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Panwar V, Cai Q, Jia L. Metastatic diseases to the adrenal gland: A comprehensive study from an academic institution with emphasis on clinical occult cases. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155487. [PMID: 39079382 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is one of the common sites of metastasis and distinguishing metastatic diseases from adrenal primary neoplasms is essential for accurate clinical management of patients. Our study aimed to elucidate the spectrum and clinicopathologic features of metastatic solid tumors to the adrenal gland at an academic institution, with special focus patients presented with solitary adrenal masses without previously known malignancies. Our departmental database (2013-2022) was retrospectively searched and 129 patients with metastatic solid tumors involving the adrenal gland were identified. The median age at the initial diagnosis of metastatic diseases was 64 years old (range, 54-70 years). The majority of the diseases were presented as unilateral (n=118) or unifocal (n=119) involvement. Most patients had known prior or concurrent malignancies (n=125), whereas adrenal gland involvement was the initial clinical presentation in 4 patients. The most common primary carcinomas included renal cell carcinoma (n=84), lung adenocarcinoma (n=21), urothelial carcinoma (n=3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n=3). In 104 (80 %) patients with available follow up (median of 39 months, ranging 0-81 months), 43 patients died of disease. Metastatic diseases are usually exercised in the differential diagnosis when there is clinically known malignant primary. In patients without clinical known malignancies, close clinical and radiologic correlation and thorough relevant clinical work up are critical, because clinical occult malignancy may metastasize to the adrenal gland as a solitary mass at the initial presentation, although it is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Panwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75039, USA
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75039, USA
| | - Liwei Jia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75039, USA.
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Barlas T, Gultekin II, Altintop SE, Cindil E, Yalcin MM, Cerit ET, Sozen TS, Poyraz A, Altinova AE, Toruner FB, Karakoc MA, Akturk M. Beyond symptomatology: A comparative analysis of unilateral and bilateral macronodular mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 101:99-107. [PMID: 38935859 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical, laboratory findings and signal intensity index (SII) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with bilateral and unilateral macronodular mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Clinical and laboratory findings of 81 patients with MACS were examined from retrospective records. SII of adenomas and internodular areas were evaluated by MRI. The unilateral group included patients with an adrenal macronodule (≥1 cm) in a single adrenal gland, while the bilateral group included patients with at least one macronodule in both adrenal glands. RESULTS In total, 46 patients were in the unilateral (57%), while 35 (43%) patients were in the bilateral groups. The dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) level was lower in the unilateral than in the bilateral group (p < .001). The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were higher in the bilateral group (p < .05). However, no significant difference was detected in terms of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) between the two groups (p > .05). There was no difference in SII between adenomas within the same patient, as well as between the unilateral and bilateral groups (p > .05). Logistic regression analysis based on the differentiation between unilateral and bilateral macronodular MACS demonstrated that DHEA-S, HbA1c and LDL concentrations were associated factors. CONCLUSION DHEA-S levels may not be as suppressed in patients with bilateral macronodular MACS as compared to those with unilateral adenoma. T2DM and hypercholesterolaemia have a higher frequency in bilateral patients. However, ACTH, overnight 1 mg DST and SII may not provide additional information for differentiation of bilaterality and unilaterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Barlas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isil Imge Gultekin
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabri Engin Altintop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emetullah Cindil
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Muhittin Yalcin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ethem Turgay Cerit
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Sinan Sozen
- Department of Urology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylar Poyraz
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Eroglu Altinova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fusun Balos Toruner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ayhan Karakoc
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mujde Akturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Bletsis P, Akgun E, Romero-Velez G, La Riva A, Berber E. A Comparison of Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Findings in Benign Versus Malignant Adrenal Tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:5122-5127. [PMID: 38802716 PMCID: PMC11236849 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-15430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adrenal tumors are deemed radiologically indeterminate and surgically removed. Adrenal tissue, like parathyroid glands, exhibits near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) properties. This study was designed to investigate the potential of NIRAF to differentiate benign versus malignant adrenal tumors. METHODS Patients undergoing adrenalectomy between October 2021 and May 2023 were prospectively studied. Adrenalectomy specimens were inspected with NIRAF imaging. Specimen autofluorescence (AF) characteristics were recorded. Comparisons were made between different tumor types and a logistic regression model was constructed to differentiate benign versus malignant tumors. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify an optimal AF threshold differentiating benign versus malignant tumors. RESULTS A total of 108 adrenal specimens were examined: adrenocortical adenomas/other benign lesions (n = 72), pheochromocytomas (n = 18), adrenocortical neoplasms of uncertain behavior (n = 4), and malignant tumors (n = 14). A significant difference in normalized AF intensity was identified when comparing adrenocortical adenomas (3.08 times background) with pheochromocytomas (1.95, p = 0.001) and malignant tumors (1.11, p < 0.0001). The Area Under the Curve differentiating benign vs malignant tumors was 0.87, with an optimal normalized AF threshold at 1.93. CONCLUSIONS Different adrenal pathologies exhibit diverse AF properties. These findings suggest a potential intraoperative utility of NIRAF in predicting benign versus malignant nature for radiologically indeterminate adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Bletsis
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Metabolism and Endocrinology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ege Akgun
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Metabolism and Endocrinology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo Romero-Velez
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Metabolism and Endocrinology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anibal La Riva
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Metabolism and Endocrinology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eren Berber
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Metabolism and Endocrinology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Prete A, Bancos I. Mild autonomous cortisol secretion: pathophysiology, comorbidities and management approaches. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:460-473. [PMID: 38649778 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The majority of incidentally discovered adrenal tumours are benign adrenocortical adenomas and the prevalence of adrenocortical adenomas is around 1-7% on cross-sectional abdominal imaging. These can be non-functioning adrenal tumours or they can be associated with autonomous cortisol secretion on a spectrum that ranges from rare clinically overt adrenal Cushing syndrome to the much more prevalent mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) without signs of Cushing syndrome. MACS is diagnosed (based on an abnormal overnight dexamethasone suppression test) in 20-50% of patients with adrenal adenomas. MACS is associated with cardiovascular morbidity, frailty, fragility fractures, decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Management of MACS should be individualized based on patient characteristics and includes adrenalectomy or conservative follow-up with treatment of associated comorbidities. Identifying patients with MACS who are most likely to benefit from adrenalectomy is challenging, as adrenalectomy results in improvement of cardiovascular morbidity in some, but not all, patients with MACS. Of note, diagnosis and management of patients with bilateral MACS is especially challenging. Current gaps in MACS clinical practice include a lack of specific biomarkers diagnostic of MACS-related health outcomes and a paucity of clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of adrenalectomy on comorbidities associated with MACS. In addition, little evidence exists to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of long-term medical therapy in patients with MACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prete
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Nakano Y, Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Nakatani K, Umakoshi H, Nakao H, Fujita M, Kaneko H, Iwahashi N, Ogasawara T, Fukumoto T, Matsuda Y, Sakamoto R, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Ogawa Y. Plasma Steroid Profiling Between Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus in Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentalomas. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae140. [PMID: 39145114 PMCID: PMC11322837 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Adrenal incidentalomas, including nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAI), are associated with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). While NFAI is diagnosed by exclusion when no hormone excess exists, subtle cortisol secretion may exist and contribute to DM development. However, it alone cannot explain the increased risk, and whether other steroid metabolites are involved remains unclear. Purpose To investigate steroid metabolites associated with DM in patients with NFAI using plasma steroid profiles. Methods Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 22 plasma steroid metabolites were measured in 68 patients with NFAI (31 men and 37 women). Data were adjusted for age before normalization. Results Discriminant analysis showed that plasma steroid profiles discriminated between patients with and without DM in men (n = 10 and = 21, respectively) but not women: 11β-hydroxytestosterone, an adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgen, contributed most to this discrimination and was higher in patients with DM than in those without DM (false discovery rate = .002). 11β-hydroxytestosterone was correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose (r = .507) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r = .553) but negatively with homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2-B) (r = -.410). These correlations remained significant after adjusting for confounders, including serum cortisol after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test. Bayesian kernel machine regression analysis verified the association of 11β-hydroxytestosterone with HbA1c and HOMA2-B in men. Main Conclusion Plasma steroid profiles differed between those with and without DM in men with NFAI. 11β-hydroxytestosterone was associated with hyperglycemia and indicators related to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, independently of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohta Nakatani
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masamichi Fujita
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ogasawara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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DeFronzo RA, Auchus RJ, Bancos I, Blonde L, Busch RS, Buse JB, Findling JW, Fonseca VA, Frias JP, Hamidi O, Handelsman Y, Pratley RE, Rosenstock J, Tudor IC, Moraitis AG, Einhorn D. Study protocol for a prospective, multicentre study of hypercortisolism in patients with difficult-to-control type 2 diabetes (CATALYST): prevalence and treatment with mifepristone. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081121. [PMID: 39013654 PMCID: PMC11253743 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even with recent treatment advances, type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains poorly controlled for many patients, despite the best efforts to adhere to therapies and lifestyle modifications. Although estimates vary, studies indicate that in >10% of individuals with difficult-to-control T2D, hypercortisolism may be an underlying contributing cause. To better understand the prevalence of hypercortisolism and the impact of its treatment on T2D and associated comorbidities, we describe the two-part Hyper c ortisolism in P at ients with Difficult to Control Type 2 Di a betes Despite Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapies: Preva l ence and Treatment with Korl y m® (Mifepri st one) (CATALYST) trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In part 1, approximately 1000 participants with difficult-to-control T2D (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5%-11.5% despite multiple therapies) are screened with a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Those with post-DST cortisol >1.8 µg/dL and dexamethasone level ≥140 ng/dL are identified to have hypercortisolism (part 1 primary endpoint), have morning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) measured and undergo a non-contrast adrenal CT scan. Those requiring evaluation for elevated ACTH are referred for care outside the study; those with ACTH and DHEAS in the range may advance to part 2, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the impact of treating hypercortisolism with the competitive glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (Korlym®). Participants are randomised 2:1 to mifepristone or placebo for 24 weeks, stratified by the presence/absence of an abnormal adrenal CT scan. Mifepristone is dosed at 300 mg once daily for 4 weeks, then 600 mg daily based on tolerability and clinical improvement, with an option to increase to 900 mg. The primary endpoint of part 2 assesses changes in HbA1c in participants with hypercortisolism with or without abnormal adrenal CT scan. Secondary endpoints include changes in antidiabetes medications, cortisol-related comorbidities and quality of life. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by Cleveland Clinic IRB (Cleveland, Ohio, USA) and Advarra IRB (Columbia, Maryland, USA). Findings will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05772169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence Blonde
- Ochsner Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Frank Riddick Diabetes Institute, Endocrinology Department, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert S Busch
- Albany Medical College: Community Endocrine Group, Albany, New York, USA
| | - John B Buse
- The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Juan P Frias
- Velocity Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oksana Hamidi
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Richard E Pratley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Einhorn
- Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, Menlo Park, California, USA
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Hamidi O, Shah M, Zhang CD, Lazik N, Li D, Singh S, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Raman R, Hurtado MD, Carafone L, Khanna A, Yan Q, Natt N, Hartman RP, McKenzie T, Young WF, Bancos I. Clinical and imaging presentations are associated with function in incidental adrenocortical adenomas: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:47-54. [PMID: 38941271 PMCID: PMC11234193 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess whether clinical and imaging characteristics are associated with the hormonal subtype, growth, and adrenalectomy for incidental adrenal cortical adenomas (ACAs). DESIGN This is a single-center cohort study. METHODS Consecutive adult patients with incidental ACA were diagnosed between 2000 and 2016. RESULTS Of the 1516 patients with incidental ACA (median age 59 years, 62% women), 699 (46%) had nonfunctioning adenomas (NFAs), 482 (31%) had mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS), 62 (4%) had primary aldosteronism (PA), 39 (3%) had Cushing syndrome, 18 (1%) had PA and MACS, and 226 (15%) had incomplete work-up. Age, sex, tumor size, and tumor laterality, but not unenhanced computed tomography Hounsfield units (HU), were associated with hormonal subtypes. In a multivariable analysis, ≥1 cm growth was associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.8 per 5-year increase, P = .0047) and longer imaging follow-up (OR = 1.2 per year, P < .0001). Adrenalectomy was performed in 355 (23%) patients, including 38% of MACS and 15% of NFA. Adrenalectomy for NFA and MACS was more common in younger patients (OR = 0.79 per 5-year increase, P = .002), larger initial tumor size (OR = 2.3 per 1 cm increase, P < .0001), ≥1 cm growth (OR = 15.3, P < .0001), and higher postdexamethasone cortisol (OR = 6.6 for >5 vs <1.8 μg/dL, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, tumor size, and laterality were associated with ACA hormonal subtype and can guide diagnosis and management. Tumor growth was more common with younger age and longer follow-up. Unenhanced HU did not predict hormonal subtype or growth. Adrenalectomy for MACS and NFA was mainly performed in younger patients with larger tumor size, growth, and elevated postdexamethasone cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Hamidi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Muhammad Shah
- Olmsted Medical Center, Rochester, MN 55904, United States
| | - Catherine D Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Froedtert and MCW Froedtert Hospital, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Natalia Lazik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Sumitabh Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Nicole M Iñiguez-Ariza
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ram Raman
- Watford General Hospital, West Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Watford, WD18 0HB, England, United Kingdom
| | - Maria D Hurtado
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Lindsay Carafone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 13627, United States
| | - Aakanksha Khanna
- Department of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Qi Yan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Surgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Neena Natt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Robert P Hartman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Travis McKenzie
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - William F Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Cakir SD, Cakir A, Ozturk FY, Basmaz SE, Batman A, Saygili ES, Erol RS, Sen EC, Canat MM, Altuntas Y. Choroidal Thickness in Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2024; 58:204-209. [PMID: 39021683 PMCID: PMC11250000 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2024.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) by means of choroidal thickness (CT) and also investigate whether CT may be a diagnostic tool in the management of MACS or not. Methods Twenty-seven patients with MACS and 25 age-sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional comparative study. All the participants underwent CT measurement by using Spectralis optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) with enhanced deep imaging mode at the subfoveal, 500-1000-1500 µm nasal and 500-1000-1500 µm temporal to the foveola. Results The groups were similar in terms of spherical equivalence, age and axial lengths. The mean CT was significantly thicker in patients with MACS than controls in all measurement quadrants (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between CT, size of the adenoma, basal cortisol, 1mg dexamethasone suppression test, salivary cortisol, 24-hour total urine-free cortisol, ACTH and DHEAS levels. However, 2 mg dexamethasone suppression test results were found to be significantly correlated with CT in temporal 500-1000 and 1500 µm quadrants (r=0.436, p=0.023, r=0.443, p=0.021 and r=0.488, p=0.010, respectively). Five (18.5%) eyes had pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy in the MACS group. Conclusion CT increases in patients with MACS and those tend to have pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy more frequent than healthy individuals. A thicker choroid in the patients with MACS may be a novel biomarker both as a diagnostic tool for the degree of hypercortisolemia and cortisol-related comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Dogan Cakir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Akin Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Feyza Yener Ozturk
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seda Erem Basmaz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Derince Training and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Adnan Batman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Koc University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emre Sedar Saygili
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Rumeysa Selvinaz Erol
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Cil Sen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Muhammed Masum Canat
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yuksel Altuntas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Butz H, Patócs A, Igaz P. Circulating non-coding RNA biomarkers of endocrine tumours. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01005-8. [PMID: 38886617 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Circulating non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules are being investigated as biomarkers of malignancy, prognosis and follow-up in several neoplasms, including endocrine tumours of the pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands. Most of these tumours are classified as neuroendocrine neoplasms (comprised of neuroendocrine tumours and neuroendocrine carcinomas) and include tumours of variable aggressivity. We consider them together here in this Review owing to similarities in their clinical presentation, pathomechanism and genetic background. No preoperative biomarkers of malignancy are available for several forms of these endocrine tumours. Moreover, biomarkers are also needed for the follow-up of tumour progression (especially in hormonally inactive tumours), prognosis and treatment efficacy monitoring. Circulating blood-borne ncRNAs show promising utility as biomarkers. These ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, are involved in several aspects of gene expression regulation, and their stability and tissue-specific expression could make them ideal biomarkers. However, no circulating ncRNA biomarkers have yet been introduced into routine clinical practice, which is mostly owing to methodological and standardization problems. In this Review, following a brief synopsis of these endocrine tumours and the biology of ncRNAs, the major research findings, pathomechanisms and methodological questions are discussed along with an outlook for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- HUN-REN-SU Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- HUN-REN-SU Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Araujo-Castro M. Pheochromocytoma. Preoperative approach. Med Clin (Barc) 2024:S0025-7753(24)00286-0. [PMID: 38849272 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that derive from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and secrete catecholamines. The measurement of plasma or fractionated urine metanephrines is the hormonal determination of choice for the biochemical diagnosis. Once the biochemical diagnosis is confirmed, the next step is the localization study. It is recommended to request a genetic study in all patients with pheochromocytomas since 40% of cases are hereditary. Once the diagnostic study is completed, preoperative treatment with alpha blockers should be instituted at least 7-14 days before adrenalectomy. However, in low-risk patients, the omission of presurgical treatment could be considered if the surgery is performed in centers with experience and a strict monitoring of the patient is carried out during the perioperative period. This document offers a practical guide on the diagnosis and perioperative approach in patients with pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal e Instituto de Investigación Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, España.
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11
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Seyed Toutounchi K, Jabbaripour Sarmadian A, Vahedi A, Rasihashemi SZ. Primary adrenal mantle cell lymphoma mimicking a non-functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8887. [PMID: 38831984 PMCID: PMC11144617 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Patients presenting with abdominal pain and retroperitoneal mass in radiographic images may be in the early stages of primary adrenal mantle cell lymphoma, which requires histological studies for a definite diagnosis. Abstract This report presents a 37-year-old woman complaining of ambiguous abdominal pain, with imaging findings revealing a retroperitoneal abdominal mass on the left side of the aorta, and a possible diagnosis of non-functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Total laparoscopic excision was performed. Surprisingly, histological examinations revealed features in favor of mantle cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Seyed Toutounchi
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Amir Vahedi
- Department of PathologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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12
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Reimondo G, Solitro F, Puglisi S, Balbi M, Tiranti GM, Perini AME, Cultrera A, Brero D, Botto C, Perotti P, Caramello V, Boccuzzi A, Pia A, Veltri A, Terzolo M. Serendipitous Adrenal Hyperplasia in Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department for Suspected SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Linked to Increased Mortality. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103010. [PMID: 38805767 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data are available on adrenal morphology in patients with acute diseases, although it is known that endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for survival under stress conditions and that an adequate response is driven by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. AIMS The aim of this study was to assess adrenal morphology in patients with acute disease compared with patients with non-acute disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study included: 402 patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection (March-May, 2020) [main cohort]; 200 patients admitted to the ED for acute conditions (December 2018-February 2019) [control group A]; 200 outpatients who underwent radiological evaluation of non-acute conditions (January-February 2019) [control group B]. Chest and/or abdominal CT scans were reviewed to identify adrenal nodules or hyperplasia. RESULTS In the main cohort, altered adrenal morphology was found in 24.9% of the patients (15.4% adrenal hyperplasia; 9.5% adrenal nodules). The frequency of adrenal hyperplasia was higher both in the main cohort (15.4%) and control group A (15.5%) compared to control group B (8.5%; p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). In the main cohort, 14.9% patients died within 30 d. According to a multivariate analysis, adrenal hyperplasia was an independent risk factor for mortality (p = 0.04), as were older age (p <0.001) and active cancer (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The notable frequency of adrenal hyperplasia in patients with acute diseases suggests an exaggerated activation of the HPA axis due to stressful conditions. The increased risk of short-term mortality found in patients with adrenal hyperplasia suggests that it may be a possible hallmark of worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Reimondo
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Federica Solitro
- Radiology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Soraya Puglisi
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Balbi
- Radiology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Maria Tiranti
- Radiology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Elena Perini
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cultrera
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Dalila Brero
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cristina Botto
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paola Perotti
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Boccuzzi
- Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Anna Pia
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Andrea Veltri
- Radiology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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13
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Gao TP, Green RL, Kuo LE. Adrenalectomy Outcome Variations Across Different Functional Adrenal Tumors. J Surg Res 2024; 298:201-208. [PMID: 38626717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenalectomy generally has favorable outcomes. It is unknown if patients with functional adrenal tumors experience different clinical outcomes than those with benign adrenal tumors, due to the presence of comorbid conditions secondary to the functional tumor. We investigated outcomes following open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy for benign nonfunctional (BNF) versus functional adrenal masses. METHODS Patients undergoing adrenalectomy were identified in the 2015-2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, then categorized as BNF, hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, and pheochromocytoma. The primary outcome of interest was 30-d morbidity and secondary outcomes included 30-d mortality, 30-d readmission, and postoperative length of stay (LOS). Subgroup analysis was performed based upon surgical approach. Univariate analysis was performed, followed by multivariable logistic regression for individual outcomes that differed significantly between patients with BNF and functional neoplasm, factoring in patient demographics and operative approach with statistical significance on univariate analysis. Descriptive statistics and outcomes were analyzed using Pearson's χ2 test and Mann-Whitney U-test as appropriate. RESULTS There were 3291 patients with BNF while 484 had hyperaldosteronism, 263 hypercortisolism, and 46 pheochromocytomas. Within the laparoscopic group of 3615 (88.5%) of adrenalectomy patients, compared to BNF patients, patients with hyperaldosteronism had lower rates of postoperative morbidity (1.9% versus 5.2%, P < 0.001) and shorter LOS (1 d, interquartile range (IQR) [1-1] versus 1d IQR [1-2], P = 0.003); these persisted on multivariate analysis (OR 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14-0.74 and odds ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.36-0.60, P < 0.001). Patients with hypercortisolism had higher morbidity (7.3% versus 5.2%, P < 0.001), 30-d readmission rates (5.3% versus 2.9%, P = 0.042) and longer LOS (2d, IQR [1-3] versus 1d, IQR [1-2, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, presence of hypercortisolism was independently associated with increased likelihood of readmission within 30 d (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.11-2.99, P = 0.012) and longer LOS (>1 d) (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.33-2.40, P < 0.001). Compared to BNF patients, patients with pheochromocytoma had higher rates of postoperative morbidity (6.2% versus 5.2%, P < 0.001). Within the open group of 469 (11.5% of adrenalectomy patients), there were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between patients with BNF and functional adrenal masses. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes after adrenalectomy performed for functional neoplasms differ based on surgical indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
