart from vaccination and deworming) were excluded. RESULTS The study included 647 cats; stress hyperglycaemia (serum glucose >8.3 mmol/L) was found in 194 (30%) cats, while 453 (70%) cats were normoglycaemic. The prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was significantly higher in cats with stress hyperglycaemia (25/174, 14.4%) compared to normoglycaemic cats (26/399, 6.5%). Significantly, more cats with stress hyperglycaemia were hospitalised [97/194 (50.0%)] compared to normoglycaemic cats [171/453 (37.7%)]. However, the median duration of hospitalisation was not significantly different [4 (1 to 26) days and 4 (1 to 24) days, respectively]. The prevalence of cats with negative outcome was not significantly different between the two groups (cats with stress hyperglycaemia: 37.1%, normoglycaemic cats: 33.9%). Nonetheless, when modelling of outcome prediction included breed, age, stress hyperglycaemia and disease category as factors, cats with stress hyperglycaemia had 2.8 times the odds to have a negative outcome (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 6.4). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on the cut-off employed in this study, Stress hyperglycaemia, as defined by the cut-off is common in sick cats. Stress hyperglycaemia is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome development and seem to be a negative prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Frezoulis
- Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Essex, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - I L Oikonomidis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - D Kasabalis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Pappa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Bouza-Rapti
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Chochlios
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T K Tsouloufi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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López MC, Aybar V, Zatelli A, Vila A, Vega JJ, Hernando E, Jiménez A, Roura X. Is proteinuria a rare condition in apparently healthy and sick cats? A feline practice experience (2007-2018). Open Vet J 2021; 11:508-516. [PMID: 34722216 PMCID: PMC8541710 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Proteinuria is assumed to be less frequent in cats than in dogs and is mainly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate and compare urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) values retrospectively in cats visited for comprehensive annual health check or for presenting systemic clinical signs related to CKD. Methods: UPC ratio was retrospectively evaluated in 112 owned cats, out of which 51 (45.5%) were apparently healthy cats according to their owners who visited for comprehensive annual health checks and 61 (54.5%) sick cats, presenting systemic clinical signs suggesting CKD, such as weight loss or polyuria/polydipsia, among others. Results: Based on UPC, the present study found that 54.5% of all cats included were borderline proteinuric or proteinuric, having increased UPC (UPC ≥ 0.2), with 35.7% included in the sick group and 18.7% in the health-check group. Increased UPC was also statistically associated with azotemia and isosthenuria (urinary-specific gravity between 1,008 and 1,035) in both sick and health-check groups of cats. Conclusion: Independent of the reason for their medical visit, it could be concluded that borderline proteinuria and proteinuria were statistically mainly related to CKD in cats. Furthermore, the measurement of UPC could be very useful in the detection and management of CKD in apparently healthy cats during a medical visit for annual health check irrespective of the age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina López
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Anna Vila
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente Mártir, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eduard Hernando
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente Mártir, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Facultat de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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26
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Vrijsen E, Devriendt N, Mortier F, Stock E, Van Goethem B, de Rooster H. Complications and survival after subcutaneous ureteral bypass device placement in 24 cats: a retrospective study (2016-2019). J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:759-769. [PMID: 33231515 PMCID: PMC10812192 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20975374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to document survival, complications and risk factors for the development of complications and mortality prior to discharge after placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device in cats. METHODS The medical records of cats with SUB placement between January 2016 and August 2019 were retrospectively analysed. The development of complications (overall, intraoperative, perioperative, short- and long-term complications) and risk factors for mortality prior to discharge were statistically assessed with univariate binary logistic regression. All variables with a P value ⩽0.10 in the univariate analysis were assessed in a multivariate model. Variables were significant if P <0.05. RESULTS Twenty-four cats were included; 12 (50.0%) received a unilateral SUB, 11 (45.8%) a bilateral nephrostomy tube with single cystostomy catheter and the remaining cat (4.2%) two unilateral SUBs. Nearly 80% of the cats developed complications, ranging from mild to fatal, including (partial) SUB obstruction (33.3% of complications), lower urinary tract infection (20.8%), pyelonephritis (20.8%) and sterile cystitis (12.5%). Five cats (20.8%) died prior to discharge. Six cats (25.0%) underwent revision surgery. The overall median survival time (MST) was 274 days (range 1-311 days). Complications were most common in the long-term period (14/16 cats), followed by the short-term (9/18 cats), perioperative (10/23 cats) and intraoperative (4/24 cats) periods. Older cats had an increased risk for developing perioperative complications (P = 0.045) and were less likely to survive to discharge (P = 0.033). An increased haematocrit at presentation was a risk factor for the occurrence of short-term complications (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although complications similar to those previously described were observed, the complication rate was higher and the MST shorter than previously reported in cats undergoing SUB placement. Despite good short-term survival, the development of complications may necessitate regular and intensive control visits. Owners that consider SUB placement should be informed that follow-up can be strenuous and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Vrijsen
