451
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Frati G, Schirone L, Chimenti I, Yee D, Biondi-Zoccai G, Volpe M, Sciarretta S. An overview of the inflammatory signalling mechanisms in the myocardium underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:378-388. [PMID: 28395009 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a highly morbid and mortal clinical condition that represents the last stage of most cardiovascular disorders. Diabetes is strongly associated with an increased incidence of heart failure and directly promotes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis. These changes, in turn, contribute to the development of ventricular dysfunction. The clinical condition associated with the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities induced by diabetes is termed diabetic cardiomyopathy. Myocardial inflammation has recently emerged as a pathophysiological process contributing to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction in cardiac diseases. Myocardial inflammation is also implicated in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Several molecular mechanisms link diabetes to myocardial inflammation. The NF-κB signalling pathway and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are strongly activated in the diabetic heart, thereby promoting myocardial inflammation. Advanced glycation end-products and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules also represent strong triggers for inflammation. The mediators resulting from this inflammatory process modulate specific intracellular signalling mechanisms in cardiac cells that promote the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review article will provide an overview of the signalling molecular mechanisms linking diabetic cardiomyopathy to myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy
| | - Derek Yee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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452
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Zinman B, Skyler JS, Riddle MC, Ferrannini E. Diabetes Research and Care Through the Ages. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1302-1313. [PMID: 28931706 DOI: 10.2337/dci17-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As has been well established, the Diabetes Care journal's most visible signature event is the Diabetes Care Symposium held each year during the American Diabetes Association's Scientific Sessions. Held this past year on 10 June 2017 in San Diego, California, at the 77th Scientific Sessions, this event has become one of the most attended sessions during the Scientific Sessions. Each year, in order to continue to have the symposium generate interest, we revise the format and content of this event. For this past year, our 6th annual symposium, I felt it was time to provide a comprehensive overview of our efforts in diabetes care to determine, first and foremost, how we arrived at our current state of management. I also felt the narrative needed to include the current status of management, especially with a focus toward cardiovascular disease, and finally, we wanted to ask what the future holds. Toward this goal, I asked four of the most noted experts in the world to provide their opinion on this topic. The symposium started with a very thoughtful presentation by Dr. Jay Skyler entitled "A Look Back as to How We Got Here." That was followed by two lectures on current concepts by Dr. Bernard Zinman entitled "Current Treatment Paradigms Today-How Well Are We Doing?" and by Dr. Matthew Riddle entitled "Evolving Concepts and Future Directions for Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials." The final lecture for the symposium was delivered by Dr. Ele Ferrannini and was entitled "What Does the Future Hold?" As always, a well-attended and well-received symposium is now the norm for our signature event and our efforts were rewarded by the enthusiasm of the attendees. This narrative summarizes the lectures held at the symposium.-William T. CefaluChief Scientific, Medical & Mission Officer, American Diabetes Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Matthew C Riddle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, and the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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453
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Association between plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions and metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12003. [PMID: 28931896 PMCID: PMC5607275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the risk factors associated to metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension shows the highest prevalence in Italy. We investigated the relationship between the newly identified serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) fractions, b- s- m- f-GGT, and risk factors associated to MetS in hypertensive patients. A total of ninety-five consecutive hypertensive patients were enrolled. GGT fractions were analysed by gel-filtration chromatography, and hepatic steatosis was evaluated by ultrasound. MetS was diagnosed in 36% of patients. Considering the whole group, b- and f-GGT showed the highest positive correlation with BMI, glucose, triglycerides and insulin, and the highest negative correlation with HDL cholesterol. While both serum triglycerides and insulin were independently associated with b-GGT levels, only triglycerides were independently associated with f-GGT. The values of b-GGT activity increased with steatosis grade (g0 = 1.19; g2 = 3.29; ratio g2/g0 = 2.75, p < 0.0001 linear trend). Patients with MetS showed higher levels of b-GGT, m-GGT and f-GGT [median (25th-75th) U/L: 3.19 (1.50-6.59); 0.55 (0.26-0.81); 10.3 (9.1-13.6); respectively] as compared to subjects presenting with one or two MetS criteria [1.75 (0.95-2.85), p < 0.001; 0.33 (0.19-0.60), p < 0.05; 8.8 (7.0-10.6), p < 0.001]. Our data point to a potential role for b- and f-GGT fractions in identifying MetS patients among hypertensive subjects, thus providing a minimally invasive blood-based tool for MetS diagnosis.
