1
|
Musa M, Enaholo E, Bale BI, Salati C, Spadea L, Zeppieri M. Retinoscopes: Past and present. World J Methodol 2024; 14:91497. [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i3.91497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoscopy is arguably the most important method in the eye clinic for diagnosing and managing refractive errors. Advantages of retinoscopy include its non-invasive nature, ability to assess patients of all ages, and usefulness in patients with limited cooperation or communication skills.
AIM To discuss the history of retinoscopes and examine current literature on the subject.
METHODS A search was conducted on the PubMed and with the reference citation analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com) database using the term “Retinoscopy,” with a range restricted to the last 10 years (2013-2023). The search string algorithm was: "Retinoscopy" (MeSH Terms) OR "Retinoscopy" (All Fields) OR "Retinoscopes" (All Fields) AND [(All Fields) AND 2013: 2023 (pdat)].
RESULTS This systematic review included a total of 286 records. Publications reviewed iterations of the retinoscope into autorefractors, infrared photo retinoscope, television retinoscopy, and the Wifi enabled digital retinoscope.
CONCLUSION The retinoscope has evolved significantly since its discovery, with a significant improvement in its diagnostic capabilities. While it has advantages such as non-invasiveness and broad applicability, limitations exist, and the need for skilled interpretation remains. With ongoing research, including the integration of artificial intelligence, retinoscopy is expected to continue advancing and playing a vital role in eye care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | - Ehimare Enaholo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin 300105, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor 434101, Nigeria
| | | | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00142, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Xu C, Liu Z, Qu Z, Xi W, Zhang X, Gao L. Effects of physical activity patterns on myopia among children and adolescents: A latent class analysis. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13296. [PMID: 38895956 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The daily physical activity (PA) patterns of children and adolescents are intricate and ambiguous, with varying effects on myopia resulting from different combinations of PA. This study aims to scrutinize the spectrum of PA patterns among children and adolescents and assess their impact on myopia. METHODS Data sourced from the 2014 National Student Physical Fitness Survey (Tianjin segment) encompassed PA records and visual acuity measurements of participants. Latent Class Analysis and a generalized linear model were employed to investigate the relationship between PA categories and visual acuity across different educational stages. RESULTS The study comprised 6465 primary and middle school students, among whom 50.13% were male. PA patterns were categorized into high (27.16%), medium (29.88%) and low visual acuity regulation groups (13.97%) and the nonmainstream group (28.99%). Following adjustments for sex, age, region and BMI, the medium visual acuity regulation group exhibited a lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.617, 95% CI = 0.424-0.897, p = 0.012; OR = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.438-0.976, p = 0.038) compared to the nonmainstream group among junior and senior middle school students. CONCLUSION The efficacy of diverse PA patterns in mitigating myopia risk varies across educational stages and is influenced by sex-specific factors. It is imperative to advance myopia management strategies by emphasizing tailored PA interventions, discerning between PA patterns and delivering timely guidance and interventions tailored to distinct educational stages and sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyi Qu
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun Y, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Dong F, Wang F, Zhou Z, Wang G. Toward early intervention based on age-specific vision checkups: A vision impairment survey in Yantai, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37805. [PMID: 38608049 PMCID: PMC11018203 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents is currently rising to alarming levels (>80%) in China. This study used several routinely collected demographic factors to quantify myopia and glass-wearing rates for primary and secondary school students. We identified myopia risk factors and proposed new aspects for early intervention. This study was a cross-sectional survey of myopia and glass-wearing rates for students (6-18 years old) in Yantai, China. We collected both vision (vision acuity [VA] and spherical equivalence [SE]) and glass-wearing information to establish respective logistic models for quantifying myopia and glass-wearing rate. We further propose a joint decision region (VA, SE, age) to guide early intervention. Among 10,276 children, 63% had myopia (65% wore glasses). The prevalence of myopia increases with age and levels off during adulthood. Females had a higher overall prevalence rate than males (P < .001). The rural age mode (≈15.5) is about 2 years larger than the urban age (≈13.5) for myopia students. For the myopia rate, in the age ≤14.5, the linear age effect was significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, P < .0001), males had a significant negative baseline effect at the start of schooling (vs. females) (OR = 0.68, P < .0001), and the urban group had a significant positive baseline effect (vs. rural) (OR = 1.39, P < .0001). The correlation between VA and SE increases with age and has a directional shift (from negative to positive) at ages 8 to 9. For the glass-wearing rate, age had a significant positive effect (OR = 1.25, P < .0001), VA had a significant negative effect (OR = 0.002, P < .0001), and body mass index had a slightly significant positive effect (OR = 1.02, P = .03). Urban female have a higher myopia rate than rural male at the start of schooling, and vocational high school has improved vision upon high school. Body mass index was not a significant factor for myopia. The myopia rate model is specific to age range (separated at 14.5 years old). Students of lower ages are less likely to wear glasses for correction, and this may require intervention. The temporal age-specific (VA, SE) correlations and joint distributions strengthen the speculation in the literature that age 8 to 9 is a critical intervention period and motivates us to propose a rigorous intervention decision region for (age, VA, and SE) which mainly applies for this tight age period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Sun
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Fengguang Dong
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laishan District, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SH, Tseng BY, Wang JH, Chiu CJ. Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Atropine on Myopia Prevention in Premyopic Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1506. [PMID: 38592670 PMCID: PMC10932201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Early-onset myopia increases the risk of irreversible high myopia. Methods: This study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of low-dose atropine for myopia control in children with premyopia through meta-analysis using random-effects models. Effect sizes were calculated using risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comprehensive searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were conducted until 20 December 2023, without language restrictions. Results: Four studies involving 644 children with premyopia aged 4-12 years were identified, with atropine concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.05%. The analysis focused on myopia incidence and atropine-related adverse events. Lower myopia incidence (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.97 D/y; p = 0.03) and reduction in rapid myopia shift (≥0.5 D/1y) (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.96 D/y; p < 0.01) were observed in the 12-24-month period. Spherical equivalent and axial length exhibited attenuated progression in the atropine group. No major adverse events were detected in either group, whereas the incidence of photophobia and allergic conjunctivitis did not vary in the 12-24-month period. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis supports atropine's efficacy and safety for delaying myopia incidence and controlling progression in children with premyopia. However, further investigation is warranted due to limited studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Hsien Lee
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (S.-H.L.); (B.-Y.T.)
| | - Bor-Yuan Tseng
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (S.-H.L.); (B.-Y.T.)
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Jen Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, the Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng B, Zhang M, Zhu S, Wu M, Chen L, Zhang S, Yang W. Research on an artificial intelligence-based myopic maculopathy grading method using EfficientNet. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:S53-S59. [PMID: 38131543 PMCID: PMC10833160 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_48_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-based myopic maculopathy grading method using EfficientNet to overcome the delayed grading and diagnosis of different myopic maculopathy degrees. METHODS The cooperative hospital provided 4642 healthy and myopic maculopathy color fundus photographs, comprising the four degrees of myopic maculopathy and healthy fundi. The myopic maculopathy grading models were trained using EfficientNet-B0 to EfficientNet-B7 models. The diagnostic results were compared with those of the VGG16 and ResNet50 classification models. The leading evaluation indicators were sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area under curve (AUC), 95% confidence interval, kappa value, and accuracy. The ROC curves of the ten grading models were also compared. RESULTS We used 1199 color fundus photographs to evaluate the myopic maculopathy grading models. The size of the EfficientNet-B0 myopic maculopathy grading model was 15.6 MB, and it had the highest kappa value (88.32%) and accuracy (83.58%). The model's sensitivities to diagnose tessellated fundus (TF), diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (DCA), patchy chorioretinal atrophy (PCA), and macular atrophy (MA) were 96.86%, 75.98%, 64.67%, and 88.75%, respectively. The specificity was above 93%, and the AUCs were 0.992, 0.960, 0.964, and 0.989, respectively. CONCLUSION The EfficientNet models were used to design grading diagnostic models for myopic maculopathy. Based on the collected fundus images, the models could diagnose a healthy fundus and four types of myopic maculopathy. The models might help ophthalmologists to make preliminary diagnoses of different degrees of myopic maculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Maotao Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Shaojun Zhu
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Maonian Wu
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Weihua Yang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang HM, Li BQ, Zhu Y, Liu SX, Wei RH. Time trends in myopia and high myopia prevalence in young university adults in China. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1676-1681. [PMID: 37854374 PMCID: PMC10559017 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate time trends in myopia and high myopia prevalence over 6y among young university adults in China. METHODS This is a 6-year series cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2021. Totally 4910 freshmen were enrolled and completed a questionnaire concerning age, gender, and disease history. Students with eye diseases were excluded after a detailed eye examination. The refractive status was measured by non-cycloplegic objective refraction and ocular parameters were measured by Lenstar 900. The examination followed the same protocol each year. Trends over time in myopia and high myopia prevalence, as well as ocular biometry parameters, were analyzed. RESULTS From 2016 to 2021, the axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) increased significantly (P=0.002 for AL; P=0.04 for CR). However, the spherical equivalent (SE) and the ratio of axial length to the corneal radius (AL/CR) did not change significantly (P=0.59 for SE; P=0.24 for AL/CR). The frequency of AL ≥26.0 mm increased from 26.6% in 2016 to 29.3% in 2021 (P=0.05 for trend). The prevalence of myopia and high myopia did not change significantly in our study (P≥0.18). Compared to a similar cross-sectional study conducted 10 years ago, the prevalence of myopia decreased significantly (94.9% vs 91.8%, P<0.001). Whereas the prevalence of high myopia increased largely (18.12% vs 27.6%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of high myopia increases in young university adults during 10y period. Myopia control should begin earlier in childhood. However, these interventions are still needed for high myopia even in young adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Bing-Qin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Rui-Hua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long H, Shi MH, Li X. Efficacy and safety of atropine in myopic children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:929-940. [PMID: 37147148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of atropine for childhood myopia and further explore the optimal concentration of atropine, so as to provide more reference for clinical application. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov were comprehensively searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to October 14, 2021. The efficacy outcomes were progression of spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL). The safety outcomes included accommodation amplitude, pupil size and adverse effects. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Eighteen RCTs involving 3002 eyes were included. The results showed that at 6-36 months of treatment, atropine was effective in slowing the progression of myopia in children. At 12 months, the WMD of SE and AL of low-dose atropine was 0.25 diopters (D) and 0.1 millimeter (mm), moderate-dose atropine was 0.44 D and 0.16mm, high-dose atropine was 1.21 D and 0.82mm, respectively, compared with the control group. Similarly, at 24 months, low-dose atropine was 0.22 D and 0.14mm, moderate-dose atropine was 0.60 D, high-dose atropine was 0.66 D and 0.24mm, respectively. Interestingly, we also found that there was no significant difference in the effects of low-dose atropine on accommodation amplitude and photopic pupil size compared with the control group, and the rate of photophobia, allergy, blurred vision and other side effects was similar between the low-dose atropine group and the control group. In addition, atropine appears to be more effective in myopic children in China than in other countries. CONCLUSIONS Atropine in various concentrations can effectively slow myopia progression in children, and its effect is dose-dependent, while low-dose atropine (0.01% atropine) appears to be safer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Long
