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Mossanen JC, Schmidt M, Brücken A, Thommes M, Marx G, Sopka S. Short-time mentoring - enhancing female medical students' intentions toward surgical careers. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2024; 29:2347767. [PMID: 38696113 PMCID: PMC11067559 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2024.2347767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women pursuing a career in surgery or related disciplines are still in the minority, despite the fact that women compose at least half of the medical student population in most Western countries. Thus, recruiting and retaining female surgeons remains an important challenge to meet the need for surgeons and increase the quality of care. The participations were female medical students between their third and fifth academic year. In this study, we applied the well-established psychological theory of planned behavior (TPB) which suggests that the intention to perform a behavior (e.g. pursuing a career in surgery) is the most critical and immediate predictor of performing the behavior. We investigated whether a two-part short-mentoring seminar significantly increases students' intention to pursue a career in a surgical or related specialty after graduation. METHOD The mentoring and role-model seminar was conducted at 2 days for 90 minutes by six inspiring female role models with a remarkable career in surgical or related disciplines. Participants (N = 57) filled in an online survey before (T0) and after the seminar (T1). A pre-post comparison of central TPB concept attitude towards the behavior, 2) occupational self-efficacy and 3) social norm) was conducted using a paired sampled t-test. A follow-up survey was administered 12 months later (T2). RESULTS The mentoring seminar positively impacted female students' attitude towards a career in a surgical specialty. Female students reported a significantly increased positive attitude (p < .001) and significantly higher self-efficacy expectations (p < .001) towards a surgical career after participating in the mentoring seminar. Regarding their career intention after the seminar, female students declared a significantly higher intention to pursue a career in a surgical specialty after graduating (p < .001) and this effect seems to be sustainable after 1 year. CONCLUSION For the first time we could show that short-mentoring and demonstrating role models in a seminar surrounding has a significant impact on female medical student decision´s to pursue a career in a surgery speciality. This concept may be a practical and efficient concept to refine the gender disparity in surgery and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Mossanen
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- AIXTRA – Competence Center for Training and Patient Safety, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Brücken
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Thommes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- AIXTRA – Competence Center for Training and Patient Safety, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - G. Marx
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Sopka
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- AIXTRA – Competence Center for Training and Patient Safety, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Dube E, Trottier ME, Greyson D, MacDonald NE, Meyer SB, MacDonald SE, Driedger SM, Witteman HO, Ouakki M, Gagnon D. Use of narratives to enhance childhood vaccine acceptance: Results of an online experiment among Canadian parents. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2379093. [PMID: 39044701 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2379093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying effective interventions to promote children's vaccination acceptance is crucial for the health and wellbeing of communities. Many interventions can be implemented to increase parental awareness of the benefits of vaccination and positively influence their confidence in vaccines and vaccination services. One potential approach is using narratives as an intervention. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a narrative-based intervention on parents' attitudes and vaccination intentions. In a pre-post experiment, 2,000 parents of young children recruited from an online pan-Canadian panel were randomly exposed to one of the three videos presenting narratives to promote childhood vaccination or a control condition video about the importance and benefits of physical activity in children. Pre-post measures reveal a relatively modest but positive impact of the narratives on parents' attitudes and intention to vaccinate their child(ren). The results also suggest that narratives with more emotional content may be more effective in positively influencing vaccine attitudes than the more factual narrative. Using narratives to promote vaccination can positively influence parents' views and intentions toward childhood vaccines, but research is still required to identify the best components of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Dube
- Department of Anthropology, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Trottier
- Department of Biohazard, Quebec National Institute of Public Health, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Devon Greyson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noni E MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E MacDonald
- Faculty of Nursing, University, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Michelle Driedger
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Department of Family Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manale Ouakki
- Department of Biohazard, Quebec National Institute of Public Health, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Gagnon
- Department of Biohazard, Quebec National Institute of Public Health, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Li M, Devane D, Beecher C, Dowling M, Duffy AG, Duggan C, Grimes DR, Kennan A, Kilty C, Nsangi A, Oxman AD, Stewart DC, Toomey E, Tierney M. Prioritising Key Concepts for informed health choices in cancer: An evidence-based online educational programme. PEC INNOVATION 2024; 5:100311. [PMID: 39027229 PMCID: PMC11254741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective The overabundance of health misinformation has undermined people's capacity to make evidence-based, informed choices about their health. Using the Informed Health Choices (IHC) Key Concepts (KCs), we are developing a two-stage education programme, Informed Health Choices-Cancer (IHC-C), to provide those impacted by cancer with the knowledge and skills necessary to think critically about the reliability of health information and claims and make well-informed choices. Stage 1 seeks to prioritise the most relevant Key Concepts. Methods A project group and a patient and carer participation group completed a two-round prioritisation process. The process involved disseminating pre-reading materials, training sessions, and a structured judgement form to evaluate concepts for inclusion. Data from each round were analysed to reach a consensus on the concepts to include. Results Fourteen participants were recruited and completed the first-round prioritisation. Fifteen participants undertook the second-round prioritisation. Nine Key Concepts were selected for the programme across five training sessions and two consensus meetings. Conclusion The prioritised concepts identified represent the most pertinent aspects of cancer-related information for those impacted by the disease. By incorporating these concepts into educational materials and communication strategies, healthcare providers and organisations can potentially help cancer patients, survivors, and their loved ones to recognise and combat cancer-related misinformation more effectively. Innovation This study introduces a participatory prioritisation process, which integrates the expertise of healthcare professionals with the insights of patients and carers, thereby enhancing the programme's relevance and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Health Research Board - Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan Devane
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Health Research Board - Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Beecher
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Health Research Board - Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maura Dowling
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Austin G. Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Duggan
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Oncology, Portiuncula University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - David Robert Grimes
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of radiation therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Avril Kennan
- Health Research Charities Ireland (HRCI), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Allen Nsangi
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew D. Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derek C. Stewart
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elaine Toomey
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marie Tierney
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Health Research Board - Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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4
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Veerman LK, Fjermestad KW, Vatne TM, Sterkenburg PS, Derks SD, Brouwer-van Dijken AA, Willemen AM. Cultural applicability and desirability of 'Broodles': The first serious game intervention for siblings of children with disabilities. PEC INNOVATION 2024; 4:100277. [PMID: 38590338 PMCID: PMC11000116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Objective Serious games can serve as easily accessible interventions to support siblings of children with disabilities, who are at risk of developing mental health problems. The Dutch serious game 'Broodles' was developed for siblings aged 6-9 years. The current study aims to assess the cultural applicability, desirability, feasibility, and acceptability of 'Broodles' in Norway. Methods Norwegian siblings (N = 16) aged 6-13 years and parents (N = 12) of children with intellectual disabilities assessed the game. Their feedback data from interviews and questionnaires were sorted using a model of engagement factors in serious games. Results At pre-use, participants showed interest in the game, and after initial use the participants were overall positive about the format, content and objectives, including validation of emotions and recognition. The participants had suggestions for improved engagement and feasibility. Conclusion The game was found to be culturally applicable, desirable and acceptable, although Norwegian translation is necessary for further evaluation. Recommendations to enhance engagement were provided, including suggestions to play the game with parents or in a group. Innovation This initial assessment of the serious game Broodles in a non-Dutch setting shows promise for an innovative way of supporting siblings of children with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K.M. Veerman
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, LEARN!, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Krister W. Fjermestad
- University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Frambu Resource Center for Rare Disorders, Sandbakkveien 18, 1404, Siggerud, Norway
| | - Torun M. Vatne
- University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Frambu Resource Center for Rare Disorders, Sandbakkveien 18, 1404, Siggerud, Norway
| | - Paula S. Sterkenburg
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, LEARN!, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Bartiméus, Oude Arnhemse Bovenweg 3, 3941 XM, Doorn, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne D.M. Derks
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, LEARN!, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Agnes M. Willemen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, LEARN!, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Thürmer JL, Bamberg C, McCrea SM, Blechert J. Social impediments to meat-eaters' adherence to critical calls for a meat-free diet: An experimental test of social norm and message source effects. Appetite 2024; 200:107528. [PMID: 38815689 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Reducing meat consumption is highly effective for reducing personal carbon emissions, yet most people in Western nations still eat meat. We build on recent research highlighting that group boundaries may impede dietary change by (a) promoting pro-meat norms and (b) prohibiting critical calls for a veg* diet (vegetarian and vegan, i.e., meat-free). Past research relied on self-reports and behavioural measures of engagement, leaving open whether these effects extend to food consumption settings and ad-hoc meal choice. We conducted two pre-registered experiments in which meat-eaters read critical calls to adopt a veg* diet, either by a vegan (outgroup) or a meat-eater (ingroup). In Experiment 2, participants moreover read an article either highlighting a veg* or a meat-eating norm. We then assessed actual (Experiment 1) or hypothetical (Experiment 2) meal choice as dependent variables. As predicted, intergroup criticism (i.e., voiced by veg*s) consistently led to message rejection in comparison to the same criticism voiced by meat eaters, but we did not observe effects on meal choice. Norms neither had a main nor interaction effect on self-reports and behaviour. We discuss potential intermediary processes between engagement with and adoption of a vegan diet and derive evidence-based recommendations for constructive communication across group boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lukas Thürmer
- Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Austria; Private University Seeburg Castle, Austria.