| | - Rebecca L Green
- Department of General Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay E Kuo
- Department of General Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Lederer AK, Zimmer S, Margies R, Krettek P, Musholt TJ. Recurrent fever leading to the diagnosis of an angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:258. [PMID: 38783354 PMCID: PMC11118567 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland is a very rare malignant vascular neoplasm. The clinical symptoms are atypical or completely absent. Angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland are therefore often discovered incidentally, and the diagnosis is made histologically after resection. CASE PRESENTATION A 46-year-old white Spanish male who was a previous smoker and nondrinker and was slightly overweight (92 kg, 176 cm, body mass index 29.7 kg/m2) with no relevant medical history presented to the internal medicine emergency department of our hospital with an unclear 12 cm tumor of the right adrenal gland. Prior to the computed tomography scan, he had had persistent evening fevers for 4 months and unintentional weight loss of 5 kg. The laboratory results showed anemia and an elevated C-reactive protein, but no hormone production. We performed an open adrenalectomy of the right adrenal gland. Finally, the histologic findings revealed an angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland. CONCLUSION Even though angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland are rare, the differential diagnosis of an angiosarcoma should be considered if a malignant tumor of the adrenal gland is suspected. Treatment decisions should be made on an interdisciplinary basis and preferably in a specialized center. Owing to the rarity of angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland, it is necessary to continue to share clinical experience to gain a better understanding of this particular tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Lederer
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Zimmer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rabea Margies
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Krettek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas J Musholt
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Puglisi S, Barač Nekić A, Morelli V, Alessi Y, Fosci M, Pani A, Zibar Tomsic K, Palmieri S, Ferraù F, Pia A, Chiodini I, Kastelan D, Reimondo G, Terzolo M. Are comorbidities of patients with adrenal incidentaloma tied to sex? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1385808. [PMID: 38808113 PMCID: PMC11130385 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1385808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A recent cross-sectional study showed that both comorbidities and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentaloma (AI) are tied to sex. However, few longitudinal studies evaluated the development of arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and bone impairment in patients with AI. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of sex in the development of these comorbidities during long-term follow-up. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 189 patients (120 females, 69 males) with AI, from four referral centers in Italy and Croatia. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (1-mg DST) were assessed at baseline and at last follow-up visit (LFUV). Median follow-up was 52 (Interquartile Range 25-86) months. Results The rates of arterial hypertension and hyperglycemia increased over time both in females (65.8% at baseline versus 77.8% at LFUV, p=0.002; 23.7% at baseline versus 39.6% at LFUV, p<0.001; respectively) and males (58.0% at baseline versus 69.1% at LFUV, p=0.035; 33.8% at baseline versus 54.0% at LFUV, p<0.001; respectively). Patients were stratified in two groups using 1.8 µg/dl as cut-off of cortisol following 1-mg DST: non-functional adrenal tumors (NFAT) and tumors with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). In the NFAT group (99 patients, females 62.6%), at baseline, we did not observe any difference in clinical characteristics and comorbidities between males and females. At LFUV, males showed a higher frequency of hyperglycemia than females (57.6% versus 33.9%, p=0.03). In the MACS group (89 patients, females 64.0%), at baseline, the prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was similar between sexes, despite females were younger (60, IQR 55-69 versus 67.5, IQR 61-73, years; p=0.01). Moreover, females presented higher rates of bone impairment (89.3% versus 54.5%, p=0.02) than males. At LFUV, a similar sex-related pattern was observed. Conclusion Patients with AI frequently develop arterial hypertension and hyperglycemia and should be periodically checked for these comorbidities, regardless of sex. In patients with MACS, the lack of difference between sexes in the frequency of cardiometabolic comorbidities despite that females are younger, and the higher frequency of bone impairment in females, suggest a sex-specific effect of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Puglisi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Anja Barač Nekić
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Morelli
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Alessi
- Department of Human Pathology G. Barresi, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Fosci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Endocrinology and Obesity Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Pani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Endocrinology and Obesity Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Karin Zibar Tomsic
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Serena Palmieri
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferraù
- Department of Human Pathology G. Barresi, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Pia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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Khadembashiri MM, Mohseni S, Harandi H, Pejman Sani M, Khadembashiri MA, Atlasi R, SeyedAlinaghi S, Mohajeri- Tehrani M, Larijani B. Comparison of adrenalectomy with conservative treatment on mild autonomous cortisol secretion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374711. [PMID: 38808111 PMCID: PMC11131104 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare the benefits of adrenalectomy and conservative treatment for comorbidities associated with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) in patients diagnosed with MACS. Background MACS is the most common benign hormone-secreting functional adrenal incidentaloma. Overproduction of cortisol is observed in MACS patients, resulting in a variety of long-term health issues, including arterial hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, obesity, and osteoporosis; however, the classic clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome (CS) are not present. Methods A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases on December, 2023. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the included articles. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the beneficial effects of adrenalectomy versus conservative management for MACS-related comorbidities. Results Fifteen articles were included in this study, which evaluated 933 MACS patients (384 Adrenalectomy and 501 Conservative treatment, and 48 excluded due to incomplete follow-up duration). MACS diagnosis criteria were different among the included articles. All studies, however, stated that there must be no overt CS symptoms. Meta-analysis demonstrates the overall advantage of adrenalectomy over conservative treatment for MACS-related comorbidities (Cohen's d = -0.49, 95% CI [-0.64, -0.34], p = 0.00). Subgroup analysis indicated that the systolic blood pressure (pooled effect size = -0.81, 95% CI [-1.19, -0.42], p = 0.03), diastolic blood pressure (pooled effect size = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.21], p = 0.01), and BMD (pooled effect size = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.07], p = 0.02) were significantly in favor of adrenalectomy group rather than conservative treatment but no significant differences between the two treatment groups in other MACS-related comorbidities were reported. Conclusion Despite the limited and diverse data, this study demonstrates the advantage of adrenalectomy over conservative treatment for MACS-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mohseni
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Harandi
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Pejman Sani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Amin Khadembashiri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasha Atlasi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrine Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mohajeri- Tehrani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Woods AP, Feeney T, Gupta A, Knapp PE, McAneny D, Drake FT. Prospective Study of a System-Wide Adrenal Incidentaloma Quality Improvement Initiative. J Am Coll Surg 2024; 238:961-970. [PMID: 38116951 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate follow-up of incidental adrenal masses (IAMs) is infrequent. We implemented a quality improvement (QI) program to improve management of IAMs. STUDY DESIGN This system-wide initiative targeted primary care providers (PCPs) after IAM detection. It incorporated (1) chart-based messages and emails to PCPs, (2) an evidence-based IAM evaluation algorithm, (3) standardized recommendations in radiology reports, and (4) access to a multispecialty adrenal clinic. Patients diagnosed with an IAM from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019, were prospectively included (the "QI cohort") and compared with a historical, preintervention cohort diagnosed with IAMs in 2016. The primary outcomes were the initiation of an IAM investigation by the PCP, defined as relevant clinical history-taking, laboratory screening, follow-up imaging, or specialist referral. RESULTS The QI cohort included 437 patients and 210 in the historical cohort. All patients had 12 months or more of follow-up. In the QI cohort, 35.5% (155 of 437) met the primary endpoint for PCP-initiated evaluation, compared with 27.6% (58 of 210) in the historical cohort (p = 0.0496). Among the subgroup with a documented PCP working within our health system, 46.3% (74 of 160) met the primary endpoint in the QI cohort vs 33.3% (38 of 114) in the historical cohort (p = 0.035). After adjusting for insurance status, presence of current malignancy, initial imaging setting (outpatient, inpatient, or emergency department), and having an established PCP within our health system, patients in the QI cohort had 1.70 times higher odds (95% CI 1.16 to 2.50) of undergoing a PCP-initiated IAM evaluation. Adrenal surgery was ultimately performed in 2.1% (9 of 437) of QI cohort patients and 0.95% (2 of 210) of historical cohort patients (p = 0.517). CONCLUSIONS This simple, moderately labor-intensive QI intervention was associated with increased IAM evaluation initiated by PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Woods
- From the Departments of Surgery (Woods, McAneny, Drake), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Woods)
| | - Timothy Feeney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Feeney)
| | - Avneesh Gupta
- Radiology (Gupta), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Philip E Knapp
- Medicine (Knapp), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - David McAneny
- From the Departments of Surgery (Woods, McAneny, Drake), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Frederick Thurston Drake
- From the Departments of Surgery (Woods, McAneny, Drake), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Świeczkowski-Feiz S, Toutounchi S, Kaszczewski P, Krajewska E, Celejewski K, Gelo R, Pogorzelski R, Gałązka Z. Characteristics of Adrenal Hemorrhage: A Single Clinic's Experience. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2024; 96:36-43. [PMID: 39138988 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
<b>Introduction:</b> Adrenal hemorrhage (AH) is a very rare and potentially life-threatening disease which may be secondary to trauma or of non-traumatic etiology.<b>Aim:</b> The aim of the study was to present the characteristics and management of adrenal hemorrhage and show that adrenal hemorrhage is more common than expected and that the clinical symptoms are not specific.<b>Materials and methods:</b> This retrospective study involved 199 patients with postoperative diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage.<b>Discussion:</b> The factors identified as potential causes of adrenal hemorrhage are adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and adrenal adenoma. The study group included 199 patients with postoperative diagnosis of AH. It showed that all patients with postoperative diagnosis had pheochromocytoma (n = 54), adrenal adenoma (n = 68), or adenocarcinoma (n = 17). If we look more careful at the results, we can find only 30% of patients (n = 39) with preoperative diagnosis of AH. This group of 39 patients was prepared for expedited surgery. In this group of patients, the preoperative diagnosis of AH was pheochromocytoma 28% (n = 11), adenocarcinoma (n = 4), and adrenal adenoma (n = 9).<b>Conclusions:</b> Bleeding into adrenal tumors is still an insufficiently understood topic due to its unpredictability and, as can be seen in our material, of varying severity. Out of 199 patients, only 30% (n = 39) were prepared for surgery with a preoperative diagnosis of AH; most of them had pheochromocytoma. We suggest that is very important to prepare patients for surgery with a preoperative diagnosis of AH using α-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Prolongation of the diagnostic process (time between the imaging examination and the surgery) may result in the disease progressing and adrenal bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Świeczkowski-Feiz
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sadegh Toutounchi
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszczewski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Krajewska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Celejewski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Gelo
- 2nd Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Pogorzelski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gałązka