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M H Shi
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Li
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang D, Sun B, Wu M, Liu H, Zhou L, Guo L. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among school students in Shenyang, China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1239158. [PMID: 37711238 PMCID: PMC10499391 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1239158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the prevalence of myopia has increased significantly and caused great concern. Nevertheless, an estimate of myopia in the student population in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China is still lacking. This study aims to determine the prevalence of myopia among students in Shenyang and investigate the associated factors affecting myopia development. Methods Standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and automatic computerized optometry under non-ciliary muscle paralysis were used to test the students' naked visual acuity of their right and left eyes. The included students were organized to fill in questionnaires on WeChat to collect the factors affecting myopia. Results A total of 34,644 students with a median age of 11.9 years were examined, including 17,563 males and 17,081 females. The overall prevalence of myopia was 60%, with a prevalence of 45% for mild myopia, 13% for moderate myopia, and 1.9% for high myopia. The sex, high educational stage, family history of myopia, doing homework after school or reading and writing for more than 2 h were associated with a higher risk of myopia, while doing eye exercises twice a day or more, going outdoors during recess, reading and writing with eyes more than one foot from books, and sleeping more than 8 h a day were associated factors for preventing myopia. The associated factors influencing myopia vary among different subgroups. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia in Shenyang is at a high level. In addition to sex, high educational stage and genetic factors, environmental factors including length of eye usage, eye exercises, outdoor activities, eye working distance, and sleep duration are associated with myopia prevalence. Therefore, it is recommended that the occurrence and development of myopia can be prevented by controlling the above environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Baijun Sun
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Liaoning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianying Guo
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flitcroft I, Ainsworth J, Chia A, Cotter S, Harb E, Jin ZB, Klaver CCW, Moore AT, Nischal KK, Ohno-Matsui K, Paysse EA, Repka MX, Smirnova IY, Snead M, Verhoeven VJM, Verkicharla PK. IMI-Management and Investigation of High Myopia in Infants and Young Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 37126360 PMCID: PMC10153576 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, etiology, clinical assessment, investigation, management, and visual consequences of high myopia (≤-6 diopters [D]) in infants and young children. Findings High myopia is rare in pre-school children with a prevalence less than 1%. The etiology of myopia in such children is different than in older children, with a high rate of secondary myopia associated with prematurity or genetic causes. The priority following the diagnosis of high myopia in childhood is to determine whether there is an associated medical diagnosis that may be of greater overall importance to the health of the child through a clinical evaluation that targets the commonest features associated with syndromic forms of myopia. Biometric evaluation (including axial length and corneal curvature) is important to distinguishing axial myopia from refractive myopia associated with abnormal development of the anterior segment. Additional investigation includes ocular imaging, electrophysiological tests, genetic testing, and involvement of pediatricians and clinical geneticists is often warranted. Following investigation, optical correction is essential, but this may be more challenging and complex than in older children. Application of myopia control interventions in this group of children requires a case-by-case approach due to the lack of evidence of efficacy and clinical heterogeneity of high myopia in young children. Conclusions High myopia in infants and young children is a rare condition with a different pattern of etiology to that seen in older children. The clinical management of such children, in terms of investigation, optical correction, and use of myopia control treatments, is a complex and often multidisciplinary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Flitcroft
- Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Technological University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Ainsworth
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan Cotter
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B Ketchum University, Fullerton, California, United States
| | - Elise Harb
- Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, California, United States
- University of California - San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anthony T Moore
- University of California - San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ken K Nischal
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Evelyn A Paysse
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Michael X Repka
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Martin Snead
- Department of Vitreoretinal Research, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi WQ, Wei H, Kang M, Zhang LJ, Xu SH, Ying P, Ling Q, Pan YC, Huang H, Zou J, Shao Y. Spontaneous changes in brain network centrality in patients with pathological myopia: A voxel-wise degree centrality analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36942490 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia has become a worldwide problem that endangers public health and adds a serious socioeconomic burden. Current research has focused on the pathogenesis and manifestations of pathological myopia (PM). However, few studies have been conducted on the spontaneous activity of the patient's brain. PURPOSE To study the potential brain network activity in patients with PM by the degree centrality (DC) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment included 15 PM patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs). Every participant experienced a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scan. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to distinguish between PM patients and HCs. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between mean DC values and clinical performance in different brain regions. RESULTS It showed that patients with PM had lower DC values in the right fusiform gyrus (FR) and right cingulate (CAR). The ROC curve was used to indicate the accuracy of the correlation. It showed that in PM group, left best corrected visual acuity (BCVA-L) and right best corrected visual acuity (BCVA-R) were negatively correlated with the DC value of FR. CONCLUSION The occurrence of PM is mainly related to the abnormal activity of the fusiform and cingulum. DC value might be used as a biological marker of abnormal brain activity in PM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Esteves S, Martinez-Perez C, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Sánchez-Tena MÁ. Citation Network Analysis on the Influence of Vision on Academic Performance. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10030591. [PMID: 36980150 PMCID: PMC10047661 DOI: 10.3390/children10030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper vision is absolutely critical to children's academic performance, as vision problems can drastically affect learning ability. Currently, the existing literature in this field is somewhat inconsistent and carries several controversies about the influence of vision on academic performance. In this study, citation networks were utilized in order to analyze the relationship between publications and authors, the most-cited publication, and the different research areas. Additionally, the most commonly utilized publication sources along with the most common research areas were also pinpointed. METHODS The aforementioned search was executed in the Web of Science database, with a time range beginning in 1941 and ending in 2022. In order to scrutinize the publications, VOSviewer, CiteSpace software, and the Citation Network Explorer were utilized for analysis about the most-cited publication and the different research areas. RESULTS Overall, 1342 papers were found in all fields along with 2187 citation networks. Moreover, 2020 was the year with the most publications, including 127 publications and 4 citation networks. Bull et al., published in 2008, was the most-cited work, reaching a citation index of 975. The clustering function managed to identity four groups with the most engaging research topics from researchers: motor visual skills, visual memory, the influence of vision on the different learning styles, and abnormal development of the visual system. CONCLUSIONS In the end, the topic with the greatest interest was the influence of visual motor skills on academic performance. Ideally, this paper will assist fellow researchers in quickly noting which topics are of greatest interest and how research in this area has evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina Esteves
- ISEC LISBOA (Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências), 1750-142 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clara Martinez-Perez
- ISEC LISBOA (Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências), 1750-142 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena
- ISEC LISBOA (Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências), 1750-142 Lisbon, Portugal
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang J, Pei Y, Wang J, Yan N, Luo Y, Zhou W, Wang X, Wang W. The association between Chinese eye exercises and myopia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:950700. [PMID: 36969666 PMCID: PMC10036375 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.950700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aims to summarize the relevant evidence on the association between eye exercises and myopia in children and adolescents in China.MethodsThe meta-analysis pooled the results of 12 studies, with a total of 134,201 participants. Another five studies (no OR for myopia as an outcome and meeting inclusion criteria) were reported in the systematic review. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wan Fang, and reference lists of retrieved studies. Association estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for eye exercises and myopia were pooled from a meta-analysis.ResultsAfter standardizing the reference values, a pooled OR of the univariate analysis showed a 24% reduction in myopia in children and adolescents who performed eye exercises (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62–0.89). After adjusting the covariate, a pooled OR of multiple logistic analysis for myopia (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.72–1.02) showed that there is no significance between eye exercises and myopia. However, in subgroup studies of the multivariate analysis, the large sample (OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74–0.94) and Chinese database (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67–0.93) subgroup showed modest protective effects. In addition, five studies in the systematic review also evaluated the risk of myopia events, and Chinese eye exercises had a modest protective effect on myopic control, but the incorrect performance of and attitude toward eye exercises posed negative effects on their eyesight health.ConclusionChinese eye exercises have a modest protective effect on myopic control, but considering that the incorrect performance of and attitude toward eye exercises have a significant influence on the effect of eye exercises, the effect of eye exercises may not be enough to prevent the progress of myopia in the long term, and more standardized eye exercises need to be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Yan
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunjiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Xiaojuan Wang
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Engineering Research Innovation Center of Biological Data Mining and Healthcare Transformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang XJ, Zhang Y, Kam KW, Tang F, Li Y, Ng MPH, Young AL, Ip P, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yam JC. Prevalence of Myopia in Children Before, During, and After COVID-19 Restrictions in Hong Kong. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e234080. [PMID: 36947037 PMCID: PMC10034576 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Childhood myopia increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Limited evidence exists about whether myopia development was reversed or worsened after the lockdown. Objective To determine the prevalence of myopia and its associated factors before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based, repeated cross-sectional study evaluated children aged 6 to 8 years from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study between 2015 and 2021 in 3 cohorts: before COVID-19 (2015-2019), during COVID-19 restrictions (2020), and after COVID-19 restrictions were lifted (2021). Exposures All the children received ocular examinations, including cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length. Data about the children's lifestyle, including time spent outdoors, near-work time, and screen time, were collected from a standardized questionnaire. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were the prevalence of myopia, mean spherical equivalent refraction, axial length, changes in lifestyle, and the associated factors over 7 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations. Results Of 20 527 children (mean [SD] age, 7.33 [0.89] years; 52.8% boys and 47.2% girls), myopia prevalence was stable from 2015 to 2019 (23.5%-24.9%; P = .90) but increased to 28.8% (P < .001) in 2020 and 36.2% (P < .001) in 2021. The mean (SD) time spent outdoors was much lower in 2020 (0.85 [0.53] h/d; P < .001) and 2021 (1.26 [0.48] h/d; P < .001) compared with pre-COVID-19 levels (1.40 [0.47]-1.46 [0.65] h/d). The trend was reversed for total near-work time and screen time. High myopia prevalence was associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.28-1.54; P < .001), younger age (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.76-1.93; P < .001), male sex (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21; P = .007), lower family income (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.09; P = .04), and parental myopia (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.52-1.70; P < .001). During the pandemic, mean (SD) near-work and screen times in children from lower-income families were 5.16 (2.05) h/d and 3.44 (1.97) h/d, more than from higher-income families (4.83 [1.85] and 2.90 [1.61] h/d, respectively). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cross-sectional study revealed that after COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in Hong Kong, myopia prevalence among children was higher than before the pandemic, and lifestyle did not return to pre-COVID-19 levels. Younger children and those from low-income families were at a higher risk of myopia development during the pandemic, suggesting that collective efforts for myopia control should be advocated for these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fangyao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy P H Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Philip K, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Konda N, Bandamwar K, Kanduri S, Siddireddy JS. Prevalence and Patterns of Refractive Errors in Children and Young Adults in an Urban Region in South India: the Hyderabad Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:27-37. [PMID: 35094647 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2022.2032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive error (RE) and associated risk factors for myopic refractive errors in children and young adults from the urban region of Hyderabad, South India. METHODS Four thousand sixty-five (4,065) participants aged 6-22 years were enrolled and examined in this cross-sectional study conducted from October 2013 to January 2015. Participants were enrolled from a random sample of schools and universities in regions representative of urban Hyderabad. RE was determined using cycloplegic autorefraction. The association of demographic factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic category (SEC) (low/mid/high) with myopia was explored with logistic regression with robust standard error. RESULTS Of the total participants, 2,259 were children aged 6-15 years and 1,806 were adolescents and young adults aged 16-22 years. Overall prevalence of myopia, high myopia (≤ -5.00D and ≤ -6.00 D), hyperopia, emmetropia, and astigmatism was 29.8% (95% CI: 26.0% to 33.6%, n = 1,216), 2.9% (95% CI: 1.9% to 3.9%, n = 120), 1.1% (95%CI: 0.7% to 1.5%, n = 46), 14.7% (95% CI: 12.4% to 17.0%, n = 599), 46.9% (95% CI: 43.7% to 50.1%, n = 1913) and 8.6% (95% CI: 7.4% to 9.9%, n = 352) respectively. A strong correlation existed between age and prevalence of myopia (R2 = 0.88, p < .001) and high myopia (R2 = 0.71, p < .001). Children from schools of low SEC (34.7%) had higher prevalence of myopia compared to the mid SEC (16.8%) (p = .043). CONCLUSION Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and increased with age in this urban population. More myopia was observed in schools of low SEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Philip
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brien Holden Vision Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Naduvilath
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nagaraju Konda
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brien Holden Vision Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Du W, Yang J. Trend of myopia through different interventions from 2010 to 2050: Findings from Eastern Chinese student surveillance study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1069649. [PMID: 36743682 PMCID: PMC9889364 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1069649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose First, to investigate the utilization rate and effect of proven myopic interventions. Second, to predict the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, as well as Years Lived with Disability (YLD) caused by an uncorrected refractive error in children and teens in Eastern China from 2010 to 2050 under different interventions. Methods (1) The surveillance of common diseases among children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2021 provides the database for myopia screening and intervention utilization surveys. (2) The National Bureau of Statistics and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD2016) are the foundation for the estimated myopes and YLD. (3) A systematic review provides the strong or weak impact of intervention in the prediction model. (4) The trend of screening myopia from 2010 to 2050 under various treatments is predicted using a GM (1,1) model. Results By the year 2050, myopia is expected to affect 8,568,305 (7-12 years old) and 15,766,863 (13-18 years old) children and adolescents, respectively (95% CI: 8,398,977-8,737,633). The utilization prevalence of myopia-proven interventions for myopic children included outdoor activities, orthokeratology lenses, atropine treatment, contact lenses, frame glasses, and eye exercises, with respective rates of 31.9-33.1, 2.1-2.3, 6.0-7.5, 2.2-2.7, 60.4-62.2, and 64.7-72.5%. All interventions have substantial effects on myopia after parental myopia and behavior pattern adjustment, including physical activity, near work, dietary pattern, and sleep. Under strong intervention, the estimated reduced myopia prevalence by the year 2050 is 1,259,086 (95% CI: 1,089,758-1,428,414) for children aged 7-12, and 584,785 (95% CI: 562,748-606,823) for children aged 13-18, respectively. Conclusion Among myopic Chinese children and adolescents, the use rates and effects of proven myopia interventions vary. Under the present intervention strategy, the prevalence of myopia and high myopia will increase from 2010 to 2050. The overall number of myopic people can be greatly decreased by implementing timely, steady, comprehensive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Xiyan Zhang,
| | - Yonlin Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Jie Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu J, Lu Y, Huang D, Yang J, Fan C, Chen C, Li J, Wang Q, Li S, Jiang B, Jiang H, Li X, Yang Z, Lan W. The Efficacy of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Lenses in Slowing Myopia Progression: Results from Diverse Clinical Circumstances. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:542-550. [PMID: 36642334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses were reported to slow myopia progression significantly in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study evaluated their effectiveness in clinical settings. DESIGN Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS Patient records involving use of DIMS and single-vision (SV) spectacle lenses were collected from subsidiary hospitals of Aier Eye Hospital Group. METHODS The spherical equivalent (SE), determined by subjective refraction, was adopted to assess the myopia progression. The strategy of propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match the confounding baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. The effectiveness was calculated based on the difference of myopia progression of these 2 approaches. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in SE. RESULTS Three thousand six hundred thirty-nine patients with DIMS and 6838 patients with SV spectacles were included. The age of the patients was 6 to 16 years (mean ± standard deviation: 11.02 ± 2.53 years). The baseline SE was between 0.00 and -10.00 diopters (D) (mean ± standard deviation: -2.78 ± 1.74 D). After the PSM, data on 2240 pairs with 1-year follow-up and on 735 pairs with 2-year follow-up were obtained. Significantly slower progression was seen in the DIMS group at both the 1-year (DIMS, -0.50 ± 0.43 D; SV, -0.77 ± 0.58 D; P < 0.001) and 2-year (DIMS, -0.88 ± 0.62 D; SV, -1.23 ± 0.76 D; P < 0.001) subdataset. In the 1-year subdataset, 40% and 19% showed myopia progression of no more than 0.25 D for the DIMS and SV groups, respectively (chi-square, 223.43; P < 0.001), whereas 9% and 22% showed myopia progression of more than 1.00 D for the DIMS and SV groups, respectively (chi-square, 163.38; P < 0.001). In the 2-year subdataset, 33% and 20% showed myopia progression of no more than 0.50 D for the DIMS and SV groups, respectively (chi-square, 31.15; P < 0.001), whereas 12% and 29% showed myopia progression of more than 1.50 D for the DIMS and SV groups (chi-square, 65.60; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the magnitude was lower than that reported in the previous RCT, this large-scale study with diversity of the data sources confirmed the effectiveness of DIMS spectacles to slow myopia progression in clinical practice. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqiu Lu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwen Yang
- Shenyang Aier Eye Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunlei Fan
- Beijing Aier Intech Eye Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Chongqing Aier-Mega Eye Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shan Li
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoning Li
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China; Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China; Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China; Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China; Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou H, Bai X. A Review of the Role of the School Spatial Environment in Promoting the Visual Health of Minors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1006. [PMID: 36673762 PMCID: PMC9859487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising childhood myopia rate has detrimental health consequences that pose a considerable challenge to health systems. The school spatial environment, which is where students are for the longest period of time, has a high health value for myopia systematic intervention. While research has demonstrated associations between physical daylight environments, medical gene and visual health, the literature currently lacks a synthesis of evidence that will act as a spatially-organized resource for school designers. This study is based on literature from the period 2000-2022 and has been taken from the Web of Science, scopus, Medline and CNKI core collection database. Collaboration, literature co-citation and quantitative and qualitative analysis, in addition to keyword co-occurrence are adopted to conduct a visual health research review. The results indicate that intensive near work activity (as a risk factor) and longer time spent outdoors (as a protective factor), are involved in visual health factors. Two main research themes are obtained and relate to: (1) The environment of visual work behavior (especially the near work learning environment) and adaptable multimedia learning environment; and (2) the environment of outdoor exposure behavior. Furthermore, with the variation of educational demands, models and concepts, there are different demands for near work behavior, and this study makes an important contribution by pointing to two future research directions, including the accurate and controllable environment of near work behavior, which operate in accordance with various educational mode requirements and the active design of the environment of outdoor exposure behavior. In referring to differences between regions and countries, as well as the development of the educational environment, it provides insight into how these demands can be controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhou
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
马 薇, 杨 必, 王 雪, 刘 陇. [Observational Comparison of the Safety and Effectiveness of Myopic Children Wearing Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact Lenses or Orthokeratology Lenses]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:181-185. [PMID: 36647664 PMCID: PMC10409022 DOI: 10.12182/20230160207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective To observe and compare the effectiveness and safety of controlling myopia in children by wearing defocus incorporated soft contact (DISC) lenses or orthokeratology (OrthoK) lenses. Methods A total of 75 children who came to our hospital between January 2018 and September 2020 were enrolled for this retrospective study. The DISC group consisted of 30 myopic children (60 eyes) wearing peripheral defocal soft incorporated contact lenses during daytime. There were 10 males and 20 females aged (9.9±1.00) years old in this group and their spherical equivalent refractions were (-2.78±0.70) D. The OrthoK group consisted of 45 myopic children (90 eyes) wearing OrthoK lenses. There were 30 female and 15 males aged (9.67±1.11) and their spherical equivalent refractions were (-2.67±0.71) D. All subjects had previously worn prescription glasses for 12 months or longer before they started wearing contact lenses. The subjects were followed up for 12 months once they started wearing contact lenses. The axial changes and corneal and conjunctival complications of the two groups of myopic children were compared and analyzed. Results Myopic children in both groups experienced relatively rapid increase in ocular axial length while they were wearing prescription glasses, with the ocular axial length increase in the prescription-glass-wearing period being (0.34±0.09) mm in the OrthoK group and (0.37± 0.07) mm in the DISC group. In the 12 months of wearing contact lenses, the ocular axial length of children in the OrthoK group increased by (0.18±0.04) mm, while that of the DISC group increased by (0.19±0.05) mm. The increase in ocular axial length was reduced in both groups after the children were switched to the new myopia prevention methods, showing significant difference ( P<0. 05). The two groups using two different contact lenses had similar axial length increase, showing no significant difference ( P>0.05). During the 12-month period while the subjects wore the two types of contact lenses, the incidence of chronic follicular conjunctivitis was 11.20% in the OrthoK group and 20.00% in the DISC group, with that of the DISC group being slightly higher without showing significant difference ( P>0.05). The incidence of grade-1corneal staining was 66.70% in the OrthoK group and 56.70% in the DISC group, and the incidence of grade-2 corneal staining was 17.80% in the OrthoK group and 16.70% in the DISC group. In other words, the OrthoK group had slightly higher findings, but the difference was not significant ( P>0.05). The incidence of contact lens-associated papillary conjunctivitis was 2.20% in the OrthoK group and 10.00% in the DISC group, which was slightly higher than that in the orthokeratology lens group, but the difference was not significant( P>0.05). Conclusion Both DISC lenses and OrthoK lenses can effectively control the increase in axial length in myopic children, and their have better effects than those of prescription glasses. The two tyes of contact lenses showed similar effects for controlling axial length increase. Both contact lenses have fewer corneal and conjunctival complications and better safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 薇 马
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 必 杨
