451
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Rosenson RS, Koenig W. Mendelian Randomization Analyses for Selection of Therapeutic Targets for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: a Note of Circumspection. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 30:65-74. [PMID: 26797681 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors identified from genome-wide association studies have been used to understand causative variants for complex diseases. Studies conducted on large populations of individuals from many geographical regions have provided insights into genetic pathways involved in the causal pathway for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A single genetic trait may ineffectively evaluate the pathway of interest, and it may not account for other complementary genetic pathways that may be activated at various stages of the disease process or evidence-based therapies that alter the molecular and cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiometabolics Unit, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Klinik für Herz-& Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
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452
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Dong B, Young M, Liu X, Singh AB, Liu J. Regulation of lipid metabolism by obeticholic acid in hyperlipidemic hamsters. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:350-363. [PMID: 27940481 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays critical roles in plasma cholesterol metabolism, in particular HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a FXR agonist being developed for treating various chronic liver diseases. Previous studies reported inconsistent effects of OCA on regulating plasma cholesterol levels in different animal models and in different patient populations. The mechanisms underlying its divergent effects have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a FXR-modulated gene and the major receptor for HDL-C. We investigated the effects of OCA on hepatic SR-BI expression and correlated such effects with plasma HDL-C levels and hepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters. We demonstrated that OCA induced a time-dependent reduction in serum HDL-C levels after 14 days of treatment, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of liver cholesterol content and increases in fecal cholesterol in OCA-treated hamsters. Importantly, hepatic SR-BI mRNA and protein levels in hamsters were increased to 1.9- and 1.8-fold of control by OCA treatment. Further investigations in normolipidemic hamsters did not reveal OCA-induced changes in serum HDL-C levels or hepatic SR-BI expression. We conclude that OCA reduces plasma HDL-C levels and promotes transhepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters via a mechanism involving upregulation of hepatic SR-BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Mark Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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453
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Katsube A, Hayashi H, Kusuhara H. Pim-1L Protects Cell Surface–Resident ABCA1 From Lysosomal Degradation in Hepatocytes and Thereby Regulates Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Level. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2304-2314. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) exerts an atheroprotective action through the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein in hepatocytes and prevents the formation of foam cells from macrophages. Controlling ABCA1 is a rational approach to improving atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although much is known about the regulatory mechanism of ABCA1 synthesis, the molecular mechanism underpinning its degradation remains to be clearly described.
Approach and Results—
ABCA1 possesses potential sites of phosphorylation by serine/threonine-protein kinase Pim-1 (Pim-1). Pim-1 depletion decreased the expression of cell surface–resident ABCA1 (csABCA1) and apolipoprotein A-I–mediated [
3
H]cholesterol efflux in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, but not in peritoneal macrophages from mice. In vitro kinase assay, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry suggested phosphorylation of csABCA1 by the long form of Pim-1 (Pim-1L). Cell surface biotinylation indicated that Pim-1L inhibited lysosomal degradation of csABCA1 involving the liver X receptor β, which interacts with csABCA1 and thereby protects it from ubiquitination and subsequent lysosomal degradation. Cell surface coimmunoprecipitation with COS-1 cells expressing extracellularly hemagglutinin-tagged ABCA1 showed that Pim-1L–mediated phosphorylation of csABCA1 facilitated the interaction between csABCA1 and liver X receptor β and thereby stabilized the csABCA1–Pim-1L complex. Mice deficient in Pim-1 kinase activity showed lower expression of ABCA1 in liver plasma membranes and lower plasma high-density lipoprotein levels than control mice.
