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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Packard CJ. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of ApoB-Containing Lipoproteins. Annu Rev Nutr 2024; 44:179-204. [PMID: 38635875 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062222-020716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in human genetics, together with a substantial body of epidemiological, preclinical and clinical trial evidence, strongly support a causal relationship between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consequently, the secretion and metabolism of TRLs have a significant impact on cardiovascular health. This knowledge underscores the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms and regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicron biogenesis. Fortunately, there has been a resurgence of interest in the intracellular assembly, trafficking, degradation, and secretion of VLDL, leading to many ground-breaking molecular insights. Furthermore, the identification of molecular control mechanisms related to triglyceride metabolism has greatly advanced our understanding of the complex metabolism of TRLs. In this review, we explore recent advances in the assembly, secretion, and metabolism of TRLs. We also discuss available treatment strategies for hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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2
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Westcott F, Dearlove DJ, Hodson L. Hepatic fatty acid and glucose handling in metabolic disease: Potential impact on cardiovascular disease risk. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117237. [PMID: 37633797 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing. Although invariably associated with obesity, the importance of fat deposition in non-adipose tissue organs has yet to be fully explored. Pathological ectopic fat deposition within the liver (known as (MASLD)) has been suggested to underlie the development of T2DM and is now emerging as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The process of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), that is the synthesis of fatty acids from non-lipid precursors (e.g. glucose), has received much attention as it sits at the intersect of hepatic glucose and fatty acid handling. An upregulation of the DNL pathway has been suggested to be central in the development of metabolic diseases (including MASLD, insulin resistance, and T2DM). Here we review the evidence to determine if hepatic DNL may play a role in the development of MASLD and T2DM and therefore underlie an increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Westcott
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David J Dearlove
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Yildirim V, ter Horst KW, Gilijamse PW, van Harskamp D, Schierbeek H, Jansen H, Schimmel AW, Nieuwdorp M, Groen AK, Serlie MJ, van Riel NA, Dallinga-Thie GM. Bariatric surgery improves postprandial VLDL kinetics and restores insulin-mediated regulation of hepatic VLDL production. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166905. [PMID: 37432744 PMCID: PMC10543721 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia in obesity results from excessive production and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich (TG-rich) lipoproteins, which are particularly pronounced in the postprandial state. Here, we investigated the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on postprandial VLDL1 and VLDL2 apoB and TG kinetics and their relationship with insulin-responsiveness indices. Morbidly obese patients without diabetes who were scheduled for RYGB surgery (n = 24) underwent a lipoprotein kinetics study during a mixed-meal test and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study before the surgery and 1 year later. A physiologically based computational model was developed to investigate the impact of RYGB surgery and plasma insulin on postprandial VLDL kinetics. After the surgery, VLDL1 apoB and TG production rates were significantly decreased, whereas VLDL2 apoB and TG production rates remained unchanged. The TG catabolic rate was increased in both VLDL1 and VLDL2 fractions, but only the VLDL2 apoB catabolic rate tended to increase. Furthermore, postsurgery VLDL1 apoB and TG production rates, but not those of VLDL2, were positively correlated with insulin resistance. Insulin-mediated stimulation of peripheral lipoprotein lipolysis was also improved after the surgery. In summary, RYGB resulted in reduced hepatic VLDL1 production that correlated with reduced insulin resistance, elevated VLDL2 clearance, and improved insulin sensitivity in lipoprotein lipolysis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehpi Yildirim
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | | | - Dewi van Harskamp
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jansen
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alinda W.M. Schimmel
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natal A.W. van Riel
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Experimental and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Mangiferin Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Autophagy in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice: In Silico and In Vivo Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315329. [PMID: 36499655 PMCID: PMC9735994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the fundamental cause of metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of mangiferin (MGF) on obesity and glucose metabolism focusing on inflammatory response and autophagy. First, an in silico study was conducted to analyze the mechanism of MGF in insulin resistance. Second, an in vivo experiment was conducted by administering MGF to C57BL/6 mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders. The in silico analysis revealed that MGF showed a high binding affinity with macrophage-related inflammatory cytokines and autophagy proteins. In the in vivo study, mice were divided into three groups: normal chow, HFD, and HFD + MGF 150 mg/kg. MGF administration to obese mice significantly improved the body weight, insulin-sensitive organs weights, glucose and lipid metabolism, fat accumulation in the liver, and adipocyte size compared to HFD alone. MGF significantly reduced the macrophages in adipose tissue and Kupffer cells, inhibited the gene expression ratio of tumor necrosis factor-α and F4/80 in adipose tissue, reduced the necrosis factor kappa B gene, and elevated autophagy-related gene 7 and fibroblast growth factor 21 gene expressions in the liver. Thus, MGF exerted a therapeutic effect on metabolic diseases by improving glucose and lipid metabolism through inhibition of the macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and activation of autophagy.
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5
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:577-592. [PMID: 35318466 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their cholesterol-enriched remnants in atherogenesis. Genetic studies in particular have not only revealed a relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but have also identified key proteins responsible for the regulation of triglyceride transport. Kinetic studies in humans using stable isotope tracers have been especially useful in delineating the function of these proteins and revealing the hitherto unappreciated complexity of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Given that triglyceride is an essential energy source for mammals, triglyceride transport is regulated by numerous mechanisms that balance availability with the energy demands of the body. Ongoing investigations are focused on determining the consequences of dysregulation as a result of either dietary imprudence or genetic variation that increases the risk of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. The identification of molecular control mechanisms involved in triglyceride metabolism has laid the groundwork for a 'precision-medicine' approach to therapy. Novel pharmacological agents under development have specific molecular targets within a regulatory framework, and their deployment heralds a new era in lipid-lowering-mediated prevention of disease. In this Review, we outline what is known about the dysregulation of triglyceride transport in human hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Nagarajan SR, Cross E, Sanna F, Hodson L. Dysregulation of hepatic metabolism with obesity: factors influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc 2022; 81:1-11. [PMID: 34726148 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a key metabolic organ that undertakes a multitude of physiological processes over the course of a day, including intrahepatic lipid and glucose metabolism which plays a key role in the regulation of systemic lipid and glucose concentrations. It serves as an intermediary organ between exogenous (dietary) and endogenous energy supply to extrahepatic organs. Thus, perturbations in hepatic metabolism can impact widely on metabolic disease risk. For example, the accumulation of intra-hepatocellular TAG (IHTG), for which adiposity is almost invariably a causative factor may result in dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Accumulation of IHTG is likely due to an imbalance between fatty acid delivery, synthesis and removal (via oxidation or export as TAG) from the liver; insulin plays a key role in all of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Nagarajan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Cross
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Sanna
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Castelblanco E, Hernández M, Ortega E, Amigó N, Real J, Granado-Casas M, Miñambres I, López C, Lecube A, Bermúdez-López M, Alonso N, Julve J, Mauricio D. Outstanding improvement of the advanced lipoprotein profile in subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus after achieving optimal glycemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 182:109145. [PMID: 34785302 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The impact of glycemic optimization on lipoprotein subfraction parameters in apparently normolipidemic subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) was examined. METHODS We evaluated the serum lipid and advanced lipoprotein profiles in twenty subjects at onset of T1D and twenty non-diabetic controls by laboratory methods and 1H NMR spectroscopy shortly after diabetes diagnosis (baseline), and after achieving optimal glycemic control (HbA1c ≤ 7.0%). RESULTS Advanced lipoprotein analysis revealed a significant reduction from baseline in serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), and apolipoprotein (Apo)B-containing lipoproteins of treated subjects (VLDL-TG: -21%, IDL-TG: -30%, LDL-TG: -34%, LDL-TG: -36%, P < 0.05; VLDL-C: -23%, IDL-C: -44%, LDL-C: -16%; p < 0.05). Decreased VLDL and LDL lipids were mainly attributed to concomitant reductions in the concentration of medium-sized VLDL (-36%) and medium-sized LDL (-31%) and, to a lesser extent, to large-sized LDL (-14%). Notably, proatherogenic IDL characteristics and related surrogates of atherogenicity were resolved upon achievement of optimal glycemic status. Moreover, the concentration of HDL-TG was also reduced (-18%) at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that the achievement of optimal glycemic control after T1D onset corrected hidden derangements in ApoB-containing lipoproteins (particularly IDL) and HDL-TG that are related to higher cardiovascular risk in poorly controlled T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova & Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'investigacions biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28028 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab, SL, Reus, Spain; Metabolomics Platform, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Pere Virigili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Real
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Minerva Granado-Casas
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova & Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina López
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova & Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Albert Lecube
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova & Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Bermúdez-López
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation, IRBLleida and RedinRen RETIC, ISCIII, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28022 Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic (UVIC/UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain.