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 雪 王
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 陇黔 刘
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ye L, Yang YQ, Zhang GY, Wang WJ, Ren MX, Ge P, Zhang J, Zhang N, Liu XZ, Zhang ML, Tong YJ, Lu LC, Lv MQ, Zhou DX, Pei C. Increasing prevalence of myopia and the impact of education in primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1070984. [PMID: 36600934 PMCID: PMC9806175 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study was performed to detect the prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Methods The present study was a school-based study with students aged from 6 to 13 years old. All the individuals underwent ophthalmological examination and spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error were measured with non-cycloplegic refraction. Myopia was defined as a SE of ≤ -0.5 diopters (D), and further divided into three stratified groups based on SE: low myopia (≤ -0.5 to >-3.0 D), moderate myopia (≤ -3.0 to >-6.0 D), and high myopia (≤ -6.0 D). Relative risk factors, including age, sex, grade and ethnicity were investigated using questionnaire. Results A total of 4,680 individuals were eligible for this survey and 4,654 (99.4% participation rate) were finally included (51.2% boys). The mean age of participants was 8.756 ± 1.727 years. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 57.1% (95% CI: 55.7-58.6%). Additionally, the prevalence of low, moderate, and high myopia was 45.0% (95% CI: 43.5-46.4%), 11.1% (95% CI: 10.2-12.0%), and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7-1.3%), respectively. Moreover, grade (education level) instead of age, sex and ethnicity was the most essential risk factor for prevalence of overall myopia (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.605-2.119), and an increase of prevalence by 84.4% per grade was seen. Furthermore, similar associations of grade were significant with low myopia (OR = 1.613, 95% CI: 1.385-1.877) and moderate myopia (OR = 2.186, 95% CI: 1.693-2.823), meanwhile, prevalence of low myopia and moderate myopia demonstrated an increase of prevalence by 61.3 and 118.6% per grade, respectively. None of the factors included in the present study was significant risk factor for high myopia. Conclusions The present study investigated a non-negligible high prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China, and a gradual increasing in proportion with education level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-yun Zhang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-jun Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Mei-xia Ren
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ge
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-zhou Liu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-lei Zhang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-jiao Tong
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang-cai Lu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo-qi Lv
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Mo-qi Lv
| | - Dang-xia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Dang-xia Zhou
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Cheng Pei
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu ZH, Zhao MF, Ma S, Li Y, Sun ZY, Gao L. Exercise is the dominant factor affecting the development of teenagers' eyesight-Based on the Bayesian model averaging. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1014227. [PMID: 36589959 PMCID: PMC9801519 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1014227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The model uncertainty may result in inconsistency about the environmental factors of myopia among students, and the Bayesian model average (BMA) is an effective way to eliminate it. We aimed to explore the influencing factors of myopia in primary and middle school students by BMA. Methods The data came from the 2021 National Surveillance of Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors of students. By stratified random cluster sampling, the physical and mental health status of students in Tianjin and the factors affecting their physical health, such as diet, exercise, mental stress, school bullying, sleep time, and internet use, were investigated. The sample consisted of 8,457 primary school students, 8,191 junior middle school students, and 5,901 senior middle school students. Besides the physical examination, we used computer optometry (non-ciliary paralysis) to screen myopia. And we used BMA to select the risk factors through the BMS package in R. Results The exercise was the only factor that affected the eyesight of junior and senior middle schoolers by BMA, with the posterior probability of 0.9736 and 0.9762, but not for the primary students. And we failed to select variables that affected eyesight in grades 4-6 of primary school. Conclusion The exercise was a strong influencing factor for the eyesight of students in Tianjin's junior and senior middle schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hui Liu
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-fei Zhao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-ying Sun
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Lei Gao
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang H, Li Y, Qiu K, Zhang R, Lu X, Luo L, Lin JW, Lu Y, Zhang D, Guo P, Yang Y, Jing L, Huang Y, Ma Q, Zhou R, Ou Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Deng D, Li C, Yam JC, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Zhang M. Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2022:320940. [PMID: 36198476 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2021-320940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and uncorrected myopia in schoolchildren in southern China. METHODS The government-led Shantou Myopia Study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was measured along with presenting visual acuity if participants wore spectacles. Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) is defined as the spherical dioptres added to half of the cylindrical dioptres. Myopia is defined as SER <-0.50 dioptre with UCVA of <20/20 in at least one eye. RESULTS This study enrolled 724 828 schoolchildren (77.8% of all schoolchildren in Shantou) from 901 schools. Data from 721 032 schoolchildren (99.5%) were analysed (mean age 11.53±3.13 years, 6-20 years, 373 230 boys and 347 802 girls). Among them, 373 459 (51.8%) had myopia: 37.1% of 465 696 children in primary schools, 75.4% of 170 164 children in junior high schools and 84.8% of 85 172 children in senior high schools. The prevalence of myopia increases non-linearly with age. Older age, female and urban living environment were independently associated with myopia prevalence and myopic SER. Among the 373 459 children with myopia, 60.0% had no refractive correction: 74.9%, 53.9% and 35.5% in primary, junior high and senior high schools, respectively. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren in Shantou was 51.8%, higher than the national average in China. The proportion of uncorrected myopia is high, especially in primary schools. Our results indicate the need for public education on eye care among schoolchildren even in a municipal city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Wang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuancun Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kunliang Qiu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Riping Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Xuehui Lu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yanlin Lu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peiting Guo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liu Jing
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzi Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yunxuan Ou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Quanwen Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Youming Zhou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dandan Deng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Can Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A comparative study of the prevalence of myopia and behavioral changes in primary school students. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:370. [PMID: 36115954 PMCID: PMC9482727 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the changes in the prevalence of myopia and its relation to ocular biological parameters, and behaviors among primary school students in China, and understand the prevention and control of myopia.
Methods
Cross-sectional surveys were performed on 7–9-year-old children in the yrs. 2012 and 2019. In addition, spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL), and AL/corneal radius ratio (AL/CR ratio) were collected without cycloplegia. Participants completed detailed questionnaires on behavior related to myopia.
Results
Data was collected on 623 children (8.02 ± 0.57 years old) in 2012 and 536 students in 2019 (8.09 ± 0.65 years old). The prevalence of myopia was 37.7% in 2012 and 39.9% in 2019. The SER was -0.25 (0.92) D in 2012 and -0.25 (1.25) in 2019. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of myopia and SER over the 7 years (all P > 0.05). In 2019, the prevalence of myopia among girls demonstrated an increasing trend (33.8% vs. 37.8%), but there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The mean AL and AL/CR ratio of boys were decreasing (all P < 0.05). The proportion of children reading more than 2 h and using digital devices for more than 2 h per day after their classes in the 2019 group both decreased (all P < 0.05). However, the proportion of activities performed outdoors for more than 2 h./day decreased significantly (P = 0.001).
Conclusion
Compared with 2012, the prevalence of myopia in primary school students in 2019 was under control, which may be related to the improvement of children's near-work behavior, but there was the problem of insufficient outdoor activity time. In terms of ocular biological parameters, the risk of myopia for boys in 2019 was lower.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang Y, Li C, Gao Y. Prevalence of reduced visual acuity among adolescents in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:344. [PMID: 35974298 PMCID: PMC9380312 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence of reduced visual acuity among adolescents in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province. Methods Fourteen thousand fifty-one Jiaocheng County students aged 7 to 21 were chosen to engage in this research project in 2019. For uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) testing, a 5 m standard logarithmic visual sharpness E chart was utilized, and for diopter examination of those with reduced UCDVA, computerized optometry was used. The factors linked to reduced UCDVA in students were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Results In Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province, the prevalence of reduced UCDVA among adolescents was 77.54% in 2019, with the highest rate of severely reduced UCDVA at 47.58% and myopia accounting for the highest proportion of reduced UCDVA, with myopia rates above 90% in all age groups. Girls, those who live in counties, those who are anxious about their studies, and those who dedicate more time to schoolwork are more prone to suffer from a decrease in UCDVA; those who spend more time outdoors and get adequate sleep are less likely to have reduced UCDVA, according to logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Adolescents in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province, have a high prevalence of reduced UCDVA, and interventions targeting key populations should be increased based on effective prevention and control of reduced UCDVA among local adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang J, Li Z, Ren J, Wang W, Dai J, Li C, Huang X, Sun X, Liu L, Wang C. Prevalence of myopia: A large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in weifang, china. Front Public Health 2022; 10:924566. [PMID: 35958863 PMCID: PMC9358211 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of myopia among school-aged children and adolescents at the whole city level of Weifang, China.MethodsThis study was a large scale school-based cross-sectional study among children and adolescents aged 5–20 years old. Participants were selected by the school-based registration system in 2020. All the subjects underwent spherical equivalent (SE) error with non-cycloplegic autorefraction measurement. Myopia was defined as an SE refraction of ≤-0.75 diopters (D) and graded into low myopia (−0.75 to −3.00 D), moderate myopia (−3.01 to −5.99 D), and high myopia (≤-6.00 D).ResultsA total of 1,059,838 participants were eligible for this survey and 1,013,206 (95.6% participation rate) were selected through data quality control, which comprised 17 districts/counties and 1,254 schools, including 861 elementary schools, 313 middle schools, and 80 high schools. The mean age of participants was 11.57 ± 3.36 years (5–20 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1.11. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 75.35%. The prevalence of total myopia among the students in the Hanting District was 45.47%, but ≈82.37% of students living in Changyi have myopia. The overall prevalence of low myopia in elementary, middle, and high school students was 48.56, 47.30, and 31.62%, respectively, while high myopia (SE ≤ −6.00 D) prevalence was 1.12, 8.89, and 20.12%, respectively. The overall prevalence of myopia increased fastest in children aged 7–9 years old. The prevalence of high myopia was 7.59% for girls and 6.43% for boys, respectively (p < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with increasing age and grade, but SE decreased with increasing age and grade.ConclusionsThe current investigation demonstrated a high proportion of myopia among school students in the city of Weifang, and gradually increased with age, and the prevalence of myopia was the highest in Changyi areas. The high myopia prevalence for girls was higher than that in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiantao Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jiazhen Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xianyong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Xianyong Sun
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, China
- Lei Liu
| | - Chunping Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Chunping Wang
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dragomirova M, Antonova A, Stoykova S, Mihova G, Grigorova D. Myopia in Bulgarian school children: prevalence, risk factors, and health care coverage. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:248. [PMID: 35658918 PMCID: PMC9166668 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The prevalence of myopia has increased in recent years, with changes being dynamic and uneven in different regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of visual impairment caused by myopia in Bulgarian school children, associated risk factors, and health care coverage.