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454
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Abstract
Chronic plaque psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that is strongly associated with the clinical features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), including abdominal obesity, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The strength of these associations has been repeatedly confirmed by several observational studies. In particular, the prevalence of MetS in patients with psoriasis ranges from 20% to 50%, with a risk of having MetS is at least double in psoriatic patients compared with nonpsoriatic control individuals. MetS is also more common in patients with severe psoriasis than in those with mild skin disease. Emerging evidence now suggests that psoriasis and MetS share multiple metabolic risk factors, genetic background, and pathogenic pathways. The association between psoriasis and MetS has important clinical implications. Systemic conventional treatments should be used with caution in psoriatic patients with MetS, because they could adversely affect the coexisting metabolic disorders, especially in the case of their chronic use. Biologics appear to have a different safety profile compared with conventional treatments, and so they are usually tolerated. Collectively, dermatologists should pay close attention to the early recognition of coexisting metabolic disorders and give appropriate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic (hypocaloric diet and regular exercise) recommendations to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gisondi
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Chiara Fostini
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Irene Fossà
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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455
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Ayina CNA, Endomba FTA, Mandengue SH, Noubiap JJN, Ngoa LSE, Boudou P, Gautier JF, Mbanya JC, Sobngwi E. Association of the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio with metabolic syndrome in a sub-Saharan African population. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:66. [PMID: 28878827 PMCID: PMC5584041 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide there is an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome mainly due to life-style modifications, and Africans are not saved of this situation. Many markers have been studied to predict the risk of this syndrome but the most used are leptin and adiponectin. Data on these metabolic markers are scare in Africa and this study aimed to assess the association between the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) with metabolic syndrome in a Cameroonian population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that included 476 adults among a general population of Cameroon. Data collected concerned the body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, plasma lipids, adiponectin, leptin, insulin and homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). To assess correlations we used Spearman's analyses and association of the studied variables with metabolic syndrome were done using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The leptin to adiponectin ratio was significantly and positively correlated with the body mass index (r = 0.669, p < 0.0001), waist circumference (r = 0.595, p < 0.0001), triglycerides (r = 0.190, p = 0.001), insulin levels (r = 0.333, p < 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.306, p < 0.0001). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that leptin, adiponectin and LAR were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome with respective unadjusted OR of 1.429, 0.468 and 1.502. After adjustment, for age and sex, the associations remained significative; LAR was also found to be significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.573, p value =0.000) as well as lower levels of adiponectin (OR = 0.359, p value =0.000) and higher levels of leptin (OR = 1.469, p value =0.001). CONCLUSION This study revealed that LAR is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan African population, independently to age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Noël A. Ayina
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Francky Teddy A. Endomba
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurent Serge Etoundi Ngoa
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Teacher’s Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Boudou
- Department of Hormonal Biology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Public Assistance -Paris Hospitals, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisiere Hospital, Public Assistance – Paris Hospitals, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Obesity Center, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eugene Sobngwi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Obesity Center, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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456
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Silventoinen K, Gouveia É, Jelenkovic A, Maia J, Antunes AM, Pinheiro de Carvalho MAA, Brehm AM, Thomis M, Lefevre J, Kaprio J, Freitas D. The Genetic Background of Metabolic Trait Clusters in Children and Adolescents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:329-336. [PMID: 28727943 DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karri Silventoinen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Élvio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Jelenkovic
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - José Maia
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. Antunes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - António M. Brehm
- Human Genetics Laboratory, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Lefevre
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Duarte Freitas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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457
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Han FF, Lv YL, Gong LL, Liu H, Wan ZR, Liu LH. VDR Gene variation and insulin resistance related diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:157. [PMID: 28822353 PMCID: PMC5563043 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D status may influence the risk of Insulin resistance related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Several studies have assessed vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism in relationship with these diseases; however, results remain inconsistent. Our study was conducted to elucidate whether VDR Gene polymorphisms could predict insulin resistance on a large scale. Methods A meta-analysis using MEDLINE and EMBASE, was performed up to December 16th, 2016. Studies reporting association of vitamin D gene polymorphism with incident T2DM, MetS and PCOS outcomes were included and sub-group analysis by pigment of skin and latitude were performed. Results A total of 28 articles based on four gene variation, and comprising 9232 participants with 5193 Insulin resistance related diseases patients were included. No significant associations of the VDR ApaI, BsmI, FokI and TaqI variant with Insulin resistance related diseases were found. However, sub-group analysis analysis showed that PCOS in TaqI (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03–2.09, P = 0.03) for T allele and MetS for G allele (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.07–1.85, P = 0.01) in BsmI was significant association with VDR gene polymorphism. Simultaneously, sub-group analysis showed VDR ApaI rs7975232(G > T)variant was associated with insulin resistance related diseases in Asians (GG/GT + TT) (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.03–2.53; P = 0.04) and population who lived in middle latitude district (30–60°) (GG/GT + TT) (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04–1.43; P = 0.02), VDR BsmI rs1544410 (A > G)and VDR Taq1rs731236 (T/C) variant were associated with insulin resistance related diseases in Caucasian (dark-pigmented). Conclusion The results suggested that the association between insulin resistance related diseases and VDR ApaI, BsmI, FokI variant was more obvious in dark-pigmented Caucasians and Asians but not in Caucasian with white skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Han