- Department of General, Endocrine and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Laulhé M, Kuhn E, Bouligand J, Amazit L, Perrot J, Lebigot E, Kamenickỷ P, Lombès M, Fagart J, Viengchareun S, Martinerie L. A novel mutation in the NR3C1 gene associated with reversible glucocorticoid resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:284-295. [PMID: 38584335 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid resistance is a rare endocrine disease caused by variants of the NR3C1 gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We identified a novel heterozygous variant (GRR569Q) in a patient with uncommon reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. METHODS We performed ex vivo functional characterization of the variant in patient fibroblasts and in vitro through transient transfection in undifferentiated HEK 293T cells to assess transcriptional activity, affinity, and nuclear translocation. We studied the impact of the variant on the tertiary structure of the ligand-binding domain through 3D modeling. RESULTS The patient presented initially with an adrenal adenoma with mild autonomous cortisol secretion and undetectable adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) levels. Six months after surgery, biological investigations showed elevated cortisol and ACTH (urinary free cortisol 114 µg/24 h, ACTH 10.9 pmol/L) without clinical symptoms, evoking glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. Functional characterization of the GRR569Q showed decreased expression of target genes (in response to 100 nM cortisol: SGK1 control +97% vs patient +20%, P < .0001) and impaired nuclear translocation in patient fibroblasts compared to control. Similar observations were made in transiently transfected cells, but higher cortisol concentrations overcame glucocorticoid resistance. GRR569Q showed lower ligand affinity (Kd GRWT: 1.73 nM vs GRR569Q: 4.61 nM). Tertiary structure modeling suggested a loss of hydrogen bonds between H3 and the H1-H3 loop. CONCLUSION This is the first description of a reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome with effective negative feedback on corticotroph cells regarding increased plasma cortisol concentrations due to the development of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Laulhé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kuhn
- Unité Hypophyse, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- UMS 44/Institut Biomédical du Val de Bièvre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Julie Perrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elise Lebigot
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Peter Kamenickỷ
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, BIOC, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré APHP Nord, Paris 75019, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
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20
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Hamilton AE, Green RL, Gao TP, Taylor GA, Dunham PC, Rao A, Kuo LE. To report hounsfeld units or not: There is no question. Am J Surg 2024; 229:111-115. [PMID: 38065724 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most adrenal incidentalomas are not appropriately evaluated. Reporting the mass in the radiology report summary and providing recommendations in the report can positively impact evaluation. This study evaluated the effect of reporting Hounsfield units(HU) on adrenal incidentaloma follow-up. METHODS Patients with adrenal incidentalomas identified on noncontrast CT scan from 2015 to 2020 at a tertiary care institution were studied. Chart review was conducted. Patient and imaging characteristics were compared between patients who did and did not have HU reported. Outcomes of interest were 1)outpatient referral, 2)biochemical evaluation, and 3)dedicated imaging if appropriate. Multivariate analysis determined the impact of HU, reporting in the summary and provision of recommendations on the outcomes. RESULTS 363 patients were studied, 36(9.9 %) had HU reported. When HU were used in addition to recommendations and reporting in the summary, the likelihood of outpatient referral increased from 10.1 to 32.6-fold (95%CI 7.7-138.1, p < 0.001). Similarly, the likelihood of biochemical workup increased from 2.5 to 7.8-fold (95%CI 2.5-24.1, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Recording adrenal incidentaloma HU on non-contrast CT scans was associated with increased rates of outpatient referral and biochemical workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Hamilton
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rebecca L Green
- Temple University Hospital, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Terry P Gao
- Temple University Hospital, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - George A Taylor
- Temple University Hospital, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Patricia C Dunham
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ajay Rao
- Temple University Hospital, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lindsay E Kuo
- Temple University Hospital, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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21
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Goudet P, Cadiot G, Barlier A, Baudin E, Borson-Chazot F, Brunaud L, Caiazzo R, Cardot-Bauters C, Castinetti F, Chanson P, Cuny T, Dansin E, Gaujoux S, Giraud S, Groussin L, Le Bras M, Lifante JC, Mathonnet M, de Mestier L, Mirallié E, Pattou F, Romanet P, Sebag F, Tresallet C, Vezzosi D, Walter T, Tabarin A. French guidelines from the GTE, AFCE and ENDOCAN-RENATEN (Groupe d'étude des Tumeurs Endocrines/Association Francophone de Chirurgie Endocrinienne/Reseau national de prise en charge des tumeurs endocrines) for the screening, diagnosis and management of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:2-19. [PMID: 37739121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goudet
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; INSERM, U1231, EPICAD Team UMR "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", Dijon, France; INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical epidemiology Dijon, Dijon, France.
| | - Guillaume Cadiot
- Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology and Digestive Oncology, Robert Debré Hospital, Reims, France.
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Baudin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Federation of Endocrinology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon1 University and INSERM U1290, Lyon, France.
| | - Laurent Brunaud
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Visceral, Metabolic, and Cancer Surgery (CVMC), University Hospital of Nancy (CHRU Nancy), University of Lorraine, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; INSERM U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, 11, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- General and Endocrine Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Lille, Lille, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille Medical Genetics, INSERM U1251 and Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Chanson
- University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Service of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, National Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Thomas Cuny
- APHM, Marseille Medical Genetics, INSERM U1251, Conception Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Dansin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oscar Lambret Center, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Gaujoux
- Department of Endocrine and Pancreatic Surgery, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Lionel Groussin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Maëlle Le Bras
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Lifante
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Lyon Sud, Lyon, France; EA 7425 HESPER, Health Services and Performance Research, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Muriel Mathonnet
- Department of Surgery, Dupuytren University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Louis de Mestier
- Paris-Cité University, Department of Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Beaujon Hospital (AP-HP-Nord), Clichy, France.
| | - Eric Mirallié
- Department of Oncological, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery (CCDE) Hôtel Dieu, CIC-IMAD, Nantes, France.
| | - François Pattou
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital. Lille, INSERM U1190, Lille, France.
| | - Pauline Romanet
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | - Frédéric Sebag
- Department of General Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Conception University Hospital, APHM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Christophe Tresallet
- Department of Digestive, Bariatric and Endocrine Surgery, Avicenne University Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Nord Universty, Assistance Pubique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Vezzosi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, CHU Larrey, 24 chemin de Pouvourville, TSA 30030, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - Thomas Walter
- Medical Oncology Department, Edouard-Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- Endocrinology Department, INSERM Unit 1215, Bordeaux University Hospital, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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22
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Caputo M, Daffara T, Ferrero A, Romanisio M, Monti E, Mele C, Zavattaro M, Tricca S, Siani A, Clemente A, Palumbo C, De Cillà S, Carriero A, Volpe A, Marzullo P, Aimaretti G, Prodam F. Tumor enlargement in adrenal incidentaloma is related to glaucoma: a new prognostic feature? J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:377-387. [PMID: 37466811 PMCID: PMC10859343 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The uncertainty on the management of small adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) still represents a challenge in real clinical practice. Considering the lack of knowledge on risk factors implicated in tumour enlargement, the aim of this study was to identify risk factors for morphological changes during follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated demographic, clinical, radiological and biochemical parameters of 153 AIs (2007-2021). Patients with histological diagnosis of metastases or pheochromocytoma were excluded. To detect risk factors for tumor enlargement, diseases associated with AIs were included if their prevalence was higher than 2%. Patients were divided into two groups (A: radiological stability; B: tumor enlargement defined as > 5 mm/year in the main diameter). RESULTS Group A: 89.5% and group B: 10.5%, mean follow-up 38.6 ± 6.9 months (range 6-240). Tumor enlargement when occurred was within 36 months of follow-up. In group B high body weight (p < 0.03), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) (p < 0.05) and direct renin concentration (DRC) (p < 0.04) were higher than group A, while aldosterone levels were lower; moreover, considering comorbidities, glaucoma and dysglycemia (p < 0.01 for both) had higher prevalence in group B. Glaucoma and dysglycemia were independent predictors of enlargement. Patients affected by glaucoma, atrial fibrillation, dysglycemia had a lower dimensional change-free survival than non-affected. CONCLUSIONS Glaucoma might be a novel risk factor for AI enlargement. If subtle undetectable cortisol hypersecretion has a role is a topic for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caputo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - T Daffara
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - A Ferrero
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - M Romanisio
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - E Monti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - C Mele
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - M Zavattaro
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - S Tricca
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Siani
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Clemente
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - C Palumbo
- Division of Urology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - S De Cillà
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Carriero
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Volpe
- Division of Urology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - P Marzullo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - G Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - F Prodam
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
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23
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Manzella A, Kravchenko T, Kheng M, Chao J, Laird AM, Pitt HA, Beninato T. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on endocrine operations in the United States. Am J Surg 2024; 228:22-29. [PMID: 37659868 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the United States (US) healthcare system. Endocrine operations are predominantly elective and were likely affected. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effect of the pandemic on endocrine operations. STUDY DESIGN The Vizient Clinical Data Base® was examined for cases from 1/2019-12/2022 using ICD10 and CPT codes for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal operations. Control chart analysis identified trends in operative volume. Negative binomial regression was utilized to analyze demographic trends. RESULTS Monthly volumes for all operations from 515 hospitals decreased at the beginning of 2020, except for operations for adrenal malignancy. Inpatient operations (Thyroid -17.1%, Parathyroid -20.9%, p < 0.001 for both) experienced more significant and longer lasting disruptions than outpatient operations (Thyroid -2.6%, p = 0.883, Parathyroid -9.1%, p = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted endocrine operations across the US. While all adrenal operations and outpatient thyroid and parathyroid operations have returned to pre-pandemic levels, inpatient operations for thyroid and parathyroid remain decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Manzella
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy Kravchenko
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marin Kheng
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua Chao
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Amanda M Laird
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Henry A Pitt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Toni Beninato
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of General Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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24
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Xue Y, Xiaoyan L, Yanghao T, Kang W, Jiwen S. Patient satisfaction analysis of robot-assisted minimally invasive adrenalectomy: a single-center retrospective study. J Robot Surg 2024; 18:39. [PMID: 38231274 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the satisfaction of patients undergoing robot-assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopy adrenalectomy under the ambulatory mode and conventional mode. Basic information and clinical data of patients who underwent robotic-assisted posterior laparoscopic adrenalectomy between June 2020 and June 2023 were queried from our case system. The Outpatient and Ambulatory Surgery Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (OAS CAHPS®) was used to investigate patient satisfaction with preoperative preparation, discharge counseling, postoperative instructions, postoperative pain, and satisfaction with nursing work. The stats R package was used to select the appropriate statistic for the statistics based on the characteristics of the data. A total of 311 patients who underwent robot-assisted posterior laparoscopic adrenalectomy were enrolled in our case system. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in gender, age, body mass index, ASA classification, laterality, maximum tumor diameter, type of resection, hormonal activity, disease type, pathological classification, duration of surgery, estimated intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications and follow-up period that were compared between the two groups of patients. There were no significant differences in preoperative preparation score, discharge counseling score, postoperative guidance score and nursing care satisfaction score (P > 0.05). Postoperative hospitalization, peristalsis time, defecation time, time to first postoperative mobilization, duration of indwelling drain and hospitalization costs in patients in the ambulatory model group were significantly less than patients in the conventional model group (P < 0.001). Patients in the ambulatory model group had significantly higher postoperative pain relief scores than patients in the conventional model group. In conclusion, our data suggest that patient satisfaction is equal between the conventional and ambulatory mode of performing robotic-assisted adrenalectomy. Patient satisfaction was probably associated with shorter hospitalization days, adequate preoperative preparation and standardized, high-quality post-discharge information and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xue