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6
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Romano L, Russo C, Gladwin TE, Panno A. Adolescents and Young Adults' Participation in Pro-Environmental Movements: A Systematic Review. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:373-398. [PMID: 38373092 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2024.2316804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is a reality that can no longer be ignored, so much so that combating climate change and its impact is one of the main goals of the UN Agenda 2030. Youths, albeit the main victims of climate change, are often excluded from decision-making processes on sustainable actions. More and more young people are joining collective pro-environmental movements, raising their voices against the current inadequate sustainable policies and claiming to be the main actors of change. However, pro-environmental collective actions are often judged negatively by public opinion, diminishing their effectiveness and potentially impacting youth participation. In light of this, it is critical to understand the individual, contextual and relational aspects that lead young people to engage with these movements. The present study aimed to systematically review the existing literature on factors that might promote youth participation in pro-environmental movements. According to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a literature search of three databases (PsycINFO, ProQuest, and SCOPUS). Moreover, we deepened our research by focusing on two relevant theoretical models on collective actions, the Social Identity Model of Collective Action and the Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Action. After the screening and the eligibility phases, 11 articles (12 studies) were included. Most of the selected studies adopted a cross-sectional quantitative design. The results revealed individual and relational factors involved in promoting youths' involvement in pro-environmental movements. To the aim of deepening young people's pro-environmental activism, findings highlighted the need to consider personal and social drivers together. Limitations of the study, future directions, and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Romano
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Panno
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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7
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Anderson JR, de la Piedad Garcia X, Falomir-Pichastor JM, Kaufmann LM. Disentangling Gender-Based Attitudes from Sexuality-Based Attitude: The Person-Based Approach to Measuring Implicit Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbian Women. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2366-2399. [PMID: 37417767 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2233657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the person-based approach to measuring implicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women-this approach uses face stimuli rather than traditionally used symbols, and creates salient social categories through contextual variation techniques. Across 5 experiments using the Go/No Go Association Task (n = 364), we present evidence that the person-based approach can disentangle implicit gender-based attitudes from implicit sexuality-based attitudes, that these attitudes vary as a function of participant gender and sexuality, and that they are different to attitudes elicited by typically used stimuli. We demonstrate that implicit person-based gender attitudes toward straight and gay people are similar and are consistent with the literature (i.e. attitudes toward [lesbian] women are more positive than attitudes toward [gay] men). However, we reveal a reversed pattern of findings for person-based implicit sexuality attitudes (i.e. attitudes toward gay men are more positive than attitudes toward lesbian women). These findings suggest that the person-based approach uniquely captures nuanced implicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, raising important questions regarding previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Anderson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | | | - Leah M Kaufmann
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
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Mäkinen V, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Renvik TA, Liebkind K. Testing the Moderating Effect of Anti-Prejudice Motivation and Peer Attitudes on the Effectiveness of a School-Based Vicarious Contact Intervention. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1743-1756. [PMID: 38637463 PMCID: PMC11226504 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Vicarious contact has often been used for studying prejudice-reduction in school contexts due to its relatively accessible application through written or audiovisual portrayals of positive intergroup contact. However, these interventions may sometimes prove ineffective, thus restricting their ecological validity and independent use in education. To contribute to the understanding of factors that might facilitate or mitigate the efficacy of vicarious contact in reducing ethnic prejudice among adolescents, the present study tested for the moderating effect of anti-prejudice motivation and friends' outgroup attitudes. Participants were Finnish secondary school students (N = 334; M = 13.38 years, SD = 0.53; 48% female; 19% ethnic minority) allocated into cluster-randomized intervention (N = 149) and control (N = 185) groups. Participants in the intervention group took part in 4 × 45-min teacher-led intervention sessions. A pretest-posttest design was employed to assess the outgroup attitudes three weeks before the intervention and the follow-up two weeks after. The results showed that adolescents' intrinsic, but not extrinsic, anti-prejudice motivation and the pre-intervention attitudes of their reciprocal classroom friends positively predicted post-intervention attitudes towards people from different ethnic and cultural groups. However, only extrinsic motivation moderated the intervention effect as the results indicated the intervention to have a detrimental effect on outgroup attitudes among adolescents with less motivation to be non-prejudiced in order to gain social acceptance. This attitudinal backlash among adolescents less susceptible to the social influence of others implies that motivational aspects should not be overlooked when developing school-based intervention programs, especially when social norms are used as a mechanism of attitude change.
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Langheit S, Poulin F. Links Between Best-Friendship Quality and Well-Being From Early Emerging Adulthood to Early Established Adulthood. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2024; 12:539-552. [PMID: 38934010 PMCID: PMC11196206 DOI: 10.1177/21676968241248877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether the links between features of best-friendship quality (intimacy, reliable alliance, conflict) and well-being indicators (self-esteem, loneliness) change from early emerging adulthood to early established adulthood. The moderating effect of gender and investment in romantic life on these links was examined as well. For the purpose, 346 individuals (58% women) completed questionnaires at age 20 and again at age 30. Multilevel analysis were performed for each well-being indicators separately. The results showed reliable alliance to be associated with both well-being indicators, and intimacy to be associated with loneliness. Age moderated the effect of intimacy on self-esteem, whereas investment in romantic life moderated the effect of reliable alliance. Finally, triple interactions emerged between conflict, gender and age in their associations with self-esteem and loneliness, underscoring particularities for men. These results underscore the most influential features of friendship quality for well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Langheit
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - François Poulin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Guenther CL, Zhang Y, Sedikides C. The Authentic Self Is the Self-Enhancing Self: A Self-Enhancement Framework of Authenticity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1182-1196. [PMID: 37002664 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Authenticity refers to behaving in a manner that aligns with one's true self. The true self, though, is positive. From a self-enhancement standpoint, people exaggerate their strengths and overlook their shortcomings, forming positively-distorted views of themselves. We propose a self-enhancement framework of authenticity, advocating a reciprocal relation between the two constructs. Trait self-enhancement was associated with higher trait authenticity (Study 1), and day-to-day fluctuations in self-enhancement predicted corresponding variations in state authenticity (Study 2). Furthermore, manipulating self-enhancement elevated state authenticity (Studies 3-4), which was associated with meaning in life (Study 4), and manipulating authenticity augmented self-enhancement, which was associated with meaning in life and thriving (Study 5). The authentic self is largely the self-enhancing self.
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Giner-Sorolla R, Montoya AK, Reifman A, Carpenter T, Lewis NA, Aberson CL, Bostyn DH, Conrique BG, Ng BW, Schoemann AM, Soderberg C. Power to Detect What? Considerations for Planning and Evaluating Sample Size. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:276-301. [PMID: 38345247 PMCID: PMC11193916 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241228328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In the wake of the replication crisis, social and personality psychologists have increased attention to power analysis and the adequacy of sample sizes. In this article, we analyze current controversies in this area, including choosing effect sizes, why and whether power analyses should be conducted on already-collected data, how to mitigate the negative effects of sample size criteria on specific kinds of research, and which power criterion to use. For novel research questions, we advocate that researchers base sample sizes on effects that are likely to be cost-effective for other people to implement (in applied settings) or to study (in basic research settings), given the limitations of interest-based minimums or field-wide effect sizes. We discuss two alternatives to power analysis, precision analysis and sequential analysis, and end with recommendations for improving the practices of researchers, reviewers, and journal editors in social-personality psychology. PUBLIC ABSTRACT Recently, social-personality psychology has been criticized for basing some of its conclusions on studies with low numbers of participants. As a result, power analysis, a mathematical way to ensure that a study has enough participants to reliably "detect" a given size of psychological effect, has become popular. This article describes power analysis and discusses some controversies about it, including how researchers should derive assumptions about effect size, and how the requirements of power analysis can be applied without harming research on hard-to-reach and marginalized communities. For novel research questions, we advocate that researchers base sample sizes on effects that are likely to be cost-effective for other people to implement (in applied settings) or to study (in basic research settings). We discuss two alternatives to power analysis, precision analysis and sequential analysis, and end with recommendations for improving the practices of researchers, reviewers, and journal editors in social-personality psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neil A. Lewis
- Cornell University & Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Silverstein P, Pennington CR, Branney P, O'Connor DB, Lawlor E, O'Brien E, Lynott D. A registered report survey of open research practices in psychology departments in the UK and Ireland. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:497-534. [PMID: 38520079 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Open research practices seek to enhance the transparency and reproducibility of research. While there is evidence of increased uptake in these practices, such as study preregistration and open data, facilitated by new infrastructure and policies, little research has assessed general uptake of such practices across psychology university researchers. The current study estimates psychologists' level of engagement in open research practices across universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland, while also assessing possible explanatory factors that may impact their engagement. Data were collected from 602 psychology researchers in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the extent to which they have implemented various practices (e.g., use of preprints, preregistration, open data, open materials). Here we present the summarized descriptive results, as well as considering differences between various categories of researcher (e.g., career stage, subdiscipline, methodology), and examining the relationship between researcher's practices and their self-reported capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM-B) to engage in open research practices. Results show that while there is considerable variability in engagement of open research practices, differences across career stage and subdiscipline of psychology are small by comparison. We observed consistent differences according to respondent's research methodology and based on the presence of institutional support for open research. COM-B dimensions were collectively significant predictors of engagement in open research, with automatic motivation emerging as a consistently strong predictor. We discuss these findings, outline some of the challenges experienced in this study, and offer suggestions and recommendations for future research. Estimating the prevalence of responsible research practices is important to assess sustained behaviour change in research reform, tailor educational training initiatives, and to understand potential factors that might impact engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Silverstein
- Psychology Department, Ashland University, Ashland, OR, USA
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Branney
- School of Social Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Emma Lawlor
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Emer O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Dermot Lynott
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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Lefringhausen K. Validation of the Revised Multicultural Ideology Scale (MCI-r) in the UK. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:2005-2027. [PMID: 36423697 PMCID: PMC11191659 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221142002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
As worldwide migration continues to grow, valid and reliable instruments are needed to assess the psychological processes that influence the successful management of intercultural relations in different sociopolitical contexts. In this study, we test whether the original Multicultural Ideology Scale (MCI) required a revision to remain 'fit for purpose' in the current culturally plural context of the UK (MCI-r). Specifically, six subscales are proposed to underlie the construct of a multicultural ideology: Cultural Maintenance, Equity/Inclusion, Social interaction, Essentialistic Boundaries, Extent of Differences, and Consequences of Diversity. With data from 300 UK nationals, we tested the psychometric properties of the MCI-r using various confirmatory factor analysis techniques to estimate the scale's factor structure followed by convergent and discriminant validity tests. The results indicated that a 4-factor solution (Cultural Maintenance, Equity/Inclusion, Social interaction, and Consequences of Diversity) fitted the data best. All four subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency as well as convergent and discriminant validity. All four subscales were also negatively correlated with a right-wing political orientation, whilst especially Social Interaction and Consequences of Diversity were positively associated with intergroup contact frequency across domains (work, family and friends and/or acquaintances). Finally, UK participants with personal migratory experiences reported a stronger belief in positive consequences of multiculturalism and more support for Social Interactions between members of different ethnic groups. Overall, findings provide first insights into the applicability of the MCI-r as a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of multiculturalism within the present UK context.