Conclusions—
Pim-1L protects hepatic csABCA1 from lysosomal degradation by facilitating the physical interaction between csABCA1 and liver X receptor β and subsequent stabilization of the csABCA1–Pim-1L complex and thereby regulates the circulating level of high-density lipoprotein. Our findings may aid the development of high-density lipoprotein–targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katsube
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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454
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Ungurianu A, Margină D, Grădinaru D, Băcanu C, Ilie M, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM. Lipoprotein redox status evaluation as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with inflammatory disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:256-262. [PMID: 27909725 PMCID: PMC5355743 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (ID) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and routinely determined parameters do not reveal the real metabolic status of specific subgroups, such as patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, in order to evaluate state of the art markers for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk, abnormalities in lipoprotein levels in patients with a low-grade inflammatory status [diabetes mellitus (DM) subgroup] and in patients with a high systemic inflammatory burden (RA subgroup) was determined. The study group comprised patients with ID [DM (n=20) and RA (n=20)], with an aged-matched control group (n=17). Patient serum was used to determine routine biochemical parameters and to isolate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The heparin-citrate method was used for LDL precipitation and the phosphotungstic acid-MgCl2 technique for the isolation of HDL. Further, Amplex Red and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) assays were applied to determine lipid peroxides and protein oxidation, respectively, while the levels of serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were also determined. Although the differences in the routinely determined lipidemic profile were notable between the DM and RA subgroups, markers of lipid peroxidation and of advanced protein oxidation/glycation did not differ significantly, indicating possible similar oxidative damage of serum lipoproteins. On the whole, as alterations in lipoprotein functionality can occur long before any changes in routinely measured biochemical parameters are observed, more sensitive markers for the assessment of cardiovascular risk are required. As AOPPs, AGEs, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and especially oxidized HDL (oxHDL) are affected during the early stages of inflammatory disease, and due to their known link to coronary artery disease, it would be wise to include these markers in the routine cardiovascular evaluation of patients with chronic inflammatory disease, such as those with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Ungurianu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Denisa Margină
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Daniela Grădinaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Claudia Băcanu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ilie
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Athens 115121, Greece
| | | | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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455
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Song F, Yao Y, Ya F, Li D, Ling W, Yang Y. Effects of purified anthocyanin supplementation on platelet chemokines in hypocholesterolemic individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:86. [PMID: 27933092 PMCID: PMC5124283 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is becoming increasingly evident that platelet chemokines are involved in distinct aspects of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term supplementation with purified anthocyanins on platelet chemokines in hypercholesterolemic individuals and to identify correlations of decreased platelet chemokine levels with serum lipid and inflammatory marker levels. Methods A total of 146 hypercholesterolemic individuals were recruited and treated with 320 mg of purified anthocyanins (n = 73) or a placebo (n = 73) daily for 24 weeks in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Results Anthocyanin supplementation for 24 weeks significantly decreased the plasma CXCL7 (–12.32% vs. 4.22%, P = 0.001), CXCL5 (–9.95% vs. 1.93%, P = 0.011), CXCL8 (–6.07% vs. 0.66%, P = 0.004), CXCL12 (–8.11% vs. 5.43%, P = 0.023) and CCL2 levels (–11.63% vs. 12.84%, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo. Interestingly, the decreases in the CXCL7 and CCL2 levels were both positively correlated with the decreases in the serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels after anthocyanin supplementation for 24 weeks. The decrease in the CXCL8 level was negatively correlated with the increase in the how-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level and was positively correlated with the decrease in the soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) level in the anthocyanin group. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the decreases in the CXCL12 and tumornecrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels after anthocyanin supplementation. However, the plasma CXCL4L1, CXCL1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels did not significantly change following anthocyanin supplementation. Conclusions The present study supports the notion that platelet chemokines are promising targets of anthocyanins in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Trial registration ChiCTR-TRC-08000240. Registered: 10 December 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Song
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Ya
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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456
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Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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457
