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Berezovsky E, Kohn E, Britzi M, Efreim S, Berlin M, Oppenheimer S, Avitsur R, Agajany N, Berkovitch M, Sheinberg R. Possible associations between prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants and neurodevelopmental outcome in children. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108658. [PMID: 38972363 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate associations between prenatal and childhood exposure to phthalates and prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the development of 4-year-old children. Urinary metabolites of five phthalates were measured in women upon delivery, as well as serum concentrations of four PCB congeners. Postnatal phthalate metabolites were measured from children's urine obtained at the time of developmental assessment. The primary outcome was cognitive function as evaluated by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) administered at 4 years. Secondary outcomes were motor function and response to sensory stimuli as evaluated by the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) that the mothers filled out, respectively. The study included 57 mother-child pairs. Higher maternal phthalate metabolite concentrations were inversely associated with WPPSI-III scores among boys and not among girls. After using linear regression models and controlling for confounding variables, we found that higher levels of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) were the ones associated with lower WPPSI-III scores (p=0.004, 95 %CI [-14.18; -3.16]), lower DCDQ scores (p=0.007, 95 %CI [-6.08; -1.17] and lower SSP scores (p=0.004, 95 %CI [-7.47; -1.79]). No association was found between child urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations or maternal PCB blood concentrations and developmental function. These findings indicate that higher prenatal phthalate metabolite levels may be associated with deficits in neurologic development of young boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Berezovsky
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malka Britzi
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, National Residue Control Laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Solomon Efreim
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, National Residue Control Laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Maya Berlin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sabrina Oppenheimer
- School of Behavioural Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Avitsur
- School of Behavioural Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Netanel Agajany
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Sheinberg
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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Drago G, Ruggieri S, Sprovieri M, Rizzo G, Colombo P, Giosuè C, Quinci E, Traina A, Gastaldelli A, Cibella F, Panunzi S. Exposure profiles in pregnant women from a birth cohort in a highly contaminated area of southern Italy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14815. [PMID: 37684286 PMCID: PMC10491776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting the health of pregnant women from environmental stressors is crucial for reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. In industrially contaminated sites, this action is particularly challenging due to the heterogeneous pollutant mixtures in environmental matrices. The aim of this study was to evaluate distribution patterns of mercury, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorobiphenyls in the serum of 161 pregnant women recruited in the framework of the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) cohort and living both inside and outside the National Priority Contaminated Site (NPCS) of Priolo. Food macro-categories were determined, and serum levels of contaminants were used to perform k-means cluster analysis and identify the role of food in pollutant transfer from the environment. Two groups of mothers with high and low measured pollutant levels were distinguished. Concentrations in mothers in the high-exposure cluster were at least twofold for all the evaluated pollutants (p < 0.0001) and included mothers living inside and outside NPCS, with a predominance of individuals from the NPCS (p = 0.045). Fish consumption was higher in the high-exposure cluster (p = 0.019). These findings suggest a link between contamination of environmental matrices such as sediment with maternal exposure, through the intake of local food. Such consideration appears poorly investigated in the context of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspare Drago
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Sprovieri
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Giulia Rizzo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina Giosuè
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council of Italy, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Enza Quinci
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council of Italy, Via del Mare 3, Torretta Granitola, 91021, Trapani, Italy
| | - Anna Traina
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council of Italy, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Panunzi
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science-BioMatLab, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini 19, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Rashid CS, Preston JD, Ngo Tenlep SY, Cook MK, Blalock EM, Zhou C, Swanson HI, Pearson KJ. PCB126 exposure during pregnancy alters maternal and fetal gene expression. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108385. [PMID: 37080397 PMCID: PMC10358324 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants that can have lasting impacts on offspring health. Here, we sought to examine maternal and fetal gene expression differences of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-regulated genes in a mouse model of prenatal PCB126 exposure. Female mice were bred and gavaged with 1 µmole/kg bodyweight PCB126 or vehicle control on embryonic days 0 and 14, and maternal and fetal tissues were collected on embryonic day 18.5. Total RNAs were isolated, and gene expression levels were analyzed in both maternal and fetal tissues using the NanoString nCounter system. Interestingly, we found that the expression levels of cytochrome P450 (Cyp)1a1 and Cyp1b1 were significantly increased in response to PCB exposure in the tested maternal and fetal tissues. Furthermore, PCB exposure altered the expression of several other genes related to energy balance, oxidative stress, and epigenetic regulation in a manner that was less consistent across tissue types. These results indicate that maternal PCB126 exposure significantly alters gene expression in both developing fetuses and pregnant dams, and such changes vary in intensity and expressivity depending on tissue type. The altered gene expression may provide insights into pathophysiological mechanisms by which in utero PCB exposures contribute to PCB-induced postnatal metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetewayo S Rashid
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joshua D Preston
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Y Ngo Tenlep
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Marissa K Cook
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eric M Blalock
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Hollie I Swanson
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kevin J Pearson
- Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Mouat JS, Li X, Neier K, Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, La Merrill MA, Lehmler HJ, Jones MP, Lein PJ, Schmidt RJ, LaSalle JM. Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115227. [PMID: 36608759 PMCID: PMC10518186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with elevated risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental epigenetics may serve as a potential mechanism of risk or marker of altered placental function. Prior studies have associated differential placental DNA methylation with maternal PCB exposure or with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, sequencing-based placental methylomes have not previously been tested for simultaneous associations with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the high-risk ASD MARBLES cohort. METHODS We measured 209 PCB congeners in 104 maternal serum samples collected at delivery. We identified networks of DNA methylation from 147 placenta samples using the Comethyl R package, which performs weighted gene correlation network analysis for whole genome bisulfite sequencing data. We tested placental DNA methylation modules for association with maternal serum PCB levels, child neurodevelopment, and other participant traits. RESULTS PCBs 153 + 168, 170, 180 + 193, and 187 were detected in over 50% of maternal serum samples and were highly correlated with one another. Consistent with previous findings, maternal age was the strongest predictor of serum PCB levels, alongside year of sample collection, pre-pregnancy BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Twenty seven modules of placental DNA methylation were identified, including five which significantly correlated with one or more PCBs, and four which correlated with child neurodevelopment. Two modules associated with maternal PCB levels as well as child neurodevelopment, and mapped to CSMD1 and AUTS2, genes previously implicated in ASD and identified as differentially methylated regions in mouse brain and placenta following gestational PCB exposure. CONCLUSIONS Placental DNA co-methylation modules were associated with maternal PCBs and child neurodevelopment. Methylation of CSMD1 and AUTS2 could be markers of altered placental function and/or ASD risk following maternal PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Mouat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yihui Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles E Mordaunt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael P Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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6
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Foreman AB, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, van Faassen M, Kema IP, Wolffenbuttel BH, Sauer PJJ, Bos AF, Berghuis SA. Urinary concentrations of bisphenols and parabens and their association with attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity at adolescence. Neurotoxicology 2023; 95:66-74. [PMID: 36649891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobehavioural disorder diagnoses have been increasing over the last decades, leading to heightened interest in the aetiological factors involved. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as parabens and bisphenols, have been suggested as one of those factors. It is unknown whether exposure during adolescence may affect neurobehavioural development. OBJECTIVE To determine whether urinary concentrations of parabens and bisphenols are associated with attention and concentration in adolescents, in general and sex-specific. METHODS We invited 188 adolescents (13-15 years old) for the follow-up birth cohort-study. Concentrations of five parabens and three bisphenols (BPA; BPF; BPS) were measured in morning urine after overnight fasting, using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Attention and concentration were assessed at the clinic with subtests of the Test of Everyday Attention in Children and the Dutch Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder questionnaire (AVL), the latter being filled in by parents. Linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for urine creatinine concentrations and potential confounding factors. RESULTS 101 (54%) adolescents participated (46 girls; 55 boys). Urinary paraben concentrations were higher in girls than in boys. Methylparaben was positively associated with attention in girls (p ≤ .05; B= -2.836; 95%CI= -5.175;-.497), ethylparaben negatively with hyperactivity (p ≤ .05; B= -1.864; 95%CI= -3.587;-.141). Butylparaben was associated with more optimal scores on parent reported attention. Propylparaben was negatively associated with scores on sustained auditory attention in girls (p ≤ .10; B=.444; 95%CI= -.009;.896). Bisphenol concentrations were not associated with scores on attention and concentration after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION In 13-15-year-old Dutch adolescents, urinary concentrations of methylparaben and ethylparaben were associated with better attention and less hyperactivity, whereas a trend toward significance was found between higher urinary propylparaben concentrations and poorer attention. Bisphenol concentrations were not associated with attention and concentration after adjusting for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Foreman