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Raison H, Harris RV. Does the Self-Reported Behavioural Automaticity Index provide a valid measure of toothbrushing behaviour in adults? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:381-388. [PMID: 37971078 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies to promote regular toothbrushing usually rely on self-reports of toothbrushing frequency (SRF). However, toothbrushing frequency measures may be open to responder bias since twice-daily toothbrushing is a commonly accepted social norm. The validity of SRF measures is unclear, meaning that their use as outcomes in interventional work may be flawed. The study's aim was to compare two different self-reported toothbrushing measures: SRF and the Self-Reported Behavioural Automaticity Index (SRBAI); with measurement of observed toothbrushing frequency tracked over 6 weeks. A secondary aim was to explore the interaction effect of various moderators (age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), sex, self-efficacy, participant personality and routine preference) upon the correlation between SRBAI and observed toothbrushing frequency. METHODS One hundred and sixty-four adults were recruited via a number of different community groups and workplaces outside the dental setting. After consent, participants completed a questionnaire which collected demographic and participant characteristics measures (age, ethnicity, SES, sex, self-efficacy, participant personality and routine preference) and self-reported toothbrushing habits. Participants then attached a 'Brushlink' device to their toothbrush for 6 weeks to track their observed toothbrushing frequency. RESULTS Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, a moderately strong positive linear association (r = 0.65) between SRBAI and observed toothbrushing frequency was found. By comparison, the correlation between SRF and observed toothbrushing frequency was weak (r = 0.39). There was a weak positive association between self-reported behaviour frequency and SRBAI score (r = 0.35). Using multivariable linear regression, no statistically significant interactional effect was demonstrated for any moderator variable upon the correlation coefficient of SRBAI and observed toothbrushing frequency. CONCLUSIONS The SRBAI provided a stronger association with observed toothbrushing frequency than the SRF measure. A moderately strong relationship between SRBAI and observed toothbrushing frequency was found, compared to a weak positive relationship between self-reported behaviour frequency and SRBAI score. This suggests that the SRBAI score could be a suitable proxy to measure observed toothbrushing behaviour and preferable to SRF in interventional work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Raison
- Dental Public Health, Institute of Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca V Harris
- Dental Public Health, Institute of Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Gale J, Yogeeswaran K. Perceiving multiple truths: Does dialectical thinking harmonize colourblind and multicultural ideals? Br J Psychol 2024; 115:454-471. [PMID: 38240692 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Multicultural and colourblind approaches to managing diversity are often conceptualized to be antagonistic. However, in principle, both have underlying motives for social justice, making it important to understand how they may be psychologically reconciled. In the present research, we examined dialectical thinking as an individual characteristic or condition under which people may endorse them in a conciliatory way. Across five studies (three pre-registered; N = 1899), using well-established materials that have measured and experimentally manipulated dialectical thinking, we found that individual differences in dialectical thinking were a replicable factor that moderated the relationship between colourblind and multicultural ideals. By contrast, situational priming of dialectical thinking did not reliably impact this relationship. Therefore, people with a greater propensity to view issues from multiple perspectives and to reconcile seemingly contradictory information appear more likely to take a harmonized approach to endorsing colourblind and multicultural ideals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gale
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Chaney KE, Chasteen AL. Do Beliefs That Older Adults Are Inflexible Serve as a Barrier to Racial Equality? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1151-1166. [PMID: 36999678 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Past research has demonstrated that older adults are stereotyped as less malleable than young adults. Moreover, beliefs that people are less malleable are associated with lower confrontations of prejudice, as perpetrators are seen as less capable of changing their (prejudiced) behavior. The present research sought to integrate these lines of research to demonstrate that endorsement of ageist beliefs that older adults are less malleable will lead to a lower confrontation of anti-Black prejudice espoused by older adults. Across four experimental studies (N = 1,573), people were less likely to confront anti-Black prejudice espoused by an 82-year-old compared with a 62-, 42-, or 20-year-old, due, in part, to beliefs that older adults are less malleable. Further exploration demonstrated that malleability beliefs about older adults were held across young, middle-aged, and older adult samples. These findings demonstrate how stereotypes about older adults can impede racial equality.
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17
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Obaidi M, Bergh R, Akrami N, Dovidio JF. The personality of violent Jihadists: Examining violent and nonviolent defense of Muslims. J Pers 2024; 92:1172-1192. [PMID: 37650306 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although violent extremism is often attributed to clinical (dysfunctional) dispositions, it is also possible that violent Jihadists might be clinically "normal" but bear certain personality signatures. This alternative view has yet to be tested. METHOD In six studies, employing hard-to-reach Muslim samples, including one study of former Mujahideen, we investigated the relationship between basic personality traits and violent extremism. We further used a known group paradigm to validate the personality signatures of violent extremism, comparing a sample of former Mujahideen with another sample from Afghanistan. RESULTS These studies and an internal meta-analysis revealed that Lower Openness to Experience, lower Emotionality, and lower Altruism were associated with more violent intentions to support Muslims. Higher Altruism was associated with higher levels of nonviolent intention to support Muslims. Supporting the validity of the nonviolent intention measure, similar associations were found in Study 3 with overt behavioral support of Muslims (donations). More important, compared to the nonMujahideen, the Mujahideen sample scored lower on average on, for instance, Openness, indicating that these results go beyond self-reported, findings. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that personality predicts violent and nonviolent defense of Muslims among four general populations of Muslims living in the West and in Asia (including the Middle East), and a sample of Mujahideen in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obaidi
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Research on Extremism, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nazar Akrami
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John F Dovidio
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
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McLaughlin KJ, Khanna M, Allison PJ, Glogauer M, McNally ME, Quiñonez C, Rock L, Siqueira W, Madathil SA. Investigating the perceptions and experiences of Canadian dentists on dental regulatory bodies' communications and guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:462-468. [PMID: 38189594 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental regulatory bodies aim to ensure the health and safety of dentists, dental staff patients and the public. An important responsibility during a pandemic is to communicate risk and guidelines for patient care. Limited data exist on the perceptions and experiences of dentists navigating new guidelines for mitigating risk in dental care during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to use a qualitative approach to explore how dentists in Canada experienced and perceived their regulatory bodies' communication about COVID-19 risks and guidelines during the pandemic. METHODS Participants were Canadian dentists (N = 644) recruited through the email roster of nine provincial dental associations or regulatory bodies. This qualitative analysis was nested within a prospective longitudinal cohort study in which data were collected using online questionnaires at regular intervals from August 2020 to November 2021. To address the objective reported in this paper, a conventional qualitative content analysis method was applied to responses to three open-ended questions included in the final questionnaire. RESULTS Participants encountered challenges and frustrations amid the COVID-19 pandemic, grappling with diverse regulations and communications from dental bodies. While some bodies offered helpful guidance, many participants felt the need for improved communication on guidelines. Dentists urged for expedited, clearer and more frequent updates, expressing difficulty in navigating overwhelming information. Negative views emerged on the vague and unclear communication of COVID-19 guidelines, contributing to confusion and frustration among participants. CONCLUSION As COVID-19 persists and in planning for future pandemics, these experiential findings will help guide regulatory bodies in providing clear, timely and practical guidelines to protect the health and safety of dentists, dental staff, patients and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehak Khanna
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul J Allison
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary E McNally
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carlos Quiñonez
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigha Rock
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Walter Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sreenath A Madathil
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hanel PHP, Tunç H, Bhasin D, Litzellachner LF, Maio GR. Value fulfillment and well-being: Clarifying directions over time. J Pers 2024; 92:1037-1049. [PMID: 37501351 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate for the first time in a 9-day diary study whether fulfilling one's values predicts well-being or whether well-being predicts value fulfillment over time. BACKGROUND The empirical associations between the importance of human values to individuals and their well-being are typically weak and inconsistent. More recently, value fulfillment (i.e., acting in line with one's values) has shown to be more strongly correlated with well-being. METHOD The present research goes beyond past research by integrating work from clinical, personality, and social psychology to model associations between value fulfillment and positive and negative aspects of well-being over time. RESULTS Across a nine-day diary study involving 1434 observations (N = 184), we found that people who were able to fulfill their self-direction values reported more positive well-being on the next day, and those who fulfilled their hedonism values reported less negative well-being on the next day. Conversely, people who reported more positive well-being were more able to fulfill their achievement, stimulation, and self-direction values on the next day, and those who reported more negative well-being were less able to fulfill their achievement values. Importantly, these effects were consistent across three countries/regions (EU/UK, India, Türkiye), the importance people attributed to values, period of the week, and their prestudy well-being. CONCLUSION These results help to understand the fundamental interconnections between values and well-being while also having relevance to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Hamdullah Tunç
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Divija Bhasin
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- The Friendly Couch, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Using the frameworks of creativity as problem solving and Integrated Constraints in Creativity (IConIC), this article develops the proposal that creativity is best understood in terms of a cycle of constraint exploration and exploitation. This general thesis, which applies to varied domains and levels of creativity, is supported by three specific proposals about the role of constraints in creativity, each of which is developed and illustrated with examples. First, constraints provide the criteria for the evaluation of creative outcomes, which can vary as a function of the emphasis on novel usefulness or useful novelty. Second, constraints are critical in each step of the creative process: problem finding, problem construction, and problem solving. Third, constraints play a key role in both open-ended and closed-ended creative problems. These arguments are supported by specific predictions, concerning: (a) task differences in whether novelty or usefulness are emphasized more; (b) individual differences in the processing of constraints (some may favor flexible constraint exploration, while others may favor persistent constraint exploitation), which I hypothesize also correlate with (c) engagement in different types of creative problem-solving (more open-ended, of the sort encountered in art, vs. more closed-ended, of the sort encountered in science, business, and engineering).