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8
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Yki-Järvinen H, Luukkonen PK, Hodson L, Moore JB. Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:770-786. [PMID: 34257427 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically increased in parallel with the epidemic of obesity. Controversy has emerged around dietary guidelines recommending low-fat-high-carbohydrate diets and the roles of dietary macronutrients in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this Review, the topical questions of whether and how dietary fats and carbohydrates, including free sugars, differentially influence the accumulation of liver fat (specifically, intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content) are addressed. Focusing on evidence from humans, we examine data from stable isotope studies elucidating how macronutrients regulate IHTG synthesis and disposal, alter pools of bioactive lipids and influence insulin sensitivity. In addition, we review cross-sectional studies on dietary habits of patients with NAFLD and randomized controlled trials on the effects of altering dietary macronutrients on IHTG. Perhaps surprisingly, evidence to date shows no differential effects between free sugars, with both glucose and fructose increasing IHTG in the context of excess energy. Moreover, saturated fat raises IHTG more than polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats, with adverse effects on insulin sensitivity, which are probably mediated in part by increased ceramide synthesis. Taken together, the data support the use of diets that have a reduced content of free sugars, refined carbohydrates and saturated fat in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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9
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Lin SY, Li WC, Yang TA, Chen YC, Yu W, Huang HY, Xiong XJ, Chen JY. Optimal Threshold of Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance to Identify Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population Aged 45 Years or Younger. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:746747. [PMID: 35069434 PMCID: PMC8767049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.746747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is regarded as a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The optimal threshold of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) has been established for predicting MetS in diverse populations and for different ages. This study assessed the serum HOMA-IR level in a healthy Chinese population aged ≤45 years to determine its relationship with metabolic abnormalities. METHODS Cross-sectional study data were collected from health checkup records of Chinese adults aged ≥18 years between 2013 and 2016 at Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire, which was followed by a health examination and blood sample collection. Exclusion criteria were as follows: history of known CVDs; liver, kidney, or endocrine diseases or recent acute illness; hypertension; hyperlipidemia; and pregnancy or lactation. RESULTS The clinical and laboratory characteristics of 5954 men and 4185 women were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in all assessed variables (all P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff point of HOMA-IR for predicting MetS was 1.7 in men and 1.78 in women. CONCLUSIONS We aimed to determine the optimal cutoff point of HOMA-IR for predicting MetS in a healthy Chinese population aged ≤45 years. The findings of this study would provide an evidence-based threshold for evaluating metabolic syndromes and further implementing primary prevention programs, such as lifestyle changes in the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Health Management, Xiamen Chang-Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting-An Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Health Management, Xiamen Chang-Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Hsiung-Ying Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Chang-Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Jie Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Xiamen Chang-Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Jau-Yuan Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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10
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Lee DPS, Low JHM, Chen JR, Zimmermann D, Actis-Goretta L, Kim JE. The Influence of Different Foods and Food Ingredients on Acute Postprandial Triglyceride Response: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1529-1543. [PMID: 32609800 PMCID: PMC7666897 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of postprandial triglyceride (ppTG) as a cardiovascular disease risk indicator has gained recent popularity. However, the influence of different foods or food ingredients on the ppTG response has not been comprehensively characterized. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of foods or food ingredients on the ppTG response. PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were searched for relevant acute (<24-h) randomized controlled trials published up to September 2018. Based on our selection criteria, 179 relevant trials (366 comparisons) were identified and systematically compiled into distinct food or food ingredient categories. A ppTG-lowering effect was noted for soluble fiber (Hedges' giAUC = -0.72; 95% CI: -1.33, -0.11), sodium bicarbonate mineral water (Hedges' gAUC = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.79, -0.04), diacylglycerol oil (Hedges' giAUC = -0.38; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.00), and whey protein when it was contrasted with other proteins. The fats group showed significant but opposite effects depending on the outcome measure used (Hedges' giAUC = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.03; and Hedges' gAUC = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.26). Data for other important food groups (nuts, vegetables, and polyphenols) were also assessed but of limited availability. Assessing for oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) recommendation compliance, most trials were ≥4 h long but lacked a sufficiently high fat challenge. iAUC and AUC were more common measures of ppTG. Overall, our analyses indicate that the effects on ppTG by different food groups are diverse, largely influenced by the type of food or food ingredient within the same group. The type of ppTG measurement can also influence the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Pei Shan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Hui Min Low
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Singapore Hub, Singapore,Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Vergès B. Dyslipidemia in Type 1 Diabetes: AMaskedDanger. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:422-434. [PMID: 32217073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients show lipid disorders which are likely to play a role in their increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. Quantitative abnormalities of lipoproteins are noted in T1D with poor glycemic control. In T1D with optimal glycemic control, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol are normal or slightly decreased whereas HDL-cholesterol is normal or slightly increased. T1D patients, even with good glycemic control, show several qualitative and functional abnormalities of lipoproteins that are potentially atherogenic. An association between these abnormalities and CV disease risk has been reported in recent studies. Although the mechanisms underlying T1D dyslipidemia remain unclear, the subcutaneous route of insulin administration, that is responsible for peripheral hyperinsulinemia, is likely to be an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vergès
- Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer (LNC)-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France.