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bruce Hr Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Arend F Bos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sietske A Berghuis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Xu LL, Zhang QY, Chen YK, Chen LJ, Zhang KK, Wang Q, Xie XL. Gestational PCB52 exposure induces hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury by activating inflammation in dam and offspring mice: A maternal and progeny study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120186. [PMID: 36115491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels are decreased in the environment, the adverse effects of gestational exposure on the mother and offspring cannot be ignored due to the vulnerability of the fetus. In the present study, pregnant Balb/c mice were administered PCB52 (1 mg/kg BW/day) or corn oil vehicle by gavage until parturition. In the dams, PCB52 caused histopathological changes in the liver, higher serum levels of aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and activated apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting hepatotoxicity. Overexpressed indicators of TLR4 pathway were observed in the liver of PCB52-exposed dams, indicated hepatic inflammation. Moreover, PCB52 exposure weakened the intestinal barrier and triggered inflammatory response, which might contribute to the hepatic inflammation by gut-liver axis. In the pups, prenatal PCB52 exposure affected the sex ratio at birth and reduced birth length and weights. Similar to the dams, prenatal PCB52 exposure induced hepatotoxicity in the pups without gender difference. Consistent with the alteration of gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation was confirmed, accompanying the disruption in the intestinal barrier and the activation of apoptosis and autophagy in the PCB52-exposed pups. Intestinal injury might be responsible for hepatotoxicity at least in part. Taken together, these findings suggested that gestational PCB52 exposure induced hepatic and intestinal injury in both maternal and offspring mice by arousing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qin-Yao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Kui Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Cheslack-Postava K, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Surcel HM, Vivio N, Falabella G, McKeague IW, Sourander A, Brown AS. Maternal serum persistent organic pollutant exposure and offspring diagnosed ADHD in a national birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113145. [PMID: 35318010 PMCID: PMC9232966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence implicates environmental factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk. Prenatal exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the pesticide metabolite p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) have been linked to lower cognitive ability, increased impulsivity, and attention related deficits in the offspring. However, information on the relationship of these exposures to the risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD is limited. OBJECTIVES To determine whether prenatal maternal levels of PCBs or DDE are associated with ADHD diagnosis in the offspring. METHODS The investigation was conducted in the Finnish Prenatal Study of ADHD (FIPS-ADHD), a case-control study nested in a national birth cohort. Cases were born in 1998 or 1999 and diagnosed with ADHD (ICD-9 314x or ICD-10 F90. x) according to the national Care Register for Health Care. Each case was individually matched to a control on sex, date, and place of birth. PCB congeners (PCB 74, 99, 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183, 187) and DDE were quantified from archived prenatal maternal sera from 359 matched case-control pairs using gas chromatography - high triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Maternal total PCBs were quantified as the sum of concentrations of the measured congeners. Associations with ADHD were examined using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Maternal PCB or DDE levels greater than the 75th percentiles of the control distributions showed no evidence of association with offspring ADHD (PCBs: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.63, 1.60), p = 0.98; DDE: aOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.71, 1.81; p = 0.60). Maternal levels of either pollutant dichotomized at the 90th percentile or considered as a continuous variable also did not show evidence for association with offspring ADHD diagnosis. DISCUSSION This study did not find evidence for association of maternal prenatal levels of PCBs or DDE with clinical diagnosis of offspring ADHD; however, this does not rule out the possibility of an impact on subclinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heljä-Marja Surcel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nicholas Vivio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Genevieve Falabella
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian W McKeague
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Prenatal Environmental Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Reproductive Hormone Profile and Pubertal Development in Dutch Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159423. [PMID: 35954780 PMCID: PMC9367960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may interfere with hormonal processes. Knowledge about the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) on pubertal development is limited. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether prenatal environmental PCB and OH-PCB exposure are associated with reproductive hormone levels and pubertal characteristics in 13- to 15-year-old children. In this Dutch observational cohort study, 194 mother–infant pairs were included (1998–2002). Maternal pregnancy serum levels of PCBs, OH-PCBs, and other POPs were measured. At follow-up (2014–2016), we measured serum or plasma levels of reproductive hormones in their children. We assessed Tanner stages and testicular volume (by clinician or standardized self-assessment), and participants completed questionnaires on pubertal onset. In total, 101 adolescents (14.4 ± 0.8 years; 53.7% of invited) participated, and 55 were boys. In boys, higher prenatal PCB levels were associated with higher testosterone levels, higher pubic hair stage, larger testicular volume, and younger age at onset of growth spurt and voice break. In girls, higher prenatal PCB levels were associated with higher stages for breast development. In conclusion, higher prenatal PCB exposure could be associated with more advanced pubertal development in 13- to 15-year-old children.
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Prenatal Environmental Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Indices of Overweight and Cardiovascular Risk in Dutch Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112269. [PMID: 35684070 PMCID: PMC9183073 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may have obesogenic effects. Knowledge about the effects of prenatal exposure to POPs on anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters into adolescence is limited. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether prenatal environmental exposure to several POPs is associated with indices of overweight and cardiovascular risk in 13–15-year-old children. In this Dutch observational cohort study, 194 mother–infant pairs were included (1998–2002). Maternal pregnancy serum levels of PCBs, OH-PCBs, PBDEs, and other POPs were measured. At follow-up (2014–2016), levels of cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, leptin, and adiponectin were measured in their children. The children’s height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured. In total, 101 adolescents (14.4 ± 0.8 years; 53.7% of invited) participated of which 55 were boys. Mean BMI was 19.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2 and mean BMI z-score 0.13 ± 1.14. Higher prenatal levels of PCBs were associated with lower levels of HDL-C and adiponectin in boys and higher levels of PBDEs with higher triglycerides in girls. We found significant differences by sex in the associations with OH-PCBs, with lower HDL-C and adiponectin, higher LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, fasting glucose, HOMA2-IR, height, and weight for boys. Our study indicates that higher prenatal exposure to PCBs, OH-PCBs, and PBDEs was associated with adolescent levels of some metabolic cardiovascular risk markers and hormones associated with the development of obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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Li JFT, Li XH, Wan YY, Li YY, Qin ZF. Comparison of Dechlorane Plus Concentrations in Sequential Blood Samples of Pregnant Women in Taizhou, China. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072242. [PMID: 35408641 PMCID: PMC9000586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an appropriate sampling strategy to assess the intrauterine exposure to dechlorane plus (DP), we investigated DP levels in sequential maternal blood samples collected in three trimesters of pregnancy, respectively, from women living in Taizhou. The median concentration of DPs (sum of syn-DP and anti-DP) in all samples was 30.5 pg g−1 wet-weight and 5.01 ng g−1 lipid-adjusted weight, respectively. The trimester-related DP concentrations were consistently strongly correlated (p < 0.01), indicating that a single measurement of DP levels could represent intrauterine exposure without sampling from the same female repeatedly; however, the wet-weight levels significantly increased across trimesters (p < 0.05), while the lipid-adjusted levels did not significantly vary. Notably, whether lipid-adjusted weight or wet-weight levels, the variation extent of DP across trimesters was found to be less than 41%, and those for other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) reported in the literature were also limited to 100%. The limitation in variation extents indicated that, regardless of the time of blood collection during pregnancy and how the levels were expressed, a single measurement could be extended to screen for exposure risk if necessary. Our study provides different strategies for sampling the maternal blood to serve the requirement for assessment of in utero exposure to DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; (J.-F.-T.L.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Z.-F.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; (J.-F.-T.L.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Z.-F.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6291-9177; Fax: +86-10-6292-3563