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21
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Teheux L, Kuijer-Siebelink W, Bus LL, Draaisma JMT, Coolen EHAJ, van der Velden JAEM. Unravelling underlying processes in intraprofessional workplace learning in residency. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:939-951. [PMID: 37990961 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To deliver high-quality collaborative care, residents need to be trained across the boundaries of their medical specialty (intraprofessional learning). The current literature does not provide insights into the underlying processes that influence intraprofessional learning. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning in residency training, by exploring everyday intraprofessional interactions experienced by residents, with the ultimate objective of improving collaborative practice. METHOD We conducted a focused ethnography using field observations and in-depth interviews with residents at an academic children's hospital in the Netherlands. In 2022, nine residents from four different medical specialties were shadowed and/or interviewed. In total, >120 hours of observation and 10 interviews were conducted. Data collection and analysis were conducted iteratively and discussed in a research team with diverse perspectives, as well as with a sounding board group of stakeholders. RESULTS Residents were involved in numerous intraprofessional interactions as part of their daily work. We identified three themes that shed light on the underlying processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning: (1) residents' agency, (2) ingroups and outgroups and (3) communication about intraprofessional collaboration. CONCLUSIONS Collaborative practice offers many intraprofessional learning opportunities but does not automatically result in learning from, with and about other specialties to improve intraprofessional collaborative care. Overarching the identified themes, we emphasise the pivotal role of the resident-supervisor dyad in facilitating residents' engagement in the learning opportunities of complex intraprofessional care. Furthermore, we propose that promoting deliberate practice and shared responsibility in collaborative care are crucial to better prepare residents for their roles and responsibilities in delivering high-quality collaborative patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Teheux
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kuijer-Siebelink
- Department of Research on Learning and Education, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Health Academy, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- School of Education, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte L Bus
- School of Education, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos M T Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ester H A J Coolen
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janiëlle A E M van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Lundqvist C, Schary DP, Jacobsson J, Korhonen L, Timpka T. Aligning categories of mental health conditions with intervention types in high-performance sports: A narrative cornerstone review and classification framework. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:525-531. [PMID: 38796375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that psychiatric disorders are as prevalent amongst high-performance athletes as in general populations, challenging the myth of invulnerability. Despite efforts of sport organisations to highlight the significance of athletes' mental health, it is still many times tough to combine the sport performance ethos with a discourse on mental health. This narrative cornerstone review examines challenges related to definitions and classifications of athlete mental health in high-performance sports and how these influence assessments and the implementation of interventions. We discuss challenges with concept creep and psychiatrisation and outline their consequences for sport healthcare professionals. Based on this, we present a framework that aligns different categories of athlete mental health conditions (from the reduction of wellbeing to psychiatric disorders) with intervention types (from the provision of supporting environments to pharmacotherapy). We conclude that researchers and sport practitioners need to carefully consider conceptual creep and the risk of pathologising normal and healthy, albeit emotionally aversive, reactions to athlete lifeworld events when assessing athlete mental health. A clear separation of terminology denoting the athlete's resources to handle the lifeworld (including salutogenic factors) and terms describing psychiatric conditions and their management is necessary to avoid misguidance in intervention planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden; Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | - David P Schary
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Performance, Winthrop University, USA. https://twitter.com/DrDavidSchary
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden; Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, Sweden
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23
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Jolley D, Shepherd L, Maughan A. The fear factor: examining the impact of fear on vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39051863 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2381235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs can reduce vaccine intentions, longitudinal research shows that vaccine hesitancy can increase conspiracy beliefs. In three experiments (N = 949), we examined the effect of fear about a vaccine on vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. METHOD AND MEASURES In Studies 1a (N = 221) and 1b (N = 508), participants were exposed to high fear (vs low fear) about a (fictional) vaccine before reporting vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. In Study 2, all participants were exposed to high fear before being asked to think about not getting vaccinated (vs vaccinated) against the (fictional) disease. Participants then reported their vaccine hesitancy, anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs, and closeness to others who distrust official narratives. RESULTS In Studies 1a and 1b, exposure to high fear (vs low fear) increased vaccine hesitancy, which was positively correlated with anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. The reverse model's effect was either smaller (Study 1a) or non-significant (Study 1b). In Study 2, fear and not wanting to vaccinate resulted in vaccine hesitancy, which then predicted anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs and feeling closer to those distrusting official narratives. CONCLUSION Therefore, fear creates a response not to get vaccinated. A conspiracy belief may then justify this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jolley
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Shepherd
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maughan
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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24
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Hutchings RJ, Morgan I, Sherman JW, Todd AR. Intergroup evaluative bias in facial representations of immigrants and citizens in the United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306872. [PMID: 39046931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We used a reverse-correlation image-classification paradigm to visualize facial representations of immigrants and citizens in the United States. Visualizations of immigrants' faces were judged by independent raters as less trustworthy and less competent and were more likely to be categorized as a non-White race/ethnicity than were visualizations of citizens' faces. Additionally, image generators' personal characteristics (e.g., implicit and explicit evaluations of immigrants, nativity status) did not reliably track with independent judges' ratings of image generators' representations of immigrants. These findings suggest that anti-immigrant sentiment and racial/ethnic assumptions characterize facial representations of immigrants in the United States, even among people who harbor positivity toward immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Hutchings
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Imani Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W Sherman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew R Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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25
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Yang Y, Zhong B, Zhang W, Fan W. The impact of social comparison on self-deception: An event-related potentials study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01203-x. [PMID: 39042281 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Self-deception refers to an individual holding inflated beliefs about their abilities, and it plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision-making. The present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to explore the neural responses to the impacts of social comparison direction and comparison gap on self-deceptive behavior. They were instructed to predict their performance in the forward-looking paradigm. Behavioral responses and neural reactions during the decision-making process were documented. The behavioral results indicated that, in contrast to the downward comparison condition, participants engaged in upward comparison exhibited more occurrences of self-deception. However, within the context of upward comparison, participants demonstrated a higher frequency of self-deception in the large gap condition compared with the small gap condition. The ERP results showed that induced self-deception under conditions with a large comparative gap between participants and their paired counterparts stimulated larger P300 and smaller N400 amplitude than under conditions with a small gap. However, when participants were in the upward comparison situation, the late positive potential (LPP) amplitude induced by self-deception behavior in the condition of a large comparison gap between participants and paired opponents was larger than that in the condition of a small comparison gap. These results indicated that individuals in the large gap group feel strong unfairness and negative emotions. More importantly, the self-deception induced by the large gap group in the upward comparison situation used fewer cognitive resources than the small gap condition, whereas the individuals in the downward comparison situation did not show the difference in cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lu Shan Road, Yue Lu Dist, Changsha, 410081, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bowei Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lu Shan Road, Yue Lu Dist, Changsha, 410081, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
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26
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Eckardt D, Helion C, Schmidt H, Chen J, Murty VP. Storytelling changes the content and perceived value of event memories. Cognition 2024; 251:105884. [PMID: 39047582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Memories are not only stored for personal recall, but also to communicate knowledge to others in service of adaptive decision-making. Prior research shows that goals to share information can change which content is communicated in memory as well as the linguistic style embedded in this communication. Yet, little is known as to how communication-related alterations in memory narration drive differences of value processing in listeners. Here, we test how memory communication alters multi-featural recall for complex events and the downstream consequence on value estimations in naïve listeners. Participants recalled a memory of playing an exploratory videogame at a 24-h delay under instructions to either share (i.e., social condition) or recall (i.e., control condition) their memory. Sharing goals systematically altered the content and linguistic style of recall, such that narrators from the social condition were biased towards recall of non-episodic details and communicated their memories with more clout, less formality, and less authenticity. Across two independent samples of naïve listeners, these features differentially influenced value estimations of the video game. We found that greater clout was associated with greater enjoyment while listening to memories (hedonic value), and that greater inclusion of non-episodic details resulted in greater willingness to purchase the video game (motivational drive). These findings indicate that sharing an experience as a story can change the content and linguistic tone of memory recall, which in turn shape perceived value in naïve listeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devlin Eckardt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Helen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Janice Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97043, United States of America.