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Luo Xiaoyan
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Tai Yanghao
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Wang Kang
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Shang Jiwen
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
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25
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Yao X, Luo X, Tai Y, Wang K, Shang J. Effectiveness of continuity of care after robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy under ambulatory mode: a single-center intervention study. J Robot Surg 2024; 18:8. [PMID: 38206493 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effectiveness of continuity of care after robot-assisted adrenal tumor resection under ambulatory mode. Patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RALA) in the ambulatory surgery department and urology department of our hospital from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as study subjects. Among them, 50 patients in the Department of Urology as the control group were given routine care. The 50 patients in the ambulatory surgery department as the observation group were given continuity of care on the basis of routine care. Observation indexes include: wound healing, blood pressure, blood potassium, renal function impairment, self-care ability in daily life, medication compliance, follow-up rate, and patient satisfaction. There were no remarkable discrepancies between the two groups in terms of demographic data and basic preoperative conditions of the patients. Compared with the control group, the observation group significantly improved the patients' wound healing, postoperative blood pressure and blood potassium and kidney function (P value all < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group significantly improved postoperative patients' ADL scores, follow-up rates within three months after surgery, and patient satisfaction scores (P value all < 0.05). For patients receiving ambulatory mode robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy, continuity of care can effectively reduce postoperative complications, improve patients' postoperative self-care ability in daily life, medication compliance and follow-up rate, and improve patient satisfaction, which is worthy of promotion and application by nursing workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yanghao Tai
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Jiwen Shang
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
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Watanabe D, Morimoto S, Morishima N, Ichihara A. Cardiovascular risk assessments in patients with cortisol-producing adenoma: impact of clinical features and genetic characteristics. Heart Vessels 2024; 39:65-74. [PMID: 37695542 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-023-02309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The causes of adrenal Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompass a wide spectrum of adrenal cortisol proliferations that exhibit clinical and molecular heterogeneity. The aims of our study were to investigate whether clinical and molecular heterogeneity influences endothelial function and metabolic abnormalities in patients with cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA). We retrospectively enrolled 25 patients with CPA and 45 patients with essential hypertension (EH). All CPAs were studied by direct sequencing of PRKACA. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), an index of vascular endothelial function, was significantly lower in CS and subclinical CS (SCS) groups than in the EH group. FMD impairment did not differ significantly between CS and SCS groups. No differences in FMD were seen between PRKACA mutant and wild-type groups. FMD correlated negatively with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in both PRKACA mutant and wild-type groups, as well as in CS and SCS groups. After adrenalectomy, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HbA1c decreased significantly from baseline in the CS group, and SBP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly from baseline in the SCS group. While SBP and LDL-C decreased significantly from baseline in patients with wild-type PRKACA, only HbA1c decreased from baseline in patients harboring PRKACA mutations. Our data showed that patients with CPA have impaired endothelial function compared with EH patients and suggest the need for strict monitoring of atherosclerosis, even in patients with SCS or without PRKACA mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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Crawford M, McDonald B, Chen W, Chowdhry H, Contreras R, Reyes IAC, Dhakal E, Villanueva T, Barzilay JI, Vaughn CF, Czerwiec FS, Katz DA, Adams AL, Gander JC. Dexamethasone Suppression Testing in a Contemporary Cohort with Adrenal Incidentalomas in Two U.S. Integrated Healthcare Systems. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3167. [PMID: 38137386 PMCID: PMC10740617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) from an adrenal adenoma can increase the risk for comorbidities and mortality. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is the standard method to diagnose ACS. A multi-site, retrospective cohort of adults with diagnosed adrenal tumors was used to understand patient characteristics associated with DST completion and ACS. Time to DST completion was defined using the lab value and result date; follow-up time was from the adrenal adenoma diagnosis to the time of completion or censoring. ACS was defined by a DST > 1.8 µg/dL (50 nmol/L). The Cox proportional hazards regression model assessed associations between DST completion and patient characteristics. In patients completing a DST, a logistic regression model evaluated relationships between elevated ACS and covariates. We included 24,259 adults, with a mean age of 63.1 years, 48.1% obese, and 28.7% with a Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 4. Approximately 7% (n = 1768) completed a DST with a completion rate of 2.36 (95% CI 2.35, 2.37) per 100 person-years. Fully adjusted models reported that male sex and an increased Charlson comorbidity index were associated with a lower likelihood of DST completion. Current or former smoking status and an increased Charlson comorbidity index had higher odds of a DST > 1.8 μg/dL. In conclusion, clinical policies are needed to improve DST completion and the management of adrenal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Crawford
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Bennett McDonald
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Wansu Chen
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Hina Chowdhry
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Richard Contreras
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Iris Anne C. Reyes
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Eleena Dhakal
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Tish Villanueva
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Joshua I. Barzilay
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
- Southeastern Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Candace F. Vaughn
- Southeastern Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | | | | | - Annette L. Adams
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Gander
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
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Guclu M, Aslan BB, Setayeshi T, Kiyici S. Could the presence of adrenal incidentaloma negatively affect COVID 19 outcomes? Endocrine 2023; 82:406-413. [PMID: 37488407 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are lesions larger than 1 cm that are incidentally detected in the adrenal glands. Chest computed tomography (CCT) is widely used in the first evaluation of patients with suspected coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that resulted in many incidental findings in the thorax and upper abdomen. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of AI and their effects on the course and outcome of COVID-19 regardless of functional status. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 2493 patients aged between 18 and 99 years and whose adrenal glands were clearly visible in CCT images. They were divided into two groups: those with AI (AI group) and without AI (Control group). RESULTS AI was detected in 148 (5.93%) patients and 80 (54.1%) of them were male. There was no difference in sex distribution between the groups, but the median age of patients with AI was significantly higher than those without AI [54.5 (20-94 years) vs. 42 (18-99 years); p < 0.001)]. In addition, in the AI group, both hospitalizations due to COVID-19-related conditions (30.4 vs. 21.2%, p = 0.008) and the mortality rate experienced during this time was significantly higher (14.7 vs. 7%, p < 0.001) diseases. The AI group had a significantly higher comorbidity rate than the control group (61.5 vs. 41.9%, p < 0.001). The most common comorbid diseases were hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory system diseases, and hyperlipidaemia. Advanced age and male gender in terms of mortality, advanced age and covid 19 positivity in terms of hospitalization were determined as significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The presence of AI may increase the morbidity and mortality rates associated with COVID-19, regardless of their functional status. Therefore, patients subjected to CCT imaging for COVID-19-related lung diseases should also be evaluated for AI. Careful follow-up of patients with COVID-19 and AI is necessary to monitor the progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Guclu
- Bursa Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas Research Training and Hospital, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Burcak Aslan
- Bursa Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas Research and Training Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tirdad Setayeshi
- Bursa Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas Research and Training Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinem Kiyici
- Bursa Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas Research Training and Hospital, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
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Cho SH, Kim DH, Seo DW, Yoo SK, Oh D, Song TJ, Lee SK. Expanded indication for EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation: management of adrenal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 98:790-796. [PMID: 37356635 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) has been performed as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of pancreatic tumors. The promising results obtained using this procedure suggest that the indication for EUS-RFA could be expanded to the management of extrapancreatic tumors. Here, we evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of EUS-RFA in the treatment of left adrenal tumors. METHODS This single-center, prospective study was conducted at Asan Medical Center between January 2016 and November 2021. A total of 11 patients with left adrenal tumors were enrolled in the study. The technical success rate, treatment response, and adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS EUS-RFA was performed successfully in all patients (technical success rate, 100%). The indications for the procedure were an increase in tumor size (n = 8), and adrenal tumor with adrenal hormone excess (n = 3). After a median of 2 EUS-RFA sessions (range, 1-2), 73% of patients had a complete response, and 27% had a partial response. During follow-up, 5 patients experienced self-limiting mild abdominal pain; no moderate or severe adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS EUS-RFA showed high technical feasibility, clinical success, and an acceptable safety profile in the treatment of left adrenal tumors. In patients at high surgical risk, EUS-RFA can be considered as an alternative therapeutic modality to surgery for the treatment of left adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Hyeon Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seul Ki Yoo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Oh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Jun Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Koo Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Mihai I, Boicean A, Teodoru CA, Grigore N, Iancu GM, Dura H, Bratu DG, Roman MD, Mohor CI, Todor SB, Ichim C, Mătacuță IB, Băcilă C, Bacalbașa N, Bolca CN, Hașegan A. Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: Tailoring Approaches for the Optimal Resection of Adrenal Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3351. [PMID: 37958247 PMCID: PMC10650124 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the outcomes of laparoscopic approaches for adrenal tumor resection in 67 patients from a single center with a median age of 51 (range 40-79). Predominantly comprising women, the majority of patients were overweight or obese. Adrenal tumors larger than 6 cm were mostly treated using the laparoscopic transperitoneal method (p < 0.001). Our results revealed that patients subjected to the retroperitoneal approach exhibited quicker recovery, as evidenced by faster resumption of oral intake and ambulation, along with reduced intraoperative blood loss and shorter hospitalization (p-value < 0.05). In contrast, patients subjected to the transperitoneal approach experienced minimal complications, though not statistically significant, despite the technique's intricacy and slower recovery. These findings emphasize the significance of tailoring the surgical approach to individual patient characteristics, with particular emphasis on the tumor size. The choice between the retroperitoneal and transperitoneal methods should be informed by patient-specific attributes to optimize surgical outcomes. This study underscores the need for a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as tumor characteristics and postoperative recovery when determining the most suitable laparoscopic approach for adrenal tumor resection. Ultimately, the pursuit of individualized treatment strategies will contribute to improved patient outcomes in adrenal tumor surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Adrian Boicean
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Cosmin Adrian Teodoru
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Nicolae Grigore
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Gabriela Mariana Iancu
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Horatiu Dura
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Dan Georgian Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Mihai Dan Roman
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Cosmin Ioan Mohor
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Samuel Bogdan Todor
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Cristian Ichim
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Ioana Bogdan Mătacuță
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Ciprian Băcilă
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Nicolae Bacalbașa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Adrian Hașegan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (I.M.); (A.B.); (C.A.T.); (N.G.); (G.M.I.); (H.D.); (M.D.R.); (C.I.M.); (S.B.T.); (C.I.); (I.B.M.); (C.B.); (A.H.)