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12
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Whyte MB, Shojaee-Moradie F, Sharaf SE, Cuthbertson DJ, Kemp GJ, Barrett M, Jackson NC, Herring RA, Wright J, Thomas EL, Bell J, Umpleby AM. HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 wk of exercise training in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E839-E847. [PMID: 32286882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by low-circulating concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and raised triacylglycerol (TAG). Exercise reduces hepatic fat content, improves insulin resistance and increases clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein-1 (VLDL1). However, the effect of exercise on TAG and HDL-C metabolism is unknown. We randomized male participants to 16 wk of supervised, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 15), or conventional lifestyle advice (n = 12). Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and VLDL-TAG and apolipoprotein B (apoB) kinetics were investigated using stable isotopes (1-[13C]-leucine and 1,1,2,3,3-2H5 glycerol) pre- and postintervention. Participants underwent MRI/spectroscopy to assess changes in visceral fat. Results are means ± SD. At baseline, there were no differences between exercise and control groups for age (52.4 ± 7.5 vs. 52.8 ± 10.3 yr), body mass index (BMI: 31.6 ± 3.2 vs. 31.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2), and waist circumference (109.3 ± 7.5 vs. 110.0 ± 13.6 cm). Percentage of liver fat was 23.8 (interquartile range 9.8-32.5%). Exercise reduced body weight (101.3 ± 10.2 to 97.9 ± 12.2 kg; P < 0.001) and hepatic fat content [from 19.6%, interquartile range (IQR) 14.6-36.1% to 8.9% (4.4-17.8%); P = 0.001] and increased the fraction HDL-C concentration (measured following ultracentrifugation) and apoA-I pool size with no change in the control group. However, plasma and VLDL1-TAG concentrations and HDL-apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR) did not change significantly with exercise. Both at baseline (all participants) and after exercise there was an inverse correlation between apoA-I pool size and VLDL-TAG and -apoB pool size. The modest effect of exercise on HDL metabolism may be explained by the lack of effect on plasma and VLDL1-TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Whyte
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Fariba Shojaee-Moradie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sharaf E Sharaf
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Cuthbertson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Barrett
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Jackson
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Roselle A Herring
- Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Margot Umpleby
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Rahim Pouran S, Bayrami A, Mohammadi Arvanag F, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R, Singh R, Abdul Raman AA, Chae KH, Khataee A, Kang HK. Biogenic integrated ZnO/Ag nanocomposite: Surface analysis and in vivo practices for the management of type 1 diabetes complications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110878. [PMID: 32087528 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a milk thistle seed extract (MTSE)-rich medium was used as a capping and reducing agent for the one-pot biosynthesis of ZnO/Ag (5 wt%) nanostructure. The sample was systematically characterized through various techniques and its strong biomolecule‒metal interface structure was supported by the results. The efficacy of the derived nanostructure (MTSE/ZnO/Ag) was evaluated in vivo on the basis of its therapeutic effects on the main complications of Type 1 diabetes (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin deficiency). For this purpose, the changes in the plasma values of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin in alloxan-diabetic Wistar male rats were compared with those in healthy and untreated diabetic controls after a treatment period of 16 days. The antidiabetic results of MTSE/ZnO/Ag were compared with those obtained from pristine ZnO, MTSE, and insulin therapies. The health conditions of the rats with Type 1 diabetes were significantly enhanced after treatment with MTSE/ZnO/Ag (p < 0.05), which is owing to the enhanced interface structure and participatory functions of the united compartments of MTSE/ZnO/Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rahim Pouran
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Farid Mohammadi Arvanag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Ramesh Singh
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tunku Highway, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- Advanced Analysis Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Iqbal J, Jahangir Z, Al-Qarni AA. Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein: From Lipid Metabolism to Metabolic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:37-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hodson L, Gunn PJ. The regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning: the effect of nutritional state. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:689-700. [PMID: 31554932 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing global public health burden. NAFLD is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular disease and begins with intrahepatic triacylglycerol accumulation. Under healthy conditions, the liver regulates lipid metabolism to meet systemic energy needs in the fed and fasted states. The processes of fatty acid uptake, fatty acid synthesis and the intracellular partitioning of fatty acids into storage, oxidation and secretion pathways are tightly regulated. When one or more of these processes becomes dysregulated, excess lipid accumulation can occur. Although genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of NAFLD, it remains unclear why an imbalance in these pathways begins. The regulation of fatty acid partitioning occurs at several points, including during triacylglycerol synthesis, lipid droplet formation and lipolysis. These processes are influenced by enzyme function, intake of dietary fats and sugars and whole-body metabolism, and are further affected by the presence of obesity or insulin resistance. Insight into how the liver controls fatty acid metabolism in health and how these processes might be affected in disease would offer the potential for new therapeutic treatments for NAFLD to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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16
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Irshad Z, Chmel N, Adya R, Zammit VA. Hepatic VLDL secretion: DGAT1 determines particle size but not particle number, which can be supported entirely by DGAT2. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:111-120. [PMID: 30397187 PMCID: PMC6314258 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether, in view of its activity being expressed on both aspects of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; dual membrane topology), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays a distinctive role in determining the triglyceride (TAG) content of VLDL particles secreted by the liver. Mice in which the DGAT1 gene was specifically ablated in hepatocytes (DGAT1-LKO mice) had the same number of VLDL particles (apoB concentration) in the plasma 1 h after Triton 1339 treatment, but these particles were approximately half the size of VLDL particles secreted by control mice and had a proportionately decreased content of TAG, with normal cholesterol and cholesteryl ester contents. Analyses of purified microsomal fractions prepared from 16 h fasted control and DAGT1-LKO mice showed that the TAG/protein ratio in the ER was significantly lower in the latter. Electron micrographs of these livers showed that those from DGAT1-LKO mice did not show the increased lipid content of the smooth ER shown by control livers. The effects of DGAT1- and DGAT2-specific inhibitors on apoB secretion by HepG2 cells showed that DGAT1 is not indispensable for apoB secretion and demonstrated redundancy in the ability of the two enzymes to support apoB secretion. Therefore, our findings show that DGAT1 is essential for the complete lipidation and maturation of VLDL particles within the lumen of the ER, consistent with its dual topology within the ER membrane. In the mouse, DGAT2 can support apoB secretion (particle number) even when TAG availability for full VLDL lipidation is restricted in the absence of DGAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Irshad
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nikola Chmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raghu Adya
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Victor A Zammit
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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de Moura Barbosa H, Amaral D, do Nascimento JN, Machado DC, de Sousa Araújo TA, de Albuquerque UP, Guedes da Silva Almeida JR, Rolim LA, Lopes NP, Gomes DA, Lira EC. Spondias tuberosa inner bark extract exert antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:248-257. [PMID: 30176348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most important medical emergencies of the 21st century. However, commercially available oral drugs with antidiabetic properties have been limited because of potential side effects, such as: hypoglycemia, weight gain, hepatic dysfunction and abdominal discomfort. As well as antidiabetic drugs, many types of medicinal herbal supplements are utilized as alternative treatments for DM and related comorbidities. Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as "umbu", has been used in traditional medicine to treat a vast range of diseases, including DM, infections, digestive disorders, diarrhea and menstrual abnormalities. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the effect of the hydroethanolic extract of the inner stem bark of Spondias tuberosa (EEStb) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of STZ (40 mg/kg i.p.). Diabetic rats were treated with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of the EEStb for 21 days. Water intake, urinary volume, body weight, as well as biochemical parameters, such as cholesterol total (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), hepatic and muscle glycogen urea, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, and glucose blood levels, were analyzed. We also determined the hepatic antioxidant state, as well as both of insulin and glucose tolerance. RESULTS The extract was evaluated by HPLC, and the major components of EESTb were identified (i.e. gallic acid and quercetin). The 500 mg/kg dosage of EEStb significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and post-prandial glucose. The EEStb also reduced urinary volume, food and water intake, as well as decreased body weight gain. Diabetic rats that received EEStb had a lower loss of muscle mass and white adipose tissue. Additionally, EEStb improved the urinary excretion of urea and glucose. The extract significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL in diabetic rats. However, no significant effect was observed on the levels of total and HDL cholesterol. EEStb treatment prevented hepatotoxic diabetic-induced, improved GSH:GSSG ratio, SOD and CAT activity as well as reduced nitrite and TBARs levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EEStb has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects as well as improves insulin sensibility in diabetic rats. This indicates that S. tuberosa could be a potential resource for alternative therapies in the treatment of hyperglycemic conditions. These results also support the use of EEStb in ethnomedicine for the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto de Moura Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dionísio Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jailson Nunes do Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dijanah Cota Machado
- Department of Biophysics, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Antônio de Sousa Araújo
- Laboratoy of Ecology and Evolution of Social-Ecological Systems, Departament of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque
- Laboratoy of Ecology and Evolution of Social-Ecological Systems, Departament of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205 Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Departament of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14.040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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18
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Hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning: the effect of metabolic and nutritional state. Proc Nutr Soc 2018; 78:126-134. [PMID: 30457067 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When we consume dietary fat, a series of complex metabolic processes ensures that fatty acids are absorbed, transported around the body and used/stored appropriately. The liver is a central metabolic organ within the human body and has a major role in regulating fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Studying hepatic metabolism in human subjects is challenging; the use of stable isotope tracers and measurement of particles or molecules secreted by the liver such as VLDL-TAG and 3-hydroxybutyrate offers the best insight into postprandial hepatic fatty acid metabolism in human subjects. Diet derived fatty acids are taken up by the liver and mix with fatty acids coming from the lipolysis of adipose tissue, and those already present in the liver (cytosolic TAG) and fatty acids synthesised de novo within the liver from non-lipid precursors (known as de novo lipogenesis). Fatty acids are removed from the liver by secretion as VLDL-TAG and oxidation. Perturbations in these processes have the potential to impact on metabolic health. Whether fatty acids are partitioned towards oxidation or esterification pathways appears to be dependent on a number of metabolic factors; not least ambient insulin concentrations. Moreover, along with the phenotype and lifestyle factors (e.g. habitual diet) of an individual, it is becoming apparent that the composition of the diet (macronutrient and fatty acid composition) may play pivotal roles in determining if intra-hepatic fat accumulates, although what remains to be elucidated is the influence these nutrients have on intra-hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning.