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equidae), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | | | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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McKenzie BA. Rational use of diagnostic and screening tests. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1016-1021. [PMID: 34196003 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians have a vast and ever-expanding array of diagnostic tests available to them. However, this abundance can be an embarrassment of riches that confounds diagnosis and undermines patient care if we do not make critical and informed decisions about the selection and interpretation of the tests we employ. Effective use of diagnostic tests requires a deliberate and informed approach. We must consider the strengths and weaknesses of the tests themselves and the clinical context, and we must be wary of the many biases that skew our use and interpretation of diagnostic tests. Understanding sensitivity and specificity, likelihood, prevalence and predictive value, the basic principles of Bayesian reasoning, and the cognitive biases that drive inappropriate testing are all critical to ensuring our use of imaging and laboratory testing improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A McKenzie
- Adobe Animal Hospital, 4470 El Camino Real, Los Altos, CA, 94022, USA
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28
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Jones E, Palmieri C, Thompson M, Jackson K, Allavena R. Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Comparative Potential. J Comp Pathol 2021; 185:18-29. [PMID: 34119228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a debilitating disease in humans, particularly women, with patients experiencing chronic, intractable, lower urinary and pelvic pain. Although rodent models have been used, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a naturally occurring bladder disease of cats that is frequently considered to be the preferred model for BPS. Histologically, FIC is most similar to the non-Hunner BPS subtype. Histology is unnecessary for the clinical diagnosis of FIC but is of great value in elucidating the pathogenesis of this disease so that prevention and therapeutic interventions can be optimized. Further study of the histological features of FIC and BPS is required to determine the significance of Von Brunn's nests, which are invaginations of hyperplastic urothelium that have been associated with irritative bladder stimuli in animals and have been observed in FIC. We review the possible pathogenesis, histopathological similarities and differences between FIC and BPS, and highlight the potential of FIC as a model of BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Jackson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Gil-Morales C, Costa M, Tennant K, Hibbert A. Incidence of microcytosis in hyperthyroid cats referred for radioiodine treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:928-935. [PMID: 33464144 PMCID: PMC8474309 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20983973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to document the incidence of erythrocyte microcytosis in a population of hyperthyroid cats referred for radioiodine (RAI) treatment. Microcytosis has been observed but not described in feline hyperthyroid patients and is associated with hyperthyroidism in humans. METHODS Retrospective clinicopathological data were collected for cats undergoing RAI between January and December 2017. Microcytosis was defined as mean cell volume (MCV) <41.3 fl using the ADVIA 2120 haematology analyser (Siemens) and identified on blood smear examination by a haematology laboratory scientist or board-certified specialist in veterinary clinical pathology. Hyperthyroidism was classified as mild (total thyroxine [TT4] 60-124.9 nmol/l), moderate (TT4 125-250 nmol/l) or severe (TT4 ⩾251 nmol/l) immediately before RAI. Data were analysed descriptively and using a Pearson correlation coefficient to test the relationship between TT4 and microcytosis, and time elapsed between first diagnosis and MCV. RESULTS There were 41 female and 37 male cats with an age range of 7.2-20.8 years. Most cats were non-pedigree (98.7%). Microcytosis (median MCV 39.8 fl, interquartile range 32.3-41.2) was present in 29.5% (23/78) of the cats. Of the 23 microcytic samples, 86.9% (20/23) were confirmed as such on smear examination. Of mildly, moderately and severely hyperthyroid cats, 23% (6/26), 28.1% (9/32) and 40% (8/20) were microcytic, respectively. Two microcytic cats had low red blood cell counts (<6 × 1012/l) and low haemoglobin concentration (<8.2 g/dl). There was no correlation between TT4 or time elapsed from first diagnosis and MCV. Microcytosis resolved in 77.7% (7/9) of cases with follow-up. One microcytic cat had significant comorbidities (portosystemic shunt). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Microcytosis was present in a significant proportion of hyperthyroid cats, most without clinically significant comorbidities, and resolved in some following RAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gil-Morales
- School of Veterinary Sciences,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Claudia Gil-Morales DVM, MSc, MRCVS,
Langford Vets, Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford House,
Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Marta Costa
- School of Veterinary Sciences,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Angie Hibbert
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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30
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Kershaw T, Hall EJ, Dobbs P, Liptovszky M, Strong V. An Exploration of the Value of Elective Health Checks in UK Zoo-Housed Gibbons. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2307. [PMID: 33291463 PMCID: PMC7762198 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elective health checks form an important part of the preventative healthcare of many zoo-housed animals. These procedures are not without risk or financial expenditure, meaning careful cost-benefit analysis is required when determining the frequency and intensity with which they are implemented. This study evaluated the value of elective health checks (n = 74) carried out on 33 gibbons at a single UK zoological collection from 2011 to 2018. Data were categorised by health check type, animal age, clinical findings and outcome. Univariable binary logistic regression and multivariable modelling were used to identify factors associated with the likelihood of actionable (clinically significant) outcomes. In total, 51.35% of all elective health checks resulted in an actionable outcome. Elderly heath checks had 13.64 times greater odds of an actionable outcome and 34 times greater odds of a significant radiographic finding, when compared to routine (non-elderly) health checks. Our findings suggest that 75% wild longevity is a suitable threshold for identifying elderly captive gibbons and increasing health check frequency. Whilst further work is needed to ascertain whether these findings can be extrapolated to other collections and/or species, this study demonstrates how the analysis of clinical data can aid in the implementation of an effective and evidence-based preventative healthcare plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny Kershaw
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (T.K.); (E.J.H.)
| | - Emily J. Hall
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (T.K.); (E.J.H.)
| | - Phillipa Dobbs
- Twycross Zoo East Midlands Zoological Society, Burton Road, Atherstone, Warwickshire CV9 3PX, UK; (P.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Matyas Liptovszky
- Twycross Zoo East Midlands Zoological Society, Burton Road, Atherstone, Warwickshire CV9 3PX, UK; (P.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Victoria Strong
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (T.K.); (E.J.H.)