| | - Yao-Yuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; (J.-F.-T.L.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Z.-F.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; (J.-F.-T.L.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Z.-F.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; (J.-F.-T.L.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Z.-F.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Kowalik K, Sechman A. In vitro effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites on the synthesis and metabolism of iodothyronines in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) thyroid gland. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 318:113989. [PMID: 35151725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) on thyroid hormone [TH: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)] secretion, the concentrations of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3), and mRNA expression of genes involved in TH synthesis (TSHR, NIS, TPO, TG), metabolism (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3), and transport (OATP1C1, MCT8, MCT10, LAT1), chicken thyroid explants were incubated in medium supplemented with TSH (250 mU/ml), PCB118, PCB153, 4-OH-PCB107, and 3-OH-PCB153 (0.5 × 10-8 M), and TSH together with each PCB and OH-PCB. The results of the in vitro experiment revealed that, except for 4-OH-PCB107, all applied PCBs and OH-PCBs inhibited basal and TSH-stimulated T4 secretion. Moreover, they increased basal and reduced TSH-stimulated T3 secretion. PCBs and OH-PCBs decreased the TSH-stimulated TSHR expression. Following PCB and OH-PCB exposure, significant changes in mRNA expression of NIS, TPO, and TG were observed. PCBs and OH-PCBs affected DIO1 and DIO3 transcript levels and protein abundances of each DIO. Furthermore, PCB-dependent effects on OATP1C1, MCT8, and MCT10 mRNA expression were found. In conclusion, both PCB118 and PCB153 and their OH-PCBs affect TH synthesis and deiodination processes in the chicken thyroid gland and influence TH transport across the thyrocyte membrane. In addition, the effects of PCBs and OH-PCBs depended mainly on the type of PCB congener and the exposure time. These results indicate that not only parental PCBs but also OH-PCBs are hazardous for the thyroid gland and may disrupt its endocrine function. Further studies are necessary to explain a mechanism of PCB and OH-PCB action in the avian thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Yuan TH, Eguchi A, Tai CJ, Tsai CH, Chien JW, Chan CC, Mori C. Comparison of the PCB serum levels among mother-child pairs in areas of Eastern Japan and Central Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150272. [PMID: 34852429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been prohibited for two decades in Japan and Taiwan. The aim of this study was to compare the PCB congeners in maternal and cord serum between two countries. Our study subjects were 248 and 100 mother-child pairs in Japan and Taiwan. The measured levels of 23 serum PCB congeners between two countries were analyzed using gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-qMS). The statistical comparisons were conducted by Student's t-test and principal component analysis with further stratification by maternal age and parity. The maternal total PCBs levels in Japan (426 ± 244 pg/g wet wt) were significantly higher than those in Taiwan (254 ± 155 pg/g wet wt), and the similar results were found in cord total PCBs levels (97 ± 76 and 58 ± 87 pg/g wet wt). It showed different distributions of PCB congeners between two countries. Whether in maternal or cord serum, the CB138, CB153 and CB180 were the highest detectable congeners whether in Japan or Taiwan. And, the CB66, CB99, CB206 and CB209 were only detected in maternal serum of Taiwan. The women of advanced maternal age had higher levels of PCB congeners, especially in Taiwan, and the primiparous women had higher levels of PCB congeners in two countries. In summary, the PCB congeners in Japan's mother-child pairs were with higher levels and different distributions when compared to those in Taiwan, and the maternal age and parity were important factors associated with the PCB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Department of Health and Welfare, College of City Management, University of Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Chun-Ju Tai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
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Wang MY, Zhang LF, Wu D, Cai YQ, Huang DM, Tian LL, Fang CL, Shi YF. Simulation experiment on OH-PCB being ingested through daily diet: Accumulation, transformation and distribution of hydroxylated-2, 2', 4, 5, 5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (OH-PCB101) in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149891. [PMID: 34474296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Animals exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may result in retention of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs). OH-PCBs can be accumulated in animals, including humans, through the transmission of food chain. However, there are few studies on the accumulation and metabolism of OH-PCBs exposed to the body through daily diet. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the fate of OH-PCBs after being ingested through dietary intake. By adding 3-OH-PCB101 and 4-OH-PCB101 to the edible tissue of crucian carp, which were used as raw materials to prepare mouse feed, with an exposure concentration of 2.5 μg/kg ww. The exposure experiment lasted for a total of 80 days. The blood, feces and 11 tissues of mice at different times were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. It was found that major OH-PCB101 were accumulated in intestine or excreted with feces. A small part was accumulated in heart, lung and spleen. For the first time that the conversion from OH-PCB101 to PCB101 in mice was discovered, which shows from another perspective that persistent organic pollutants are difficult to be completely degraded in the environment. 4-MeO-PCB101, 3-MeSO2-PCB101, and 4-MeSO2-PCB101 were also found in various tissues. The results of this study show that after OH-PCBs accumulated in animals re-enter the organism through the food chain, they can be metabolized again and may be reversely transformed into the parent compounds. The present research shed new light on simulating the metabolic transformation process of OH-PCBs exposed to mammals through ingestion of fish. Available data show that second-generation persistent organic pollutants in the environment still need to be continuously concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Wang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Long-Fei Zhang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Di Wu
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - You-Qiong Cai
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Dong-Mei Huang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Liang-Liang Tian
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Chang-Ling Fang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yong-Fu Shi
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 200090, China.
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15
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Pruvost-Couvreur M, Béchaux C, Rivière G, Le Bizec B. Impact of sociodemographic profile, generation and bioaccumulation on lifetime dietary and internal exposures to PCBs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149511. [PMID: 34392223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants triggering numerous adverse effects. Because they are present in various food, dietary exposure of the population to these contaminants must be estimated to assess the related health risk. However, the classical risk assessment approach allows only short-term estimates of exposure and does not account for dietary changes, evolution of food contaminations and bioaccumulation of PCBs through life. The approach presented here assesses lifetime PCB exposure trajectories according to birth year and individual sociodemographic profiles. Moreover, a physiologically based toxicokinetic model was developed to simulate lifetime PCB plasma concentrations, while considering physiological changes with age. A focus on the long-term impact of breastfeeding is also presented in order to consider the risk related to PCBs and due to the mother-to-child transfer. For example, the exposure of an individual born in 1972 exceeds the critical value of 20 ng PCB/kg bw/day half as often as an individual born in 1932 throughout their lifetime but 13 times more often than an individual born in 2012, according to our simulations. In addition, even if breastfeeding clearly leads to much higher dietary exposures than formula feeding, the long-term impact on PCB body burden remains negligible. Risk assessment related to PCB lifetime trajectories is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Pruvost-Couvreur
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRAE, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France; Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Béchaux
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRAE, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
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Zhu L, Huo X, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Wang W. Metabolic activation mechanism of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB136) by cytochrome P450 2B6: A QM/MM approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145579. [PMID: 33652317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play an essential role in the bio-transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present work implemented quantum mechanic/molecular mechanic methods (QM/MM) and density functional theory (DFT) to study the metabolic activation of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB136) catalyzed by CYP2B6. Electrophilic additions at the Cα and Cβ positions generate different active intermediates. The electrophilic addition energy barrier of Cβ is 10.9 kcal/mol higher than that of Cα, and Cα is the preferred site for the electrophilic addition reaction. Based on the previous experimental studies, this work investigated the mechanism of converting active intermediates into OH-PCB136, which has high toxicity in a non-enzymatic environment. Structural analysis via the electrostatic and noncovalent interactions indicates that Phe108, Ile114, Phe115, Phe206, Phe297, Ala298, Leu363, Val367, TIP32475 and TIP32667 play crucial roles in substrate recognition and metabolism. The analysis suggests that the halogen-π interactions are important factors for the metabolism of CYP2B6 to halogenated environmental pollutants. This work improved the understanding of the metabolism and activation process of chiral PCBs, and can be used as a guide to improve the microbial degradation efficiency of PCB136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinxi Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Office of Supervisory and Audit, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Zhang JM, Wang QY, Han XY, He QL, Liu L, Zhang YT, Meng XQ, Cheng D, Zhang TL, Liu SZ. Effects of 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl exposure during pregnancy on DNA methylation in the testis of offspring in the mouse. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:1048-1059. [PMID: 32758352 DOI: 10.1071/rd19412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants, and the widespread use of PCBs has had adverse effects on human and animal health. This study experiment explored the effects of 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) on the mammalian reproductive system. PCB118 was administered to pregnant mice from 7.5 to 12.5 days of gestation; F1 mice were obtained and the reproductive system of F1 male mice was examined. PCB118 damaged the reproductive system in male F1 mice, as evidenced by negative effects on the testicular organ coefficient (testes weight/bodyweight), a decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and a significant reduction in the anogenital distance in 35-day-old F1 mice. In addition, methylation levels of genomic DNA were reduced, with reductions in the expression of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, as well as that of the epigenetic regulatory factor ubiquitin like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 (Uhrf1). Together, the results of this study provide compelling evidence that exposure of pregnant mice to PCB118 during primordial germ cell migration in the fetus affects the reproductive system of the offspring and decreases global methylation levels in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qi-Long He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yong-Tao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tian-Liang Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; and Corresponding author.