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19
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Parry SA, Hodson L. Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1102-1115. [PMID: 28947639 PMCID: PMC5749316 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a principal metabolic organ within the human body and has a major role in regulating carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. With increasing rates of obesity, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing. It remains unclear why NAFLD, which is now defined as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, develops but lifestyle factors such as diet (ie, total calorie and specific nutrient intakes), appear to play a key role. Here we review the available observational and intervention studies that have investigated the influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat content. Findings from observational studies are conflicting with some reporting that relative to healthy controls, patients with NAFLD consume diets higher in total fat/saturated fatty acids, whilst others find they consume diets higher in carbohydrates/sugars. From the limited number of intervention studies that have been undertaken, a consistent finding is a hypercaloric diet, regardless of whether the excess calories have been provided either as fat, sugar, or both, increases liver fat content. In contrast, a hypocaloric diet decreases liver fat content. Findings from both hyper- and hypo-caloric feeding studies provide some suggestion that macronutrient composition may also play a role in regulating liver fat content and this is supported by data from isocaloric feeding studies; fatty acid composition and/or carbohydrate content/type appear to influence whether there is accrual of liver fat or not. The mechanisms by which specific macronutrients, when consumed as part of an isocaloric diet, cause a change in liver fat remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siôn A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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20
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Xiao C, Dash S, Stahel P, Lewis GF. Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Particle Production in Healthy Men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1776-1781. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priska Stahel
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary F. Lewis
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lee J, Narayan VP, Hong EY, Whang WK, Park T. Artemisia Iwayomogi Extract Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Mice: Potential Involvement of the Adiponectin-AMPK Pathway and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Assembly in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081762. [PMID: 28805698 PMCID: PMC5578151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the protective effect of Artemisia iwayomogi extract (AI) against hypertriglyceridemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice and to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. C57BL/6N mice were fed chow, HFD, HFD + 0.1% AI, HFD + 0.25% AI, or HFD + 0.5% AI for 10 weeks. The addition of 0.25% and 0.5% AI resulted in dose-dependent improvements in the major parameters of hypertriglyceridemia, including plasma triglyceride, free fatty acids, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein lipase, with parallel reductions in body weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance. These beneficial effects were accompanied by the activation of adiponectin-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediated signaling cascades in the liver, which downregulated molecules involved in lipogenesis and concurrently upregulated molecules related to fatty acid oxidation. The downregulation of molecules involved in very low density lipoprotein assembly, which was associated with improved hepatic insulin signaling, also appeared to contribute to the AI-induced attenuation of hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Vikram P Narayan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Hong
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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22
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Cardiovascular risk profile in burn survivors. Burns 2017; 43:1411-1417. [PMID: 28797575 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burn patients have prolonged derangements in metabolic, endocrine, cardiac and psychosocial systems, potentially impacting on their cardiovascular health. There are no studies on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) after-burn. The aim of our study was to record lipid values and evaluate CVD risk in adult burn survivors. METHODS In a cross-sectional study patients ≥18 years with burn injury between 18-80% total burn surface area (TBSA) from 1998 to 2012 had total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides measured via finger prick. Means were compared to optimal ranges. Multivariate regression models were performed to assess the association of lipids with age, years after-burn and total body surface area % (TBSA). A p value <0.05 was considered significant. The Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score (FGCRS) was calculated. RESULTS Fifty patients were included in the study. Compared to optimal values, patients had low HDL and high triglycerides. Greater %TBSA was associated with statistically significant elevation of triglycerides (p=0.007) and total cholesterol/HDL ratio (p=0.027). The median FGCRS was 3.9% (low) 10-year risk of CVD with 82% of patients in the low-risk category. Patients involved in medium/high level of physical activity had optimal values of HDL, TC/HDL and triglycerides despite the magnitude of TBSA%. CONCLUSION Adult burn survivors had alterations in lipid profile proportional to TBSA, which could be modified by exercise, and no increase in overall formally predicted CVD risk in this cross sectional study.
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23
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Harada PHN, Demler OV, Dugani SB, Akinkuolie AO, Moorthy MV, Ridker PM, Cook NR, Pradhan AD, Mora S. Lipoprotein insulin resistance score and risk of incident diabetes during extended follow-up of 20 years: The Women's Health Study. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1257-1267.e2. [PMID: 28733174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II diabetes (T2D) is preceded by prolonged insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency incompletely captured by glucose metabolism parameters, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. OBJECTIVE Whether lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score, a metabolomic marker, is associated with incident diabetes and improves risk reclassification over traditional markers on extended follow-up. METHODS Among 25,925 nondiabetic women aged 45 years or older, LPIR was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a weighted score of very low density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and HDL particle sizes, and their subsets concentrations. We run adjusted cox regression models for LPIR with incident T2D (20.4 years median follow-up). RESULTS Adjusting for demographics, body mass index, life style factors, blood pressure, and T2D family history, the LPIR hazard ratio for T2D (hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval) was 1.95 (1.85, 2.06). Further adjusting for HbA1c, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, HDL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LPIR HR was attenuated to 1.41 (1.31, 1.53) and had the strongest association with T2D after HbA1C in mutually adjusted models. The association persisted even in those with optimal clinical profiles, adjusted HR per standard deviation 1.91 (1.17, 3.13). In participants deemed at intermediate T2D risk by the Framingham Offspring T2D score, LPIR led to a net reclassification of 0.145 (0.117, 0.175). CONCLUSION In middle-aged or older healthy women followed prospectively for over 20 years, LPIR was robustly associated with incident T2D, including among those with an optimal clinical metabolic profile. LPIR improved T2D risk classification and may guide early and targeted prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H N Harada
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitario at University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Olga V Demler
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sagar B Dugani
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Akintunde O Akinkuolie
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manickavasagar V Moorthy
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy R Cook
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abdominal obesity is associated with a number of important metabolic abnormalities including liver steatosis, insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile (termed dyslipidemia). The purpose of this review is to highlight recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of this dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Recent results from kinetic studies using stable isotopes indicate that the hypertriglyceridemia associated with abdominal obesity stems from dual mechanisms: (1) enhanced secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and (2) impaired clearance of these lipoproteins. The over-secretion of large triglyceride-rich VLDLs from the liver is linked to hepatic steatosis and increased visceral adiposity. The impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is linked to increased levels of apolipoprotein C-III, a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism. SUMMARY Elucidation of the pathogenesis of the atherogenic dyslipidemia in abdominal obesity combined with the development of novel treatments based on apolipoprotein C-III may in the future lead to better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the atherogenic dyslipidemia in abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Björnson
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden bResearch Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Andreozzi F, Mannino GC, Perticone M, Perticone F, Sesti G. Elevated 1-h post-load plasma glucose levels in subjects with normal glucose tolerance are associated with a pro-atherogenic lipid profile. Atherosclerosis 2017; 256:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pramfalk C, Pavlides M, Banerjee R, McNeil CA, Neubauer S, Karpe F, Hodson L. Fasting Plasma Insulin Concentrations Are Associated With Changes in Hepatic Fatty Acid Synthesis and Partitioning Prior to Changes in Liver Fat Content in Healthy Adults. Diabetes 2016; 65:1858-67. [PMID: 27207513 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the action of insulin affects fatty acid delivery to the liver, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation within the liver, and triglyceride export from the liver. To understand the metabolic consequences of hepatic fatty acid synthesis, partitioning, oxidation, and net liver fat content in the fasted and postprandial states, we used stable-isotope tracer methodologies to study healthy men and women with varying degrees of insulin resistance before and after consumption of a mixed meal. Subjects were classified as being normoinsulinemic (NI) (fasting plasma insulin <11.2 mU/L, n = 18) or hyperinsulinemic (HI) (fasting plasma insulin >11.2 mU/L, n = 19). Liver fat content was similar between HI and NI individuals, despite HI subjects having marginally more visceral fat. However, de novo lipogenesis was higher and fatty acid oxidation was lower in HI individuals compared with NI subjects. These data suggest that metabolic pathways promoting fat accumulation are enhanced in HI but, paradoxically, without any significant effect on liver fat content when observed in healthy people. This is likely to be explained by increased triglyceride secretion as observed by hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Michael Pavlides
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Rajarshi Banerjee
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Catriona A McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, U.K
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K.