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31
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Stammeleer L, Buresova E, Stock E, Feenstra L, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Van de Maele I, Daminet S. Comparison of free thyroxine measurement by chemiluminescence and equilibrium dialysis following 131I therapy in hyperthyroid cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1114-1120. [PMID: 32228286 PMCID: PMC10814361 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20906929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first objective was to assess correlation between free thyroxine (fT4) measurements by equilibrium dialysis (fT4ED; Antech Diagnostics) and a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (fT4CEIA; IMMULITE 2000 Veterinary Free T4 [Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products]) in hyperthyroid, otherwise healthy, cats before (T0), and 1 month (T1) and 11-23 months (T2) after radioactive iodine (131I) therapy. The second objective was to determine correlation between thyroid status based on fT4 (by both techniques) and the gold standard, thyroid scintigraphy. METHODS Thyroid status, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4) and fT4 serum concentrations, were assessed in 45 client-owned hyperthyroid cats before (T0), and 1 month (T1) and 11-23 months (T2) after 131I therapy. fT4 was determined by a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) and equilibrium dialysis (ED). Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy (with sodium 99m-Tc-pertechnetate) was performed at T2. RESULTS Spearman correlation between fT4CEIA and fT4ED was 0.81, 0.88 and 0.79 at T0, T1 and T2, respectively. fT4CEIA was consistently lower than fT4ED, with a median difference of -5.4 pmol/l (P <0.001) and -4.9 pmol/l (P <0.0001) at T1 and T2, respectively. At T2, all cats were identified as euthyroid based on thyroid scintigraphy. None of the cats were identified as being hypothyroid, based on serum TT4 and TSH measurements. Nine of 22 (40.9%) cats had an fT4CEIA below the reference interval (RI) at T2, whereas only 2/22 (9.1%) cats had an fT4ED concentration below the RI at T2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Good correlation exists between both assays at T1 and T2, but a significant systematic difference is noted at both time points. This could be an indication for reconsideration of the current RI, although further studies are warranted for assessing test accuracy (in otherwise healthy cats and cats with non-thyroidal illness). At this time, routine use of fT4CEIA after 131I therapy is not advised in feline patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Buresova
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laurien Feenstra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kormpou F, Gil-Morales C, Warren-Smith C, Hibbert A. Concurrent thoracic pathology identified with radiology in hyperthyroid cats referred for radioiodine therapy. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:966-976. [PMID: 32081073 PMCID: PMC10814410 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radioiodine (RAI) treatment for hyperthyroidism is becoming increasingly available in the UK. Pretreatment assessment is commonly performed, as patient handling is limited once RAI has been administered. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of thoracic pathology using thoracic radiography in hyperthyroid cats referred for RAI treatment and to determine the value of this technique pretreatment. METHODS The hospital databases were searched for hyperthyroid cats referred for RAI treatment at the Feline Centre, Langford Vets, between January 2012 and July 2016. Radiographs were reviewed by Diplomates of the European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging at the time of treatment and each set of radiographs was subsequently reviewed by one radiologist for the study. Cardiorespiratory signs were recorded, if present, and any change in treatment plan or suitability for RAI treatment was documented. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty-two cats were included in the study. Thoracic pathology was identified in 77% (n = 194/252) of the cats, of which 59% (n = 115/194) had pulmonary abnormalities with bronchial and bronchointerstitial patterns most frequently; 57% (n = 111/194) had skeletal abnormalities and 43% (n = 84/194) had cardiac abnormalities, with mild-to-moderate cardiomegaly most prevalent. Other abnormalities included sternal lymphadenomegaly (7%; n = 13/194), mediastinal pathology (3%; n = 5/194), oesophageal pathology (2%; n = 4/194) and pleural space disease (0.5%; n = 1/194).Twelve cases (6%) had a change in their treatment plan as a result of thoracic radiographic abnormalities, of which five subsequently underwent RAI treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A low prevalence of significant thoracic pathology was identified on radiographs in hyperthyroid cats referred for RAI treatment. Incidental thoracic abnormalities were found much more commonly; hence, results of thoracic radiology need to be combined with the clinical picture, to decide whether further investigations or alterations to the treatment plan are required pre-RAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Kormpou
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Angie Hibbert
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Biourge V, Delmotte S, Feugier A, Bradley R, McAllister M, Elliott J. An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1920-1931. [PMID: 32893924 PMCID: PMC7517863 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently causes death in older cats; its early detection is challenging. OBJECTIVES To build a sensitive and specific model for early prediction of CKD in cats using artificial neural network (ANN) techniques applied to routine health screening data. ANIMALS Data from 218 healthy cats ≥7 years of age screened at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) were used for model building. Performance was tested using data from 3546 cats in the Banfield Pet Hospital records and an additional 60 RCV cats-all initially without a CKD diagnosis. METHODS Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling used a multilayer feed-forward neural network incorporating a back-propagation algorithm. Clinical variables from single cat visits were selected using factorial discriminant analysis. Independent submodels were built for different prediction time frames. Two decision threshold strategies were investigated. RESULTS Input variables retained were plasma creatinine and blood urea concentrations, and urine specific gravity. For prediction of CKD within 12 months, the model had accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 88%, 87%, 70%, 53%, and 92%, respectively. An alternative decision threshold increased specificity and PPV to 98% and 87%, but decreased sensitivity and NPV to 42% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A model was generated that identified cats in the general population ≥7 years of age that are at risk of developing CKD within 12 months. These individuals can be recommended for further investigation and monitoring more frequently than annually. Predictions were based on single visits using common clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Bradley