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ya-Li Lv
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Li Gong
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - He Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zi-Rui Wan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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458
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Dahlberg CJ, Ou JJ, Babish JG, Lamb JJ, Eliason S, Brabazon H, Gao W, Kaadige MR, Tripp ML. A 13-week low glycemic load diet and lifestyle modification program combining low glycemic load protein shakes and targeted nutraceuticals improved weight loss and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1414-1425. [PMID: 28800398 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An open-label, randomized, exploratory study of 44 healthy overweight subjects with cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) risk factors was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a proprietary lifestyle modification program without (DIET) and with (PROG) targeted nutraceutical supplementation, including phytosterols, antioxidants, probiotics, fish oil, berberine, and soy, pea, and whey proteins over 13 weeks. Key metrics were recorded at baseline and weeks 9 and 13. For the DIET and PROG groups, compliance was 85% and 86%, respectively, with no adverse events related to the diet or supplements. Twelve subjects discontinued participation before week 9 for reasons unrelated to the study. PROG subjects experienced greater decreases (p < 0.05) than DIET in body mass, fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, TG, cholesterol / HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, apolipoprotein B / apolipoprotein A1 ratio, and hs-CRP. The Framingham 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score decreased by 40% (p < 0.01) in the PROG arm versus no change for the DIET arm. As a pilot study, it was not possible to state whether the observed effects were the result of nutraceutical supplementation alone or the result of additive or synergistic interactions among diet, lifestyle modifications, and nutraceutical supplementation. Moreover, individuals with CMS risk factors following a lifestyle modification program received additional health benefits from targeted nutraceutical supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton J Dahlberg
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Joseph J Ou
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - John G Babish
- b Bio Nexus Ltd., 53 Brown Road, Suite B, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joseph J Lamb
- c Hypertension Institute of Nashville, St. Thomas Medical Group, 4230 Harding Road, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Sarah Eliason
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Holly Brabazon
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Mohan R Kaadige
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Matthew L Tripp
- a Hughes Center for Research and Innovation, Nature's Sunshine, 2500 Executive Parkway, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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459
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 - Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:408-414. [PMID: 28959666 PMCID: PMC5615163 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, alterations in lipid metabolism associated with acute aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced hepatotoxicity and gene expression changes underlying these effects were investigated. Rats were orally administered three doses (0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg) of AFB1 for seven days; after which blood was collected and liver excised. Lipid profiles of plasma and liver were determined spectrophotometrically while the expression of genes associated with lipid and lipoprotein metabolism was assayed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Acute exposure to AFB1 increased the levels of plasma and liver cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. AFB1 at 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg resulted in a dose-dependent (1.2 and 1.5 fold, respectively) downregulation of hepatic Cpt1a with a concomitant 1.2 and 1.5 fold increase in the level of plasma FFA, respectively. A similar observation of 1.2 and 1.3 fold increase was also observed in plasma triglyceride concentration, at both respective doses. AFB1 also decreased the relative expression of Ahr, Lipc and Lcat whereas, it upregulated Scarb1 in a dose dependent manner. AFB1-induced dysregulation of the expression of lipid and lipoprotein metabolizing genes may be one mechanism linking AFB1 to altered lipid metabolism and ultimately risk for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Anuoluwapo Rotimi
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oladapo Rotimi
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chibueze Uchechukwu Duru
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ogheneworo Joel Ebebeinwe
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Anthonia Obhio Abiodun
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwaji Oluwamayowa Oyeniyi
- Biochemistry Unit and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Francis Adedayo Faduyile
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
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460
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The Combined Intervention with Germinated Vigna radiata and Aerobic Interval Training Protocol Is an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Other Alterations Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070774. [PMID: 28753963 PMCID: PMC5537888 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of related metabolic alterations that increase the risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several lifestyle interventions based on dietary treatment with functional ingredients and physical activity are being studied as alternative or reinforcement treatments to the pharmacological ones actually in use. In the present experiment, the combined treatment with mung bean (Vigna radiata), a widely used legume with promising nutritional and health benefits that was included in the experimental diet as raw or 4 day-germinated seed flour, and aerobic interval training protocol (65–85% VO2 max) has been tested in lean and obese Zucker rats following a 2 × 2 × 2 (2 phenotypes, 2 dietary interventions, 2 lifestyles) factorial ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) statistical analysis. Germination of V. radiata over a period of four days originated a significant protein hydrolysis leading to the appearance of low molecular weight peptides. The combination of 4 day-germinated V. radiata and aerobic interval training was more efficient compared to raw V. radiata at improving the aerobic capacity and physical performance, hepatic histology and functionality, and plasma lipid parameters as well as reverting the insulin resistance characteristic of the obese Zucker rat model. In conclusion, the joint intervention with legume sprouts and aerobic interval training protocol is an efficient treatment to improve the alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as hepatic histology and functionality related to the development of NAFLD and the MetS.