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Johansen RF, Søndergaard E, Sørensen LP, Jurik AG, Christiansen JS, Nielsen S. Basal and insulin-regulated VLDL1 and VLDL2 kinetics in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:833-43. [PMID: 26781548 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hypertriacylglycerolaemia is a hallmark of diabetic dyslipidaemia with increased concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG)-rich VLDL1 particles. However, whether VLDL1 secretion or removal is abnormal in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare basal and insulin-mediated VLDL1- and VLDL2-TG kinetics in men with type 2 diabetes and healthy men using a novel direct VLDL1- and VLDL2-TG labelling method. METHODS Twelve men with type 2 diabetes and 12 healthy men matched for age and BMI were recruited. VLDL1- and VLDL2-TG turnover were measured during a 4 h basal period and a 3.5 h hyperinsulinaemic clamp period using a primed-constant infusion of ex vivo labelled VLDL1-TG and VLDL2-TG. RESULTS Basal VLDL1-TG and VLDL2-TG secretion rates were similar in men with diabetes and healthy men. During hyperinsulinaemia, VLDL1-TG secretion rates were suppressed significantly in both groups, whereas no suppression of VLDL2-TG secretion rate was observed. VLDL1-TG to VLDL2-TG transfer rate was not significantly different from zero in both groups, while VLDL1-TG fatty acid oxidation rate was substantial, with a contribution to total energy expenditure of approximately 15% during postabsorptive conditions. VLDL1 and VLDL2 particle size (TG/apolipoprotein B [apoB] ratio) and apoB-100 concentration were unaltered by hyperinsulinaemia in men with type 2 diabetes, but significantly reduced in healthy men. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Insulin inhibits VLDL1-TG secretion rate similarly in age- and BMI-matched men with type 2 diabetes and healthy men, while VLDL2-TG secretion is unaltered by hyperinsulinaemia. However, VLDL1- and VLDL2-apoB levels are not lowered by hyperinsulinaemia in men with type 2 diabetes, which is indicative of a diminished hepatic response to insulin. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01564550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel F Johansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Sørensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Grethe Jurik
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens S Christiansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hashemipour S, Esmailzadehha N, Hamid H, Oveisi S, Yakhchaliha P, Ziaee A. Association of metabolic syndrome components with insulin resistance in normal weight population: the Qazvin Metabolic Diseases study. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1111-5. [PMID: 25952300 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolically obese but normal weight (MONW) is associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome components with MONW in each sex in Iranian population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 417 normal weight subjects in Qazvin, Iran between September 2010 and April 2011. MONW was defined by insulin resistance (IR) using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Cut off point for IR was defined as the lower limit of top quintile of HOMA-IR values in normal weight population without any metabolic risk factors. Data were analyzed using T test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multi-variant logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 417 subjects, 44.3 % were female. The prevalence of MONW was 33.8 % in men and 39.8 % in women. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher in both men and women with MONW. Waist circumference was significantly higher in men with MONW, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in women with MONW. In logistic regression analysis, hypertriglyceridemia in women (OR 3.398; 95 % CI 1.306-8.846) and waist circumference (per 5 cm increment) in men (OR 1.653; 95 % CI 1.279-2.136) had independent association with MONW. CONCLUSION Association of metabolic syndrome components with MONW is different in men and women. Waist circumference had an independent association with IR in men but not in women. IR and its complications should be considered in lean women with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran
| | - N Esmailzadehha
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran
| | - H Hamid
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran
| | - S Oveisi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran
| | - P Yakhchaliha
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran
| | - A Ziaee
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Booali-Sina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Booali-Sina Street, Qazvin, Iran.