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A comparison of the early motor repertoire of very preterm infants and term infants. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 32:73-79. [PMID: 33848955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain reference data on the early motor repertoire of very preterm infants compared with healthy term infants at three months' post-term age. STUDY DESIGN In this observational study, using Prechtl's method on the assessment of the early motor repertoire, we compared the quality of fidgety movements and the concurrent motor optimality score - revised of infants with a gestational age <30 weeks and/or a birth weight <1000 g with healthy infants with a gestational age of 37-42 weeks. RESULTS One hundred eighty very preterm and 180 healthy term infants participated. The median motor optimality scores - revised of very preterm infants were significantly lower in comparison to those of term infants, with scores of 24 (25th-75th percentiles: 23-26) and 26 (25th-75th percentiles: 26-28), respectively. Fidgety movements were aberrant (abnormal or absent) more often in very preterm infants than in term infants. The odds ratio was 4.59 (95% CI, 1.51-13.92). Compared with term infants, very preterm infants had poorer scores on the subscales age-adequate movement repertoire, observed postural patterns, and movement character with odds ratios ≥2.97. We found no differences regarding observed movement patterns. CONCLUSION This study provides reference data on the early motor repertoire of very preterm and healthy term infants. It demonstrates that the early motor repertoire of very preterm infants is poorer than that of term infants, a finding consistent with existing knowledge that prematurity increases the risk of poor neurodevelopment.
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Li J, Sun X, Xu J, Tan H, Zeng EY, Chen D. Transplacental Transfer of Environmental Chemicals: Roles of Molecular Descriptors and Placental Transporters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:519-528. [PMID: 33295769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transplacental transfer of environmental chemicals results in direct risks to fetal development. Although numerous studies have investigated transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) of environmental chemicals, the underlying mechanisms and influencing factors remain poorly understood. The present study aims to synthesize a current state of knowledge on the TTEs of major environmental chemicals and explore the roles of chemicals' molecular descriptors and placental transporters in the transplacental transfer. The results indicate great variations in TTEs (median: 0.29-2.86) across 51 chemicals. Chemical-dependent TTEs may partially be attributed to the influences of chemicals' molecular descriptors. Predictive models based on experimental TTEs and 1790 computed molecular descriptors indicate that a very limited number of molecular descriptors, such as the topological polar surface area, may substantially influence and efficiently predict chemicals' TTEs. In addition, molecular docking analyses were conducted to determine the binding affinities between 51 chemicals and six selected transporters, including BCRP, MDR1, hENT1, FRα, SERT, and MRP1. The results reveal transporter- and chemical-dependent binding affinities. Therefore, our study demonstrates that molecular descriptors and placental transporters, among a variety of other factors, can play important roles in the transplacental transfer of environmental chemicals. However, the underlying mechanisms and several important knowledge gaps identified herein require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangfei Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Zhang X, Cheng X, Lei B, Zhang G, Bi Y, Yu Y. A review of the transplacental transfer of persistent halogenated organic pollutants: Transfer characteristics, influential factors, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106224. [PMID: 33137703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) are a class of toxic chemicals, which may have adverse effects on fetuses via transplacental transfer from their mothers. Here, we review reported internal exposure levels of various HOPs (organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) in placenta, and both maternal and umbilical cord sera. We also present analyses of the transplacental transfer and placental distribution characteristics of each class of compounds, and discuss effects of several factors on the transfer and accumulation efficiencies of HOPs, as well as the main mechanisms of HOPs' transfer across the placental barrier. Reported compound-specific transplacental transfer efficiencies and distribution efficiencies, expressed as umbilical cord:maternal serum and placental:maternal serum concentration ratios (RCM and RPM, respectively), are summarized. Average published RCM values of the HOPs range from 0.24 to 3.08 (lipid-adjusted) and from 0.04 to 3.1 (based on wet weights), and are highest for perfluoroalkylcarboxylates (PFCAs) and tetrabromobisphenol A. Average published RPM values range from 0.14 to 1.02 (lipid-adjusted) and from 0.30 to 1.4 (based on wet weights). The broad RCM and RPM ranges may reflect effects of various factors, inter alia physicochemical properties of HOPs, metabolic capacities of mothers and fetuses, placental maturity, and differential expression of influx/efflux transporters in the placenta. Generally, HOPs' RCM values decline linearly with molecular size, and are curvilinearly related to solubility. Plasma protein binding affinity and the difference between maternal and fetal metabolic capacities may also affect some HOPs' transfer efficiencies. HOPs' molecular size may be influential. Transplacental transport of HOPs likely occurs mostly through passive diffusion, although influx/efflux transporters expressed on maternal and/or fetal sides of the placenta may also facilitate or hinder their transport. Overall, the review highlights clear gaps in our understanding of mechanisms involved in HOPs' transplacental transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Bingli Lei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuhao Bi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Sheinberg R, Siegel EL, Keidar R, Mandel D, Lubetzky R, Kohn E, Livneh A, Tovbin J, Betser M, Moskovich M, Marom R, Ovental A, Daniel S, Factor-Litvak P, Berkovitch M, Levy A. Associations between intrauterine exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on neonatal ano-genital distance. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:67-75. [PMID: 32526315 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. PCBs have endocrine disrupting properties which raises concerns regarding their effect on the developing fetus. This study aimed to examine the association between prenatal exposure to PCBs and anogenital distance (AGD) in newborns. Serum concentrations of PCB congeners -118, -138, -153 and -180 were measured in 175 pregnant women presenting to the delivery room. AGD was measured in their newborns. Regression models were used to estimate associations between maternal PCB exposure and infant anogenital measurements, controlling for possible confounding variables. Mean maternal serum concentrations were 2.95 ± 2.18 ng/g, 4.62 ± 3.54 ng/g, 7.67 ± 6.42 ng/g and 5.10 ± 3.91 ng/g for congeners -118, -138, -153 and -180, respectively. Higher maternal concentrations of PCBs were associated with reduced AGD measures in male infants. Higher maternal concentrations of PCB-138 and PCB-153 were associated with reduced ano-scrotal distances and higher maternal concentrations of all four PCB congeners were associated with reduced ano-penile distances. No significant associations were found between any PCB congener and any AGD measure in female newborns. This study demonstrates that intrauterine exposure to PCBs may be associated with reduced AGD in male newborns. More research is needed to reveal the implications for adult reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Sheinberg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
| | - Eva Laura Siegel
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rimona Keidar
- Department of Neonatology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ayelet Livneh
- Department of Neonatology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Josef Tovbin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Moshe Betser
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Miki Moskovich
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ronella Marom
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Ovental
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Daniel
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Amalia Levy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Huang Y, Law JCF, Zhao Y, Shi H, Zhang Y, Leung KSY. Fate of UV filter Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate in rat model and human urine: Metabolism, exposure and demographic associations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:729-736. [PMID: 31195281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most frequently used UV filters in sunscreens and other cosmetic products. Its ubiquitous presence in various environmental matrices and its endocrine disrupting properties have been widely reported. However, we know little about the effect of EHMC exposure on humans, mainly due to its fast metabolism. In this study, urine and plasma of EHMC-dosed rats were analysed to identify its major metabolites. Five metabolites were found, with four firstly reported. Two metabolites were putatively identified as 4-methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA) and 4'-methoxyacetophenone (4'-MAP). Quantitative results revealed that their excretion concentrations were much higher than the parent compound. Because of these high concentrations, for the human biomonitoring study, EHMC and these two metabolites were detected simultaneously in urine samples from Chinese children and adolescents. The results indicated wide exposure to EHMC, 4-MCA and 4'-MAP. The correlation between urinary concentration of EHMC and 4-MCA as well as 4-MCA and 4'-MAP provided important clues as to the sources and metabolic pathways among these three compounds. Several demographic factors were also assessed with the exposure level. As the first human exposure study of EHMC in a Chinese population, this report would help to establish an exposure database facilitating health risk assessment of EHMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yingya Zhao
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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Berghuis SA, Roze E. Prenatal exposure to PCBs and neurological and sexual/pubertal development from birth to adolescence. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2019; 49:133-159. [PMID: 31147261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical compounds are resistant to degradation and end up in the food chain. One group of these chemicals is polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Although PCBs were banned several decades ago, PCBs are still found in environmental media, including in the body of humans. PCBs are transferred from mother to fetus via the placenta during pregnancy. Considering that the prenatal period is a sensitive period during which essential developmental processes take place, exposure to environmental chemicals might have considerable and permanent consequences for outcomes in later life. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the latest insights on the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs on neurological, sexual and pubertal development in children. We give an overview of recent literature, and discuss it in the light of the findings in a unique Dutch birth cohort, with data on both neurological and pubertal development into adolescence. The findings in the studies included in this review, together with the findings in the Dutch cohort, demonstrate that prenatal exposure to PCBs can interfere with normal child development, not only during the perinatal period, but up to and including adolescence. Higher prenatal exposure to PCBs was found to be both negatively and positively associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Regarding pubertal development, higher prenatal PCB exposure was found to be associated with more advanced pubertal development, also in the Dutch cohort, whereas other studies also found delayed pubertal development. These findings raise concern regarding the effects of man-made chemical compounds on child development. They further contribute to the awareness of how environmental chemical compounds can interfere with child development and negatively influence healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Annette Berghuis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elise Roze