Methods
A cross-sectional study among 1401 children (mean age 10.38, standard deviation 2.70) is conducted in three locations in Bulgaria from 2016 to 2020. Refractive error is measured with an auto-refractor in the absence of cycloplegia, the visual acuity is assessed without refractive error correction. A paper-based preliminary questionnaire is used to collect data on previous eye examinations, prescribed optical vision correction, regularity of wearing corrective glasses and risk factors.
Results
Children with myopic objective refraction ≤ -0.75 D and decimal visual acuity ≤ 0.8 on at least one of the eyes are 236 out of 1401 or 16.85%. The prevalence of myopia varies depending on age, geographical location, and school profile. The rate of myopic children in age group 6–10 is 14.2% compared to 19.9% in age group 11–15. The prevalence of myopic children in the urban populations is 31.4% (capital) and 19.9% (medium-sized town) respectively, and only 8.4% in the rural population. Our results show 53% increase of the prevalence of myopia in the age group 11–15 compared to a 2009 report. The analysis of data associated with health care coverage factors of all myopic pupils shows that 71.6% had a previous eye examination, 43.2% have prescription for corrective glasses, 27.5% wear their glasses regularly. Risk factors for higher odds of myopia are gender (female), age (adolescence), and parents with impaired vision. Residence in a small town and daily sport activities correspond to lower odds for myopia. The screen time (time in front of the screen calculated in hours per day) is self-reported and is not associated with increased odds of myopia when accounted for the other risk factors.
Conclusions
The prevalence of myopia in this study is higher compared to previous studies in Bulgaria. Additional studies would be helpful in planning adequate prevention and vision care.
Collapse
|
26
|
Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:7549851. [PMID: 35685903 PMCID: PMC9173904 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7549851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the association of near heterophoria with refraction and axial length (AL) in Chinese school children. Methods This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,081 Chinese primary school children (grades 1–6) examined during 2017. Near heterophoria was measured at 33 cm using the Maddox rod and prism test. Noncycloplegic refraction and AL were also measured. A generalized additive model with a Gaussian link was used to determine the association of near heterophoria with refraction and AL. Analyses were adjusted for age to account for differences in the age distribution of the sample. Results Overall, data were analyzed for 11,013 students ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. The most common type of near heterophoria was exophoria (64.96%), the proportion and value of which increased according to grade. Exophoria accounted for 62.53% (2,328/3,723), 65.03% (2,501/3,846), and 67.51% (2,325/3,444) of near heterophoria cases for grades 1-2, grades 3-4, and grades 5-6, respectively. Prism diopter (PD) values for near heterophoria in these grades were −6.30 ± 3.69, −6.81 ± 4.01, and −8.32 ± 5.12 PD, respectively. The average spherical equivalent (SE) in children with orthophoria was 0.23 D and 0.25 D lower than those in children with exophoria and esophoria, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean AL in children with orthophoria was 0.11 mm shorter than that in children with either exophoria or esophoria (P < 0.001). Near heterophoria exhibited a significant correlation with refraction and AL, irrespective of age. Conclusions Exophoria represents the most common type of near heterophoria in children. Children with more severe near heterophoria, whether exophoria or esophoria, exhibited a higher degree of myopia and longer AL than those with relatively less severe near heterophoria. These results highlight the need for further, long-term investigation regarding the role of near heterophoria in visual development.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li X, Huang Y, Zhang J, Ding C, Chen Y, Chen H, Bao J. Treatment zone decentration promotes retinal reshaping in Chinese myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:1124-1132. [PMID: 35598145 PMCID: PMC9544447 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the treatment zone (TZ) decentration in orthokeratology (OK) lenses affects retinal expansion in Chinese children with myopia. METHODS Children aged 8 to 13 years (n = 30) were assessed over 13 months comprising 12 months of OK lens wear followed by discontinuation of lens wear for 1 month. Corneal topography was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 13 months. TZ decentration of the OK lens was calculated, and subjects were subdivided into a small decentration group (group S) and a large decentration group (group L) based on the median value of the weighted average decentration (dave ). Central axial length (AL) and peripheral eye lengths (PELs) at the central retina, as well as 10°, 20° and 30° nasally and temporally were measured at 0 and 13 months under cycloplegia. Second-order polynomial (y = ax2 + bx + c) and linear fits (y = Kx + B) were applied to the peripheral relative eye length (PREL), and the coefficients 'a' and 'K' were used to describe the shape of the eye. RESULTS Mean AL growth for one year was 0.28 ± 0.17 mm. In a multiple linear regression model, AL elongation was related to the baseline age (β = -0.41, p = 0.01) and the dave (β = -0.37, p = 0.03) (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.002). When compared with smaller dave (0.45 ± 0.15 mm), a larger dave (0.89 ± 0.17 mm) was associated with slower ocular growth (central: 0.20 ± 0.13 mm vs. 0.35 ± 0.17 mm, p = 0.009; 10° nasal: 0.26 ± 0.18 mm vs. 0.45 ± 0.21 mm, p = 0.02; 10° temporal: 0.17 ± 0.14 mm vs. 0.32 ± 0.19 mm, p = 0.02) and more oblate retina shape ('a': -0.13 ± 0.02 vs. -0.14 ± 0.02, p = 0.02; Knasal : 0.35 ± 0.11 vs. 0.39 ± 0.09, p = 0.02; Ktemporal : -0.42 ± 0.08 vs. -0.46 ± 0.08, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Greater TZ decentration with the use of OK lenses was associated with slower axial growth and a more oblate retinal shape. TZ decentration caused local defocusing changes, which may inhibit myopic progression. These findings may have important implications for improving optical designs for myopia control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglu Ding
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Bao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Features and changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in high myopic ocular hypertension: a 1-year prospective follow-up. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2022; 66:365-372. [PMID: 35438396 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-022-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe the features and changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in highly myopic ocular hypertension (HM-OHT) patients. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observation study. METHODS Individuals who met the inclusion criteria were recruited into three groups: the healthy high myopia (HM), non-highly myopic ocular hypertension (OHT) and HM-OHT group. The spherical equivalent refraction, axial length, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness and pRNFL thickness were collected and compared between groups. The OHT and HM-OHT group were followed up for 12 months. The changes in pRNFL thickness across the follow-up times were analyzed. RESULTS The study included 92 subjects. The mean pRNFL thicknesses were 102.5 ± 11.1 μm in the HM (31 people), 101.9 ± 11.7 μm in the OHT (34 people) and 102.2 ± 12.0 μm in the HM-OHT group (27 people). There was no statistical difference in the mean pRNFL thickness among the three groups. The HM-HOT group and HM group had thicker temporal sectoral (p < 0.05) pRNFL thickness and thinner superior sectoral (p = 0.015) pRNFL thickness than the OHT group. During the 12-month follow-up, the mean pRNFL thickness of the HM OHT group decreased, with an annual reduction of -0.93 ± 0.14 μm. There was a significant difference across the three visits (p < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the OHT group (p = 0.591). CONCLUSIONS After ocular magnification correction, the HM-OHT group did not have thinner pRNFL thickness than the other two groups. However, the thickness decreased significantly over time.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen H, Liao Y, Zhou W, Dong L, Wang W, Wang X. The change of myopic prevalence in children and adolescents before and after COVID-19 pandemic in Suqian, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262166. [PMID: 35312694 PMCID: PMC8937315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the change of myopic prevalence in students with different demographic characteristics before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Suqian, China. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted. Student data from 52 schools in 2019 and 2020 were collected from the electronic medical records database through cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examinations were conducted on students from September to December in 2019 and 2020. Measurements of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and noncycloplegic autorefraction were included to obtain the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and prevalence of myopia. The difference in the rate of myopia and SER of students ages 6 to 18 with various demographic characteristics was compared between the two years. Results Records from 118,479 students in 2019 and the 121,881 students in 2020 were obtained. In 2019 and 2020, the prevalence of overall myopia increased from 43.1% to 48.9% (5.8 percentage point), and a substantial shift in myopic rate occurred in grades 4 to 6 (6.9 percentage point). The change in the prevalence of myopia in girls (5.9 percentage point) was approximately equal to that in boys (5.8 percentage point) and it was more common in rural students (5.9 percentage point) than in urban students (5.1 percentage point). The prevalence of low myopia increased more in children, and the prevalence of moderate myopia increased more in adolescents. The mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (-1.34±2.03 D) was lower in 2020 than in 2019 (-1.16±1.92 D), while SER decreased mainly at ages 7 to 15. The SER presented myopic status at the age of 9 (-0.55±1.26 D in 2019, -0.71±1.42 D in 2020), and attained moderate myopia at the age of 15 (-3.06±2.41 D in 2019, -3.22±2.40 D in 2020). Conclusions After the COVID-19 pandemic, myopia increased in this population with variable rates of increase in different demographic groups. The change of myopia in children was comparatively greater than that in adolescents. Therefore, we should take measures to prevent and control the development of myopia after the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for younger students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Dong
- The Primary and Middle School Health Care Center in Suqian, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li X, Lin H, Jiang L, Chen X, Chen J, Lu F. Low Serum Vitamin D Is Not Correlated With Myopia in Chinese Children and Adolescents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:809787. [PMID: 35186996 PMCID: PMC8856508 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.809787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This cross-sectional study investigated the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and myopia in two groups of Chinese children aged 6–14 years from different geographic and economic locations. Methods A total of 294 children from a lowland area and 89 from a highland area were enrolled as two groups of study subjects. The visual acuity, ocular biometry, and automated refraction were measured. The serum level of 25(OH)D was determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Near vision and outdoor exposure durations were assessed with a questionnaire interview. Data were analyzed for differences using Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results We found that the serum level of 25(OH)D of the subjects from lowland area was 20.9 ng/mL which was higher than that of subjects from highland area (16.9 ng/mL). The median spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was −0.25 diopters(D) in lowland subjects and −0.63D in highland subjects. The prevalence of myopia was 45.2% in lowland subjects and 55.1% in highland subjects. The average axial length was similar, 23.6 mm and 23.1 mm in lowland and highland subjects, respectively. We found no statistical difference between the average SER and serum 25(OH)D concentration in subjects of either lowland or highland area. The ratio of myopia to non-myopia was also similar in subjects with three levels (sufficient, deficient, and insufficient) of serum 25(OH)D in these two areas. Conclusions There is no association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and myopia in the 6–14 years old Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haishuang Lin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Longfei Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Chen
| | - Fan Lu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Fan Lu