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Green CJ, Johnson D, Amin HD, Sivathondan P, Silva MA, Wang LM, Stevanato L, McNeil CA, Miljan EA, Sinden JD, Morten KJ, Hodson L. Characterization of lipid metabolism in a novel immortalized human hepatocyte cell line. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E511-22. [PMID: 26126685 PMCID: PMC4572456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00594.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of hepatocyte cell models that represent fatty acid partitioning within the human liver would be beneficial for the study of the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We sought to develop and characterize a novel human liver cell line (LIV0APOLY) to establish a model of lipid accumulation using a physiological mixture of fatty acids under low- and high-glucose conditions. LIV0APOLY cells were compared with a well-established cell line (HepG2) and, where possible, primary human hepatocytes. LIV0APOLY cells were found to proliferate and express some mature liver markers and were wild type for the PNPLA3 (rs738409) gene, whereas HepG2 cells carried the Ile(148)Met variant that is positively associated with liver fat content. Intracellular triglyceride content was higher in HepG2 than in LIV0APOLY cells; exposure to high glucose and/or exogenous fatty acids increased intracellular triglyceride in both cell lines. Triglyceride concentrations in media were higher from LIV0APOLY compared with HepG2 cells. Culturing LIV0APOLY cells in high glucose increased a marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuated insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation whereas low glucose and exogenous fatty acids increased AMPK phosphorylation. Although LIV0APOLY cells and primary hepatocytes stored similar amounts of exogenous fatty acids as triglyceride, more exogenous fatty acids were partitioned toward oxidation in the LIV0APOLY cells than in primary hepatocytes. LIV0APOLY cells offer the potential to be a renewable cellular model for studying the effects of exogenous metabolic substrates on fatty acid partitioning; however, their usefulness as a model of lipoprotein metabolism needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harsh D Amin
- ReNeuron Group, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Sivathondan
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Silva
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catriona A McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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30
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Saito H, Kato M, Yoshida A, Naito M. The Ingestion of a Fructose-Containing Beverage Combined with Fat Cream Exacerbates Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Healthy Women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:645. [PMID: 26072961 DOI: 10.5551/jat.erratum22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the acute effects of the ingestion of a fructose-containing beverage combinedwith fat on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Twelve young healthy Japanese women with apolipoprotein E phenotype 3/3 were enrolled in this study. At each of four sessions, the subjects ingested one of four sugar beverages containing fructose and/or glucose (total: 0.5g/kg body weight) combined with OFTT cream (1g/kg, 0.35g/kg as fat) in a randomized crossover design. The four sugar beverages were as follows: 100% (w/w) fructose (F100), 90% fructose+10% glucose (F90G10), 55% fructose+45% glucose (F55G45) and 100% glucose (G100). Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and 0.5, one, two, four and six hours after ingestion. RESULTS The serum concentrations of TG in the F100, F90G10 and F55G45 trials were significantlyhigher than each fasting value at two and four hours, and returned to baseline at six hours, except inthe F100 trial. The concentrations at four hours and the incremental areas under the curve for thehepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG(TM)) levels in the F100 and F90G10 trialswere significantly higher and larger, respectively, than those observed in the G100 trial. Meanwhile,the concentrations of RLP-TG and apolipoprotein B-48 peaked at two hours in the G100 trial, versusfour hours in the other trials, and did not return to baseline at six hours, except in the G100 trial.At four hours, the ⊿apoB48 tended to be higher in the F100 trial than in the G100 trial. CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a high-fructose-containing beverage with fat cream delays the clearance of chylomicron and its remnant derived from the intestine and enhances the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles from the liver, thereby inducing postprandial lipidemia, even in young healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Saito
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a two- to fourfold increase in cardiovascular disease risk compared with non-diabetic individuals. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism that are observed in the context of type 2 diabetes are among the major factors contributing to an increased cardiovascular risk. Diabetic dyslipidaemia includes not only quantitative lipoprotein abnormalities, but also qualitative and kinetic abnormalities that, together, result in a shift towards a more atherogenic lipid profile. The primary quantitative lipoprotein abnormalities are increased triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels. Qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities include an increase in large, very low-density lipoprotein subfraction 1 (VLDL1) and small, dense LDLs, as well as increased triacylglycerol content of LDL and HDL, glycation of apolipoproteins and increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. The main kinetic abnormalities are increased VLDL1 production, decreased VLDL catabolism and increased HDL catabolism. In addition, even though LDL-cholesterol levels are typically normal in patients with type 2 diabetes, LDL particles show reduced turnover, which is potentially atherogenic. Although the pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia is not fully understood, the insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency observed in patients with type 2 diabetes are likely to contribute to these lipid changes, as insulin plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism. In addition, some adipocytokines, such as adiponectin or retinol-binding protein 4, may also contribute to the development of dyslipidaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vergès
- Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital du Bocage, 2 bd Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21000, Dijon, France,
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Pratt AC, Wattis JA, Salter AM. Mathematical modelling of hepatic lipid metabolism. Math Biosci 2015; 262:167-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saito H, Kato M, Yoshida A, Naito M. The Ingestion of a Fructose-Containing Beverage Combined with Fat Cream Exacerbates Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Healthy Women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:85-94. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Saito
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
| | - Maiko Kato
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nakatsugawa Municipal General Hospital
| | - Michitaka Naito
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University
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Maniotis C, Chantziara K, Kokkoris P, Papadogiannis D, Andreou C, Tsioufis C, Vaiopoulos G, Stefanadis C. The AGT and the GNB3 polymorphisms and insulin resistance in prehypertension. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13:79-86. [PMID: 24722130 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study surveyed the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) M235T AGT and C825T GNB3, and their association with insulin resistance, other biochemical markers and qualitative variables in subjects with high normal blood pressure and/or prehypertension in the Greek population. DESIGN 330 men and women of Greek origin were divided into 3 groups: a) hypertensive, b) prehypertensive and c) control group. These groups were genetically tested for these polymorphisms and insulin resistance with the HOMA index. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found among the polymorphisms of the compared groups. However, the ? allele carriers (CT/TT vs. CC) of the C825T polymorphism were associated with an increased BMI in all 3 groups (p=0.004). The HOMA index was higher in the hypertensive (p=0.006) and prehypertensive (p=0.016) versus the control group, and similar results were found for insulin (hypertensive vs. control p=0.012, prehypertensive vs. control p=0.001) without statistical significance between the first 2 groups (p=0.522). Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the control group and the hypertensive and prehypertensive groups regarding cholesterol (control vs. hypertensive p=0.001, control vs. prehypertension p=0.018) and triglycerides (control vs. hypertensive p=0.0001, control vs. prehypertension p=0.007). Differences were also noted between the control and the hypertensive group regarding the value of HDL (p=0.005) and LDL (p=0.013). CONCLUSION This study failed to demonstrate a correlation between specific SNPs, blood pressure and insulin resistance in the 3 groups. However, T allele carriers of the polymorphism C825T were found to have an increased BMI. Similarly, increased insulin resistance and lipidemia were more common in the hypertensive and prehypertensive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Maniotis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, "Hellenic Red Cross" Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Klio Chantziara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Constantinos Tsioufis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Greece
| | - Georgios Vaiopoulos
- 1st Clinic of Internal Medicine, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens University Medical School; Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Greece
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Shojaee-Moradie F, Ma Y, Lou S, Hovorka R, Umpleby AM. Prandial hypertriglyceridemia in metabolic syndrome is due to an overproduction of both chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerol. Diabetes 2013; 62:4063-9. [PMID: 23990358 PMCID: PMC3837057 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine whether fed VLDL and chylomicron (CM) triacylglycerol (TAG) production rates are elevated in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Eight men with MetS (BMI 29.7 ± 1.1) and eight lean age-matched healthy men (BMI 23.1 ± 0.4) were studied using a frequent feeding protocol. After 4 h of feeding, an intravenous bolus of (2)H5-glycerol was administered to label VLDL1, VLDL2, and TAG. (13)C-glycerol tripalmitin was administered orally as an independent measure of CM TAG metabolism. Hepatic and intestinal lipoproteins were separated by an immunoaffinity method. In MetS, fed TAG and the increment in TAG from fasting to feeding were higher (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) than in lean men. Fed CM, VLDL1, and VLDL2 TAG pool sizes were higher (P = 0.006, P = 0.03, and P < 0.02, respectively), and CM, VLDL1, and VLDL2 TAG production rates were higher (P < 0.002, P < 0.05, and P = 0.06, respectively) than in lean men. VLDL1, VLDL2, and CM TAG clearance rates were not different between groups. In conclusion, prandial hypertriglyceridemia in men with MetS was due to an increased production rate of both VLDL and CM TAG. Since both groups received identical meals, this suggests that in MetS the intestine is synthesizing more TAG de novo for export in CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Shojaee-Moradie
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Yuying Ma
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Shaoying Lou
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Roman Hovorka