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Prenatal exposure to organohalogen compounds and children’s mental and motor development at 18 and 30 months of age. Neurotoxicology 2019; 72:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berghuis SA, Van Braeckel KNJA, Sauer PJJ, Bos AF. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and cognition and motor performance in adolescence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:13-22. [PMID: 30172231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was found to be associated with poorer neurological development in children. Knowledge about the effects on outcomes until adolescence is limited. OBJECTIVES To determine whether prenatal exposure to POPs, particularly hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), is associated with cognitive and motor development in 13- to 15-year-old children. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study is part of the Development at Adolescence and Chemical Exposure (DACE)-study, a follow-up of two Dutch birth cohorts. Maternal pregnancy serum levels of PCB-153 and three OH-PCBs were measured, in part of the cohort also nine other PCBs and three OH-PCBs, and in another part five polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dichloroethene (DDE), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hexabroomcyclododecane (HBCDD). Of the 188 invited adolescents, 101 (53.7%) participated, 55 were boys. Cognition (intelligence, attention, verbal memory) and motor performance (fine motor, ball skills, balance) were assessed. Scores were classified into 'normal' (IQ > 85; scores > P15) and '(sub)clinical' (IQ ≤ 85; scores ≤ P15). We used linear and logistic regression analyses, and adjusted for maternal education, maternal smoking, maternal alcohol use, breast feeding, and age at examination. RESULTS Several OH-PCBs were associated with more optimal sustained attention and balance. PCB-183 was associated with lower total intelligence (OR: 1.29; 95%CI:0.99-1.68; P = .060), and HBCDD with lower performance intelligence (OR: 3.62; 95%CI:0.97-13.49; P = .056). PCBs, OH-PCBs and PBDEs were negatively associated with verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal background exposure to several POPs can influence neuropsychological outcomes in 13- to 15-year-old Dutch adolescents, although exposure to most compounds does not have clinically relevant consequences at adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske A Berghuis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Koenraad N J A Van Braeckel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Brown AS, Cheslack-Postava K, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, McKeague IW, Surcel HM, Sourander A. Association of Maternal Insecticide Levels With Autism in Offspring From a National Birth Cohort. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:1094-1101. [PMID: 30111184 PMCID: PMC6377859 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a largely unknown etiology. To date, few studies have investigated prenatal exposure to toxins and risk of autism by using maternal biomarkers of exposure. Persistent organic pollutants are lipophilic halogenated organic compounds and include the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), as well as its metabolite p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The objective of this study was to test whether elevated maternal levels of persistent organic pollutants are associated with autism among offspring. METHOD The investigation was derived from the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism, a national birth cohort study based on a nested case-control design. Cases of autism among children born between 1987 and 2005 were ascertained by national registry linkages. In cases of childhood autism and matched control subjects (778 matched case-control pairs), maternal serum specimens from early pregnancy were assayed for levels of p,p'-DDE and total levels of PCBs. RESULTS The odds of autism among offspring were significantly increased with maternal p,p'-DDE levels that were in the highest 75th percentile, with adjustment for maternal age, parity, and history of psychiatric disorders (odds ratio=1.32, 95% CI=1.02, 1.71). The odds of autism with intellectual disability were increased by greater than twofold with maternal p,p'-DDE levels above this threshold (odds ratio=2.21, 95% CI=1.32, 3.69). There was no association between total levels of maternal PCBs and autism. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first biomarker-based evidence that maternal exposure to insecticides is associated with autism among offspring. Although further research is necessary to replicate this finding, this study has implications for the prevention of autism and may provide a better understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ian W. McKeague
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heljä-Marja Surcel
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland
- Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Itoh S, Baba T, Yuasa M, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Araki A, Sasaki S, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Todaka T, Fujikura K, Nakajima S, Kato S, Kishi R. Association of maternal serum concentration of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls with maternal and neonatal thyroid hormones: The Hokkaido birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:583-590. [PMID: 30173115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the toxicity of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) for thyroid hormones (TH) is limited, and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of environmental prenatal exposure to OH-PCBs and maternal and neonatal TH levels, taking the maternal-fetal TH transfer into account. METHODS In this prospective birth cohort (the "Hokkaido study") we included 222 mother-neonate pairs. We measured five OH-PCB isomers in maternal serum samples either during pregnancy or within 5 days of delivery. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from maternal blood samples at an early gestational stage (median; 11.1 weeks) and from heel prick samples of neonates between 4 and 7 days after birth. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to investigate the associations between maternal OH-PCB and maternal and neonatal TH levels. RESULTS Median concentration of ∑OH-PCBs was 25.37 pg/g wet weight. The predominant isomer was 4-OH-CB187, followed by 4-OH-CB146+3-OH-CB153. In the fully adjusted linear regression analysis, maternal ∑OH-PCBs was positively associated with maternal FT4, and 4-OH-CB187 was positively associated with both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Maternal OH-PCBs showed no significant association with TSH among mothers and neonates. Path analysis indicated the indirect pathway from 4-OH-CB187 exposure to increased neonatal FT4, via maternal THs and neonatal TSH. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal exposure to OH-PCBs during pregnancy may increase both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Neonatal FT4 is presumed to be increased by prenatal 4-OH-CB187 indirectly, and this process may be mediated by maternal THs and neonatal TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Baba
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Yuasa
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sonomi Nakajima
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shizue Kato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Ma S, Ren G, Zeng X, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in the serum of e-waste dismantling workers from eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1931-1940. [PMID: 28477162 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported on the exposure of e-waste dismantling workers to significantly high concentrations of halogenated organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Such exposure can have adverse health effects. However, little information on the metabolites of these contaminants exists. In this study, we investigated PCBs levels and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCB) in the serum of e-waste workers in Taizhou in eastern China. Our results indicate elevated PCB and OH-PCB levels in the serum of the workers, with medians of 443.7 and 133.9 ng/g lw, respectively. Tri- to hexachlorinated PCB congeners were the dominant homologue groups in all of the samples. 4-OH-CB107 was the predominant homologue among the hydroxylated metabolites, accounting for 88.9% of the total OH-PCB concentrations. While dietary sources (e.g., fish) appear to be an important route for PCB accumulation in non-occupational exposure groups, exposure via ingestion of house dust and inhalation of pollutants derived from the recycling of PCB-containing e-wastes may primarily contribute to the high body burden observed in the occupational groups. Since we found concentrations of metabolites higher than those of their parent compounds, further studies need to pay more attention to their bioaccumulation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Veiga-Lopez A, Pu Y, Gingrich J, Padmanabhan V. Obesogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Identifying Knowledge Gaps. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:607-625. [PMID: 30017741 PMCID: PMC6098722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that are part of everyday consumer products and industrial manufacturing processes. EDCs can interfere with the endocrine system, including the adipose tissue. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies demonstrates that EDCs can alter body weight, adipose tissue expansion, circulating lipid profile, and adipogenesis, with some resulting in transgenerational effects. These outcomes appear to be mediated through multiple mechanisms, from nuclear receptor binding to epigenetic modifications. A better understanding of the signaling pathways via which these EDCs contribute to an obesogenic phenotype, the interaction amongst complex mixtures of obesogenic EDCs, and the risks they pose relative to the obesity epidemic are still needed for risk assessment and development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Yong Pu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeremy Gingrich
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Natural Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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30
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Kania-Korwel I, Lukasiewicz T, Barnhart CD, Stamou M, Chung H, Kelly KM, Bandiera S, Lein PJ, Lehmler HJ. Editor's Highlight: Congener-Specific Disposition of Chiral Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lactating Mice and Their Offspring: Implications for PCB Developmental Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:101-115. [PMID: 28431184 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners have been implicated by laboratory and epidemiological studies in PCB developmental neurotoxicity. These congeners are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes to potentially neurotoxic hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs). The present study explores the enantioselective disposition and toxicity of 2 environmentally relevant, neurotoxic PCB congeners and their OH-PCB metabolites in lactating mice and their offspring following dietary exposure of the dam. Female C57BL/6N mice (8-weeks old) were fed daily, beginning 2 weeks prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation and lactation, with 3.1 µmol/kg bw/d of racemic 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) or 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) in peanut butter; controls received vehicle (peanut oil) in peanut butter. PCB 95 levels were higher than PCB 136 levels in both dams and pups, consistent with the more rapid metabolism of PCB 136 compared with PCB 95. In pups and dams, both congeners were enriched for the enantiomer eluting second on enantioselective gas chromatography columns. OH-PCB profiles in lactating mice and their offspring were complex and varied according to congener, tissue and age. Developmental exposure to PCB 95 versus PCB 136 differentially affected the expression of P450 enzymes as well as neural plasticity (arc and ppp1r9b) and thyroid hormone-responsive genes (nrgn and mbp). The results suggest that the enantioselective metabolism of PCBs to OH-PCBs may influence neurotoxic outcomes following developmental exposures, a hypothesis that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tracy Lukasiewicz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher D Barnhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Haeun Chung
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin M Kelly
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stelvio Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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31
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Nagayoshi H, Kakimoto K, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Nakano T. Determination of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyzing the enantioselective oxidation of 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB 183). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16420-16426. [PMID: 29043584 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB 183) possess axial chirality and form the aS and aR enantiomers. The enantiomers of these congeners have been reported to accumulate in the human body enantioselectively via unknown mechanisms. In this study, we determined the cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase responsible for the enantioselective oxidization of PCB 95 and PCB 183, using a recombinant human CYP monooxygenase. We evaluated 13 CYP monooxygenases, namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP4F2, and aromatase (CYP19), and revealed that CYP2A6 preferably oxidizes aS-PCB 95 enantioselectively; however, it did not oxidize PCB 183. The enantiomer composition was elevated from 0.5 (racemate) to 0.54. In addition, following incubation with CYP2A6, the enantiomer fraction (EF) of PCB 95 demonstrated a time-dependent increase.