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Kullisaar T, Zilmer K, Salum T, Rehema A, Zilmer M. The use of probiotic L. fermentum ME-3 containing Reg'Activ Cholesterol supplement for 4 weeks has a positive influence on blood lipoprotein profiles and inflammatory cytokines: an open-label preliminary study. Nutr J 2016; 15:93. [PMID: 27793203 PMCID: PMC5084312 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases continue to be a challenge and burden to heath. The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing. Modifying the (common) risk factors of them is the key of longterm success. The aim of the study was to establish if the special composition of innovative food supplement Reg'Activ Cholesterol (RAC) has a positive influence to the human body cardiovascular-inflammatory and diabetic parameters. METHODS Forty-five clinically asymptomatic participants consumed an RAC containing an antioxidative and antiatherogenic probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 (LFME-3) for 4 weeks. The parameters measured were total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, oxLDL, hsCRP, IL-6 and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c%). RESULTS The cardiovascular and diabetes risk profile of the participants improved significantly after 4 weeks of the intervention. The reduction of total cholesterol (from 6.5 ± 1.0 to 5.7 ± 0.9 mmol/l, p = 9.90806E-11) was on the account of LDL cholesterol as the HDL cholesterol level rose from 1.60 ± 0.31to 1.67 ± 0.34mml/l, p = 0.01. HbA1c% was reduced from 5.85 ± 0.28 to 5.66 ± 0.25 p = 4.64E-05 and oxLDL decreased from 84 ± 20 to 71 ± 15 U/l, p = 4.66292E-08. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of RAC in clinically asymptomatic volunteers with borderline-high values of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (BMI, HbA1c%, LDL cholesterol) for 4 weeks had a positive effect on blood lipoprotein, oxidative stress and inflammatory profile. There are no human trials published before with RAC. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial described here isa n open label pilot study within the framework of a larger special clinical trial ( ISRCTN55339917 ) [Accessed 20 Feb 2016].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiiu Kullisaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Kersti Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Tiit Salum
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Aune Rehema
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
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458
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Wang Y, Si S, Liu J, Wang Z, Jia H, Feng K, Sun L, Song SJ. The Associations of Serum Lipids with Vitamin D Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165157. [PMID: 27768777 PMCID: PMC5074586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with some disorders including cardiovascular diseases. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, data about the relationships between vitamin D and lipids are inconsistent. The relationship of vitamin D and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), as an excellent predictor of level of small and dense LDL, has not been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D status on serum lipids in Chinese adults. Methods The study was carried out using 1475 participants from the Center for Physical Examination, 306 Hospital of PLA in Beijing, China. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. AIP was calculated based on the formula: log [TG/HDL-C]. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between serum 25(OH)D and lipids. The association between the occurrences of dyslipidemias and vitamin D levels was assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Confounding factors, age and BMI, were used for the adjustment. Results The median of serum 25(OH)D concentration was 47 (27–92.25) nmol/L in all subjects. The overall percentage of 25(OH)D ≦ 50 nmol/L was 58.5% (males 54.4%, females 63.7%). The serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with TG (β coefficient = -0.24, p < 0.001) and LDL-C (β coefficient = -0.34, p < 0.001) and positively associated with TC (β coefficient = 0.35, p < 0.002) in men. The associations between serum 25(OH)D and LDL-C (β coefficient = -0.25, p = 0.01) and TC (β coefficient = 0.39, p = 0.001) also existed in women. The serum 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated with AIP in men (r = -0.111, p < 0.01) but not in women. In addition, vitamin D deficient men had higher AIP values than vitamin D sufficient men. Furthermore, the occurrences of dyslipidemias (reduced HDL-C, elevated TG and elevated AIP) correlated with lower 25(OH)D levels in men, whereas the higher TC and LDL-C associated with higher 25(OH)D levels in women. Conclusion It seems that the serum 25(OH)D levels are closely associated with the serum lipids and AIP. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with the increased risk of dyslipidemias, especially in men. The association between vitamin D status and serum lipids may differ by genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyan Si
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junli Liu
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zongye Wang
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Jia
- Center for Physical Examination, 306th Hospital of PLA Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Feng
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Center for Physical Examination, 306th Hospital of PLA Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shu Jun Song
- Center for Special Medicine and Experimental Research, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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459
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Abstract