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461
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Droz BA, Sneed BL, Jackson CV, Zimmerman KM, Michael MD, Emmerson PJ, Coskun T, Peterson RG. Correlation of disease severity with body weight and high fat diet in the FATZO/Pco mouse. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640904 PMCID: PMC5480996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in many current pre-clinical animal models of obesity and diabetes is mediated by monogenic mutations; these are rarely associated with the development of human obesity. A new mouse model, the FATZO mouse, has been developed to provide polygenic obesity and a metabolic pattern of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, that support the presence of insulin resistance similar to metabolic disease in patients with insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. The FATZO mouse resulted from a cross of C57BL/6J and AKR/J mice followed by selective inbreeding for obesity, increased insulin and hyperglycemia. Since many clinical studies have established a close link between higher body weight and the development of type 2 diabetes, we investigated whether time to progression to type 2 diabetes or disease severity in FATZO mice was dependent on weight gain in young animals. Our results indicate that lighter animals developed metabolic disturbances much slower and to a lesser magnitude than their heavier counterparts. Consumption of a diet containing high fat, accelerated weight gain in parallel with disease progression. A naturally occurring and significant variation in the body weight of FATZO offspring enables these mice to be identified as low, mid and high body weight groups at a young age. These weight groups remain into adulthood and correspond to slow, medium and accelerated development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, body weight inclusion criteria can optimize the FATZO model for studies of prevention, stabilization or treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Droz
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bria L. Sneed
- Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Charles V. Jackson
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Zimmerman
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Dodson Michael
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Emmerson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Peterson
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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462
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Abstract
The FATZO/Pco mouse is the result of a cross of the C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains. The crossing of these two strains and the selective inbreeding for obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia has resulted in an inbred strain exhibiting obesity in the presumed presence of an intact leptin pathway. Routinely used rodent models for obesity and diabetes research have a monogenic defect in leptin signaling that initiates obesity. Given that obesity and its sequelae in humans are polygenic in nature and not associated with leptin signaling defects, the FATZO mouse may represent a more translatable rodent model for study of obesity and its associated metabolic disturbances. The FATZO mouse develops obesity spontaneously when fed a normal chow diet. Glucose intolerance with increased insulin levels are apparent in FATZO mice as young as 6 weeks of age. These progress to hyperglycemia/pre-diabetes and frank diabetes with decreasing insulin levels as they age. The disease in these mice is multi-faceted, similar to the metabolic syndrome apparent in obese individuals, and thus provides a long pre-diabetic state for determining the preventive value of new interventions. We have assessed the utility of this new model for the pre-clinical screening of agents to stop or slow progression of the metabolic syndrome to severe diabetes. Our assessment included: 1) characterization of the spontaneous development of disease, 2) comparison of metabolic disturbances of FATZO mice to control mice and 3) validation of the model with regard to the effectiveness of current and emerging anti-diabetic agents; rosiglitazone, metformin and semaglutide. CONCLUSION Male FATZO mice spontaneously develop significant metabolic disease when compared to normal controls while maintaining hyperglycemia in the presence of high leptin levels and hyperinsulinemia. The disease condition responds to commonly used antidiabetic agents.
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463
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Shettar V, Patel S, Kidambi S. Epidemiology of Obesity and Pharmacologic Treatment Options. Nutr Clin Pract 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617713189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarang Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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464
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The TyG Index as a Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Arterial Stiffness in Lean and Overweight Postmenopausal Women. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 27:716-724. [PMID: 28690023 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to examine the association of the metabolic syndrome (MS) as well as of the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG-Index), a novel marker of insulin resistance, with subclinical atherosclerosis in a cohort of postmenopausal women, stratified according to their body mass index. METHODS A total of 473 informed-consenting, non-diabetic postmenopausal women, without overt cardiovascular disease, were included in this study. We aimed to compare the association between structural and functional indices of subclinical atherosclerosis (i.e. carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, pulse wave velocity (PWV)) with the TyG-index or MS, separately for lean and overweight/obese women. RESULTS The TyG-Index correlated significantly with carotid IMT (r=0.155, p=0.012) and PWV (r=0.157, p=0.013) only in the group of lean women. Multivariate analysis showed that subclinical atherosclerosis was predicted by MS, in the overweight/obese group (OR=2.517, 95% CI: 1.078-5.878, p=0.033), and by the TyG-Index the lean group (OR=3.119, 95% CI: 1.187-8.194, p<0.001). Using a TyG-Index cut-off value of 8.0 in the lean subpopulation, women above the cut-off had 44.1% prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared to 29.4% in women below the cut-off (p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS The TyG-Index is associated with carotid atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness mainly in lean postmenopausal women, while the MS serves as a better predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in overweight/obese women. The TyG-Index may prove a useful marker for identifying high-risk women in the normal-weight postmenopausal population.