- Waltham Pet Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Kopecny L, Palm CA, Skorupski KA, Delgado M, Rebhun RB. Risk factors associated with progressive increases in serum creatinine concentrations in cats with cancer receiving doxorubicin. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2048-2055. [PMID: 32779764 PMCID: PMC7517847 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Azotemia occurs in cats administered doxorubicin, but risk factors have not been explored. Objective To determine incidence of progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration in cats with cancer receiving doxorubicin in single or multiagent chemotherapy protocols and associated risk factors. Animals Seventy cats with cancer receiving doxorubicin. Methods A retrospective study (2007‐2017) of cats with indices of kidney function recorded before and after doxorubicin administration was reviewed. Cats diagnosed with kidney injury because of known etiologies other than possible doxorubicin toxicosis were excluded. Variables were compared to identify risk factors. Results Mean age (±SD) was 10.9 years (±3.2). Cancer types included lymphoma (n = 36), sarcoma (n = 19) and carcinoma (n = 14). Chronic kidney disease was present in 29/70 (41%) cats before receiving doxorubicin. Of 70 cats, 24 (34%) developed an increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.3 mg/dL and 10 (14%) had an increase ≥50% from baseline. Mean time to increases in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.3 mg/dL from first administration of doxorubicin was 119.3 days (±89.7), with mean 2.8 (±1.2) doses administered. Neutropenia or anemia during chemotherapy and number of radiation therapy treatments under general anesthesia were risk factors for increases in serum creatinine concentration (P < .05). Cats receiving single agent doxorubicin had a higher likelihood of an increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline than cats receiving CHOP‐based chemotherapy protocols (OR 20.0, 95% CI 2.9‐100). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration from baseline were common in cats receiving doxorubicin and associated risk factors were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kopecny
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carrie A Palm
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mikel Delgado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Pérez-Accino J, Feo Bernabe L, Manzanilla EG, Puig J. The utility of combined urine dipstick analysis and specific gravity measurement to determine feline proteinuria. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:541-546. [PMID: 32692434 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the utility of urine dipstick strips for detection of feline proteinuria when used in combination with urine-specific gravity, compared with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical records of comprehensive urine examination obtained from cats presented to a referral hospital. Diagnostic agreement and test accuracy were calculated for the dipstick test alone and in combination with the urine-specific gravity, using different cut-off values for proteinuria. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were also calculated. RESULTS A total of 121 urine samples were included. The diagnostic agreement between dipstick and urine protein-creatinine ratio was poor. A dipstick result of equal or greater than "Trace" (0.1-0.3 g/L) had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 31% to detect proteinuria. Grouping the samples by urine-specific gravity did not increase dipstick agreement with the urine protein-creatinine ratio and only resulted in a slight improvement in the accuracy of detecting proteinuria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dipstick test was not accurate for detecting proteinuria when combined with urine-specific gravity in cats. Clinicians should not rely on this test and, regardless of the urine concentration, other appropriate quantitative methods such as urine protein-creatinine ratio should always be performed to detect proteinuria in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez-Accino
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - L Feo Bernabe
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - E G Manzanilla
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Centre, Teagasc, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Puig
- Ars Veterinaria Hospital, Carrer dels Cavallers 37, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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Abstract
Hypertension is a common problem, particularly in older cats. Hypertension secondary to a concurrent disease is the most common form of hypertension in cats, particularly in association with chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism. However, idiopathic hypertension may account for up to 24% of cases. Any form of persistent hypertension risks target organ damage (TOD), therefore measurement of blood pressure is vital in at-risk cats to identify occult hypertension before TOD occurs. This article addresses when and how to perform blood pressure measurement in cats, TOD that has been documented in this species, and our evidence basis for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Geddes
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Lester S. New Tests in Feline Veterinary Medicine: When to Use Them and When to Stick with Tried-and-True Tests. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:883-898. [PMID: 32360014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this article is on how interpretations of laboratory data can utilize both population and individual reference intervals, while making the most of routine testing procedures coupled with some of the newer laboratory tests, which can complement the existing tests in diagnosing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Lester
- True North Veterinary Diagnostics, Langley, British Columbia, Canada; Pilchuck Veterinary Hospital, Snohomish, WA, USA.
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Camps T, Amat M, Manteca X. A Review of Medical Conditions and Behavioral Problems in Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1133. [PMID: 31842492 PMCID: PMC6941081 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all animals behave identically when faced with the same situation. These individual differences in the expression of their behavior could be due to many factors, including medical conditions. These medical problems can change behavior directly or indirectly. The aims of this review are to describe the state of the art of the relationship among some medical and behavioral problems, and to propose new lines of investigation. The revision is focused on the relation between behavioral problems and pain, endocrine diseases, neurological problems, vomeronasal organ alterations, and cardiac disorders. These problems represent a diagnostic challenge from a practical point of view. The most common sign of pain in animals is a change in behavior. Although the relation of pain to behavioral problems has been widely studied, it is not absolutely clear. As an example, the relation between sleep disorders and pain is poorly known in veterinary medicine. New studies in humans and laboratory animals show that a reciprocal relationship does, in fact, exist. More specifically, the literature suggests that the temporal effect of sleep deprivation on pain may be stronger than that of pain on sleep. Some behavioral problems could modify the sleep-awake cycle (e.g., cognitive dysfunction). The impact of these behavioral problems on pain perception is completely unknown in dogs and cats. Thyroid hormones play an important role, regarding behavioral control. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been related to behavioral changes. Concerning hypothyroidism, this relationship remains controversial. Nonetheless, new neuro-imaging studies provide objective evidence that brain structure and function are altered in hypothyroid patients, both in laboratory animals and in humans. There are many neurological problems that could potentially change behavior. This paper reviews those neurological problems that could lead to behavioral changes without modifying neurological examination. The most common problems are tumors that affect central nervous system silent zones, mild traumatic brain injury, ischemic attacks, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases and their relationship to behavior are poorly studied in dogs and cats. To better understand the pathophysiology of all of these problems, and their relation to behavioral problems, may change the diagnostic protocol of behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Camps
- Etovets: Behavioral Medicine and Animal Welfare, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Amat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.A.); (X.M.)