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Key Words
- 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-heptachlorobiphenyl
- 2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Enantiomer
- Enantioselective analysis
- Enantioselective oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Konishi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environment Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Lombardo JP, Peck JA. Effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls during different periods of development on ethanol consumption by male and female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:334-342. [PMID: 29414356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) to assess the effect PCBs, an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical (EEDC), would have on the voluntary consumption of alcohol. There are several EEDCs in our food that are known to increase estrogen in adolescent females. Our objective was to assess the effect that increasing estrogen, by adding the EEDC PCBs would have on volitional intake of alcohol. In Experiment 1, pregnant dams were exposed from gestational days 5-19 to a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254/1260. In Experiment 2, lactating females were exposed to the same dose of 1254:1260 from postnatal days 1-21. In both experiments, a fade-in procedure was used to gradually introduce the rats to the taste of alcohol. At the end of the fade-in series all animals were given limited access (1 h/day) to a water/alcohol solution. We found that females exposed to PCBs, at two developmental periods, consumed significantly more alcohol than unexposed females and exposed and unexposed males. Results of the experiments are discussed in terms of how PCB exposure can disrupt endocrine processes (e.g., estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals, EEDC) that increase estrogen in females, thereby leading to increased alcohol consumption. Thus, the present findings suggest that EEDCs, such as PCBs, could contribute to the increase abuse of alcohol in adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Peck
- State University of New York College at Cortland, USA
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33
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Mughal BB, Fini JB, Demeneix BA. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: an update. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R160-R186. [PMID: 29572405 PMCID: PMC5890081 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent findings on the main categories of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals and their effects on brain development. We draw mostly on epidemiological and experimental data published in the last decade. For each chemical class considered, we deal with not only the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects but also briefly mention the main mechanisms by which the same chemicals could modify estrogen and/or androgen signalling, thereby exacerbating adverse effects on endocrine-dependent developmental programmes. Further, we emphasize recent data showing how maternal thyroid hormone signalling during early pregnancy affects not only offspring IQ, but also neurodevelopmental disease risk. These recent findings add to established knowledge on the crucial importance of iodine and thyroid hormone for optimal brain development. We propose that prenatal exposure to mixtures of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals provides a plausible biological mechanism contributing to current increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disease and IQ loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal B Mughal
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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34
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Anzalone DA, Sampino S, Czernik M, Iuso D, Ptak GE. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alter DNA methylation and genomic integrity of sheep fetal cells in a simplified in vitro model of pregnancy exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Sethi S, Keil KP, Lein PJ. Species and Sex Differences in the Morphogenic Response of Primary Rodent Neurons to 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11). TOXICS 2017; 6:toxics6010004. [PMID: 29295518 PMCID: PMC5874777 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PCB 11 is an emerging global pollutant that we recently showed promotes axonal and dendritic growth in primary rat neuronal cell cultures. Here, we address the influence of sex and species on neuronal responses to PCB 11. Neuronal morphology was quantified in sex-specific primary hippocampal and cortical neuron-glia co-cultures derived from neonatal C57BL/6J mice and Sprague Dawley rats exposed for 48 h to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or PCB 11 at concentrations ranging from 1 fM to 1 nM. Total axonal length was quantified in tau-1 immunoreactive neurons at day in vitro (DIV) 2; dendritic arborization was assessed by Sholl analysis at DIV 9 in neurons transfected with MAP2B-FusRed. In mouse cultures, PCB 11 enhanced dendritic arborization in female, but not male, hippocampal neurons and male, but not female, cortical neurons. In rat cultures, PCB 11 promoted dendritic arborization in male and female hippocampal and cortical neurons. PCB 11 also increased axonal growth in mouse and rat neurons of both sexes and neuronal cell types. These data demonstrate that PCB 11 exerts sex-specific effects on neuronal morphogenesis that vary depending on species, neurite type, and neuronal cell type. These findings have significant implications for risk assessment of this emerging developmental neurotoxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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36
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Dufour P, Pirard C, Charlier C. Determination of phenolic organohalogens in human serum from a Belgian population and assessment of parameters affecting the human contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1856-1866. [PMID: 28545212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many in vitro or in vivo studies highlighted the potential deleterious effects of phenolic organohalogenated compounds (POHs) on the health, particularly on the thyroid system homeostasis, however few large scale human epidemiological studies have been carried out, especially in Europe. Further studies monitoring the human contamination by POHs, the sources of exposure and the influence of these compounds on thyroid health are still needed. Therefore we determined the concentrations of 16 POHs (pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4 bromophenols (BPs), 3 hydroxy-polybromodiphenylethers (OH-PBDEs) and 7 hydroxy-polychlorobiphenyls (OH-PCBs)) in serum from 274 people aged from 18 to 76years old living in Liege (Belgium) and the surrounding area. A questionnaire about their alimentary habits, life style and home environment was also administered to the volunteers. The predominant compound measured in the population was PCP (median concentration of 593.0pgmL-1). 4-OH-CB 107, 4-OH-CB 146 and 4-OH-CB 187 were detected in all samples and contributed for 75% of the sum of OH-PCBs (ΣOH-PCBs). The median measured in our population for ΣOH-PCBs was 143.7pgmL-1. TBBPA and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were detected in 31% and 63.8% of the samples respectively while the detection frequency observed for the other BPs and the OH-PBDEs was close to zero. We computed multivariate regression models in order to assess the influence of demographic and lifestyle parameters on the PCP and ΣOH-PCBs contamination levels. Significant correlation was found between the PCP concentration and sex, smoker status, sea fish consumption and level of education, although the model seemed to be a poor (R2=0.14) predictor of the PCP concentration. The model computed for ΣOH-PCBs was more explanatory (R2=0.61) and involved age, BMI and sea fish consumption. Finally, we assessed the parameters affecting the ΣOH-PCBs/ΣPCBs ratio. The model proposed involved age, BMI, smoker status and parent PCB level, and explained 41% of the variability of the ΣOH-PCBs/ΣPCBs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
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37
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Haijima A, Lesmana R, Shimokawa N, Amano I, Takatsuru Y, Koibuchi N. Differential neurotoxic effects of in utero and lactational exposure to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB 106) on spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination in young adult male mice. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:407-416. [PMID: 28717099 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether in utero or lactational exposure to 4-hydroxy-2',3,3',4',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (OH-PCB 106) affects spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination in young adult male mice. For in utero exposure, pregnant C57BL/6J mice received 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg body weight of OH-PCB 106 or corn oil vehicle via gavage every second day from gestational day 10 to 18. For lactational exposure, the different groups of dams received 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg body weight of OH-PCB 106 or corn oil vehicle via gavage every second day from postpartum day 3 to 13. At 6-7 weeks of age, the spontaneous locomotor activities of male offspring were evaluated for a 24-hr continuous session in a home cage and in an open field for 30-min. Motor coordination function on an accelerating rotarod was also measured. Mice exposed prenatally to OH-PCB 106 showed increased spontaneous locomotor activities during the dark phase in the home cage and during the first 10-min in the open field compared with control mice. Mice exposed lactationally to OH-PCB 106, however, did not show a time-dependent decrease in locomotor activity in the open field. Instead, their locomotor activity increased significantly during the second 10-min block. In addition, mice exposed lactationally to OH-PCB 106 displayed impairments in motor coordination in the rotarod test. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to OH-PCB 106 affects motor behaviors in young adult male mice. Depending on the period of exposure, OH-PCB 106 may have different effects on neurobehavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Haijima
- Center for Medical Education, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Physiology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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38