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen S, Liu X, Sha X, Yang X, Yu X. Relationship between axial length and spherical equivalent refraction in Chinese children. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021; 1:100010. [PMID: 37846322 PMCID: PMC10577836 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2021.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in Chinese children. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 1208 eyes (from 617 Chinese boys and 591 Chinese girls), ranging between 2 and 12 years. All subjects were divided into subgroups according to the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia) and age (2-6 years, 7-9 years, and 10-12 years). Comparisons were made between age, sex, and SER groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of AL and SER for all groups. Results The mean AL and SER were significantly different among the three age groups: 2-6 years group (AL: 22.24 ± 1.59 mm; SER: 0.73 ± 2.67 D); 7-9 years group (AL: 23.49 ± 1.10 mm; SE: -0.68 ± 1.97 D) and 10-12 years group (AL: 24.33 ± 1.02 mm; SER: -1.72 ± 1.86 D). Boys showed longer AL compared with the girls (23.66 ± 1.51 mm vs 23.05 ± 1.32 mm). However, as for SER, the girls (-0.70 ± 2.17 D) showed smaller SER (more myopia) compared with the boys (-0.4 ± 2.48 D). After adjusting for age and sex, the SER tended to decrease (became more myopic) 1.23 D (95% CI: 1.15-1.30D) with a 1 mm increase of AL. Among the different SER groups, the SER tended to become more myopic per mm of AL by 1.09 D (95% CI: 0.97-1.21D) for the myopia group, 1.38 D (95% CI: 1.23-1.54 D) for the hyperopia group, and 0.05 D (95% CI: 0.02-0.08 D) for the emmetropic group. In addition, an increase of 1 mm elongation of AL showed a decrease of SER by 1.05 D (95% CI: 0.90-1.20 D) among 2 - 6-year-olds, by 1.40 D (95% CI: 1.30-1.51 D) among 7 - 9-year-olds, and by 1.37 D (95% CI: 1.21-1.52 D) among 10-12-year-olds. As for sexual differences, the girls 1.68 D, (95% CI: 1.57-1.79 D) showed a more significant myopic shift of SER with a 1 mm increase of AL compared with the boys (0.94 D, 95% CI: 0.84-1.04 D). Conclusions Our results indicated a strong linear relationship between SER and AL and an early-rising trend of myopia in Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaotong Sha
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu Q, Tian Q, Zhang X, Xu J, Tang G, Li R, Guo X, Xu Z, Feng J, Song J, Bi H. Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5795-5805. [PMID: 34557031 PMCID: PMC8453643 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Runkuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqing Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang J, Liu J, Ma W, Zhang Q, Li R, He X, Liu L. Prevalence of myopia in 3-14-year-old Chinese children: a school-based cross-sectional study in Chengdu. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 34470605 PMCID: PMC8411514 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of myopia among children in Chengdu is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia in 3- to 14-year-old Chinese children in Chengdu. Methods This study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children aged 3–14 years. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured. Results A total of 19,455 children were recruited for this study. The prevalence of myopia was 38.1 %; the prevalence of low myopia was 26.6 %, that of moderate myopia was 9.8 %, and that of high myopia was 1.7 %. The prevalence of myopia and SER increased with age from 6 years old. The prevalence of myopia was higher, and the SER indicated more severe myopia in the girls than in the boys (40.1 % vs. 36.2 %, χ2 = 30.67, df = 1, P < 0.001; -0.93 D ± 1.75 D vs. -0.84 D ± 1.74 D, t = 3.613, df=19,453, P < 0.001). The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys aged 9 years and older (P < 0.05). Among the myopic children, the rates of uncorrected, undercorrected and fully corrected myopia were 54.8 %, 31.1 and 14.1 %, respectively. AL and AL/CR increased with age from 6 years old, but CR remained stable after 4 years old. The AL was longer, and the CR was flatter in the boys than in the girls aged 3 to 14 years old (P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia, AL and AL/CR increased, and the SER became more myopic with age from 6 years old. The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys, but the boys had a longer AL, flatter CR and higher AL/CR ratio than did the girls. The rate of uncorrected myopia was very high in the myopic children. More actions need to be taken to decrease the prevalence of myopia, especially uncorrected myopia in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianglan Wang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao He
- West China Clinical Skills Training Center, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Opportunities and threats to contact lens practice: A global survey perspective. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:101496. [PMID: 34426063 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To understand the views of contact lens (CL) practitioners across the globe regarding what they perceive as opportunities and threats in CL practice. METHODS A self-administered anonymised questionnaire, constructed in English and translated in six more languages, was distributed through reputed international professional bodies and academic institutions worldwide. The questionnaire included items on demographic characteristics, type of practice, and questions designed to explore practitioners' perspective on the future of their CL practice over the next five years. RESULTS A total of 2408 valid responses were analysed. Multifocal CLs for presbyopia, CLs for myopia control, use of daily disposable (DD) CLs for occasional wear, and biocompatible materials to improve comfort were identified as promising areas of opportunities by practitioners (all 8/10). Respondents from North America, and Europe valued DDCLs for occasional wear moderately more favourable (Median: 9/10 for all) as compared to colleagues in Asia (Median: 8/10, p < 0.001), South America (Median: 8/10, p < 0.01), and Africa (Median: 8/10p < 0.01). Multifocal CLs for presbyopia was perceived as a better opportunity by practitioners in North America and Europe (Median: 9/10 for both), as well as in Australasia (Median: 8/10), in comparison to Asia, Africa, and Middle East (for all Median: 6/10, p < 0.001). Practitioners expressed concerns about the availability of CLs and CL prescriptions online without direct professional involvement (both 9/10). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the most appealing opportunities for CL practice growth were identified in occasional use of DD CLs, biocompatible materials to reduce CL discomfort, multifocal CLs for presbyopia correction and management of myopia control with CLs. Lack of regulation in CL sales, especially online, seemed to be a constant threat. The insights from this study can be used to design targeted strategies to enhance CL practice across the globe and in specific geographical areas.
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu L, Zhuang Y, Zhang G, Ma Y, Yuan J, Tu C, Li M, Wang W, Zhang Y, Lu X, Li J, Liu X, Xue Z, Zhou M, Sun J, Bao J, Li M, Lu F, Wang H, Su J, Qu J. Design, methodology, and baseline of whole city-million scale children and adolescents myopia survey (CAMS) in Wenzhou, China. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:31. [PMID: 34407890 PMCID: PMC8373605 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common visual impairment in children and adolescents worldwide. This study described an economical and effective population-based screening pipeline and performed the project of a million scale children and adolescents myopia survey (CAMS), which will shed light on the further study of myopia from the level of epidemiology and precision medicine. Methods We developed a novel population-based screening pattern, an intelligent screening process and internet-based information transmission and analysis system to carry out the survey consisting of school children in Wenzhou, China. The examination items include unaided distance visual acuity, presenting distance visual acuity, and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Myopia and high myopia were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 1.00 diopters (D) and SE ≤ − 6.00 D, respectively. Next, the reports of the vision checking were automatically sent to parents and the related departments. The CAMS project will be done two to four times annually with the support of the government. An online eyesight status information management system (OESIMS) was developed to construct comprehensive and efficient electronic vision health records (EVHRs) for myopia information inquiry, risk pre-warning, and further study. Results The CAMS completed the first-round of screening within 30 days for 99.41% of Wenzhou students from districts and counties, in June 2019. A total of 1,060,925 participants were eligible for CAMS and 1,054,251 (99.37% participation rate) were selected through data quality control, which comprised 1305 schools, and 580,609, 251,050 and 170,967 elementary, middle, and high school students. The mean age of participants was 12.21 ± 3.32 years (6–20 years), the female-to-male ratio was 0.82. The prevalence of myopia in elementary, middle, and high school students was 38.16%, 77.52%, and 84.00%, respectively, and the high myopia incidence was 0.95%, 6.90%, and 12.98%. Conclusions The CAMS standardized myopia screening model involves automating large-scale information collection, data transmission, data analysis and early warning, thereby supporting myopia prevention and control. The entire survey reduced 90% of staff, cost, and time consumption compared with previous surveys. This will provide new insights for decision support for public health intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40662-021-00255-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangde Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Youyuan Zhuang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Guosi Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Changseng Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - MiaoMiao Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wencan Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinting Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhengbo Xue
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinhua Bao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in myopic phakic eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47:533-541. [PMID: 32925646 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a potentially blinding disease, more common in the myopic population. This systematic review aimed to collect the existing literature on the incidence of RRD in myopic phakic eyes. MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify eligible studies published until February 2020. In total 2715 publications were identified, of which only 3 were considered eligible and 2 as eligible with major limitations. Because of substantial differences between the included studies, a pooled analysis was not conducted. Summarizing the results and considering several limitations, an annual RRD incidence per 100 000 of 15 to 34 for mild myopia, 15 to 73 for moderate myopia, 102 to 128 for high myopia, and 287 in very highly myopic eyes was shown. Large well-designed studies are needed, including precise information on the refractive status or axial eye length, lens status, traumatic injuries, and intraocular surgeries during follow-up.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tang Y, Chen A, Zou M, Liu Z, Young CA, Zheng D, Jin G. Prevalence and time trends of refractive error in Chinese children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2021; 11:08006. [PMID: 34327000 PMCID: PMC8285767 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.08006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the prevalence and time trends of refractive error (RE) among Chinese children under 18 years old. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science were searched for articles that estimated prevalence of RE in Chinese children. Data of identified eligible studies was extracted by two investigators independently. Pooled prevalence of RE and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and the time trends of RE were investigated using Meta-analysis methods. Results Of the 41 studies covering 1 051 784 subjects, the pooled prevalence of myopia, high myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in Chinese children was 38.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 35.1%-41.1%), 2.8% (95% CI = 2.3%-3.4%), 5.2% (95% CI = 3.1%-8.6%) and 16.5% (95% CI = 12.3%-21.8%), respectively. Subgroup analysis show that children living in urban were at higher risk of RE. Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia were higher in Northern China compared with Southern China and high myopia and astigmatism were higher in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan than in mainland China. Regression analysis showed an upward trend in myopia and hyperopia and a downward trend in high myopia and astigmatism with years. Conclusions The prevalence of RE is higher in urban areas than in rural for Chinese children. The much higher prevalence of myopia and astigmatism in China compared with foreign countries indicates the important role played by environment and genetic factors. Considering the large magnitude of refractive errors, much more attention should still be paid to RE prevention and treatment strategy development in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Minjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charlotte Aimee Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Comparison of the visual performance of iris-fixated phakic lens and implantable collamer lens to correct high myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:244. [PMID: 34078321 PMCID: PMC8173970 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-01995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To compare visual performance between the iris-fixated phakic intraocular len (pIOL) and implantable collamer len (ICL) to correct high myopia. Methods Twenty-four eyes underwent iris-fixated pIOL implantation and 24 eyes underwent ICL implantation. At the 6-month follow-up, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) were compared between the iris-fixated pIOL and ICL groups. The objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff, and ocular aberrations were performed to evaluate postoperative visual quality between the two groups. Results No significant difference was found in UDVA, BCVA, and spherical equivalent between the iris-fixated pIOL and ICL groups (P > 0.05). Six months after surgery, the following values were significantly higher in the ICL group than in the iris-fixated pIOL group: MTF cutoff, strehl ratio and optical quality analysis system values at contrasts of 9 %, 20 %, and 100 % (P < 0.01). The OSI in the iris-fixated pIOL group was higher than in the ICL group 6 months after surgery (P < 0.01). All high-order aberrations were slightly more severe in the iris-fixated pIOL group than in the ICL group 6 months after surgery, although only trefoil (P = 0.023) differed significantly in this regard. Conclusions Both iris-fixated lenses and ICLs can provide good visual acuity. ICLs confer better visual performance in MTF-associated parameters and induce less intraocular light scattering than iris-fixated pIOLs.