| | - Xavier Manteca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.A.); (X.M.)
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Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KE, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Payne JR, Wess G, Hogan DF, Abbott JA, Häggström J, Culshaw G, Fine‐Ferreira D, Cote E, Trehiou‐Sechi E, Motsinger‐Reif AA, Nakamura RK, Singh M, Ware WA, Riesen SC, Borgarelli M, Rush JE, Vollmar A, Lesser MB, Van Israel N, Lee PM, Bulmer B, Santilli R, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright J, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, del Palacio MJF, Brayley JL, Schwartz DS, Gordon SG, Jung S, Bove CM, Brambilla PG, Moïse NS, Stauthammer C, Quintavalla C, Manczur F, Stepien RL, Mooney C, Hung Y, Lobetti R, Tamborini A, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Yukie Tachika Ohara V. Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2572-2586. [PMID: 31605422 PMCID: PMC6872868 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic knowledge regarding noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats (AH) and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (pHCM) is limited, hindering development of evidence-based healthcare guidelines. OBJECTIVES To characterize/compare incidence rates, risk, and survival associated with noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in AH and pHCM cats. ANIMALS A total of 1730 client-owned cats (722 AH, 1008 pHCM) from 21 countries. METHODS Retrospective, multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Long-term health data were extracted by medical record review and owner/referring veterinarian interviews. RESULTS Noncardiovascular death occurred in 534 (30.9%) of 1730 cats observed up to 15.2 years. Proportion of noncardiovascular death did not differ significantly between cats that at study enrollment were AH or had pHCM (P = .48). Cancer, chronic kidney disease, and conditions characterized by chronic weight-loss-vomiting-diarrhea-anorexia were the most frequently recorded noncardiovascular causes of death. Incidence rates/risk of noncardiac death increased with age in AH and pHCM. All-cause death proportions were greater in pHCM than AH (65% versus 40%, respectively; P < .001) because of higher cardiovascular mortality in pHCM cats. Comparing AH with pHCM, median survival (study entry to noncardiovascular death) did not differ (AH, 9.8 years; pHCM, 8.6 years; P = .10), but all-cause survival was significantly shorter in pHCM (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All-cause mortality was significantly greater in pHCM cats due to disease burden contributed by increased cardiovascular death superimposed upon noncardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce W. Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical SciencesRaleighNorth CarolinaU.S.A.
| | | | - Karsten E. Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioU.S.A.
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐Alfort CedexFrance
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximillians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Daniel F. Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaU.S.A.
| | - Jonathan A. Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaU.S.A.
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, R(D)SVS Hospital for Small Animals Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Etienne Cote
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Univertisy of PEI—Department of Companion AnimalsCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | - Emilie Trehiou‐Sechi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Cardiology Unit of Alfort—Université Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Reid K. Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center—CardiologyLawndaleCaliforniaU.S.A.
| | - Manreet Singh
- Veterinary Cardiac Referrals—CardiologySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Wendy A. Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaU.S.A.
| | | | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaU.S.A.
| | - John E. Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineNorth GraftonMassachusettsU.S.A.
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Ming‐Show Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonU.S.A.
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & SpecialtiesWalpoleMassachusettsU.S.A.
| | - Roberto Santilli
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria MalpensaVareseItaly
| | | | - Nadine Quick
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich, Clinic of Small Animal MedicineMunichGermany
| | | | - Janice Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoU.S.A.
| | - Amara H. Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaU.S.A.
| | - Dan G. Ohad
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | | | | | | | - Sonya G. Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasU.S.A.
| | - SeungWoo Jung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaU.S.A.
| | - Christina M. Bove
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoU.S.A.
| | | | - N. Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkU.S.A.
| | | | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary MedicineBudapestHungary
| | - Rebecca L. Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinU.S.A.
| | - Carmel Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary HospitalBryanstonSouth Africa
| | - Alice Tamborini
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University College Veterinary Hospital, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Mark A. Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaU.S.A.