- Diabetes Modelling Group, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - A. Margot Umpleby
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
- Corresponding author: A. Margot Umpleby,
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Olofsson SO, Levin M. Ectopic lipid storage and insulin resistance: a harmful relationship. J Intern Med 2013; 274:25-40. [PMID: 23551521 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular disease. In addition to lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, obesity is associated with increased lipid storage in ectopic tissues, such as skeletal muscle and liver. Furthermore, lipid accumulation in the heart may result in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. It has recently been demonstrated that intracellular lipid accumulation in ectopic tissues leads to pathological responses and impaired insulin signalling. Here, we will review the current understanding of how lipid storage and lipid droplet physiology affect the risk of developing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Aizawa Y, Shimada N, Abe H, Seki N, Aida Y, Ishiguro H, Ika M, Kato K, Tsubota A. Serum lipoprotein profiles and response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e8988. [PMID: 23967025 PMCID: PMC3743300 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal serum lipid profiles have been noted in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Moreover, many reports suggest that serum lipoprotein profiles are more profoundly distorted in patients with HCV G1b infection who have an unfavorable response to pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy. However, after the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms near the IL28B gene (rs8099917 and rs12979860) as potent predictive factors affecting the response to peg-IFN plus RBV, lipid factors are thought to be confounding factors. OBJECTIVES To re-examine the significance of lipoprotein profiles on virological response to peg-IFN plus RBV combination therapy in patients with chronic HCV G1b infection, we examined cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in each lipoprotein fraction separated by high performance liquid chromatography. PATIENTS AND METHODS Lipoprotein profiles were examined using fasting sera from 108 patients infected with HCV G1b who had chronic hepatitis, as determined by liver biopsy. Results of lipoprotein profiles and clinical data, including IL28B genotype and amino acid substitution at aa70 of HCV G1b, were compared between patients with a sustained virological response (SVR) and non-SVR or a non-virological response (NVR) and virological responses other than NVR (non-NVR). In addition, significant predictive factors independently associated with virological response to peg-IFNα-2b plus RBV were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS An increased ratio of cholesterol/triglyceride in very low-density lipoprotein (odds ratio (OR) 3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-9.44) along with a major genotype of rs8099917 (OR 9.09; 95% CI 2.94-33.33), were independent predictive factors for SVR. In contrast, lipid factors were not elucidated as independent predictive factors for NVR. CONCLUSIONS Examination of the fasting lipid profile has clinical importance in predicting the efficacy of peg-IFN-α-2b plus RBV combination therapy for patients with HCV G1b even after the discovery of the IL28 genotype as a potent predictive factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Aizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author: Yoshio Aizawa, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, Tel.: +81-336032111, Fax: +81-338389944, E-mail:
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Chuo General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Seki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Aida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruya Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Ika
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Chuo General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keizo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Chuo General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Xiao C, Dash S, Morgantini C, Lewis GF. Novel Role of Enteral Monosaccharides in Intestinal Lipoprotein Production in Healthy Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1056-62. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Morgantini
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary F. Lewis
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rol del enterocito en la dislipemia de la resistencia insulínica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Genomics Axis, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Søndergaard E, Sørensen LP, Rahbek I, Gormsen LC, Christiansen JS, Nielsen S. Postprandial VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion is not suppressed in obese type 2 diabetic men. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2733-2740. [PMID: 22752024 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin resistance and increased post-absorptive secretion of VLDL-triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG). Whether postprandial suppression of endogenous VLDL-TAG secretion is abnormal--a finding that would link hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes--remains unclear. METHODS Eight type 2 diabetic men and eight healthy men were studied before and after a fat-free test meal (40% of resting energy expenditure). VLDL-TAG kinetics were assessed using a primed-constant infusion of ex vivo labelled [1-(14)C]triolein VLDL-TAG using non-steady-state calculations. RESULTS Type 2 diabetic men had a higher basal VLDL-TAG secretion rate and concentration than healthy men (mean ± SD secretion rate 137 ± 61 vs 78 ± 30 μmol/min, respectively [p = 0.03]; median concentration 1.03 [range 0.58-1.75] vs 0.33 [0.13-1.14] mmol/l, respectively [p < 0.01]). Postprandially, the VLDL-TAG secretion rate decreased in healthy men (p < 0.01), but remained unchanged in diabetic men (p = 0.47). The VLDL-TAG concentration increased in diabetic men and decreased in healthy men postprandially (p < 0.05). The difference in VLDL-TAG secretion rate between the two groups approached significance (p = 0.06) and the relative change in VLDL-TAG secretion rate was significantly different (p = 0.01) between the two groups. Basal VLDL-TAG clearance was significantly lower in diabetic men (diabetic men 133 [49-390] ml/min; healthy controls 215 [137-933] ml/min [p < 0.05]). After meal ingestion, clearance decreased in healthy men (p = 0.03), but was unchanged in diabetic men (p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Obese type 2 diabetic men have impaired postprandial suppression of VLDL-TAG secretion compared with lean healthy men, contributing to their postprandial lipaemia and hypertriacylglycerolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - L P Sørensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I Rahbek
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L C Gormsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J S Christiansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) are major substrates for hepatic VLDL-triglycerides (VLDL-TG) production. In addition, it is a common belief that VLDL-TG production is a substrate driven process primarily determined by systemic FFA delivery. This review summarizes recent research of our understanding of the regulation of VLDL-TG production. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that increasing FFA flux is not inevitably associated with increased VLDL-TG production. Exercise induced increase in FFA flux resulting in unchanged VLDL-TG production in lean patients as well as in obese patients with increased hepatic fat despite exercise reduced hepatic fat content. With respect to the other inseparable conditions of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, recent studies demonstrate that increased hepatic VLDL-TG production precedes the insulin resistance-associated impairment of the regulation of hepatic glucose production, whereas isolated chronic hyperinsulinemia (insulinoma) was not associated with increased VLDL-TG production. Insulin has been shown to have acute potent temporary suppressing effect on VLDL-TG production and new data demonstrates that increased glucagon reduces VLDL-TG production. Finally, recent studies indicate that sex hormones, oestrogen and testosterone, have no or very modest impact on VLDL-TG production. SUMMARY Regulation of hepatic VLDL-TG production involves interplay between systemic FFA delivery, hormonal, and nutritional factors that act in concert with hepatic fatty acid handling to regulate short-term and long-term VLDL-TG production. The results of recent studies underscore that our current understanding of these relationships is complex and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A strong positive correlation between plasma apolipoprotein (apo) C-III and triglyceride concentrations has been invariably observed in human and animal studies. The hypertriglyceridemic effect of apo C-III has been conventionally explained by its extracellular roles in inhibiting lipolysis catalysed by lipoprotein lipase and attenuating triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance through receptor-dependent and/or independent mechanisms. However, recent experimental evidence suggests that apo C-III may also play an intracellular role in promoting hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein production. RECENT FINDINGS Kinetic studies with humans and genetically modified mice have shown that apo C-III is linked with increased production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, such as very-low-density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1). Mutational studies on human apo C-III variants (originally identified in humans with hypotriglyceridemia or hyperalphalipoproteinemia) provide the structure-function analysis of human apo C-III, demonstrating that loss-of-function mutations within human apo C-III impair the assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich VLDL1 under lipid-rich conditions. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent experimental evidence for an intrahepatic role of human apo C-III in promoting mobilization and utilization of triglyceride during VLDL1 assembly/secretion. Understanding mechanisms by which hepatic apo C-III expression is regulated under insulin resistance and diabetic conditions will lead to better and more rational strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic hypertriglyceridemia that is closely related to premature atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Xiao C, Bandsma RHJ, Dash S, Szeto L, Lewis GF. Exenatide, a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist, Acutely Inhibits Intestinal Lipoprotein Production in Healthy Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1513-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.246207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus improve plasma lipid profiles and postprandial lipemia, but their exact mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we examined the acute effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, on intestinal and hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein production and clearance in healthy humans.
Methods and Results—
Fifteen normolipidemic, normoglycemic men underwent 2 studies each (SC 10 μg exenatide versus placebo), 4 to 6 weeks apart, in random order, in which triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle kinetics were examined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine and analyzed by multicompartmental modeling under pancreatic clamp conditions. A fed state was maintained during each study by infusing a high-fat, mixed macronutrient, liquid formula at a constant rate directly into the duodenum via a nasoduodenal tube. Exenatide significantly suppressed the plasma concentration and production rate of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-apolipoprotein B-48, but not of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-apolipoprotein B-100.