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Chou SY, Chang T, Lakshman S. From Good Citizens to Bad Apples? The Effect of Boredom Proneness: A Moral Licensing Perspective. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241265958. [PMID: 39041202 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241265958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Although boredom proneness has been well-studied, there is still an ongoing scholarly debate about whether boredom can move individuals to act counterproductively or productively. Drawing from a moral licensing perspective, this study empirically investigates how boredom proneness influences interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB), moral meaningfulness, and interpersonal deviance over time. Utilizing a total of 328 three-wave panel data obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk during a three-month period, we find the following results. First, individuals with a higher initial level of boredom proneness demonstrate a higher initial level of ICB. Second, as boredom proneness increases at a faster rate, ICB increases at a faster rate over time. Third, individuals with a higher initial level of ICB report a higher initial level of moral meaningfulness. Finally, individuals with a higher initial level of moral meaningfulness exhibit a higher initial level of interpersonal deviance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Yung Chou
- Management, Marketing, & MIS, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tree Chang
- Department of Accounting and Information Systems, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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28
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Ganschow B, Zebel S, van Gelder JL, Cornet LJM. Feeling connected but dissimilar to one's future self reduces the intention-behavior gap. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305815. [PMID: 39042617 PMCID: PMC11265703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intention-behavior gap is a common phenomenon where people fail to follow through on their intentions to change their behavior and pursue their future goals. Previous research has shown that people are more likely to act in favor of their future selves when they feel similar/connected to their future self and can vividly describe them. This study compared an imagination exercise with an integrated imagination and exposure exercise using virtual reality (VR) to embody age-morphed future selves to an imagination only exercise. We expected that strengthening the similarity/connectedness and the vividness of the future self would reduce the intention-behavior gap, and exposure to the future self would have the greatest effect. Surprisingly, the results showed that strengthening connectedness reduced the intention-behavior gap, but strengthening similarity increased the gap. Additionally, the exercises were equally effective in reducing the intention-behavior gap. These findings suggest that both feeling connected to and recognizing dissimilarity to one's future self play different roles in future-oriented behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ganschow
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sven Zebel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Private Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis van Gelder
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security, and Law, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Liza J. M. Cornet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
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29
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Solanki P, Cesario J. Stereotypes as Bayesian prediction of social groups. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39042626 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2368017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A stereotype is a generalization about a class of people which is often used to make probabilistic predictions about individuals within that class. Can stereotypes can be understood as conditional probabilities that distinguish among groups in ways that follow Bayesian posterior prediction? For instance, the stereotype of Germans as industrious can be understood as the conditional probability of someone being industrious given that they are German. Whether such representations follow Bayes' rule was tested in a replication and extension of past work. Across three studies (N = 2,652), we found that people's judgments of different social categories were appropriately Bayesian, in that their direct posterior predictions were aligned with what Bayes' rule suggests they should be. Moreover, across social categories, traits with a high calculated diagnostic ratio generally distinguished stereotypic from non-stereotypic traits. The effects of cognitive ability, political orientation, and motivated stereotyping were also explored.
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30
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Fousiani K, Van Prooijen JW. The link between EU identification and responses to a war between non-EU countries over time. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39034432 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is portrayed as a "normative power" that promotes democracy. How does identifying with the EU identity predict citizens' responses to a war between two non-EU countries, where one (Ukraine) appears as the victim (i.e., a nation suffering significant harm as a result of military aggression by another country) and the other (Russia) as the aggressor (i.e., a nation initiating military aggression against another country)? This study tested two contrasting, yet not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Based on the underlying idea that Ukraine is perceived to share similar (European) values while Russia is perceived to deviate from these values, the "humanitarian influence of the EU identity hypothesis" hypothesized that identification with the EU identity predicts increased support for the victim group (Ukraine) and condemnation of the aggressor group over time. Based on the "protective effect of EU identity hypothesis," however, a reverse temporal order was also hypothesized. We conducted a two two-wave study among Greek participants. Our findings provided full support for the first hypothesis and partial support for the second hypothesis. Identification with EU identity predicts increasingly stronger opposition to an intergroup conflict between non-EU countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Fousiani
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Van Prooijen
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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31
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Chen Y, Liu S, Hao Y, Zhao Q, Ren J, Piao Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Jin C, Wang H, Zhou X, Gao JH, Zhang X, Wei Z. Higher emotional synchronization is modulated by relationship quality in romantic relationships and not in close friendships. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120733. [PMID: 39033788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotions are fundamental to social interaction and deeply intertwined with interpersonal dynamics, especially in romantic relationships. Although the neural basis of interaction processes in romance has been widely explored, the underlying emotions and the connection between relationship quality and neural synchronization remain less understood. Our study employed EEG hyperscanning during a non-interactive video-watching paradigm to compare the emotional coordination between romantic couples and close friends. Couples showed significantly greater behavioral and prefrontal alpha synchronization than friends. Notably, couples with low relationship quality required heightened neural synchronization to maintain robust behavioral synchronization. Further support vector machine analysis underscores the crucial role of prefrontal activity in differentiating couples from friends. In summary, our research addresses gaps concerning how intrinsic emotions linked to relationship quality influence neural and behavioral synchronization by investigating a natural non-interactive context, thereby advancing our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying emotional coordination in romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Chen
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yaru Hao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiecheng Ren
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yi Piao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Liuyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yunping Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chenggong Jin
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hangwei Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Application Technology Center of Physical Therapy to Brain Disorders, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive Science Center, Hefei 230071, China; Business School, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China.