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, Azabu UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
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Uhl LK, Saito A, Iwashita H, Maggs DJ, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Clinical features of cats with aqueous tear deficiency: a retrospective case series of 10 patients (17 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:944-950. [PMID: 30417738 PMCID: PMC11132248 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic test results and response to therapy of cats with Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) values below the reference interval. METHODS The medical records of three institutions were searched for cats with ocular surface disease and STT-1 values <9 mm/min, confirmed at two or more separate visits. RESULTS Ten cats (17 eyes) were included. The mean ± SD (range) age and STT-1 values in affected eye(s) were 6.1 ± 5.7 (0.2-16) years and 2.4 ± 3.1 (0-8) mm/min, respectively. Concurrent ocular surface disease was bilateral in 5/10 cats. Clinical signs included conjunctivitis (14/17 eyes), corneal ulceration (6/17 eyes), non-ulcerative keratitis (4/17 eyes), symblepharon (4/17 eyes), eosinophilic keratitis (3/17 eyes), corneal sequestrum (3/17 eyes), corneal fibrosis (2/17 eyes) and meibomitis (2/17 eyes). Management included: topically applied lacrimomimetics, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs; orally administered famciclovir; or surgical procedures, in various combinations. Response to therapy (defined as an increase in STT-1 value of ⩾5 mm/min) was transient (seen at a single reassessment) in 65% of eyes and sustained (seen at ⩾2 consecutive reassessments) in 18% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features seen in cats with low STT-1 values are described, although the association between aqueous deficiency and the reported ocular changes is unknown at this time. We encourage clinicians to assess the tear film in cats with ocular surface disease, and initiate therapy with lacrimomimetics if STT-1 values are repeatedly below normal. Such information will further define aqueous tear deficiency in cats, providing a better understanding of disease prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Uhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Okafor CC, Pearl DL, Blois SL, Lefebvre SL, Yang M, Lund EM, Dewey CE. Factors associated with hematuric struvite crystalluria in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:922-930. [PMID: 30392432 PMCID: PMC11132232 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18809176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify any dietary, signalment, geographic and clinical factors associated with hematuric struvite crystalluria (HSC) in a population of cats that visit general care veterinary hospitals in the USA. METHODS In total, 4032 cats that had a first-time diagnosis of HSC and 8064 control cats with no history of hematuria or crystalluria were identified from medical records of all cats examined between 2007 and 2011 at 790 US veterinary hospitals. Extracted variables included age, sex, neuter status, breed, diet, urinalysis results and history of cystitis. Potential associations between these variables and HSC were estimated. RESULTS Controlling for other factors, young cats fed a dry diet had an increased likelihood of HSC relative to young cats fed a non-dry diet. However, as age increased, the likelihood of HSC declined for cats fed a dry diet and increased for cats fed a non-dry diet. Moreover, the odds of HSC were significantly greater when cats were unneutered (vs neutered; odds ratio [OR] 45.52) or had a thin (vs heavy) body condition (OR 23.81), diagnosis of cystitis (OR 2.84), urine protein concentration >30 mg/dl (OR 4.72), alkaline (vs neutral) urine pH (OR 3.34), pyuria (OR 23.67) or bacteriuria (OR 2.24). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present study provides estimates of the strengths of association between HSC and certain signalment and clinical characteristics of cats. This information could help clinicians to perform a more directed screening for struvite crystalluria in certain cat populations. Follow-up studies that build on the findings of this study could explore the clinical importance of HSC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C Okafor
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Clinical Studies (Blois), Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cate E Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Conroy M, Brodbelt DC, O'Neill D, Chang YM, Elliott J. Chronic kidney disease in cats attending primary care practice in the UK: a VetCompass TM study. Vet Rec 2019; 184:526. [PMID: 31023949 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent diagnosis in cats attending primary care practice and the most frequent cause of death in cats aged over five years, yet there is limited published research for CKD in cats attending primary care practice. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD and investigate risk factors for diagnosis and survival of cats diagnosed with CKD in UK primary care practices. The study included cats attending VetCompassTM practices from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. A nested case-control and cohort study were undertaken. From 353,448 cats attending 244 clinics, the prevalence of CKD was estimated as 1.2 per cent (95 per cent CI 1.1 per cent to 1.3 per cent). Most cats with CKD had clinical signs at diagnosis (66.6 per cent). Few cats underwent investigations or monitoring of serum creatinine (32.6 per cent), urine protein:creatinine ratio (14.9 per cent) or blood pressure measurement (25.6 per cent). A proprietary renal diet was the most frequently prescribed management (63.8 per cent). Median survival time following diagnosis was 388 days (IQR 88-1042 days). This study provides generalisable evidence from the wider cat population to aid veterinarians in improved diagnosis and management of CKD that can benefit the health and welfare of cats with CKD in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Conroy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College-Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, UK
| | - David C Brodbelt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College-Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dan O'Neill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College-Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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43
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Guerra JM, Freitas MF, Daniel AGT, Pellegrino A, Cardoso NC, de Castro I, Onuchic LF, Cogliati B. Age-based ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:156-164. [PMID: 29652208 PMCID: PMC10814611 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18764591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish ultrasound criteria for the diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in Persian cats. METHODS Eighty-two Persian cats were assessed using renal ultrasound and genotyped for the C→A transversion in exon 29 of PKD1. The animals were also submitted to hematological characterization, serum biochemistry analyses and urinalysis. RESULTS Age, sex and neutering status did not differ between ADPKD (n = 12) and non-ADPKD (n = 70) cats. After integrated molecular genetics/ultrasonographic analysis, the presence of at least one renal cyst was sufficient to establish a diagnosis of ADPKD in animals up to 15 months of age. Two or more cysts were required for diagnosis in cats aged 16-32 months, and at least three cysts warranted diagnosis of ADPKD in animals aged 33-49 months. Finally, four or more cysts led to diagnosis in cats aged 50-66 months. Although cats with ADPKD exhibited higher serum calcium levels than non-affected cats, hematological, urinalysis and other biochemical parameters did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Integrated analyses of imaging and molecular genetics data enabled, for the first time, the establishment of age-based ultrasonographic criteria for the diagnosis of ADPKD in Persian cats. The development of imaging criteria is particularly relevant and useful in the clinical setting given the current limitations to access and the cost of molecular genetics-based diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Guerra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Nucleus of Quantitative Pathology, Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Freitas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Arine Pellegrino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Gattos – Specialized Feline Medicine Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália C Cardoso