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465
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Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic disorders have become globally prevalent posing a challenge for the chronically damaged liver and predisposing the development and progression of cancer. The rising phenomenon of "obesity epidemic" may provide means for understanding why liver cancer is one of the few malignancies with rising incidence in developed countries over the last decades. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is an increasingly recognized trigger for liver cancer in Western populations characterized by low prevalence of established risk factors for liver cancer such as viral hepatitis and hepatotoxin exposure. Accumulating evidence has established an association between higher body mass index as an indicator of general obesity and higher risk of primary liver cancer. The associations are stronger in men, in patients with underlying liver disease and in white ethnic groups. Abdominal obesity, weight gain in adult life and metabolic factors related to visceral fat accumulation were also suggested as important risk factors for liver cancer; however, more studies are needed to evaluate these associations. The association of obesity and metabolic parameters with liver cancer survival remains controversial. It is unclear which exact mechanisms could provide links between obesity and liver cancer risk. Recent evidence has implicated several molecular pathways in obesity-associated liver cancer. These include insulin resistance leading to increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors, chronic inflammation, adipose tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory cytokine and adipokine secretion, and altered gut microbiota. These mechanisms coincide with inflammatory and metabolic processes occurring in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease predisposing cancer development and progression. In the context of the current evidence, better understanding of the role of obesity and related metabolic factors may help in improving current strategies for liver cancer prevention.
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466
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Cicero AFG, Rosticci M, Bove M, Fogacci F, Giovannini M, Urso R, D'Addato S, Borghi C. Serum uric acid change and modification of blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose in an overall healthy population sample: data from the Brisighella heart study. Ann Med 2017; 49:275-282. [PMID: 27499431 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1222451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum uric acid (SUA) is an emerging risk factor for incident hypertension and type 2 diabetes. It is less clear if changes in SUA are associated to different incidence in these main cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS From the cohort of the Brisighella Heart Study, we selected non-diabetic subjects that in 2008 were untreated with SUA-lowering drugs nor antihypertensive ones. Then we divided the subjects in four main groups: the ones that maintained their SUA level unchanged during the next 4 years, the ones that increased it >1 mg/dL without treatment, the ones that reduced it >1 mg/dL without drug treatment and the ones that reduced it >1 mg/dL with the continuous use of allopurinol. RESULTS Compared with 2008, SBP significantly increased in subjects with worsened (and untreated) SUA level, while improved in subjects treated with allopurinol (p < 0.05). In 2012, subjects with worsened (and untreated) SUA level had a significantly higher SBP compared with subjects with unchanged SUA and those with SUA improved after allopurinol treatment (p < 0.05). An identical trend has been observed as it regards FPG. CONCLUSION It seems that SUA improvement could positively influence the age-related worsening of SBP and FPG in general population. Key messages Serum uric acid (SUA) is an emerging risk factor for incident hypertension and type 2 diabetes. SUA improvement could positively influence the age-related worsening of SBP and FPG in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Martina Rosticci
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Marilisa Bove
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Marina Giovannini
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Riccardo Urso
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Sergio D'Addato
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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467
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A quarter of the world's population have metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS prevalence is stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), such that low SES is associated with higher MetS risk. The present study examined the relative roles of early-life SES and current SES in explaining MetS risk. METHODS Participants (N = 354; ages = 15-55 years, M [SD] = 36.5 [10.7] years; 55% female; 72.9% white, 16.9% Asian, 10.2% others) were evaluated for SES and MetS. All were in good health, defined as free of chronic medical illness and acute infectious disease. Using occupational status as a proxy for SES, we recruited roughly equal numbers of participants with low-low, low-high, high-low, and high-high combinations of early-life and current SES. We used the International Diabetes Federation definition for MetS using race- and sex-specific cutoffs for waist circumference, triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. RESULTS Analyses revealed a main effect of low early-life SES on increased MetS risk according to the three separate definitions. They included the traditional MetS diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.53, confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-2.33, p = .044), the number of MetS components for which diagnostic thresholds were met (OR = 1.61, CI = 1.10-2.38, p = .015), and a continuous indicator of metabolic risk based on factor analysis (F(1,350) = 6.71, p = .010, partial η = .019). There was also a significant interaction of early-life SES and current SES in predicting MetS diagnosis (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.02-2.34). The main effects of current SES were nonsignificant in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MetS health disparities originate in childhood, which may be an opportune period for interventions.