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Sethi S, Keil KP, Chen H, Hayakawa K, Li X, Lin Y, Lehmler HJ, Puschner B, Lein PJ. Detection of 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl in Human Maternal Plasma and Its Effects on Axonal and Dendritic Growth in Primary Rat Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:401-411. [PMID: 28510766 PMCID: PMC5837364 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11), a byproduct of pigment production, is increasingly detected in environmental samples. While more highly chlorinated PCB congeners are known developmental neurotoxicants, nothing is known about the potential developmental neurotoxicity of PCB 11. To address this critical data gap, we measured PCB 11 levels in human maternal plasma and quantified the effects of PCB 11 and its major metabolites on morphometric parameters of neuronal connectivity in cultured primary neurons. Mass spectrometry analyses of plasma from 241 pregnant women enrolled in the MARBLES study (University of California, Davis) detected PCB 11 in all samples at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 1.717 ng/ml. Morphometric analyses of primary neuron-glia co-cultures dissociated from the neocortices or hippocampi of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats exposed to vehicle or concentrations ranging from 1 attamolar (aM) to 1 micromolar (µM) of PCB 11, OH-PCB 11, or PCB 11 sulfate indicated that PCB 11 and both metabolites significantly increased axonal and dendritic growth in cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. PCB 11 significantly altered neuronal morphogenesis at concentrations as low as 1 femtomolar (fM), which is ∼0.22 ng/ml. These data suggest the potential for the developing human brain to be exposed to PCB 11, and demonstrate that environmentally relevant levels of PCB 11 alter axonal and dendritic growth in neuronal cell types critically involved in cognitive and higher-order behaviors. These findings identify PCB 11 as a potential environmental risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kimberly P. Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Keri Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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39
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Kezios K, Gu Y, Liu X, Cirillo P, Tarrant D, Petreas M, Park JS, Cohn B, Factor-Litvak P. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (OH-PCBs), maternal smoking and size at birth. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 71:166-175. [PMID: 28314564 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a sample of 442 births from the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, we examined associations between maternal prenatal exposure to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (OH-PCBs) and pregnancy outcomes, and whether associations were mediated by maternal thyroid hormone levels and/or modified by maternal smoking. Compared to nonsmokers, smokers had twice the mean concentration of 4-OH-CB107 (p<0.001) and lower levels of its parent compound, PCB118 (p=0.001). Among mothers who smoked, the birth weight of newborns with maternal concentrations of 4-OH-CB107 in the upper quartile was 316g lighter (95% confidence interval (CI) 566, 65) compared to those with maternal concentrations in the lowest quartile, after control for PCB118 and other potential confounders. This association was not observed for non-smoking mothers and was not mediated by maternal thyroid hormone levels. Maternal prenatal 4-OH-CB107 levels appear to be influenced by maternal smoking and contribute to lower birth weight among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Kezios
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiwei Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piera Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Darcy Tarrant
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jun-Soo Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Barbara Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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40
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Haraguchi K, Ito Y, Takagi M, Fujii Y, Harada KH, Koizumi A. Levels, profiles and dietary sources of hydroxylated PCBs and hydroxylated and methoxylated PBDEs in Japanese women serum samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:155-162. [PMID: 27615405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may result in retention of specific congeners of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and hydroxylated/methoxylated PBDEs (OH-/MeO-PBDEs) in serum. However, dietary sources and biotransformation of OH-/MeO-PBDEs in humans are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the levels, profiles, and exposure sources of OH-/MeO-PBDEs along with OH-PCBs present in human serum. Twenty serum samples pooled from women of four age groups (30s/40s/50s/60s) living in four districts of Japan were analyzed for OH-/MeO-PBDEs, and their profiles were then compared with those of seafood (seaweed and fish). The major component of OH-PCBs in the phenolic fraction of serum was 4-OH-CB187 (mean: 85pgg-1 wet weight (ww)). Total OH-PCBs accounted for about 1/20 of the total PCBs (mean; 1800pgg-1 ww). In contrast, the predominant component of OH-PBDEs in serum was 6-OH-BDE47 (mean: 183pgg-1 ww), which was about 20-fold higher than BDE-47 (mean; 8.7pgg-1 ww). In the neutral fraction, 2'-MeO-BDE68 was primarily found at a similar concentration (mean 5.6pgg-1 ww) to BDE-47. Both 4-OH-PCB187 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 were significantly correlated with woman's age (p<0.01), but not with 6-OH-BDE47 or BDE-47. The profiles of OH-PBDEs in serum were consistent with those in edible seaweeds (Sargassum fusiforme) sold for human consumption, whereas MeO-PBDEs had a similar profile as those in edible fish (Serranidae sp.) from Japanese coastal waters. These findings indicate that the profiles of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in Japanese serum are different from those in other countries, and their sources may be specific edible seaweeds and fish, respectively. This is the first report of profiles and dietary sources of OH/MeO-PBDEs in human serum from Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Ito
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Masae Takagi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan; Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Wang A, Padula A, Sirota M, Woodruff TJ. Environmental influences on reproductive health: the importance of chemical exposures. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:905-29. [PMID: 27513554 PMCID: PMC5158104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical exposures during pregnancy can have a profound and life-long impact on human health. Because of the omnipresence of chemicals in our daily life, there is continuous contact with chemicals in food, water, air, and consumer products. Consequently, human biomonitoring studies show that pregnant women around the globe are exposed to a variety of chemicals. In this review we provide a summary of current data on maternal and fetal exposure, as well as health consequences from these exposures. We review several chemical classes, including polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phenols, phthalates, pesticides, and metals. Additionally, we discuss environmental disparities and vulnerable populations, and future research directions. We conclude by providing some recommendations for prevention of chemical exposure and its adverse reproductive health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Wang
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Amy Padula
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marina Sirota
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Koh WX, Hornbuckle KC, Wang K, Thorne PS. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:538-545. [PMID: 27352881 PMCID: PMC4980156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Factors contributing to the inter-individual variation in body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) have not been fully elucidated. We examined associations between total serum concentrations of 209 PCBs, 64 OH-PCBs, and frequently detected individual congeners with demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity and community of residence), body mass index (BMI or BMI percentile), and breastfeeding history in children and their mothers from 83 U.S. households. There was a significant positive association between age and concentrations of total PCBs and OH-PCBs in mothers. Non-Hispanics had significantly higher concentrations of total PCBs in mothers and OH-PCBs in children than Hispanics. Concentrations of total PCBs were significantly lower in mothers who had longer breastfeeding duration. Living in the Columbus Junction, Iowa community as compared to East Chicago, Indiana was associated with higher total PCBs in children, probably attributable to higher exposures at school. Lower concentrations of OH-PCBs were significantly associated with a higher BMI percentile in children. Congener-specific associations were observed for 30 PCB and 12 OH-PCB congeners and followed comparable trends. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine factors contributing to variations in serum concentrations of total 209 PCBs and total OH-PCBs in children, as well as to examine ethnic differences in OH-PCB levels. Results from this study revealed that demographic characteristics, body mass index and breastfeeding history are factors that should be considered for human exposure and risk assessment of PCBs and OH-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
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Sun J, Pan L, Su Z, Zhan Y, Zhu L. Interconversion between Methoxylated and Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Rice Plants: An Important but Overlooked Metabolic Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3668-3675. [PMID: 26928534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is limited knowledge on the methoxylation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the relationship between hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and methoxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (MeO-PCBs) in organisms. In this study, rice (Oryza sativa L.) was chosen as the model organism to determine the metabolism of PCBs in plants. Limited para-substituted 4'-OH-CB-61 (major metabolite) and 4'-MeO-CB-61 (minor metabolite) were found after a 5-day exposure to CB-61, while ortho- and meta-substituted products were not detected. Interconversion between OH-PCBs and MeO-PCBs in organisms was observed for the first time. The demethylation ratio of 4'-MeO-CB-61 was 18 times higher than the methylation ratio of 4'-OH-CB-61, indicating that formation of OH-PCBs was easier than formation of MeO-PCBs. The transformation products were generated in the roots after 24 h of exposure. The results of in vivo and in vitro exposure studies show that the rice itself played a key role in the whole transformation processes, while endophytes were jointly responsible for hydroxylation of PCBs and demethylation of MeO-PCBs. Metabolic pathways of PCBs, OH-PCBs, and MeO-PCBs in intact rice plants are proposed. The findings are important in understanding the fate of PCBs and the source of OH-PCBs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Koh WX, Hornbuckle KC, Marek RF, Wang K, Thorne PS. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in human sera from adolescents and their mothers living in two U.S. Midwestern communities. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:389-95. [PMID: 26774304 PMCID: PMC4747419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) have been detected in human specimens and some are suspected as being more toxic than their parent compounds. We compared 58 OH-PCB congeners (in 51 chromatographic peaks) in serum samples from participants in the AESOP Study, a longitudinal cohort study of adolescents and their mothers living in urban and rural areas in the United States. We hypothesized that adolescents would have lower levels of OH-PCBs than their mothers and that serum concentration of OH-PCBs would be stable over a 3-year period. We found statistically significant differences in total OH-PCBs between age groups in both East Chicago (p = 0.001) and Columbus Junction (p < 0.001), with adolescents having lower concentrations than their mothers. We observed that lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs were rarely detected, suggesting that they are not retained in serum and/or rapidly biotransformed into other forms. Twelve OH-PCBs, including several that are rarely reported (4,4'-diOH-PCB 202, 4'-OH-PCB 208, and 4-OH-PCB 163) were detected in over 60% of participants. Lastly, from repeated measures within subject serum for three OH-PCBs, concentrations of 4-OH-PCB 107 and 4-OH-PCB 187 changed significantly over three years of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Rachel F Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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45