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu X, Zhang F, Wang Y, Xie Z, Wu W, Wang Q, Zheng M, Lu F, Mao X. Associations between optic disc characteristics and macular choroidal microvasculature in young patients with high myopia. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 49:560-569. [PMID: 34013561 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine changes to optic disc characteristics and macular choroidal microvasculature, and their relationships in young patients with high myopia (HM). METHODS A total of 90 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Based on their refractive power, the patients were divided into three groups: 27 in the control group, 34 in the HM group and 29 in the extremely high myopia group. Images of each patient's macula and optic disc were taken by ocular coherence tomography angiography. The macular choroidal and retinal thickness, capillary vessel density and capillary flow area were measured using Matlab software. Parapapillary atrophy (PPA) and the ovality index (OI) obtained from the scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images and the degree of optic disc tilt obtained from the optic nerve head ocular coherence tomography B-scans were analysed by Image J and Matlab software. RESULTS The PPA area, OI and degree of optic disc tilt were significantly different among the three groups (all p ≤ 0.001). The macular choroidal thickness and microvasculature were significantly different among the three groups (all p < 0.05). Macular choroidal thickness was significantly correlated with PPA area and the degree of optic disc tilt (r = -0.331, p = 0.003; r = -0.394, p = 0.001, respectively). Macular choroidal capillary vessel density and choriocapillaris flow area were associated with PPA area (r = -0.251, p = 0.047; r = -0.326, p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PPA area, OI and the degree of optic disc tilt were increased in patients with HM, and these changes were correlated with macular choroidal thickness and choroidal microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhu Xie
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Wu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miaoran Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, Naduvilath T, Zou H, Frick KD, Marmamula S, Friedman DS, Lamoureux E, Keeffe J, Walline JJ, Fricke TR, Kovai V, Resnikoff S. IMI Impact of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:2. [PMID: 33909036 PMCID: PMC8083082 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of myopia is growing. Myopia affected nearly 30% of the world population in 2020 and this number is expected to rise to 50% by 2050. This review aims to analyze the impact of myopia on individuals and society; summarizing the evidence for recent research on the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, lifetime pathological manifestations of myopia, direct health expenditure, and indirect costs such as lost productivity and reduced quality of life (QOL). The principal trends are a rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia, with a disproportionately greater increase in the prevalence of high myopia. This forecasts a future increase in vision loss due to uncorrected myopia as well as high myopia-related complications such as myopic macular degeneration. QOL is affected for those with uncorrected myopia, high myopia, or complications of high myopia. Overall the current global cost estimates related to direct health expenditure and lost productivity are in the billions. Health expenditure is greater in adults, reflecting the added costs due to myopia-related complications. Unless the current trajectory for the rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia change, the costs will continue to grow. The past few decades have seen the emergence of several novel approaches to prevent and slow myopia. Further work is needed to understand the life-long impact of myopia on an individual and the cost-effectiveness of the various novel approaches in reducing the burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina Tahhan
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Naduvilath
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haidong Zou
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin D. Frick
- Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Srinivas Marmamula
- Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - David S. Friedman
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ecosse Lamoureux
- Duke - NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Jill Keeffe
- Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jeffrey J. Walline
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Vilas Kovai
- Health Promotion Service, Population Health, Liverpool Hospital, SWSLHD, Health - New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:7430576. [PMID: 33859837 PMCID: PMC8026293 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7430576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between myopia progression and school entrance age among Chinese schoolchildren and to suggest a more appropriate school age. Methods 1,463 children aged six to nine years from Wenzhou, China, were examined and followed up for two and a half consecutive years. Their noncycloplegic refraction was measured twice each year by using an automatic refractometer; axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) were tested annually by using the IOLMaster for 2.5 years. The questionnaires were completed by the children to collect detailed information regarding risk factors. Here, myopia is defined as a spherical equivalent less than −1.0D. Results The changes in spherical equivalent (SE) of 7-year-old children in grade 1 and grade 2 were −0.45D and -0.56D, while changes in AL were 0.59 mm and 0.62 mm, respectively. The SE changes of 8-year-old children in grade 2 and grade 3 were −0.54D and −0.75D; meanwhile, the AL changes were 0.57 mm and 0.61 mm, respectively. Significant statistical differences were observed in ocular biological structure parameters, except for corneal radius of curvature (CRC) or anterior chamber depth (ACD), among children with the same age in different grades during this study. The prevalence of myopia was also significantly higher in higher grades for children with same age. Conclusions Myopia is related to children's school entrance age. Children who start school in an earlier age are more likely to suffer from myopia, and the progression of myopia can be considerably faster. Therefore, it is recommended to enter school after the age of 7.
Collapse
|
42
|
PREVALENCE AND TIME TRENDS OF MYOPIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN CHINA: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Retina 2021; 40:399-411. [PMID: 31259808 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate prevalence, associated factors, and time trends of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies examining the prevalence of myopia in children and adolescents aged 3 years to 19 years in China before October 2018. We pooled the prevalence and associated factors for myopia and estimated time trends. RESULTS In 22 eligible studies including 192,569 individuals, the pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of myopia and high myopia in the study period from 1998 to 2016 was 37.7% (95% CI: 23.5-52.0%) and 3.1% (95% CI: 1.2-5.0%), respectively, with higher odds for girls than boys (myopia: odds ratio: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.14-1.46; P < 0.001; high myopia: odds ratio: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.78; P = 0.02) and with higher prevalences for urban areas than rural regions (myopia: 48.8% [95% CI: 32.3-65.3] vs. 31.9% [95% CI: 20.4-43.3; P < 0.001]). The pooled prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased from 4.7% (95% CI: 2.5-6.9) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0-0.5), respectively, in <7-years-olds to 56.2% (95% CI: 29.8-82.5) and 15.1% (95% CI: 6.4-23.8), respectively, in 16- to 18-year-olds. Myopic refractive error increased with older age (P < 0.001), female gender (P < 0.001), and study year (P = 0.003). Studies performed after 2013 showed a prevalence of myopia and high myopia in the 16- to 18-year-olds of 84.8% (95% CI: 84.4-85.2%) and 19.3% (95% CI: 18.6-20.2%), respectively. Assuming a further linear relationship with the study year, myopia prevalence in 2050 among children and adolescents aged 3 years to 19 years would be estimated to be about 84%. CONCLUSION The marked rise in high myopia prevalence among adolescents in China may be of importance for high myopia as risk factor for irreversible vision loss in Chinese adults in the future.