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468
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Fernández-Sanlés A, Sayols-Baixeras S, Subirana I, Degano IR, Elosua R. Association between DNA methylation and coronary heart disease or other atherosclerotic events: A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:325-333. [PMID: 28577936 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the association between DNA methylation and coronary heart disease (CHD) or related atherosclerotic traits. METHODS A systematic review was designed. The condition of interest was DNA methylation, and the outcome was CHD or other atherosclerosis-related traits. Three DNA methylation approaches were considered: global methylation, candidate-gene, and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS). A functional analysis was undertaken using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. RESULTS In total, 51 articles were included in the analysis: 12 global methylation, 34 candidate-gene and 11 EWAS, with six studies using more than one approach. The results of the global methylation studies were inconsistent. The candidate-gene results were consistent for some genes, suggesting that hypermethylation in ESRα, ABCG1 and FOXP3 and hypomethylation in IL-6 were associated with CHD. The EWAS identified 84 genes showing differential methylation associated with CHD in more than one study. The probability of these findings was <1.37·10-5. One third of these genes have been related to obesity in genome-wide association studies. The functional analysis identified several diseases and functions related to these set of genes: inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Global DNA methylation seems to be not associated with CHD. The evidence from candidate-gene studies was limited. The EWAS identified a set of 84 genes highlighting the relevance of obesity, inflammation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in CHD. This set of genes could be prioritized in future studies assessing the role of DNA methylation in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Fernández-Sanlés
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Irene R Degano
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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469
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Han L, Shen WJ, Bittner S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. PPARs: regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Part II: PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ. Future Cardiol 2017; 13:279-296. [PMID: 28581362 PMCID: PMC5941699 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The PPARs are a subfamily of three ligand-inducible transcription factors, which belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. In mammals, the PPAR subfamily consists of three members: PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ. PPARs control the expression of a large number of genes involved in metabolic homeostasis, lipid, glucose and energy metabolism, adipogenesis and inflammation. PPARs regulate a large number of metabolic pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about the biochemical and metabolic actions of PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ, the therapeutic potential of their agonists currently under clinical development and the cardiovascular disease outcome of clinical trials of PPAR-γ agonists, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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470
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Han L, Shen WJ, Bittner S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. PPARs: regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Part I: PPAR-α. Future Cardiol 2017; 13:259-278. [PMID: 28581332 PMCID: PMC5941715 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review about the molecular and metabolic actions of PPAR-α. It describes its structural features, ligand specificity, gene transcription mechanisms, functional characteristics and target genes. In addition, recent progress with the use of loss of function and gain of function mouse models in the discovery of diverse biological functions of PPAR-α, particularly in the vascular system and the status of the development of new single, dual, pan and partial PPAR agonists (PPAR modulators) in the clinical management of metabolic diseases are presented. This review also summarizes the clinical outcomes from a large number of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the atheroprotective actions of current clinically used PPAR-α agonists, fibrates and statin-fibrate combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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471
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Tune JD, Goodwill AG, Sassoon DJ, Mather KJ. Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome. Transl Res 2017; 183:57-70. [PMID: 28130064 PMCID: PMC5393930 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the concurrence of obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors including abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL cholesterol, and/or hypertension. Earlier conceptualizations of the MetS focused on insulin resistance as a core feature, and it is clearly coincident with the above list of features. Each component of the MetS is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the combination of these risk factors elevates rates and severity of cardiovascular disease, related to a spectrum of cardiovascular conditions including microvascular dysfunction, coronary atherosclerosis and calcification, cardiac dysfunction, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. While advances in understanding the etiology and consequences of this complex disorder have been made, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and it is unclear how these concurrent risk factors conspire to produce the variety of obesity-associated adverse cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we highlight current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological consequences of obesity and the MetS on cardiovascular function and disease, including considerations of potential physiological and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to these adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Daniel J Sassoon
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
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472
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Patel MS, Miranda-Nieves D, Chen J, Haller CA, Chaikof EL. Targeting P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/P-selectin interactions as a novel therapy for metabolic syndrome. Transl Res 2017; 183:1-13. [PMID: 28034759 PMCID: PMC5393932 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome continue to pose an important public health challenge worldwide as they significantly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Advances in the pathophysiologic understanding of this process has identified that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role. In this regard, given that both animal models and human studies have demonstrated that the interaction of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) with P-selectin is not only critical for normal immune response but also is upregulated in the setting of metabolic syndrome, PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions provide a novel target for preventing and treating resultant disease. Current approaches of interfering with PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions include targeted antibodies, recombinant immunoglobulins that competitively bind P-selectin, and synthetic molecular therapies. Experimental models as well as clinical trials assessing the role of these modalities in a variety of diseases have continued to contribute to the understanding of PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions and have demonstrated the difficulty in creating clinically relevant therapeutics. Most recently, however, computational simulations have further enhanced our understanding of the structural features of PSGL-1 and related glycomimetics, which are responsible for high-affinity selectin interactions. Leveraging these insights for the design of next generation agents has thus led to development of a promising synthetic method for generating PSGL-1 glycosulfopeptide mimetics for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - David Miranda-Nieves