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Реброва ДВ, Логинова ОИ, Воробьев СЛ, Ворохобина НВ, Козорезова ЕС, Индейкин ФА, Савельева ТВ, Слепцов ИВ, Черников РА, Федоров ЕА, Семенов АА, Чинчук ИК, Шихмагомедов ШШ, Алексеев МА, Краснов ЛМ, Русаков ВФ. [Metastatic risk factors in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 70:37-45. [PMID: 38796759 PMCID: PMC11145567 DOI: 10.14341/probl13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, all pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGLs) are considered malignant due to metastatic potential. Consequently, PPGLs are divided into «metastatic» and «non-metastatic». Metastatic PPGLs can be with synchronous metastasis (metastases appear simultaneously with the identified primary tumor) or metachronous (metastases develop after removal of the primary tumor). The term metastatic PPGLs is not used in the presence of tumor invasion into surrounding organs and tissues, without the presence of distant metastases of lymphogenic or hematogenic origin. It is generally believed that about 10% of pheochromocytomas and about 40% of sympathetic paragangliomas have metastatic potential. On average, the prevalence of PPGLs with the presence of metastases is 15-20%. Risk factors for metastatic PPGLs are widely discussed in the literature, the most significant of which are groups of clinical, morphological and genetic characteristics. The review presents a discussion of such risk factors for metastatic PPGLs as age, localization and type of hormonal secretion of the tumor, the size and growth pattern of the adrenal lesion, the presence of necrosis and invasion into the vessels, the tumor capsule surrounding adipose tissue, high cellular and mitotic activity, Ki-67 index, expression of chromogranin B and S100 protein, the presence of genetic mutations of three main clusters (pseudohypoxia, kinase signaling and Wnt signaling).Over the past two decades, a number of authors have proposed various predictor factors and scales for assessing a probability of metastatic PPGLs. The review contains detailed description and comparison of sensitivity and specificity of such predictor scales as PASS, GAPP, M-GAPP, ASES and COPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Д. В. Реброва
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - О. И. Логинова
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - С. Л. Воробьев
- Национальный клинический центр морфологической диагностики
| | - Н. В. Ворохобина
- Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова
| | | | - Ф. А. Индейкин
- Национальный клинический центр морфологической диагностики
| | - Т. В. Савельева
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - И. В. Слепцов
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - Р. А. Черников
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - Е. А. Федоров
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - А. А. Семенов
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - И. К. Чинчук
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - Ш. Ш. Шихмагомедов
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - М. А. Алексеев
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - Л. М. Краснов
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | - В. Ф. Русаков
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Клиника высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова
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Singh Y, Kelm ZS, Faghani S, Erickson D, Yalon T, Bancos I, Erickson BJ. Deep learning approach for differentiating indeterminate adrenal masses using CT imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:3189-3194. [PMID: 37369921 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Distinguishing stage 1-2 adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and large, lipid poor adrenal adenoma (LPAA) via imaging is challenging due to overlapping imaging characteristics. This study investigated the ability of deep learning to distinguish ACC and LPAA on single time-point CT images. METHODS Retrospective cohort study from 1994 to 2022. Imaging studies of patients with adrenal masses who had available adequate CT studies and histology as the reference standard by method of adrenal biopsy and/or adrenalectomy were included as well as four patients with LPAA determined by stability or regression on follow-up imaging. Forty-eight (48) subjects with pathology-proven, stage 1-2 ACC and 43 subjects with adrenal adenoma >3 cm in size demonstrating a mean non-contrast CT attenuation > 20 Hounsfield Units centrally were included. We used annotated single time-point contrast-enhanced CT images of these adrenal masses as input to a 3D Densenet121 model for classifying as ACC or LPAA with five-fold cross-validation. For each fold, two checkpoints were reported, highest accuracy with highest sensitivity (accuracy focused) and highest sensitivity with the highest accuracy (sensitivity focused). RESULTS We trained a deep learning model (3D Densenet121) to predict ACC versus LPAA. The sensitivity-focused model achieved mean accuracy: 87.2% and mean sensitivity: 100%. The accuracy-focused model achieved mean accuracy: 91% and mean sensitivity: 96%. CONCLUSION Deep learning demonstrates promising results distinguishing between ACC and large LPAA using single time-point CT images. Before being widely adopted in clinical practice, multicentric and external validation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashbir Singh
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary S Kelm
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Dana Erickson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tal Yalon
- Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Trinh S, Coronel-Couto G. The Calm Before the Storm: A Pheochromocytoma Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e46915. [PMID: 37954727 PMCID: PMC10636697 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors that arise from the sympathetic ganglia or adrenal medulla and secrete catecholamines that are known for the classic triad of headaches, profuse sweating, and paroxysmal hypertension. However, there have been instances of asymptomatic patients found to have a pheochromocytoma. Adrenal incidentalomas are accidentally discovered through radiologic imaging, and subsequent testing can confirm a pheochromocytoma. Here, we present a case of a 67-year-old female found to have an adrenal incidentaloma on kidney ultrasound (US) after presenting to the emergency room (ER) due to nausea. She had minimally elevated creatinine at the ER. At her follow-up with her primary care provider (PCP), a kidney US was ordered and showed a probable right suprarenal mass. Further abdominal computed tomography (CT) and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the mass was indeed adrenal, but its etiology is considered indeterminant. Although asymptomatic, further biochemical tests showed elevated serum and urine metanephrines and normetanephrines. Together, these findings revealed that the adrenal mass was likely a silent pheochromocytoma. She underwent a successful right adrenalectomy with pathology confirming pheochromocytoma. This case adds to the literature on the existence of silent pheochromocytomas and highlights the importance of following up on any abnormal findings with a PCP. This patient, although asymptomatic from her pheochromocytoma, needed surgery to prevent possible pheochromocytoma crises, which could cause cardiovascular complications and even death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Trinh
- Internal Medicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Gloria Coronel-Couto
- Internal Medicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, USA
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Kim CK, Kang KA, Oh YL, Park SY. Role of computed tomography in predicting adrenal adenomas with cortisol hypersecretion. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20221032. [PMID: 37393525 PMCID: PMC10461282 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20221032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate performance of adrenal CT-derived multivariate prediction models in differentiating adenomas with cortisol hypersecretion from the other subtypes. METHODS This retrospective study included 127 patients who underwent adrenal CT and had a surgically proven adrenal adenoma. Adenoma subtypes were defined according to biochemical test results: Group A, overt cortisol hypersecretion; Group B, mild cortisol hypersecretion; Group C, aldosterone hypersecretion; and Group D, non-function. Two independent readers analyzed size, attenuation, and washout properties of adenomas, and performed quantitative and qualitative analyses for assessing contralateral adrenal atrophy. Actual and internally validated areas under the curves (AUCs) of adrenal CT-derived multivariate prediction models for differentiating adenomas with cortisol hypersecretion from the other subtypes were assessed. RESULTS In differentiating Group A from the other groups, the actual and internally validated AUCs of the prediction model were 0.856 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.786, 0.926) and 0.847 (95% CI: 0.695, 0.999) for Reader 1, respectively, and 0.901 (95% CI: 0.845, 0.956) and 0.897 (95% CI: 0.783, 1.000) for Reader 2, respectively. In differentiating Group B from groups C and D, the actual and internally validated AUCs of the prediction model were 0.777 (95% CI: 0.687, 0.866) and 0.760 (95% CI: 0.552, 0.969) for Reader 1, respectively, and 0.783 (95% CI: 0.690, 0.875) and 0.765 (95% CI: 0.553, 0.977) for Reader 2, respectively. CONCLUSION Adrenal CT may be useful in differentiating adenomas with cortisol hypersecretion from the other subtypes. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Adrenal CT may benefit in adrenal adenoma subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Kyo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Kang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Park
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dogra P, Šambula L, Saini J, Thangamuthu K, Athimulam S, Delivanis DA, Baikousi DA, Nathani R, Zhang CD, Genere N, Salman Z, Turcu AF, Ambroziak U, Garcia RG, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Singh S, LeBrasseur NK, Kastelan D, Bancos I. High prevalence of frailty in patients with adrenal adenomas and adrenocortical hormone excess: a cross-sectional multi-centre study with prospective enrolment. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:318-326. [PMID: 37590964 PMCID: PMC10479159 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frailty, characterized by multi-system decline, increases vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and can be measured using Frailty Index (FI). We aimed to assess the prevalence of frailty in patients with adrenal disorders (based on hormonal sub-type) and examine association between FI and performance-based measures of physical function. DESIGN Multi-centre, cross-sectional study (March 2019-August 2022). METHODS Adult patients with adrenal disorders (non-functioning adrenal adenomas [NFA], mild autonomous cortisol secretion [MACS], Cushing syndrome [CS], primary aldosteronism [PA]) and referent subjects without adrenal disorders completed a questionnaire encompassing 47 health variables (comorbidities, symptoms, daily living activities). FI was calculated as the average score of all variables and frailty defined as FI ≥ 0.25. Physical function was assessed with hand grip, timed up-and-go test, chair rising test, 6-minute walk test, and gait speed. RESULTS Compared to referent subjects (n = 89), patients with adrenal disorders (n = 520) showed increased age, sex, and body mass index-adjusted prevalence of frailty (CS [odds ratio-OR 19.2, 95% confidence interval-CI 6.7-70], MACS [OR 12.5, 95% CI 4.8-42.9], PA [OR 8.4, 95% CI 2.9-30.4], NFA [OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.7-15.9]). Prevalence of frailty was similar to referent subjects when post-dexamethasone cortisol was <28 nmol/L and was higher when post-dexamethasone cortisol was 28-50 nmol/L (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.7-16.5). FI correlated with all measures of physical function (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Whilst frailty prevalence was highest in patients with adrenocortical hormone excess, even patients with NFA demonstrated an increased prevalence compared to the referent population. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Dogra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Lana Šambula
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Koprivnica, Zeljka Selingera 1, 48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Jasmine Saini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Karthik Thangamuthu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Shobana Athimulam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Bone and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Danae A Delivanis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Dimitra A Baikousi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evangelismos Hospital, 45 Ipsilantou Street, Athens 106 76, Greece
| | - Rohit Nathani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Interna Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Catherine D Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53210, United States
| | - Natalia Genere
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Zara Salman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Urszula Ambroziak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Raul G Garcia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Sara J Achenbach
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Atkinson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Sumitabh Singh