Collapse
|
43
|
RNA-seq and GSEA identifies suppression of ligand-gated chloride efflux channels as the major gene pathway contributing to form deprivation myopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5280. [PMID: 33674625 PMCID: PMC7935918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no consensus regarding the aetiology of the excessive ocular volume that characterizes high myopia. Thus, we aimed to test whether the gene pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis of RNA-seq transcriptomics refutes the predictions of the Retinal Ion Driven Efflux (RIDE) hypothesis when applied to the induction of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and subsequent recovery (post-occluder removal). We found that the induction of profound FDM led to significant suppression in the ligand-gated chloride ion channel transport pathway via suppression of glycine, GABAA and GABAC ionotropic receptors. Post-occluder removal for short term recovery from FDM of 6 h and 24 h, induced significant upregulation of the gene families linked to cone receptor phototransduction, mitochondrial energy, and complement pathways. These findings support a model of form deprivation myopia as a Cl− ion driven adaptive fluid response to the modulation of the visual signal cascade by form deprivation that in turn affects the resultant ionic environment of the outer and inner retinal tissues, axial and vitreal elongation as predicted by the RIDE model. Occluder removal and return to normal light conditions led to return to more normal upregulation of phototransduction, slowed growth rate, refractive recovery and apparent return towards physiological homeostasis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Jiang D, Lin H, Li C, Liu L, Xiao H, Lin Y, Huang X, Chen Y. Longitudinal association between myopia and parental myopia and outdoor time among students in Wenzhou: a 2.5-year longitudinal cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:11. [PMID: 33407251 PMCID: PMC7789164 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the impact of parental myopia and outdoor time on myopia among students in Wenzhou. METHODS We examined 1388 primary students from first grade to third grade in Wenzhou from September 2012 to March 2015. We performed noncycloplegic refractometry on each student every six months and axial length (AL) measurements every year. At the commencement of our study, children were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding near work activity and outdoor activity, whereas parents were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire regarding their background circumstances and their history of myopia. RESULTS A total of 1294 students (93.2%) returned for follow-up examinations. Children with initial and final no myopia spent more time on outdoor activities than those with new onset myopia (1.92 vs. 1.81 h/d, p = 0.022), and elongation of AL in children with a high level (> 2.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.22 ± 0.13 mm/Y) was less than those with a low level (≤ 1.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.24 ± 0.14 mm/Y, p = 0.045). The proportion of rapid myopia progression (≤-0.5D/Y) was 16.7%, 20.2% and 31.5% among the children with no myopic parent, one myopic parent and two myopic parents, respectively (X2 = 28.076, p < 0.001), and the elongation of AL in children among different numbers of myopic parents was significantly different (p < 0.001). A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.88; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS In this sample, parental myopia and outdoor time were associated with myopia in children. A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Haishuang Lin
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Chunchun Li
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 82 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Haishao Xiao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 82 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yaoyao Lin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 82 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Huang
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Sun S, Fu Y, Ke B. Change and Recovery of Choroid Thickness after Short-term Application of 1% Atropine Gel and Its Influencing Factors in 6-7-year-old Children. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1171-1177. [PMID: 33390025 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1863431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the change and recovery of choroid thickness after short-term application of 1% atropine gel and its influencing factors in 6-7-year-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS 71 right eyes of 71 children were enrolled and divided into myopia and control group. 1% atropine gel was administered twice a day for one week and then stopped. Spherical equivalent (SE), accommodative amplitude (AA), keratometry (K), axial length (AL), and choroidal thickness (CT) were obtained at baseline and 1st, 4th, and 8th weeks. CT was measured at subfovea and 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior from the fovea using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS In both groups, all CTs increased following the change in SE, AA, and AL after administration of 1% atropine for one week. They gradually recovered to baseline levels seven weeks after withdrawal. The change (Δ) in CT at 3 mm superior from the fovea was significantly higher in the myopia group than in the control group. In both groups, ΔCT at subfovea had no significant correlation with SE, AA, and AL, both at baseline and one week. However, ΔCT at subfovea was negatively correlated with ΔAL in the control group. CONCLUSIONS One-week application of 1% atropine gel may increase CT in 6-7-year-old Chinese children. Meanwhile, the recovery process after withdrawal lasts seven weeks. During the recovery process, the changes in structural parameters (AL, CT) and functional parameters (AA, SE) in both groups occurred synchronously. The SE, AA, and AL at baseline may not predict the extent of atropine's effect on CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang J, Li M, Zhu D, Cao Y. Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e21923. [PMID: 33289673 PMCID: PMC7755532 DOI: 10.2196/21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone overuse has been cited as a potentially modifiable risk factor that can result in visual impairment. However, reported associations between smartphone overuse and visual impairment have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to determine the association between smartphone overuse and visual impairment, including myopia, blurred vision, and poor vision, in children and young adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, and ScienceDirect databases since the beginning of the databases up to June 2020. Fourteen eligible studies (10 cross-sectional studies and 4 controlled trials) were identified, which included a total of 27,110 subjects with a mean age ranging from 9.5 to 26.0 years. We used a random-effects model for meta-analysis of the 10 cross-sectional studies (26,962 subjects) and a fixed-effects model for meta-analysis of the 4 controlled trials (148 subjects) to combine odds ratios (ORs) and effect sizes (ES). The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS A pooled OR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.98-1.13, P=.16) was obtained from the cross-sectional studies, suggesting that smartphone overuse is not significantly associated with myopia, poor vision, or blurred vision; however, these visual impairments together were more apparent in children (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.14, P=.09) than in young adults (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.57-1.46,P=.71). For the 4 controlled trials, the smartphone overuse groups showed worse visual function scores compared with the reduced-use groups. The pooled ES was 0.76 (95% CI 0.53-0.99), which was statistically significant (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Longer smartphone use may increase the likelihood of ocular symptoms, including myopia, asthenopia, and ocular surface disease, especially in children. Thus, regulating use time and restricting the prolonged use of smartphones may prevent ocular and visual symptoms. Further research on the patterns of use, with longer follow up on the longitudinal associations, will help to inform detailed guidelines and recommendations for smartphone use in children and young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Li
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daqiao Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xiang S, Zhao S, Li X, Li L, Xie L, Kang R, Zhong Y. The prevalence of reduced visual acuity in children from an urban district in China from 2002 to 2018. Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:2550-2555. [PMID: 33188291 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate trends in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA), a proxy measure for myopia, in an urban district in China. METHODS Data were extracted from the dataset of the 2002 and 2018 Annual Survey on Students' Constitution and Health from Yuhua District, Changsha City, China. Children aged 6-15 years were included in the study. VA was measured using a LogMAR tumbling E chart. The prevalence of reduced VA was calculated by age and gender. The chi-square test was used to compare the differences between groups. RESULTS The final VA analysis included 26217 children in 2002 and 45510 children in 2018. The overall prevalence of reduced VA increased from 28.3% in 2002 to 46.5% in 2018 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of reduced VA started to increase markedly from the age of 14 years in 2002, while in 2018 it started to increase markedly from the age of 9 years. The prevalence of severely reduced VA increased in all age groups from 2002 to 2018 and increased with age (all P < 0.001). In 2002, over 50% of children in all age groups had normal VA. By 2018, the prevalence of normal VA decreased from 61.4% in those aged 6 years to 31.9% in those aged 15 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of reduced VA among children aged 6-15 years in Yuhua District has become more common with age, and there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of reduced VA from 2002 to 2018. The remarkable epidemic of reduced VA started 5 years earlier in 2018 than in 2002. Evidence from the present study suggests that interventions should be launched before the age of 9 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Xiang
- Hunan Children's Research Institute (HCRI), Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Child health service, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Xun Li
- Hunan Children's Research Institute (HCRI), Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Liping Li
- Hunan Children's Research Institute (HCRI), Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Department of outpatient service, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Rutong Kang
- Department of Child health service, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Child health service, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang J, Chen Q, Du K, Guan H. Does Performing the Chinese Eye Exercises Help Protect Children's Vision? - New Evidence from Primary Schools in Rural Northwestern China. Healthc Policy 2020; 13:2425-2438. [PMID: 33177899 PMCID: PMC7650230 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s277917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of myopia among school-age children in China has raised serious concerns about protecting Chinese students’ vision. While the regular performance of the Chinese eye exercises has been adopted as a preventive approach in China since the mid-1960s, these exercises’ effectiveness at protecting students’ vision has remained largely unknown. This study attempts to provide new evidence of the impact of regularly performing the exercises on Chinese students’ visual outcomes, based on a large-scale dataset. Methods A school-based survey was conducted among 9842 randomly selected students (fourth graders) from 252 primary schools in rural Northwestern China in 2012. To address potential estimation bias, we adopted both an instrumental variable (IV) approach and a bivariate-probit model to estimate the impacts on students’ visual acuity and the incidences of visual impairment and myopia. Results Both IV and bivariate-probit estimates reveal a detrimental impact of regularly performing the Chinese eye exercises on students’ vision. Compared with students who did not regularly perform the exercises, those who did were 6.2 percentage points more likely to have impaired vision and 7.6 percentage points more likely to be myopic. The estimates are robust to different estimation strategies, various specifications, and the majority of subsamples. Conclusion Under the assumption that the correct performance of the Chinese eye exercises would not undermine students’ vision, our findings suggest that the commonly-observed incorrect performance of these exercises among Chinese students imposes non-trivial threats to their vision health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juerong Huang
- Beijing Food Safety Policy & Strategy Base, College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Chen
- Beijing Food Safety Policy & Strategy Base, College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Du
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fu A, Watt K, M Junghans B, Delaveris A, Stapleton F. Prevalence of myopia among disadvantaged Australian schoolchildren: A 5-year cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238122. [PMID: 32853278 PMCID: PMC7451552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia prevalence is influenced by environmental factors including heritability and social disadvantage. The current prevalence of myopia among disadvantaged school children in Australia has not been reported. Therefore, this study analyses refractive data for children from rural and outer suburban areas. Methods The records of 4,365 children aged 6–15 visiting a city-based government-school respite care center during the years 2014/2016/2018 were analyzed for right eye non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER). The prevalence of myopia (SER≤-0.50D) was compared with historical data. Results The prevalence of myopia was 3.5%, 4.4% and 4.3% in 2014, 2016 and 2018, respectively. The prevalence of myopia increased with age (P<0.0001), but was not related to sex or year of testing (all P >0.05). The overall mean SER was 0.89±0.86D, 0.62±0.89D and 0.56±0.95 in 2014, 2016 and 2018, respectively. Mean SER was associated with year of testing, age (all P <0.0001) and sex (P = 0.03). Mean SER decreased slightly from 2014 to 2018 and demonstrated a significant shift towards less hyperopia with increasing age. Mean SER of females was higher than that of males and decreased faster than in males with age (P interaction = 0.03). Conclusions Myopia prevalence increased with age. The mean SER decreased slightly from 2014 to 2018. Sex differences in the rate of change with age was observed. Compared with 40 years ago, the prevalence of myopia has doubled, but it remains significantly lower than in school children of a similar age living in established urban areas that are regarded as having a higher socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicun Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kathleen Watt
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:2670153. [PMID: 32774900 PMCID: PMC7399760 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2670153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyse the correlation of myopia with physical exercise and sleep habits to explore the possible risk or protective factors of juvenile myopia. Methods This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 1831 students aged 11-18 years from five schools in Qingpu completed questionnaires from 2018 to 2019; the students were divided into the nonmyopia group and the myopia group, with students in the myopia group having myopia in at least one eye. Based on the chi-square test, the variables with statistical significance were selected for the logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. Results Myopia was positively associated with older age (OR = 2.216, 95% CI: 1.720-2.855), having a parent with myopia (father: OR = 2.463, 95% CI: 1.900-3.193; mother: OR = 2.853, 95% CI: 2.232-3.646), and a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.002; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.516, 95% CI: 1.095-2.100; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 1.966, 95% CI: 1.383-2.795), but negatively correlated with male gender (OR = 0.693, 95% CI: 0.549-0.876), a late daily wake time (OR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.621-0.985), and having more days per week of outdoor activities during the semester (OR = 0.764, 95% CI: 0.597-0.978). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, myopia was positively associated with a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.003; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.570, 95% CI: 1.076-2.289; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 2.173, 95% CI: 1.451-3.253; after 12 am: OR = 1.786, 95% CI: 1.093-2.919), but negatively correlated with a late daily wake time during the semester (OR = 0.761, 95% CI: 0.581-0.997). Conclusion The association of outdoor exercise with myopia among Chinese suburban adolescents does not seem to be as strong as that of sleep habits. Future research could seek to provide consistent evidence for a potential association between myopia and sleep habits.
Collapse
|