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Carolyn A Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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473
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension), indicating an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The gastrointestinal tract is seldom discussed as an organ system of principal importance for metabolic diseases. The present overview connects various metabolic research lines into an integrative physiological context in which the gastrointestinal tract is included. Strong evidence for the involvement of the gut in the metabolic syndrome derives from the powerful effects of weight-reducing (bariatric) gastrointestinal surgery. In fact, gastrointestinal surgery is now recommended as a standard treatment option for type 2 diabetes in obesity. Several gut-related mechanisms that potentially contribute to the metabolic syndrome will be presented. Obesity can be caused by hampered release of satiety-signalling gut hormones, reduced meal-associated energy expenditure and microbiota-assisted harvest of energy from nondigestible food ingredients. Adiposity per se is a well-established risk factor for hyperglycaemia. In addition, a leaky gut mucosa can trigger systemic inflammation mediating peripheral insulin resistance that together with a blunted incretin response aggravates the hyperglycaemic state. The intestinal microbiota is strongly associated with obesity and the related metabolic disease states, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Enterorenal signalling has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and postprandial triglyceride-rich chylomicrons; in addition, intestinal cholesterol metabolism probably contributes to atherosclerosis. It is likely that in the future, the metabolic syndrome will be treated according to novel pharmacological principles interfering with gastrointestinal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fändriks
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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474
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Reference genes for quantitative PCR in the adipose tissue of mice with metabolic disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:948-955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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475
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Tseng PW, Wu DA, Hou JS, Hsu BG. Leptin is an independent marker of metabolic syndrome in elderly adults with type 2 diabetes. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 29:109-114. [PMID: 28757776 PMCID: PMC5509196 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_31_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) demonstrate elevated levels of serum leptin. The aim of this study is to identify fasting serum leptin as an independent marker of MetS in geriatric diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four patients over 65 years old with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) were assessed for MetS based on the diagnostic criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Fasting blood samples including serum leptin concentrations were obtained from the participants. Leptin levels were determined using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Forty-five (70.3%) of the 64 geriatric T2DM patients enrolled in this study were found to have MetS. This group of participants compared with those in the non-MetS group had higher serum levels of leptin (P = 0.004), triglycerides (P = 0.005), fasting glucose (P = 0.049), glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.016), white blood cells (P = 0.003), C-reactive protein (CRP, P = 0.028), insulin (P < 0.001), higher homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance values (HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR, both P < 0.001), a higher body weight (P = 0.024), body mass index (P < 0.001), body fat mass (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (BP) (P < 0.001), diastolic BP (P < 0.001), percentage of women (P = 0.011), prevalence of hypertension (P = 0.042), and a lower level of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001). Univariate linear analysis of the clinical variables associated with the fasting serum leptin level revealed that height (P = 0.020) had a negative correlation, while body fat mass (P < 0.001) and logarithmically transformed CRP (log-CRP, P < 0.001) had positive correlations with serum leptin levels. Multivariate forward step-wise linear regression analysis of the variables significantly associated with fasting serum leptin levels showed that body fat mass (P < 0.001) and log-CRP (P = 0.001) were independent predictors of these values. CONCLUSION Serum leptin is positively correlated with MetS. It serves as an independent marker of MetS in elderly patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Tseng
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Du-An Wu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sian Hou
- Department of Nursing, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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476
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Metabolic Disorders in HIV-Infected Adolescents Receiving Protease Inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7481597. [PMID: 28293638 PMCID: PMC5331476 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7481597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitor (PI) may cause abnormal glucose metabolism, abnormal lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected adults but less well studied in Asian adolescents. This cross-sectional study evaluated anthropometric factors, oral glucose tolerance test, and lipid profiles of perinatally HIV-infected Thai adolescents who had received PI-based antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months. Eighty adolescents were enrolled [median (IQR) age 16.7 (14.6–18.0) years, 42 males]. Metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were found in 8 (10%), 17 (22.1%), and 3 (3.8%) adolescents, respectively. Dyslipidemia was found in 56 (70%) adolescents, with hypertriglyceridemia being the most common type. In multivariate analysis, presence of lipohypertrophy (OR: 25.7, 95% CI: 3.2–202.8; p = 0.002) and longer duration of PI use (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.08; p = 0.023) were associated with metabolic syndrome. Obesity (OR: 7.71, 95% CI: 1.36–43.7; p = 0.021), presence of lipohypertrophy (OR: 62.9, 95% CI: 4.97–795.6; p = 0.001), and exposure to stavudine for ≥6 months (OR: 8.18, 95% CI: 1.37–48.7; p = 0.021) were associated with prediabetes/T2DM, while exposure to tenofovir for ≥6 months reduced the risk (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04–0.78; p = 0.022). Metabolic disorders were commonly found in adolescents receiving PI. Careful monitoring and early intervention to modify cardiovascular risk should be systematically implemented in this population particularly those with exposure to stavudine.