There are several established lipid-modifying agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and ezetimibe, that have been shown in randomized clinical outcome trials to reduce the risk of having an atherosclerotic cardiovascular event. However, in many people, the risk of having an event remains unacceptably high despite treatment with these established agents. This has stimulated the search for new therapies designed to reduce residual cardiovascular risk. New approaches that target atherogenic lipoproteins include: 1) inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 to increase removal of atherogenic lipoproteins from plasma; 2) inhibition of the synthesis of apolipoprotein (apo) B, the main protein component of atherogenic lipoproteins; 3) inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein to block the formation of atherogenic lipoproteins; 4) inhibition of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol; 5) inhibition of the synthesis of lipoprotein(a), a factor known to cause atherosclerosis; 6) inhibition of apoC-III to reduce triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and to enhance high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality; and 7) inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, which not only reduces the concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins but also increases the level and function of the potentially antiatherogenic HDL fraction. Other new therapies that specifically target HDLs include infusions of reconstituted HDLs, HDL delipidation, and infusions of apoA-I mimetic peptides that mimic some of the functions of HDLs. This review describes the scientific basis and rationale for developing these new therapies and provides a brief summary of established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Barter
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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460
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Mikawa S, Mizuguchi C, Nishitsuji K, Baba T, Shigenaga A, Shimanouchi T, Sakashita N, Otaka A, Akaji K, Saito H. Heparin promotes fibril formation by the N-terminal fragment of amyloidogenic apolipoprotein A-I. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3492-3500. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Mikawa
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima University; Japan
| | - Chiharu Mizuguchi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima University; Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Japan
| | - Teruhiko Baba
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima University; Japan
| | | | - Naomi Sakashita
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima University; Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Japan
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461
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Cholesterol efflux capacity: An introduction for clinicians. Am Heart J 2016; 180:54-63. [PMID: 27659883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease outcomes. However, the hypothesis of a causal relationship between HDL-C and cardiovascular disease has been challenged by genetic and clinical studies. Serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is an important measure of HDL function in humans. Recent large clinical studies have shown a correlation between in vitro CEC and cardiovascular disease prevalence and incidence, which appears to be independent of HDL-C concentration. The present review summarizes recent large clinical studies and introduces important methodological considerations. Further studies are required to standardize and establish the reproducibility of this measure of HDL function and clarify whether modulating CEC will emerge as a useful therapeutic target.
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462
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Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y. Re-evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein function in atherosclerosis based upon genetics and pharmacological manipulation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:459-72. [PMID: 27454452 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To re-evaluate the functions of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in atherosclerosis based upon recent findings from human genetics and pharmacological CETP manipulation. RECENT FINDINGS CETP is involved in the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, a key step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). CETP inhibitors have been developed to raise serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and reduce cardiovascular events. However, outcome studies of three CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib and evacetrapib) were prematurely terminated because of increased mortality or futility despite marked increases in HDL-cholesterol and decreases in LDL-cholesterol except for dalcetrapib. Patients with CETP deficiency show remarkable changes in HDL and LDL and are sometimes accompanied by atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Recent prospective epidemiological studies demonstrated atheroprotective roles of CETP. CETP inhibition induces formation of small dense LDL and possibly dysfunctional HDL and downregulates hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Therefore, CETP inhibitors may interrupt LDL receptor and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol delivery back to the liver. SUMMARY For future drug development, the opposite strategy, namely enhancers of RCT via CETP and SR-BI activation as well as the inducers of apolipoprotein A-I or HDL production might be a better approach rather than delaying HDL metabolism by inhibiting a main stream of RCT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Yamashita
- aDepartment of Community Medicine bDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita cRinku General Medical Center, Izumisano dSumitomo Hospital, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan
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463
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Antibodies to paraoxonase 1 are associated with oxidant status and endothelial activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1889-99. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-paraoxonase 1 (PON1) antibodies could be a potential missing link between oxidative status, inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Therefore, they could represent an emerging clinical biomarker of CV risk in this condition.