| | - Zhengde Wei
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior- Ministry of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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32
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Walker M, Stephan E. The effect of approach and avoidance motivation on self-perception. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104391. [PMID: 39029398 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work addresses the link between motivation and self-perception by systematically studying visual self-representations. We propose that the way individuals perceive themselves may be associated with dispositional and situationally induced approach and avoidance motivation. First, we investigate how dispositional differences in approach/avoidance motivation and self-esteem relate to self-perception. Second, we investigate how state differences in approach/avoidance motivation relate to self-perception. Based on motivation literature, we predicted that self-perception would reflect psychological equanimity at the dispositional level (seeing the self in a favorable light), and motivational flexibility at the situational level (situational avoidance motivation results in a more realistic view of one's qualities). We use up-to-date face modeling methods to measure individuals' self-perceptions in a systematic, nuanced, and implicit way: Participants are repeatedly asked to indicate which of two portrait versions better represents themselves. Then we relate distortions in self-perceptions to agency and communion dimensions. We demonstrate that (1) participants low in self-esteem show more communion enhancement than participants high in self-esteem; (2) participants in an avoidance state show less agency enhancement (i.e., more realistic self-perceptions) than participants in an approach state. This research is first to demonstrate regularities in visual self-perception that are linked to approach and avoidance motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Walker
- University of Teacher Education Lucerne, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Romão Â, Correia I. Dehumanization and Minimization of Informal Caregivers Suffering: The Legitimizing Role of Justice Perceptions. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 27:e17. [PMID: 39023175 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2024.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Informal caregivers, who provide unpaid care work to individuals with disabilities, are devalued despite their important contributions to society. Identifying the factors contributing to their devaluation is crucial for recognizing and valuing their work. In two experimental studies, we examined (a) whether informal caregivers are dehumanized; (b) the moderating impact of belief in a just world (BJW) on this process; and (c) the predictive impact of BJW and the dehumanization of informal caregivers on the perception of informal caregivers' suffering. In Study 1 (N = 180), a 2 (informal caregiver vs. non-caregiver) X 2 (female vs. male) between-participants design was used; in Study 2 (N = 205), there were two experimental conditions: female informal caregiver vs. male informal caregiver. Participants were randomly assigned to one description of a target and were asked to complete measures assessing the dehumanization of the target (Studies 1 and 2), the perception of the suffering of the target (Study 2), and a measure of BJW referring to themselves (Study 2). Results showed the expected dehumanization effect, such that participants attributed fewer uniquely human emotions to informal caregivers compared to non-caregivers, regardless of their gender (Studies 1 and 2). However, this effect was observed only among participants with higher BJW (Study 2). Furthermore, BJW and the dehumanization of informal caregivers predicted the minimization of the perception of informal caregivers' suffering (Study 2). These results establish a theoretical relationship between these research areas and offer insights for practical implications and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Romão
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), Portugal
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34
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Oliveira M, Brands J, Mashudi J, Liefooghe B, Hortensius R. Perceptions of artificial intelligence system's aptitude to judge morality and competence amidst the rise of Chatbots. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 39019988 PMCID: PMC11255178 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines how humans judge the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate human attributes, specifically focusing on two key dimensions of human social evaluation: morality and competence. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of exposure to advanced Large Language Models on these perceptions. In three studies (combined N = 200), we tested the hypothesis that people will find it less plausible that AI is capable of judging the morality conveyed by a behavior compared to judging its competence. Participants estimated the plausibility of AI origin for a set of written impressions of positive and negative behaviors related to morality and competence. Studies 1 and 3 supported our hypothesis that people would be more inclined to attribute AI origin to competence-related impressions compared to morality-related ones. In Study 2, we found this effect only for impressions of positive behaviors. Additional exploratory analyses clarified that the differentiation between the AI origin of competence and morality judgments persisted throughout the first half year after the public launch of popular AI chatbot (i.e., ChatGPT) and could not be explained by participants' general attitudes toward AI, or the actual source of the impressions (i.e., AI or human). These findings suggest an enduring belief that AI is less adept at assessing the morality compared to the competence of human behavior, even as AI capabilities continued to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oliveira
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justus Brands
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Mashudi
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baptist Liefooghe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Hortensius
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Nardi-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Prada A, Delgado-Álvarez C, Bosh-Fiol E, Vázquez-González LI, Ferrer-Pérez VA. Willingness to help women victims of intimate partner violence in a Spanish context: Differential factors, interactions and predictors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307274. [PMID: 39024226 PMCID: PMC11257282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This article presents two cross-sectional studies that group the most relevant (and potential) factors contemplated in the bystander literature on Intimate Partner Violence Against Women, (IPVAW). We analyzed their relationship with the intention to respond to hypothetical scenarios with specific helping behaviors based on the witnesses' gender, political ideology and on the bystander effect (study 1). We also studied them as predictors of helping behaviors (study 2). In total, 1,563 Spanish people participated in study 1 and 755 Spanish people in study 2. Participants had to study an IPVAW vignette (with a single bystander or multiple bystanders) and a control scenario (a robbery with a woman as victim or a man) and assess the perceived severity of the situation, the perceived responsibility of the victim and the aggressor(s), the personal perceived responsibility of the bystander and the intention to perform 8 helping behaviors. They also fulfilled a social desirability scale (study 1 and 2), the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence and the Scale on Gender Ideology (study 2). Women tend to assess the IPVAW scenario in a way that favors displaying active helping behaviors to a greater extent than men. An individual's political opinion has also shown to affect the assessment and, to a lesser extent, the intention to help an IPVAW victim. The bystander effect only takes place when negative attitudes are present. When analyzing the interaction between the type of violence (gender versus non-gender-based violence) and the above-mentioned variables, the results tend to confirm previous studies. Regarding the predictors of the helping behaviors, perceived personal responsibility is key, together with victim blaming attitudes or the perceived severity of the situation. This study expands the knowledge on bystander behaviors in IPVAW contexts and offers elements to work on awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esperanza Bosh-Fiol
- Psychology Department, University of Balearic Island, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Acar YG, Coşkan C, Sandal-Önal E, Reicher S. 'Not a party to this crime': The reciprocal constitution of identity and morality by signatories of the Academics for Peace petition in Turkey. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016464 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine how social identity, moral obligation and the relationship between the two shaped support for the 2016 Academics for Peace petition in Turkey. We examine the pre-trial statements of nine defendants charged for signing the petition and appearing in court on the same day in December 2018. We first conduct an inductive thematic analysis on one statement, and then, using the themes from this analysis, we conducted a deductive thematic analysis on the remaining eight statements. In line with the existing studies, we find considerable evidence that social identity and moral obligation are invoked as key reasons for signing in this highly repressive context. However, rather than these being separate factors, the two are reciprocally constitutive. That is, social identities define moral obligations and, at the same time, enacting moral obligations defines identity (both the position of the individual in the group and the nature of the group in the world). In discussion, we consider the broader implications of a moralized view of social identities for our understanding of both collective action and social identity processes more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Gülsüm Acar
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Canan Coşkan
- Independent Researcher, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Elif Sandal-Önal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Nejati V, Sharifian M, Famininejad Z, Salehinejad M, Mahdian S. The neural structures of theory of mind are valence-sensitive: evidence from three tDCS studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02808-9. [PMID: 39017736 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Several cortical structures are involved in theory of mind (ToM), including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the right temporo- parietal junction (rTPJ). We investigated the role of these regions in mind reading with respect to the valence of mental states. Sixty-five healthy adult participants were recruited and received transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (1.5 mA, 20 min) with one week interval in three separate studies. The stimulation conditions were anodal tDCS over the dlPFC coupled with cathodal tDCS over the vmPFC, reversed stimulation conditions, and sham in the first study, and anodal tDCS over the vmPFC, or dlPFC, and sham stimulation, with an extracranial return electrode in the second and third study. During stimulation, participants underwent the reading mind from eyes/voice tests (RMET or RMVT) in each stimulation condition. Anodal left dlPFC/cathodal right vmPFC stimulation increased the accuracy of negative mental state attributions, anodal rTPJ decreased the accuracy of negative and neutral mental state attributions, and decreased the reaction time of positive mental state attributions. Our results imply that the neural correlates of ToM are valence-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Sharifian
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shahab Mahdian
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Salvador Casara BG, Lucarini A, Knowles ED, Suitner C. Unveiling gender inequality in the US: Testing validity of a state-level measure of gender inequality and its relationship with feminist online collective action on Twitter. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306121. [PMID: 39018269 PMCID: PMC11253932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gender Inequality Index is a country-level measure of gender inequality based on women's levels of reproductive health, social and political empowerment, and labor-market representation. In two studies, we tested the validity of the GII-S, a state-level measure of gender inequality in the USA. In Study 1, the GII-S was associated with objective and subjective measures of wellness among women, including life satisfaction, financial well-being, and perceptions of safety. GII-S was not associated with the Gini coefficient, a well-established measure of economic inequality, suggesting that gender and economic disparities represent distinct aspects of social inequality. Study 2 tested the link between GII-S scores and collective action-specifically, participation in the #MeToo movement promoting awareness of sexual harassment and violence against women. Analysis of geo-localized messages on the Twitter social media platform reveals that higher GII-S scores were associated with fewer tweets containing the #MeToo hashtag. Moreover, GII-S was associated with state-level political orientation: the more conservative a state, the higher its level of gender inequality. Results are discussed in terms of possible socio-cognitive processes underpinning the association between gender inequality and sensitivity to violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Lucarini
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Eric D. Knowles
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Caterina Suitner
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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39