- Department of Interna Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Rosenberg R, Raeburn CD, Clay MR, Wierman ME. Dual Aldosterone- and Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: Pre- and Perioperative Evaluation and Management. JCEM CASE REPORTS 2023; 1:luad073. [PMID: 37909000 PMCID: PMC10580411 DOI: 10.1210/jcemcr/luad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer (1-2/million) that presents with hormone overproduction in 60% of cases. Presentation of ACC with multiple hormone syndromes from different adrenal zones is rare. We present a case of dual-secreting ACC with hyperaldosteronism and cortisol excess. The previously healthy patient was noted to have new-onset hypertension and hypokalemia during a primary care visit. On hormonal evaluation, he was found to have evidence of hyperaldosteronism and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent cortisol excess. Imaging revealed a 2.7 × 3.1 × 3.5 cm left adrenal mass with indeterminant computed tomography characteristics. He underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy and required glucocorticoid replacement for adrenal insufficiency postoperatively. Pathology revealed stage T2N0M0 ACC. His hypokalemia resolved and glucocorticoids were stopped within a month. This case stresses the importance of routine screening for cortisol excess in all adrenal masses detected on imaging. Avoidance of postoperative adrenal insufficiency in patients with cortisol excess without overt Cushing syndrome is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Christopher D Raeburn
- Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Michael R Clay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
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Herndon J, Hallemeier C, Jethwa K, Shariff A, Bancos I. Radiation of bilateral adrenal metastases is associated with a high risk of primary adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 99:35-42. [PMID: 36905107 PMCID: PMC10247529 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal metastasis is the most common adrenal malignancy and can be bilateral in up to 43% of patients. Radiotherapy (RT) is one option available to treat adrenal metastases. The risk of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) after adrenal RT is unclear. OBJECTIVE Determine the incidence and the timeline of PAI in patients undergoing adrenal RT. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Single-centre longitudinal retrospective cohort study of adult patients with adrenal metastases treated with RT between 2010 and 2021. RESULTS Of 56 patients with adrenal metastases treated with adrenal RT, eight (14.3%) patients developed PAI at a median of 6.1 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 3.9-13.8) after RT All patients developing PAI had either unilateral RT in the setting of contralateral adrenalectomy or bilateral adrenal RT. Patients who developed PAI received a median RT dose of 50 Gy (IQR: 44-50 Gy), administered in a median of five fractions (IQR: 5-6). Treated metastases decreased in size and/or metabolic activity on positron emission tomography in seven patients (87.5%). Patients were initiated on hydrocortisone (median daily dose of 20 mg, IQR: 18-40) and fludrocortisone (median daily dose of 0.05 mg, IQR: 0.05-0.05 mg). At the end of the study period, five patients died, all due to extra-adrenal malignancy, at a median time of 19.7 months (IQR: 16-21.1 months) since RT and median time of 7.7 months (IQR: 2.9-12.5 months) since the diagnosis of PAI. CONCLUSION Patients receiving unilateral adrenal RT with two intact adrenal glands have a low risk of PAI. Patients receiving bilateral adrenal RT have a high risk of PAI and require close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Herndon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Krishan Jethwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Afreen Shariff
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Favero V, Aresta C, Parazzoli C, Cairoli E, Eller-Vainicher C, Palmieri S, Salcuni AS, Arosio M, Persani L, Scillitani A, Morelli V, Chiodini I. The degree of cortisol secretion is associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal tumors. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:102. [PMID: 37131218 PMCID: PMC10155432 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarly to cortisol-secreting adrenal tumors, also non-functioning adrenal tumors (NFAT) may be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. We assessed in NFAT patients: (i) the association between hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity (OB), dyslipidemia (DL) and cardiovascular events (CVE) and cortisol secretion; (ii) the cut-off of the cortisol secretion parameters for identifying NFAT patients with a worse cardiometabolic profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 615 NFAT patients (with cortisol levels after 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test, F-1mgDST < 1.8 µg/dL [50 nmol/L]) F-1mgDST and adrenocorticotroph hormone (ACTH) levels and data on HT, DM, OB, DL and CVEs prevalence were retrospectively collected. RESULTS HT, DM and HT plus DM were associated with F-1mgDST levels (area under the ROC curve: 0.588 ± 0.023, 0.610 ± 0.028, 0.611 ± 0.033, respectively, p < 0.001 for all comparisons) but not with ACTH. The cut-off for identifying patients with either HT or DM or HT plus DM was set at ≥ 1.2 µg/dL (33 nmol/L). As compared with patients with F-1mgDST < 1.2 µg/dL (n = 289), patients with F-1mgDST 1.2-1.79 µg/dL (33-49.4 nmol/L) (n = 326) had lower ACTH levels (17.7 ± 11.9 vs 15.3 ± 10.1 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.008), older age (57.5 ± 12.3 vs 62.5 ± 10.9 years, respectively, p < 0.001), and higher prevalence of HT (38.1% vs 52.5% respectively p < 0.001), DM (13.1% vs 23.3%, respectively, p = 0.001), HT plus DM (8.3% vs 16.9%, respectively, p < 0.002) and CVE (3.2% vs 7.3%, respectively, p = 0.028). F-1mgDST 1.2-1.79 µg/dL was associated with either HT (odd ratio, OR, 1.55, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.08-2.23, p = 0.018) or DM (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.01-2.57, p = 0.045) after adjusting for age, gender, OB, DL, and DM (for HT) or HT (for DM), and with the presence of HT plus DM (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.12-3.41, p = 0.018) after adjusting for age, gender, OB and DL. CONCLUSIONS In NFAT patients, F-1mgDST 1.2-1.79 µg/dL seems to be associated with a higher prevalence of HT and DM and a worse cardiometabolic profile, even if the poor accuracy of these associations suggests caution in interpreting these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Aresta
- Endocrinology Department & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS - Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parazzoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cairoli
- Endocrinology Department & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS - Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Serena Palmieri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Stefano Salcuni
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University-Hospital S. Maria Della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Maura Arosio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Department & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS - Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Ospedale "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Valentina Morelli
- Endocrinology Department & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS - Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Milan, Italy
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Herndon J, Bancos I. Diagnosing and managing adrenal incidentalomas. JAAPA 2023; 36:12-18. [PMID: 37043721 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000923528.75127.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adrenal incidentalomas are commonly encountered because of the widespread use of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging. Adrenal incidentalomas may be benign or malignant, and also may demonstrate hormonal hypersecretion, so all patients with adrenal masses should undergo further assessment. Clinicians should have a basic understanding of adrenal incidentalomas, their workup, and when follow-up and referral are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Herndon
- At the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., Justine Herndon practices in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, and Irina Bancos practices in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. Dr. Bancos reports advisory board participation and/or consulting with Lantheus, Sparrow Pharmaceuticals, Spruce Biosciences, Recordati Rare Disease, Corcept Therapeutics, Adrenas Therapeutics, and HRA Pharma. She also is partly supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under awards K23DK121888 and R03DK132121. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIH. The authors have disclosed no other potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Sulu C, Koca O, Icli TB, Oz A, Kargin OA, Durcan E, Sahin S, Arslan S, Turan S, Kadioglu P, Ozkaya HM. Altered thalamic volume in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion: a structural brain MRI study. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:1037-1051. [PMID: 37121916 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare thalamic volume and cognitive functions of patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) with control subjects and patients with overt Cushing's syndrome (CS). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, volumes of regions of interest were assessed using 3 T magnetic resonance imaging and a voxel-based morphometry approach in 23 patients with MACS, 21 patients with active CS, 27 patients with CS in remission, and 21 control subjects. Cognitive functions were assessed using validated questionnaires. RESULTS Patients with MACS had smaller left thalamic (F = 3.8, p = 0.023), left posterior thalamic (F = 4.9, p = 0.01), left medial thalamic (F = 4.7, p = 0.028), and right lateral thalamic (F = 4.1, p = 0.025) volumes than control subjects. Patients with active CS also had smaller left thalamic (F = 3.8, p = 0.044), left posterior thalamic (F = 4.9, p = 0.007), left medial thalamic (F = 4.7, p = 0.006), and right lateral thalamic (F = 4.1, p = 0.042) volumes compared to controls. Patients with CS in remission had smaller left medial (F = 4.7, p = 0.030) and right lateral thalamic (F = 4.1, p = 0.028) volumes than controls. Neuropsychological tests showed no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION MACS may decrease thalamic volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Sulu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Oguzhan Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tevhide Betul Icli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Oz
- Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Osman Aykan Kargin
- Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Serdar Sahin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serdar Arslan
- Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Senol Turan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hande Mefkure Ozkaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Tsujimoto Y, Yamamoto M, Nishikage S, Kanie K, Kanzawa M, Bando H, Yoshino K, Hirota Y, Fukuoka H, Ogawa W. Successful diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma during severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case report. Endocr J 2023; 70:259-265. [PMID: 36384707 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma is a rare but life-threatening condition due to catecholamine release induced by drug treatments such as β-blockers or glucocorticoids. We present a case of hypertensive crisis due to pheochromocytoma, induced after the initiation of dexamethasone and landiolol during intensive care for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on a detailed medical history review, the patient was previously diagnosed with primary aldosteronism by confirmatory tests, moreover, an abdominal computed tomography scan identified an adrenal tumor 2 years before current admission. We tentatively diagnosed the patient with pheochromocytoma and initiated α-blockers without conducting a catecholamine report, leading to stable hemodynamics. We present a successfully managed case of pheochromocytoma concomitant with COVID-19, which has become a global crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tsujimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Seiji Nishikage