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464
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Gordon EM, Figueroa DM, Barochia AV, Yao X, Levine SJ. High-density Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein A-I: Potential New Players in the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:323. [PMID: 27708582 PMCID: PMC5030281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) mediate reverse cholesterol transport out of cells. Furthermore, HDL has additional protective functions, which include anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and vasoprotective effects. In contrast, HDL can become dysfunctional with a reduction in both cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory properties in the setting of disease or the acute phase response. These paradigms are increasingly being recognized to be active in the pulmonary system, where apoA-I and HDL have protective effects in normal lung health, as well as in a variety of disease states, including acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and viral pneumonia. Similar to observations in cardiovascular disease, however, HDL may become dysfunctional and contribute to disease pathogenesis in respiratory disorders. Furthermore, synthetic apoA-I mimetic peptides have been shown to have protective effects in animal models of ALI, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, and influenza pneumonia. These findings provide evidence to support the concept that apoA-I mimetic peptides might be developed into a new treatment that can either prevent or attenuate the manifestations of lung diseases, such as asthma. Thus, the lung is positioned to take a page from the cardiovascular disease playbook and utilize the protective properties of HDL and apoA-I as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Gordon
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Debbie M Figueroa
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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465
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Chen CC, Hsu YP, Liu JC, Kao PF, Sung LC, Lin CF, Hao WR, Liu SH, Wu SY. Statins Dose-Dependently Exert Significant Chemopreventive Effects Against Various Cancers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Cancer 2016; 7:1892-1900. [PMID: 27698930 PMCID: PMC5039374 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased cancer risk. We evaluated the chemopreventive effect of statins against all cancers in COPD patients and identified the statin with the strongest chemopreventive effect. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients diagnosed with COPD at health care facilities in Taiwan (n = 116,017) from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2012, were recruited. Each patient was followed to assess the following protective and risk factors for all cancers: age; sex; comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia) and the Charlson comorbidity index [CCI]); urbanization level; monthly income; and nonstatin drug use. The index date of statins use was the date of COPD confirmation. Propensity scores (PSs) were derived using a logistic regression model to estimate the effect of statins by considering the covariates predicting intervention (statins) receipt. To examine the dose-response relationship, we categorized statin use into four groups in each cohort (<28 [statin nonusers], 28-90, 91-365, and >365 cumulative defined daily dose). RESULTS: After PS adjustment for age, sex, CCI, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, urbanization level, and monthly income, we analyzed the all-cancer risk. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the all-cancer risk were lower among statin users than among statin nonusers (aHR = 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.43 to 0.50). The aHRs for the all-cancer risk were lower among patients using rosuvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin than among statin nonusers (aHRs = 0.42, 0.55, 0.59, 0.66, and 0.78, respectively). Sensitivity analysis indicated that statins dose-dependently reduced the all-cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Statins dose-dependently exert a significant chemopreventive effect against various cancers in COPD patients. In particular, rosuvastatin has the strongest chemopreventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Feng Kao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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466
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Orsoni A, Thérond P, Tan R, Giral P, Robillard P, Kontush A, Meikle PJ, Chapman MJ. Statin action enriches HDL3 in polyunsaturated phospholipids and plasmalogens and reduces LDL-derived phospholipid hydroperoxides in atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2073-2087. [PMID: 27581680 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p068585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia associates with oxidative stress and defective HDL antioxidative function in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The impact of statin treatment on the capacity of HDL to inactivate LDL-derived, redox-active phospholipid hydroperoxides (PCOOHs) in MetS is indeterminate. Insulin-resistant, hypertriglyceridemic, hypertensive, obese males were treated with pitavastatin (4 mg/day) for 180 days, resulting in marked reduction in plasma TGs (-41%) and LDL-cholesterol (-38%), with minor effects on HDL-cholesterol and apoAI. Native plasma LDL (baseline vs. 180 days) was oxidized by aqueous free radicals under mild conditions in vitro either