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Yıldırım F, Çakır Z, Özdemir S, Yılmazlı Trout İ, Bayramoğlu A, Ekinci O, Belli SA, Yarbaşı İY, Mutlu M, Akın R, Yaşar B, Yıldırım SK, Kaşdarma E, Yılmazcan B. Perceptions of patients and their relatives about schadenfreude towards doctors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32983. [PMID: 39027543 PMCID: PMC11255570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Violence in healthcare is a global issue that healthcare professionals experience. The concerning increase in violent incidents in Turkiye particularly makes it a significant problem to explore by examining the underlying psychological factors. In this sense, this study focuses on the concept of Schadenfreude, the malicious joy of someone else's misfortune, towards doctors, which is an under-researched topic in healthcare violence. Particularly, there is a lack of research on patients' and relatives' perceptions of doctors. Objective This study aims to determine the level of schadenfreude in Turkish society towards the violence experienced by doctors and to develop a model revealing the underlying causes. Methods Using a convenience sampling method, we recruited 402 participants, who are not first-degree relatives of healthcare professionals, for this quantitative study. For data collection, we developed a survey instrument to measure the level of schadenfreude and six different psychological factors including empathy, sympathy, anger, aggression, and deservingness. For data analysis, we used structural equation modeling. Results The results showed that the lower the levels of empathy and sympathy towards doctors were, the higher the levels of both schadenfreude and aggression were. Envy had no significant effect on either schadenfreude or aggression, while deservingness directly affected aggression. The perceptions of participants regarding doctors that they deserve violence increased their aggression levels. Schadenfreude had a positive and significant effect on anger and aggression. Implications The examination of underlying factors of violence towards doctors points to a lack of mutual understanding between patients and doctors. The results of this study indicate a need for increasing empathy towards health professionals by creating societal awareness of their experiences. Local authorities and healthcare organizations can create environments that bring together the public and health professionals to share their experiences with each other or conduct campaigns to draw public attention to the issue. Moreover, training sessions on effective communication can be offered for health professionals to help improve patient-doctor relationships and healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yıldırım
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Çakır
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Özdemir
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İnci Yılmazlı Trout
- Dreeben School of Education, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Atıf Bayramoğlu
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Ekinci
- Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serap Atasever Belli
- Dept. of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı
- Dept. of Econometrics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Mutlu
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Akın
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Burcu Yaşar
- Dept. of Commercial Law, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seda Kayapalı Yıldırım
- Dept. of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Kaşdarma
- Dept. of Psychology, Social Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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40
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Xue X, Ma H, Zhao YC, Zhu Q, Song S. Mitigating the influence of message features on health misinformation sharing intention in social media: Experimental evidence for accuracy-nudge intervention. Soc Sci Med 2024; 356:117136. [PMID: 39047519 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The escalating dissemination of health misinformation on social media platforms poses a significant threat to users' well-being. It is imperative to identify the types of health misinformation that are more susceptible to widespread dissemination and to explore strategies to curb its spread. METHOD This study designed a 2 (emotional appeal type: positive vs. negative) × 2 (fabricated source type: pseudo-common vs. pseudo-authoritative) × 2 (accuracy-nudge label: No vs. Yes) online between-subjects experiment controlling for factors such as e-health literacy, prior sharing experience, and personal involvement. A snowball sampling approach was used to recruit 1952 participants through social media, resulting in a final sample of 1393 valid responses. RESULTS Compared to positive emotional appeal and pseudo-common sources, negative emotional appeal and pseudo-authoritative sources resulted in higher levels of sharing intention. Under the condition of negative emotional appeal, the promotion effect of pseudo-authoritative sources on sharing intention was intensified. The accuracy-nudge intervention could significantly mitigate this tendency. The underlying mechanisms revealed more details: both negative emotional appeals and pseudo-authoritative sources increased the perceived credibility of health misinformation, thereby increasing users' sharing intention. However, in contrast to pseudo-authoritative sources, excessive negative emotional appeal induced vigilant verification behavior among users, which reduced sharing to some extent. Adding an accuracy-nudge label to health misinformation reduced users' misguided trust in health misinformation features and stimulated information verification, ultimately reducing health misinformation sharing intention. CONCLUSIONS Negative emotional appeal and pseudo-authoritative sources can enhance the perceived credibility of health misinformation, thereby strengthening the sharing intention of social media users. Therefore, health misinformation with negative emotional appeal and pseudo-authoritative sources is more likely to be widely shared. The accuracy nudge intervention can trigger users' information verification behavior, suppress the persuasive effects of the misinformation features mentioned above, and help prevent the spread of health misinformation on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiyun Ma
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuxiang Chris Zhao
- School of Information Management, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhu
- School of Information Management, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shijie Song
- Business School, Hohai University, 211100, Nanjing, China; School of Information Management, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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41
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Pryde S, Kemps E, Prichard I. "You started working out to get a flat stomach and a fat a$$": A content analysis of fitspiration videos on TikTok. Body Image 2024; 51:101769. [PMID: 39013285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fitspiration presents idealised bodies to viewers, emphasising a fit ideal to women and a muscular ideal to men. Previous content analyses have focused on images from Instagram, with research yet to examine video content on TikTok or verify the accuracy of the diet and exercise information posted by fitness influencers. This content analysis examined 200 videos from popular TikTok fitspiration hashtags (fitness, fitspo, gymtok, fittok). Two independent coders used a standardised codebook containing definitions and examples for coding. Overall, 78 % of videos showed only women, and 10 % of videos showed only men. Videos of women included both fit and thin idealised bodies, whole body and specific body part objectification, harmful themes, and promoted appearance-related reasons for exercise more frequently than videos containing men. Videos of men included muscular idealised bodies and objectification through face obscurity (excluding the face from view) more frequently than videos of women. Most videos were posted by fitness influencers, and 60 % of videos presented incorrect or harmful information. Findings suggest that fitspiration TikTok content contains characteristics known to negatively impact body image and highlights gendered differences in content themes. Further investigation is required on the promotion of appearance reasons to exercise, and the credibility of information and content creators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pryde
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
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Collins T, Zhu E, Rateau P. The neural representation of stereotype content. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16324. [PMID: 39009697 PMCID: PMC11251044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Judgments about social groups are characterized by their position in a representational space defined by two axes, warmth and competence. We examined serial dependence (SD) in evaluations of warmth and competence while measuring participants' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, as a means to address the independence between these two psychological axes. SD is the attraction of perceptual reports towards things seen in the recent past and has recently been intensely investigated in vision. SD occurs at multiple levels of visual processing, from basic features to meaningful objects. The current study aims to (1) measure whether SD occurs between non-visual objects, in particular social groups and (2) uncover the neural correlates of social group evaluation and SD using EEG. Participants' judgments about social groups such as "nurses" or "accountants" were serially dependent, but only when the two successive groups were close in representational space. The pattern of results argues in favor of a non-separability between the two axes, because groups nearby on one dimension but far on the other were not subject to SD, even though that other dimension was irrelevant to the task at hand. Using representational similarity analysis, we found a brain signature that differentiated social groups as a function of their position in the representational space. Our results thus argue that SD may be a ubiquitous cognitive phenomenon, that social evaluations are serially dependent, and that reproducible neural signatures of social evaluations can be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Collins
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Emilie Zhu
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Rateau
- Laboratoire Epsylon (EA 4556), Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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Yuan H, Li D, Yang F, Zhang Z. Impact of corrupt admission on the mental health of Chinese adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16263. [PMID: 39009655 PMCID: PMC11251018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Through preferential treatment by education officials or through bribery, some adolescents can obtain admission to a junior high school. However, it is unclear whether it affects the mental health of adolescents. This study used Propensity Score Matching to examine the effects of corruption on adolescent mental health. A total of 17,254 junior high school students sample (11-18 years old; 48.7% girls and 53.1% boys) were used from the China Education Panel Survey. 14.1% of adolescents attended a junior high school by corrupt means, corruption had a significantly negative effect on the mental health of these adolescents (ATT = -0.388, p < 0.01), the reasons grounded in the fact that they received more criticisms from teachers and wanted to leave their current school. In general, corruption in the admissions process can have detrimental effects on the mental health of adolescents. This study extends the previous articles on how to improve adolescent mental health and complements the application of cognitive dissonance theory. Findings from this study revealed that anti-corruption in the education sector is necessary, and the institutional design to ensure fair enrolment in basic education will contribute to the mental health of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yuan
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Xukou Middle School, Qingming Road, Suzhou, 215164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiran Yang
- School of Marx, Jianghan University, Sanjiaohu Street, Wuhan, 430056, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Kim S, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G. Expectations Versus Fantasies and Vaccine Hesitancy: How Suffering From COVID-19 Versus Suffering From Vaccines Interact. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:563-577. [PMID: 38944699 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on COVID-19 vaccination highlights future thoughts associated with possible Coronavirus infection and vaccine side effects as key predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Yet, research has focused on independent contributions of such future thoughts, neglecting their interactive aspects. PURPOSE We examined whether thoughts about two possible COVID-related futures (suffering from COVID-19 and vaccine side effects) interactively predict vaccine hesitancy and vaccination behavior among unvaccinated and vaccinated people. Importantly, we compared two forms of future thinking: beliefs or expectations (likelihood judgments) versus fantasies (free thoughts and images describing future events). METHODS In Study 1, we conducted a longitudinal study with an unvaccinated group (N = 210). We assessed expectations versus fantasies about the two COVID-related futures as predictors. As outcome variables, we measured vaccine hesitancy, and 9 weeks later we assessed information seeking and vaccine uptake. Study 2 was a cross-sectional study comparing vaccine hesitancy of an unvaccinated group (N = 307) to that of a vaccinated group (N = 311). RESULTS Study 1 found that more negative fantasies about COVID-19 impact and less negative fantasies about vaccine side effects interactively predicted lower vaccine hesitancy and more vaccine-related behaviors among unvaccinated people; no such interaction was observed between respective expectations. Study 2 replicated these results of Study 1. Additionally, for vaccinated people, low expectations of negative COVID-19 impact and high expectations of negative vaccine impact interactively predicted higher vaccine hesitancy, whereas no such interaction was observed for respective fantasies. CONCLUSIONS Research on vaccine hesitancy should explore interactions between future thinking about disease and about vaccine side effects. Importantly, there is much to be gained by distinguishing expectations versus fantasies: vaccination interventions aiming to boost vaccine uptake among unvaccinated people should tap into their negative future fantasies regarding both disease and vaccine side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunYoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany