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isac de Castro
- Disciplines of Molecular Medicine and Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Onuchic
- Disciplines of Molecular Medicine and Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Buresova E, Stock E, Paepe D, Stammeleer L, Vandermeulen E, Smets P, Duchateau L, Lefebvre HP, Daminet S. Assessment of symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:516-522. [PMID: 30632628 PMCID: PMC6430927 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and urea nitrogen fail to detect decreased renal function in many hyperthyroid cats because of low muscle mass and glomerular hyperfiltration of affected cats. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) is an earlier and more sensitive renal biomarker than sCr. Objective Evaluate sSDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats before (T0) and 1 month after (T1) radioiodine (131I) treatment. Animals Forty‐seven client‐owned hyperthyroid nonazotemic cats were evaluated at T0 and T1. Methods A prospective study in which sCr and sSDMA concentrations were determined in 47 hyperthyroid cats at T0 and at T1. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated at T0 and T1 in 10 of these 47 cats using plasma exogenous creatinine clearance test. Results Serum SDMA was elevated (>14 μg/dL) in 6 of 47 cats at T0 and normalized after treatment in 4 of those cats. All cats remained nonazotemic after treatment. In 10 cats in which GFR was measured, correlation between GFR and sSDMA was low and not significant (τb = −0.35, P = .17 at T0 and τb = −.22, P = .41 at T1), whereas correlation between GFR and sCr was moderate and significant (τb = −0.52, P < .05 at T0 and τb = −.53, P = <.05 at T1). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Careful interpretation of mildly increased sSDMA with normal sCr in hyperthyroid cats is warranted as sSDMA values might normalize after resolution of hyperthyroidism in some cats. In this population of hyperthyroid cats, sSDMA was poorly correlated with GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Buresova
- The Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- The Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- The Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- The Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- The Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pascale Smets
- The Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- The Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herve P Lefebvre
- The Department of Physiology, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- The Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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45
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Sandhas E, Merle R, Eule JC. Consider the eye in preventive healthcare - ocular findings, intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in ageing cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1063-1071. [PMID: 29172875 PMCID: PMC11104210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17742528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Geriatric health screening in cats is highly recommended. However, information about normal and abnormal findings is scarce, especially regarding the eyes of ageing cats. This prospective study examined the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats. METHODS A total of 209 cats (aged 9-24 years) underwent physical examination, vision assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, Schirmer tear test (STT) reading and rebound tonometry were performed. Systemic disease was not a criterion for exclusion. RESULTS Vision was good in 157/209 cats (75.1%) and impaired in 52/209 cats (24.9%). Increasing age and the occurrence of vision impairment were not statistically associated ( P = 0.053). Retinal oedema, retinal haemorrhage and/or retinal detachment (19 cats) and glaucoma (12 cats) were the most common findings in vision impaired cats. Increasing age was significantly associated with the occurrence of lenticular sclerosis ( P = 0.01) and attenuated retinal vessels ( P = 0.02). Increasing age and SBP were significantly associated with the occurrence of retinal detachment, haemorrhage and oedema ( P <0.001 each). In cats without evidence of hypertensive ocular damage, younger cats had a tendency for higher SBP values than older cats, although this difference was not significant. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 16.5 ± 5.0 mmHg. Age did not significantly affect the IOP values ( P = 0.54). Mean STT was 15.8 ± 4.8 mm/min. The STT was found to increase with age ( P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although vision impairment is not a clinical sign of old age in cats, age-related changes may contribute to vision-threatening diseases. This study contributes to preventive healthcare by examining the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Sandhas
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biometry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - J Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Watson N, Murray JK, Fonfara S, Hibbert A. Clinicopathological features and comorbidities of cats with mild, moderate or severe hyperthyroidism: a radioiodine referral population. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1130-1137. [PMID: 29432704 PMCID: PMC11104204 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18755925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to explore the clinicopathological features and comorbidities of cats with mild, moderate and severe hyperthyroidism in a radioiodine referral population. METHODS Medical records were reviewed, along with results of serum biochemistry, urinalysis, systolic blood pressure and diagnostic imaging performed at the time of radioiodine referral. Cats were grouped by total thyroxine (TT4) levels as mildly (TT4 60.1-124.9 nmol/l), moderately (TT4 125-250 nmol/l) or severely (TT4 >250 nmol/l) hyperthyroid at the time of diagnosis and referral. RESULTS Thirty percent (42/140) of the cats were <10 years old at diagnosis. In 24.3% (34/140), hyperthyroidism was diagnosed incidentally. The time between diagnosis and referral for radioiodine was significantly longer in cats with severe hyperthyroidism at the time of referral ( P = 0.004). An increase in severity group between the time of diagnosis and referral occurred in 38.6% (54/140) of cats. At referral, 54.3% (25/46) of cats with mild, 66.7% (42/63) with moderate and 80.6% (25/31) with severe hyperthyroidism were unstable despite ongoing medical or dietary management. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities was significantly increased in cats with severe hyperthyroidism ( P = 0.014) compared with those with mild or moderate hyperthyroidism. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of renal disease ( P = 0.708) or hypertension ( P = 0.328) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Incidental diagnosis of hyperthyroidism occurs commonly, potentially owing to increased disease screening. Cats with severe hyperthyroidism at referral were more likely to be chronically hyperthyroid with a history of poor stabilisation. This subset of patients was significantly more likely to have cardiac abnormalities. Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy may ultimately affect patient suitability for curative treatments (radioiodine or thyroidectomy) owing to higher anaesthetic risks and potential for decompensation into congestive heart failure with the stress of travel and hospitalisation. Curative therapy should be considered before the development of severe hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Watson