alone or in the presence of the corresponding pre- or poststatin HDL2 or HDL3 at authentic plasma mass ratios. Lipidomic analyses revealed that statin treatment i) reduced the content of oxidizable polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PUPC) species containing DHA and linoleic acid in LDL; ii) preferentially increased the content of PUPC species containing arachidonic acid (AA) in small, dense HDL3; iii) induced significant elevation in the content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogens containing AA and DHA in HDL3; and iv) induced formation of HDL3 particles with increased capacity to inactivate PCOOH with formation of redox-inactive phospholipid hydroxide. Statin action attenuated LDL oxidability Concomitantly, the capacity of HDL3 to inactivate redox-active PCOOH was enhanced relative to HDL2, consistent with preferential enrichment of PE plasmalogens and PUPC in HDL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexina Orsoni
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrice Thérond
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Lip(Sys) Department, Atherosclerosis: Cholesterol Homeostasis and Macrophage Trafficking, Paris-Sud University and Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ricardo Tan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Giral
- Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM UMR-S1166 and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M John Chapman
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France .,Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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467
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Metabolic syndrome and its individual components with mortality among patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 224:8-14. [PMID: 27599384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its metabolic risk factors appear to promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MetS and its individual components with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS We performed a prospective, hospital-based cohort among 3599 CHD patients in China. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of MetS and its components at baseline with risk of mortality. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 4.9years, 308 deaths were identified, 200 of which were due to cardiovascular disease. Compared with patients without MetS, patients with MetS according to the AHA/NHLBI statement had a 1.26-fold higher risk (95% CI, 1.01-1.59) of all-cause mortality and a 1.41-fold higher risk (1.06-1.87) of cardiovascular mortality. Patients with increasing numbers of components of MetS had a gradually increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (P<0.05). When each component of MetS was considered as a dichotomized variable separately, only low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) were associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. After using restricted cubic splines, we found a U-shaped association of HDL-C, body mass index and blood pressure, a positive association of FBG, and no association of triglycerides with the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS MetS is a risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among CHD patients. It is very important to control metabolic components in a reasonable control range.
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468
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Pircher A, Treps L, Bodrug N, Carmeliet P. Endothelial cell metabolism: A novel player in atherosclerosis? Basic principles and therapeutic opportunities. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:247-257. [PMID: 27594537 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society. Despite improved insight into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic options, additional treatment strategies are required. Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of endothelial cell (EC) metabolism for angiogenesis, and indicates that EC metabolism is perturbed when ECs become dysfunctional to promote atherogenesis. In this review, we overview the latest insights on EC metabolism and discuss current knowledge on how atherosclerosis deregulates EC metabolism, and how maladaptation of deregulated EC metabolism can contribute to atherosclerosis progression. We will also highlight possible therapeutic avenues, based on targeting EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pircher
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Natalia Bodrug
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Adhesion and Angiogenesis, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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469
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Lövgren J, Pursiheimo JP, Pyykkö M, Salmi J, Lamminmäki U. Next generation sequencing of all variable loops of synthetic single framework scFv-Application in anti-HDL antibody selections. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:790-796. [PMID: 27450754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) can be applied to monitoring antibody phage display library selection processes to follow the enrichment of each individual antibody clone. Utilising the recent development of the Illumina sequencing platform enabling sequencing up to 2×300bp, we have developed a method to deep sequence all complementarity determining regions (CDRs) in the clones obtained from a synthetic single framework antibody library. This was complemented by an in-house bioinformatics pipeline for efficient analysis of the sequencing results. The method was utilised to study antibody selections against high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Sequencing of the output from each selection round enabled extraction of useful information on both the total copy numbers as well as the relative enrichment rates of the clones. Ten antibody clones showing different ranking in terms of frequency were reproduced from synthetic DNA constructs and their capacity to bind HDL was verified by an immunoassay. The method thus facilitates the isolation of clones of interest, and in particular can assist retrieval of less efficiently enriched, yet interesting clones, which are unlikely to be identified by conventional, random colony picking based, screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janita Lövgren