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45
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Yip L, Thomas EF, Bliuc AM, Boza M, Kende A, Lizzio-Wilson M, Reese G, Smith LGE. Motivations to engage in collective action: A latent profile analysis of refugee supporters. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38979945 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
What motivates people to participate in collective action? Some actions such as symbolic or online actions are often critiqued as performative allyship, motivated by personal gain rather than genuine concern for the cause. We aim to adjudicate this argument by examining the quality of motivations for acting, drawing on the insights of self-determination theory and the social identity approach. Using latent profile analysis, we examined whether there are different types of supporters of refugees based on their underlying motives. In Study 1, we surveyed supporters of Syrian refugees from six nations (N = 936) and measured autonomous and controlled motivation, pro-refugee identification and collective action. In Study 2 (N = 1994), we surveyed supporters of Ukrainian refugees in Romania, Hungary and the UK. We found 4-5 profiles in each sample and consistently found that supporters with high autonomous motivation take more action than disengaged or ambivalent supporters (low/neutral on all motives). However, contrary to the tenets of self-determination theory, those high in both autonomous and controlled motives were the most engaged. We conclude that the most committed supporters are those with multiple motives, but further research is needed on the role of controlled motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Yip
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma F Thomas
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Anna Kende
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gerhard Reese
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern and Landau, Germany
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Maxwell C, Selvanathan HP, Hames S, Crimston CR, Jetten J. A mixed-methods approach to understand victimization discourses by opposing feminist sub-groups on social media. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38967403 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Opposing social movements are groups that have conflicting objectives on a shared social justice issue. To maximize the probability of their movement's success, groups can strategically portray their group in a favourable manner while discrediting their opposition. One such approach involves the construction of victimization discourses. In this research, we combined topic modelling and critical discursive psychology to explore how opposing groups within the feminist movement used victimization as a lens to understand their movements in relation to transgender women. We compiled a dataset of over 40,000 tweets from 14 UK-based feminist accounts that included transgender women as women (the pro-inclusion group) and 13 accounts, that excluded transgender women (the anti-inclusion group). Our results revealed differences in how victimization was employed by the opposing movements: pro-inclusion groups drew on repertoires that created a sense of shared victimhood between cisgender women and transgender women, while anti-inclusion groups invoked a competitive victimhood repertoire. Both groups also challenged and delegitimised their oppositions' constructions of feminism and victimhood. These findings add to our understanding of the communication strategies used by opposing movements to achieve their mobilization goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Hames
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlie R Crimston
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Skelton J, Templeton A, Dang Guay J, MacInnes L, Clegg G. Developing and evaluating a brief, socially primed video intervention to enable bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomised control trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297598. [PMID: 38968194 PMCID: PMC11226058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 30,000 people experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom annually, with only 7-8% of patients surviving. One of the most effective methods of improving survival outcomes is bystander intervention in the form of calling the emergency services and initiating chest compressions. Additionally, the public must feel empowered to act and use this knowledge in an emergency. This study aimed to evaluate an ultra-brief CPR familiarisation video that uses empowering social priming language to frame CPR as a norm in Scotland. METHODS In a randomised control trial, participants (n = 86) were assigned to view an ultra-brief CPR video intervention or a traditional long-form CPR video intervention. Following completion of a pre-intervention questionnaire examining demographic variables and prior CPR knowledge, participants completed an emergency services-led resuscitation simulation in a portable simulation suite using a CPR manikin that measures resuscitation quality. Participants then completed questionnaires examining social identity and attitudes towards performing CPR. RESULTS During the simulated resuscitation, the ultra-brief intervention group's cumulative time spent performing chest compressions was significantly higher than that observed in the long-form intervention group. The long-form intervention group's average compressions per minute rate was significantly higher than the ultra-brief intervention group, however both scores fell within a clinically acceptable range. No other differences were observed in CPR quality. Regarding the social identity measures, participants in the ultra-brief condition had greater feelings of expected emergency support from other Scottish people when compared to long-form intervention participants. There were no significant group differences in attitudes towards performing CPR. CONCLUSIONS Socially primed, ultra-brief CPR interventions hold promise as a method of equipping the public with basic resuscitation skills and empowering the viewer to intervene in an emergency. These interventions may be an effective avenue for equipping at-risk groups with resuscitation skills and for supplementing traditional resuscitation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Skelton
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Templeton
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dang Guay
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa MacInnes
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Clegg
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Scottish Ambulance Service, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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48
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Paruzel-Czachura M, Workman CI, El Toukhy N, Chatterjee A. First impressions: Do faces with scars and palsies influence warmth, competence and humanization? Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38963684 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A glance is enough to assign psychological attributes to others. Attractiveness is associated with positive attributes ('beauty-is-good' stereotype). Here, we raise the question of a similar but negative bias. Are people with facial anomalies associated with negative personal characteristics? We hypothesized that biases against faces with anomalies arise because of negative stereotypes (less warmth and competence) and forms of dehumanization (animalistic and mechanistic). We enrolled 1493 mTurk participants (N = 1306 after exclusion) to assess 31 traits of photographed people using 60 pairs of photographs of the same person before and after plastic surgery. Half anomalous faces had a scar and the other half had a palsy. To calculate warmth and competence, we conducted a principal components analysis of the 31 attributes. Animalistic dehumanization was assessed by averaging reverse-scored ratings corresponding to moral sensibility and rationality/logic, and mechanistic dehumanization by averaging across reverse-scored ratings corresponding to emotional responsiveness and interpersonal warmth. We found that both kinds of anomalous faces were seen as less warm, competent and were dehumanized. Our findings suggest that an 'anomalous-is-bad' stereotype generalizes regardless of the aetiology of the anomaly. This effect may be related to a reverse halo effect, that is, the horn effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Clifford I Workman
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Noha El Toukhy
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anjan Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lim D, Poulin MJ, Shaffer-Morrison CD, Ministero LM, Silver RC. Investigating the role of adversity and benevolence beliefs in predicting prosociality. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38962876 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Does experiencing adversity engender kindness, and if so, for whom? Two studies tested the hypothesis that adversity predicts increased pro-social outcomes, and that this relationship is strongest for individuals who view others as good and trustworthy, or benevolent. METHOD In Study 1, a cross-sectional survey design was utilized, and in Study 2 a longitudinal survey was conducted. RESULTS In Study 1 (N = 359), the number of lifetime adverse life events was associated with increased volunteering, empathic concern, and self-reported altruism. The association of adversity and altruism was stronger for those with greater benevolence beliefs. In Study 2 (N = 1157), benevolence beliefs were assessed, and in subsequent years, adverse life events were reported. The number of past-year adverse life events predicted more volunteering and charitable involvement, but only among people with high benevolence beliefs. CONCLUSION Exposure to adversity may be associated with increased pro-social behavior among those with higher benevolence beliefs. In part, this could be due to benevolence beliefs increasing the expectation that one's efforts will be appreciated and reciprocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lim
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Poulin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, Program in Public Health, and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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50
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Anchors ZG, Moore LJ, Burnard SD, Bressington CA, Moreton AE, Arnold R. A mixed-methods stress audit with midwives in the United Kingdom. Women Birth 2024; 37:101639. [PMID: 38968701 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2024.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM UK midwives report high work-related stress, which can negatively impact their health and wellbeing, with many considering leaving the profession. BACKGROUND An occupational stress audit guides the implementation of stress management intervention, by identifying which stressors have the most negative impact and why, and highlighting "at risk" groups. AIM To conduct a concurrent mixed-methods stress audit with UK midwives in an NHS Trust. METHODS Seventy-one midwives (Mage= 39 years, SD = 11) completed a survey assessing stressors (e.g., relationships), stress appraisals (i.e., challenge vs. threat), coping strategies (e.g., avoidance-focused), and outcomes (i.e., mental health, performance, and intention to leave). Ten midwives (Mage = 42 years, SD = 10) participated in semi-structured interviews. FINDINGS Quantitative data revealed that more work-related demands, poorer peer support and relationships, and threat appraisals predicted worse mental health. Moreover, less control and more work-related demands predicted poorer performance, while less control, poorer manager support, more change-related demands, and threat appraisals predicted greater intention to leave. Qualitative data generated three themes: organisational pressures exacerbated by unexpected changes; individualised responses but largely debilitative emotions; and personal coping and power of social support. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study offered a comprehensive and novel insight into the stress experiences of UK midwives, highlighting targets for future stress management interventions, including key stressors (e.g., manager support), underlying mechanisms (e.g., stress appraisals), and "at-risk" groups (e.g., night shift workers). Practical recommendations are provided for stakeholders operating at multiple levels (e.g., midwife, trust, policy) to better support midwives with work-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe G Anchors
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, BS16 1DD, UK.
| | - Lee J Moore
- Department for Health, Claverton Down, University of Bath, Bath, England BA2 7PB, UK
| | - Sara D Burnard
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Combe Park Bath, England BA1 3NG, UK
| | | | - Annette E Moreton
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Combe Park Bath, England BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Rachel Arnold
- Department for Health, Claverton Down, University of Bath, Bath, England BA2 7PB, UK
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