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477
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Lőrincz K, Haluszka D, Kiss N, Gyöngyösi N, Bánvölgyi A, Szipőcs R, Wikonkál NM. Voluntary exercise improves murine dermal connective tissue status in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:209-215. [PMID: 28180933 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for several cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Its influence on the skin is less obvious, yet certain negative effects of adipose tissue inflammation on the dermis have been suggested. Excess weight is closely associated with sedentary behavior, so any increase in physical activity is considered beneficial against obesity. To investigate the effects of obesity and physical exercise on the skin, we established a mouse model in which mice were kept either on a high-fat diet or received standard chow. After the two groups achieved a significant weight difference, physical exercise was introduced to both. Animals were given the opportunity to perform voluntary exercise for 40 min daily in a hamster wheel for a period of 8 weeks. We evaluated the status of the dermis at the beginning and at the end of the exercise period by in vivo nonlinear microscopy. Obese mice kept on high-fat diet lost weight steadily after they started to exercise. In the high-fat diet group, we could detect significantly larger adipocytes and a thicker layer of subcutaneous tissue; both changes started to normalize after exercise. Nonlinear microscopy revealed an impaired collagen structure in obese mice that improved considerably after physical activity was introduced. With the ability to detect damage on collagen structure, we set out to address the question whether this process is reversible. With the use of a novel imaging method, we were able to show the reversibility of connective tissue deterioration as a benefit of physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kende Lőrincz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Dóra Haluszka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics of Wigner RCP, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics of Wigner RCP, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Gyöngyösi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - András Bánvölgyi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szipőcs
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics of Wigner RCP, Budapest, Hungary.,R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert M Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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478
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Dugardin C, Briand O, Touche V, Schonewille M, Moreau F, Le May C, Groen AK, Staels B, Lestavel S. Retrograde cholesterol transport in the human Caco-2/TC7 cell line: a model to study trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion in atherogenic and diabetic dyslipidemia. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:191-199. [PMID: 27796655 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) has recently been shown to contribute, together with the classical hepatobiliary route, to fecal cholesterol excretion and cholesterol homeostasis. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro cell model to investigate enterocyte-related processes of TICE. METHODS Differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cells were grown on transwells and incubated basolaterally (blood side) with human plasma and apically (luminal side) with lipid micelles. Radioactive and fluorescent cholesterol tracers were used to investigate cholesterol uptake at the basolateral membrane, intracellular distribution and apical excretion. RESULTS Our results show that cholesterol is taken up at the basolateral membrane, accumulates intracellularly as lipid droplets and undergoes a cholesterol acceptor-facilitated and progressive excretion through the apical membrane of enterocytes. The overall process is abolished at 4 °C, suggesting a biologically active phenomenon. Moreover, this trans-enterocytic retrograde cholesterol transport displays some TICE features like modulation by PCSK9 and an ABCB1 inhibitor. Finally, we highlight the involvement of microtubules in the transport of plasma cholesterol from basolateral to apical pole of enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS The human Caco-2/TC7 cell line appears a good in vitro model to investigate the enterocytic molecular mechanisms of TICE, which may help to identify intestinal molecular targets to enhance reverse cholesterol transport and fight against dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dugardin
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Briand
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Touche
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marleen Schonewille
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cédric Le May
- INSERM, UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Albert K Groen
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
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479
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null-- kyse] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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480
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 4117=cast((chr(113)||chr(112)||chr(98)||chr(118)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4117=4117) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(118)||chr(106)||chr(118)||chr(113)) as numeric)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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481
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null,null-- yenw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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482
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null-- aivx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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483
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 8520=4918-- wjtc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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484
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 2315=dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(100)||chr(120)||chr(98)||chr(72),5)-- yhhg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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485
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 6041=(select 6041 from pg_sleep(5))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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486
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null,null,null-- fzfr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 6523=6523-- siki] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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489
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 waitfor delay '0:0:5'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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490
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 waitfor delay '0:0:5'-- jxwo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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491
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493
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and sleep(5)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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494
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and (select 2086 from(select count(*),concat(0x7170627671,(select (elt(2086=2086,1))),0x71766a7671,floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.character_sets group by x)a)-- ppml] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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495
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 6041=(select 6041 from pg_sleep(5))-- herh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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496
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null-- vapp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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497
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 and 6523=6523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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498
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Rotimi OA, Rotimi SO, Duru CU, Ebebeinwe OJ, Abiodun AO, Oyeniyi BO, Faduyile FA. Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null-- mvdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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499
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Acute aflatoxin B1 – Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.006 union all select null,null,null,null-- fjky] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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500
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