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jane K Murray
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Dogs Trust, London, UK
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Robertson SA, Gogolski SM, Pascoe P, Shafford HL, Sager J, Griffenhagen GM. AAFP Feline Anesthesia Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:602-634. [PMID: 29989502 PMCID: PMC10816483 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18781391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The overarching purpose of the AAFP Anesthesia Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') is to make anesthesia and sedation safer for the feline patient. Scope and accessibility: It is noteworthy that these are the first exclusively feline anesthesia guidelines authored by an expert panel, making them particularly useful as an extensively referenced, practical resource for veterinary practice teams. Because much of the key content is presented in tabular or visual format, the Guidelines have a high level of accessibility and convenience that invites regular usage. While the recommendations in the Guidelines focus primarily on client-owned cats, the content is also applicable to community-sourced animals with an unknown medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Gogolski
- AMEDDC&S Department of Veterinary Science, 3630 Stanley Rd, Bldg 2618, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Peter Pascoe
- Emeritus Professor, University of California, 1536 Notre Dame Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heidi L Shafford
- Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, PO Box 418, Clackamas, OR 97015, USA
| | - Jennifer Sager
- University of Florida Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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48
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Prudic RA, Saba CF, Lourenço BN, Bugbee AC. Prevalence of proteinuria in a canine oncology population. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:496-500. [PMID: 29608792 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the point prevalence of proteinuria in dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Oncology Service for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 60 client-owned dogs with a confirmed cancer diagnosis were included but those with lower urinary tract neoplasia were excluded. Each dog's signalment, cancer diagnosis, previous cancer treatments, current medications and travel history were recorded. Renal values, electrolytes, packed cell volume, total solids, systolic blood pressure, urinalysis, urine protein:urine creatinine and retinal examinations were recorded. Non-proteinuric, borderline proteinuria and overt proteinuria were defined as urine protein:urine creatinine <0·2, ≥0·2 but <0·5, and ≥0·5, respectively. Urine culture was performed in dogs with active urine sediments or overt proteinuria. RESULTS Twenty-nine dogs were non-proteinuric (48·3%), 22 (36·7%) borderline proteinuric and nine (15%) overtly proteinuric. None were azotaemic. Hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg) was detected in 18 (30%) dogs. Of these, six were non-proteinuric, nine borderline proteinuric, and three overtly proteinuric. Proteinuria was detected in 51% of dogs presented to our oncology service, the majority of which were classified as borderline. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The high proportion of proteinuria in dogs in this study suggests that screening for proteinuria in dogs with cancer may be prudent. Larger studies are required to correlate specific cancer types and the impact of treatment with the development, magnitude and persistence of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Prudic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - C F Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - B N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - A C Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Stock E, Paepe D, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH, Vanderperren K. Influence of ageing on quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys in healthy cats. Vet Rec 2018; 182:515. [PMID: 29445015 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The degenerative effects of ageing on the kidneys have been extensively studied in humans. However, only recently interest has been focused on renal ageing in veterinary medicine. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows non-invasive evaluation of renal perfusion in conscious cats. Renal perfusion parameters were obtained in 43 healthy cats aged 1-16 years old, and the cats were divided in four age categories: 1-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-10 years and over 10 years. Routine renal parameters as serum creatinine, serum urea, urine-specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio and systolic blood pressure were also measured. No significant differences in any of the perfusion parameters were observed among the different age categories. A trend towards a lower peak enhancement and wash-in area under the curve with increasing age, suggestive for a lower blood volume, was detected when comparing the cats over 10 years old with the cats of 1-3 years old. Additionally, no significant age-effect was observed for the serum and urine parameters, whereas a higher blood pressure was observed in healthy cats over 10 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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50
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Stock E, Paepe D, Daminet S, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Saunders JH, Vanderperren K. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Examination for the Assessment of Renal Perfusion in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:260-266. [PMID: 29171085 PMCID: PMC5787201 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination (CEUS) is a functional imaging technique allowing noninvasive assessment of tissue perfusion. Studies in humans show that the technique holds great potential to be used in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, data in veterinary medicine are currently lacking. Objectives To evaluate renal perfusion using CEUS in cats with CKD. Animals Fourteen client‐owned cats with CKD and 43 healthy control cats. Methods Prospective case‐controlled clinical trial using CEUS to evaluate renal perfusion in cats with CKD compared to healthy control cats. Time‐intensity curves were created, and perfusion parameters were calculated using off‐line software. A linear mixed model was used to examine differences between perfusion parameters of cats with CKD and healthy cats. Results In cats with CKD, longer time to peak and shorter mean transit times were observed for the renal cortex. In contrast, a shorter time to peak and rise time were seen for the renal medulla. The findings for the renal cortex indicate decreased blood velocity and shorter total duration of enhancement, likely caused by increased vascular resistance in CKD. Increased blood velocity in the renal medulla has not been described before and may be because of a different response to regulatory factors in cortex and medulla. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination was capable of detecting perfusion changes in cats with CKD. Further research is warranted to assess the diagnostic capabilities of CEUS in early stage of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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