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Ruiz P, Ingale K, Wheeler JS, Mumtaz M. 3D QSAR studies of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls as potential xenoestrogens. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2238-2246. [PMID: 26598992 PMCID: PMC8211363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are found in human biological samples and lack of data on their potential estrogenic activity has been a source of concern. We have extended our previous in silico 2D QSAR study through the application of advance techniques such as docking and 3D QSAR to gain insights into their estrogen receptor (ERα) binding. The results support our earlier findings that the hydroxyl group is the most important feature on the compounds; its position, orientation and surroundings in the structure are influential for the binding of OH-PCBs to ERα. This study has also revealed the following additional interactions that influence estrogenicity of these chemicals (a) the aromatic interactions of the biphenyl moieties with the receptor, (b) hydrogen bonding interactions of the p-hydroxyl group with key amino acids ARG394 and GLU353, (c) low or no electronegative substitution at para-positions of the p-hydroxyl group, (d) enhanced electrostatic interactions at the meta position on the B ring, and (e) co-planarity of the hydroxyl group on the A ring. In combination the 2D and 3D QSAR approaches have led us to the support conclusion that the hydroxyl group is the most important feature on the OH-PCB influencing the binding to estrogen receptors, and have enhanced our understanding of the mechanistic details of estrogenicity of this class of chemicals. Such in silico computational methods could serve as useful tools in risk assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-F57, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Kundan Ingale
- VLife Sciences Tech. Pvt. Ltd., Plot No-05, Survey No 131/1b/2/11, Ram Indu Park, Baner Road, Pune, 411045, India
| | - John S Wheeler
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-F57, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-F57, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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46
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Quinete N, Kraus T, Belov VN, Aretz C, Esser A, Schettgen T. Fast determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in human plasma by online solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Alshehri B, D'Souza DG, Lee JY, Petratos S, Richardson SJ. The diversity of mechanisms influenced by transthyretin in neurobiology: development, disease and endocrine disruption. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:303-23. [PMID: 25737004 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein that binds and distributes thyroid hormones (THs). TTR synthesised in the liver is secreted into the bloodstream and distributes THs around the body, whereas TTR synthesised in the choroid plexus is involved in movement of thyroxine from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the distribution of THs in the brain. This is important because an adequate amount of TH is required for normal development of the brain. Nevertheless, there has been heated debate on the role of TTR synthesised by the choroid plexus during the past 20 years. We present both sides of the debate and how they can be reconciled by the discovery of TH transporters. New roles for TTR have been suggested, including the promotion of neuroregeneration, protection against neurodegeneration, and involvement in schizophrenia, behaviour, memory and learning. Recently, TTR synthesis was revealed in neurones and peripheral Schwann cells. Thus, the synthesis of TTR in the central nervous system (CNS) is more extensive than previously considered and bolsters the hypothesis that TTR may play wide roles in neurobiological function. Given the high conservation of TTR structure, function and tissue specificity and timing of gene expression, this implies that TTR has a fundamental role, during development and in the adult, across vertebrates. An alarming number of 'unnatural' chemicals can bind to TTR, thus potentially interfering with its functions in the brain. One role of TTR is delivery of THs throughout the CNS. Reduced TH availability during brain development results in a reduced IQ. The combination of the newly discovered sites of TTR synthesis in the CNS, the increasing number of neurological diseases being associated with TTR, the newly discovered functions of TTR and the awareness of the chemicals that can interfere with TTR biology render this a timely review on TTR in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alshehri
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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48
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Weijs L, Briels N, Adams DH, Lepoint G, Das K, Blust R, Covaci A. Maternal transfer of organohalogenated compounds in sharks and stingrays. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 92:59-68. [PMID: 25595490 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs can bioaccumulate considerable amounts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and utilize several reproductive strategies thereby influencing maternal transfer of contaminants. This study provides preliminary data on the POP transfer from pregnant females to offspring of three species (Atlantic stingrays, bonnethead, blacktip sharks) with different reproduction modes (aplacental, placental viviparity). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels were generally higher than any other POPs. Stingrays and blacktip shark embryos contained the lowest POP concentrations while bonnetheads and the blacktip adult female had the highest concentrations. Results suggest that POPs are more readily transferred from the mother to the embryo compared to what is transferred to ova in stingrays. Statistically significant differences in levels of selected POPs were found between embryos from the left and right uterus within the same litter as well as between female and male embryos within the same litter for bonnetheads, but not for the blacktip sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Nathalie Briels
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, 1220 Prospect Ave., #285, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Laboratory for Oceanology - MARE Center, University of Liège B6C, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratory for Oceanology - MARE Center, University of Liège B6C, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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49
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Grimm FA, Hu D, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ, Ludewig G, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW, Bergman A, Robertson LW. Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:245-72. [PMID: 25629923 PMCID: PMC4383295 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.999365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is complex and has an impact on toxicity, and thereby on the assessment of PCB risks. A large number of reactive and stable metabolites are formed in the processes of biotransformation in biota in general, and in humans in particular. The aim of this document is to provide an overview of PCB metabolism, and to identify the metabolites of concern and their occurrence. Emphasis is given to mammalian metabolism of PCBs and their hydroxyl, methylsulfonyl, and sulfated metabolites, especially those that persist in human blood. Potential intracellular targets and health risks are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- FA Grimm
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa
| | - D Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa
| | - I Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - HJ Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - G Ludewig
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - KC Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa
| | - MW Duffel
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa
| | - A Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (SWETOX), Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, SWEDEN
| | - LW Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
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50
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Mori C, Nakamura N, Todaka E, Fujisaki T, Matsuno Y, Nakaoka H, Hanazato M. Correlation between human maternal-fetal placental transfer and molecular weight of PCB and dioxin congeners/isomers. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:262-7. [PMID: 25113211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Establishing methods for the assessment of fetal exposure to chemicals is important for the prevention or prediction of the child's future disease risk. In the present study, we aimed to determine the influence of molecular weight on the likelihood of chemical transfer from mother to fetus via the placenta. The correlation between molecular weight and placental transfer rates of congeners/isomers of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins was examined. Twenty-nine sample sets of maternal blood, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood were used to measure PCB concentration, and 41 sample sets were used to analyze dioxins. Placental transfer rates were calculated using the concentrations of PCBs, dioxins, and their congeners/isomers within these sample sets. Transfer rate correlated negatively with molecular weight for PCB congeners, normalized using wet and lipid weights. The transfer rates of PCB or dioxin congeners differed from those of total PCBs or dioxins. The transfer rate for dioxin congeners did not always correlate significantly with molecular weight, perhaps because of the small sample size or other factors. Further improvement of the analytical methods for dioxin congeners is required. The findings of the present study suggested that PCBs, dioxins, or their congeners with lower molecular weights are more likely to be transferred from mother to fetus via the placenta. Consideration of chemical molecular weight and transfer rate could therefore contribute to the assessment of fetal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Mori
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Noriko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, BBSC, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Emiko Todaka
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi Fujisaki
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuno
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakaoka
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hanazato
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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