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Maki Kanzawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Jackson BS. Adrenal Incidentaloma Controversial Size Recommendations. UROLOGY RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2023; 49:96-99. [PMID: 37877855 PMCID: PMC10192718 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2023.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The size of adrenal incidentalomas has important implications for diagnosis and management. Recommendations from endocrine societies do not all correlate with regard to adrenal incidentaloma size. Therefore, the aim was to compare adrenal incidentaloma size recommendations between different endocrine societies and the reasoning for these recommendations. Eight different international guidelines were reviewed and compared. The smaller the size of the incidentaloma, the lower the risk for malignancy. The majority of guidelines consider 4 cm as the cut-off, but there are discrepancies. Size indications for laparoscopic adrenalectomy have a wide range from less than 4 cm up to 12 cm. The followup period of adrenal incidentalomas, as well as what is considered significant growth over that period, varies between the recommendations. Therefore, the clinician should be aware of the differences when managing a patient with adrenal incidentaloma. There are discrepancies in size considerations with regard to significance, treatment options, optimal follow-up period, and further management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Araujo-Castro M, Casals G, Hanzu FA, Pascual-Corrales E, García Cano AM, Lanza VF, Luis Del Rey Mejías Á, Marchan M, Escobar-Morreale HF, Valderrabano P. Characterisation of the urinary steroid profile of patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas: A matched controlled cross-sectional study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:165-176. [PMID: 35973974 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify alterations in steroid metabolism in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) through the analysis of their urinary steroid profile (USP). METHODS Cross-sectional study with one study group (NFAIs, cortisol post dexamethasone suppression test [DST] ≤ 1.8 µg/dl [49.7 nmol/L]) and 2 control groups: patients with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS group, cortisol post-DST > 1.8 µg/dl (49.7 nmol/L) and patients without adrenal tumours (healthy-adrenal group). Twenty-four-hour urine collections for USP measurement (total and free fraction of 51 24 h-urine specimens) were obtained from 73 participants (24 with NFAIs, 24 without AIs, and 25 with ACS). USP was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Patients of the three groups were matched according to sex, age (±5 years-old) and body mass index (±5 kg/m2 ). RESULTS Compared to healthy-adrenal controls, patients with NFAIs had a lower excretion of androgen metabolites (230.5 ± 190.12 vs. 388.7 ± 328.58 µg/24 h, p = .046) and a higher excretion of urinary free cortisol (UFC) (54.3 ± 66.07 vs. 25.4 ± 11.16 µg/24 h, p = .038). UFC was above the reference range in 20.8% of patients in the NFAI, compared to 0% in the healthy-adrenal group (p = .018). Patients with ACS had a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes than patients with NFAIs or the control group. A lower excretion of androgen metabolites (218.4 ± 204.24 vs. 231 ± 190 µg/24 h, p = .041) and a nonsignificant higher excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (2129.6 ± 1195.96 vs. 1550.8 ± 810.03 µg/24 h, p = .180) was found in patients with ACS compared to patients with NFAIs. CONCLUSION NFAIs seem to secrete a subtle, yet clinically relevant, excess of glucocorticoids. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings; and to identify metabolic alterations associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eider Pascual-Corrales
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M García Cano
- Department of Biochemistry, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Val F Lanza
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Del Rey Mejías
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marchan
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor F Escobar-Morreale
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Valderrabano
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica, Ramón y Cajal IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Possible, probable, and certain hypercortisolism: A continuum in the risk of comorbidity. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2023; 84:272-284. [PMID: 36736771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypercortisolism may be considered as a continuum in terms of both hormonal and cardiometabolic abnormalities. It ranges from cases with "normal" hormonal profile and low to intermediate risk of comorbidity to florid cases with clear clinical and hormonal evidence of glucocorticoid excess and clearly increased cardiometabolic risk. Even in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI), defined as adrenal incidentaloma with normal results on the currently available hormonal test for evaluation of hypercortisolism, cardiometabolic and mortality risk is higher than in the general population without adrenal lesions. Mild hypercortisolism or autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) is a term used for patients with adrenal incidentaloma and pathological dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results, but without specific clinical signs of hypercortisolism. It is widely known that this condition is linked to higher prevalence of several cardiometabolic comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome, than in patients with NFAI or without adrenal tumor. In case of overt Cushing's syndrome, cardiovascular risk is extremely high, and standard mortality ratio is high, cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death. The present review summarizes the current evidence for a detrimental cardiometabolic profile in patients with possible (NFAI), probable (ACS) and certain hypercortisolism (overt Cushing's syndrome).
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Abstract
While most adrenal tumors are identified incidentally and are non-functional, hormone-secreting tumors can cause morbidity and mortality. Hemodynamic lability and hypertension in pregnancy are associated with worse maternal and fetal outcomes. Achieving a diagnosis of hormone excess due to adrenal tumors can be clinically more difficult in the gravid patient due to normal physiologic alterations in hormones and symptoms related to pregnancy. This review focuses on some nuances of the diagnostic work-up, perioperative care, and surgical management of adrenally-mediated cortisol excess, primary aldosteronism, and pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in the pregnant patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Dream
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tracy S Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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A radiomic signature based on magnetic resonance imaging to determine adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Pol J Radiol 2023; 88:e41-e46. [PMID: 36819225 PMCID: PMC9907166 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2023.124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to develop radiomics signature-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine adrenal Cushing's syndrome (ACS) in adrenal incidentalomas (AI). Material and methods A total of 50 patients with AI were included in this study. The patients were grouped as nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI) and ACS. The lesions were segmented on unenhanced T1-weighted (T1W) in-phase (IP) and opposed-phase (OP) as well as on T2-weighted (T2-W) 3-Tesla MRIs. The LASSO regression model was used for the selection of potential predictors from 111 texture features for each sequence. The radiomics scores were compared between the groups. Results The median radiomics score in T1W-Op for the NFAI and ACS were -1.17 and -0.17, respectively (p < 0.001). Patients with ACS had significantly higher radiomics scores than NFAI patients in all phases (p < 0.001 for all). The AUCs for radiomics scores in T1W-Op, T1W-Ip, and T2W were 0.862 (95% CI: 0.742-0.983), 0.892 (95% CI: 0.774-0.999), and 0.994 (95% CI: 0.982-0.999), respectively. Conclusion The developed MRI-based radiomic scores can yield high AUCs for prediction of ACS.
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Bertherat J, Bourdeau I, Bouys L, Chasseloup F, Kamenicky P, Lacroix A. Clinical, pathophysiologic, genetic and therapeutic progress in Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia. Endocr Rev 2022:6957368. [PMID: 36548967 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) usually present bilateral benign adrenocortical macronodules at imaging and variable levels of cortisol excess. PBMAH is a rare cause of primary overt Cushing's syndrome, but may represent up to one third of bilateral adrenal incidentalomas with evidence of cortisol excess. The increased steroidogenesis in PBMAH is often regulated by various G-protein coupled receptors aberrantly expressed in PBMAH tissues; some receptor ligands are ectopically produced in PBMAH tissues creating aberrant autocrine/paracrine regulation of steroidogenesis. The bilateral nature of PBMAH and familial aggregation, led to the identification of germline heterozygous inactivating mutations of the ARMC5 gene, in 20-25% of the apparent sporadic cases and more frequently in familial cases; ARMC5 mutations/pathogenic variants can be associated with meningiomas. More recently, combined germline mutations/pathogenic variants and somatic events inactivating the KDM1A gene were specifically identified in patients affected by GIP-dependent PBMAH. Functional studies demonstrated that inactivation of KDM1A leads to GIP-receptor (GIPR) overexpression and over or down-regulation of other GPCRs. Genetic analysis is now available for early detection of family members of index cases with PBMAH carrying identified germline pathogenic variants. Detailed biochemical, imaging, and co-morbidities assessment of the nature and severity of PBMAH is essential for its management. Treatment is reserved for patients with overt or mild cortisol/aldosterone or other steroid excesses taking in account co-morbidities. It previously relied on bilateral adrenalectomy; however recent studies tend to favor unilateral adrenalectomy, or less frequently, medical treatment with cortisol synthesis inhibitors or specific blockers of aberrant GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerôme Bertherat
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Fg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lucas Bouys
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Fg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Fanny Chasseloup
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenicky
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Vaidya A, Hundemer GL, Nanba K, Parksook WW, Brown JM. Primary Aldosteronism: State-of-the-Art Review. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:967-988. [PMID: 35767459 PMCID: PMC9729786 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We are witnessing a revolution in our understanding of primary aldosteronism (PA). In the past 2 decades, we have learned that PA is a highly prevalent syndrome that is largely attributable to pathogenic somatic mutations, that contributes to cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney disease, and that when recognized, can be adequately treated with widely available mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and/or surgical adrenalectomy. Unfortunately, PA is rarely diagnosed, or adequately treated, mainly because of a lack of awareness and education. Most clinicians still possess an outdated understanding of PA; from primary care physicians to hypertension specialists, there is an urgent need to redefine and reintroduce PA to clinicians with a modern and practical approach. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide readers with the most updated knowledge on the pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of PA. In particular, we underscore the public health importance of promptly recognizing and treating PA and provide pragmatic solutions to modify clinical practices to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Center for Adrenal Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory L Hundemer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wasita W Parksook
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jenifer M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Graveling AJ, Abraham P. Adrenal nodules for the non-specialist: What to look out for and when to refer. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2022; 52:350-356. [PMID: 36451593 DOI: 10.1177/14782715221138467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all medical specialities utilise cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen to evaluate many different medical conditions. This ever-increasing use of cross-sectional imaging has led to a dramatic increase in the detection rate of adrenal nodules. Following appropriate biochemical and radiological evaluation, the vast majority of these are shown to be benign adrenal adenomas. A small minority are diagnosed with a functional or malignant lesion that may result in significant morbidity and mortality requiring specialist management.
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Savas M, Mehta S, Agrawal N, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA. Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3162-3174. [PMID: 36036941 PMCID: PMC9681610 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cushing syndrome results from supraphysiological exposure to glucocorticoids and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis includes administration of corticosteroids (exogenous Cushing syndrome) or autonomous cortisol overproduction, whether or not ACTH-dependent (endogenous Cushing syndrome). An early diagnosis of Cushing syndrome is warranted; however, in clinical practice, it is very challenging partly because of resemblance with other common conditions (ie, pseudo-Cushing syndrome). Initial workup should start with excluding local and systemic corticosteroid use. First-line screening tests including the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test, 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion, and late-night salivary cortisol measurement should be performed to screen for endogenous Cushing syndrome. Scalp-hair cortisol/cortisone analysis helps in the assessment of long-term glucocorticoid exposure as well as in detection of transient periods of hypercortisolism as observed in cyclical Cushing syndrome. Interpretation of results can be difficult because of individual patient characteristics and hence requires awareness of test limitations. Once endogenous Cushing syndrome is established, measurement of plasma ACTH concentrations differentiates between ACTH-dependent (80%-85%) or ACTH-independent (15%-20%) causes. Further assessment with different imaging modalities and dynamic biochemical testing including bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling helps further pinpoint the cause of Cushing's syndrome. In this issue of "Approach to the patient," the diagnostic workup of Cushing syndrome is discussed with answering the questions when to screen, how to screen, and how to differentiate the different causes. In this respect, the latest developments in biochemical and imaging techniques are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, NYU Langone Medical Center/ Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Correspondence: Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum, MD, PhD, Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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