Conclusions—
These results suggest a possible direct effect of exenatide on intestinal lipoprotein particle production, independent of changes in weight gain and satiety as seen in long-term studies and independent of changes in gastric emptying. This finding expands our understanding of the effects of exenatide in metabolic regulation beyond its primary therapeutic role in regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
, NCT01056549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.X., S.D., L.S., G.F.L.); and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (R.H.J.B.)
| | - Robert H. J. Bandsma
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.X., S.D., L.S., G.F.L.); and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (R.H.J.B.)
| | - Satya Dash
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.X., S.D., L.S., G.F.L.); and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (R.H.J.B.)
| | - Linda Szeto
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.X., S.D., L.S., G.F.L.); and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (R.H.J.B.)
| | - Gary F. Lewis
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.X., S.D., L.S., G.F.L.); and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (R.H.J.B.)
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Adiels M, Matikainen N, Westerbacka J, Söderlund S, Larsson T, Olofsson SO, Borén J, Taskinen MR. Postprandial accumulation of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants is determined by the clearance capacity. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chaudhuri A, Rosenstock J, DiGenio A, Meneghini L, Hollander P, McGill JB, Dandona P, Ilgenfritz J, Riddle M. Comparing the effects of insulin glargine and thiazolidinediones on plasma lipids in type 2 diabetes: a patient-level pooled analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:258-67. [PMID: 22081557 PMCID: PMC3380564 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of dyslipidaemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes. This analysis compared the effects of insulin glargine versus thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on lipid profiles. METHODS Patient-level data were pooled from two randomized clinical studies. The population included 552 men and women aged >18 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months, on metformin and/or sulphonylurea, and with A(1C) ≥7.5% and <12.0% at screening. Lipid outcome measures included change from baseline in lipid levels [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids] and attainment of lipid goals for LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and triglycerides. RESULTS Both insulin glargine and TZDs improved lipid profiles from baseline values. Compared with TZDs, treatment with insulin glargine led to 7.9% greater reduction in LDL-C (p < 0.0003), 7.5% greater reduction in non-HDL-C (p < 0.0001), and 7.8% greater reduction in total cholesterol (p < 0.0001), whereas the HDL-C increase with TZD was 7.6% greater than that with insulin glargine (p < 0.0001). The percentage of patients attaining the lipid goals was comparable between insulin glargine and pioglitazone, but lower for rosiglitazone. Insulin glargine improved glycaemic control more than TZDs; however, insulin glargine caused more hypoglycaemia. Treatment with TZDs caused more weight gain and peripheral oedema. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the favourable effects of insulin glargine on plasma lipid profiles should be considered among the advantages of treatment with insulin glargine as they are for TZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Chaudhuri
- State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
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Nogueira JP, Maraninchi M, Béliard S, Padilla N, Duvillard L, Mancini J, Nicolay A, Xiao C, Vialettes B, Lewis GF, Valéro R. Absence of acute inhibitory effect of insulin on chylomicron production in type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1039-44. [PMID: 22308041 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.242073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overproduction of intestinally derived apoB-48-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) (chylomicrons) has recently been described in type 2 diabetes, as is known for hepatic TRL-apoB-100 (very-low-density lipoprotein) production. Furthermore, insulin acutely inhibits both intestinal and hepatic TRL production, whereas this acute inhibitory effect on very-low-density lipoprotein production is blunted in type 2 diabetes. It is not currently known whether this acute effect on chylomicron production is similarly blunted in humans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on TRL metabolism in 18 type 2 diabetic men using stable isotope methodology. Each subject underwent 1 control (saline infusion [SAL]) lipoprotein turnover study followed by a second study, under 1 of the 3 following clamp conditions: (1) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic, (2) hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic, or (3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic plus intralipid and heparin. TRL-apoB-48 and TRL-apoB-100 production and clearance rates were not different between SAL and clamp and between the different clamp conditions, except for significantly lower TRL-apoB-100 clearance and production rates in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic plus intralipid and heparin clamp compared with SAL. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration in individuals with type 2 diabetes that chylomicron production is resistant to the normal acute suppressive effect of insulin. This phenomenon may contribute to the highly prevalent dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetes and potentially to atherosclerosis. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00950209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Patricio Nogueira
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Abstract
To develop novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of dyslipoproteinaemia in humans. Lipoprotein metabolism is a complex system in which abnormal concentrations of various lipoprotein particles can result from alterations in their rates of production, conversion and/or catabolism. Traditional methods that measure plasma lipoprotein concentrations only provide static estimates of lipoprotein metabolism and hence limited mechanistic information. By contrast, the use of tracers labelled with stable isotopes and mathematical modelling provides a powerful tool for probing lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in vivo and furthering understanding of the pathogenesis of dyslipoproteinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Moon BC, Hernandez-Ono A, Stiles B, Wu H, Ginsberg HN. Apolipoprotein B secretion is regulated by hepatic triglyceride, and not insulin, in a model of increased hepatic insulin signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:236-46. [PMID: 22155452 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE States of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic steatosis are associated with increased secretion of triglycerides (TG) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), even though insulin targets apoB for degradation. We used hepatic-specific "phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10" (Pten) knockout (hPten-ko) mice, with increased hepatic insulin signaling, to determine the relative roles of insulin signaling and hepatic TG in regulating apoB secretion. METHODS AND RESULTS TG and apoB secretion was elevated in hPten-ko mice. When hepatic TG was reduced by inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1/diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 or sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, both TG secretion and apoB secretion fell without changes in hepatic insulin signaling. Acute reconstitution of hPten reduced hepatic TG content, and both TG and apoB secretion fell within 4 days despite decreased hepatic insulin signaling. Acute depletion of hepatic Pten by adenoviral introduction of Cre into Pten floxed mice caused steatosis within 4 days, and secretion of both TG and apoB increased despite increased hepatic insulin signaling. Even when steatosis after acute Pten depletion was prevented by pretreatment with SREBP-1c antisense oligonucleotides, apoB secretion was not reduced after 4 days. Ex vivo results were in primary hepatocytes were similar. CONCLUSIONS Either hepatic TG is the dominant regulator of apoB secretion or any inhibitory effects of hepatic insulin signaling on apoB secretion is very short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung C Moon
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, PH10-305, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Effects of insulin and other antihyperglycaemic agents on lipid profiles of patients with diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:869-79. [PMID: 21569185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased morbidity and mortality risk due to diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases is partly associated with hyperglycaemia as well as dyslipidaemia. Pharmacological treatment of diabetic hyperglycaemia involves the use of the older oral antidiabetic drugs [OADs: biguanides, sulphonylureas (SUs), α-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones], insulin (human and analogues) and/or incretin-based therapies (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors). Many of these agents have also been suggested to improve lipid profiles in patients with diabetes. These effects may have benefits on cardiovascular risk beyond glucose-lowering actions. This review discusses the effects of OADs, insulins and incretin-based therapies on lipid variables along with the possible mechanisms and clinical implications of these findings. The effects of intensive versus conventional antihyperglycaemic therapy on cardiovascular outcomes and lipid profiles are also discussed. A major conclusion of this review is that agents within the same class of OADs can have different effects on lipid variables and that contrary to the findings in experimental models, insulin has been shown to have beneficial effects on lipid variables in clinical trials. Further studies are needed to understand the precise effect and the mechanisms of these effects of insulin on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaudhuri
- SUNY at Buffalo/Kaleidahealth, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
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