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Pyykkö
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Salmi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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470
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Tardif JC, Rhainds D, Brodeur M, Feroz Zada Y, Fouodjio R, Provost S, Boulé M, Alem S, Grégoire JC, L'Allier PL, Ibrahim R, Guertin MC, Mongrain I, Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Rhéaume E, Dubé MP. Genotype-Dependent Effects of Dalcetrapib on Cholesterol Efflux and Inflammation: Concordance With Clinical Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:340-8. [PMID: 27418594 PMCID: PMC4982759 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalcetrapib effects on cardiovascular outcomes are determined by adenylate cyclase 9 gene polymorphisms. Our aim was to determine whether these clinical end point results are also associated with changes in reverse cholesterol transport and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants of the dal-OUTCOMES and dal-PLAQUE-2 trials were randomly assigned to receive dalcetrapib or placebo in addition to standard care. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured at baseline and at end of study in 5243 patients from dal-OUTCOMES also genotyped for the rs1967309 polymorphism in adenylate cyclase 9. Cholesterol efflux capacity of high-density lipoproteins from J774 macrophages after cAMP stimulation was determined at baseline and 12 months in 171 genotyped patients from dal-PLAQUE-2. Treatment with dalcetrapib resulted in placebo-adjusted geometric mean percent increases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein from baseline to end of trial of 18.1% (P=0.0009) and 18.7% (P=0.00001) in participants with the GG and AG genotypes, respectively, but the change was -1.0% (P=0.89) in those with the protective AA genotype. There was an interaction between the treatment arm and the genotype groups (P=0.02). Although the mean change in cholesterol efflux was similar among study arms in patients with GG genotype (mean: 7.8% and 7.4%), increases were 22.3% and 3.5% with dalcetrapib and placebo for those with AA genotype (P=0.005). There was a significant genetic effect for change in efflux for dalcetrapib (P=0.02), but not with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Genotype-dependent effects on C-reactive protein and cholesterol efflux are supportive of dalcetrapib benefits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in patients with the AA genotype at polymorphism rs1967309. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifiers: NCT00658515 and NCT01059682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Mathieu Brodeur
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - René Fouodjio
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sylvie Provost
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie Boulé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sonia Alem
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Ian Mongrain
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Anders G Olsson
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
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471
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Domingo-Espín J, Lindahl M, Nilsson-Wolanin O, Cushman SW, Stenkula KG, Lagerstedt JO. Dual Actions of Apolipoprotein A-I on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Insulin-Independent Peripheral Tissue Glucose Uptake Lead to Increased Heart and Skeletal Muscle Glucose Disposal. Diabetes 2016; 65:1838-48. [PMID: 27207515 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) of HDL is central to the transport of cholesterol in circulation. ApoA-I also provides glucose control with described in vitro effects of apoA-I on β-cell insulin secretion and muscle glucose uptake. In addition, apoA-I injections in insulin-resistant diet-induced obese (DIO) mice lead to increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and peripheral tissue glucose uptake. However, the relative contribution of apoA-I as an enhancer of GSIS in vivo and as a direct stimulator of insulin-independent glucose uptake is not known. Here, DIO mice with instant and transient blockade of insulin secretion were used in glucose tolerance tests and in positron emission tomography analyses. Data demonstrate that apoA-I to an equal extent enhances GSIS and acts as peripheral tissue activator of insulin-independent glucose uptake and verify skeletal muscle as an apoA-I target tissue. Intriguingly, our analyses also identify the heart as an important target tissue for the apoA-I-stimulated glucose uptake, with potential implications in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Explorations of apoA-I as a novel antidiabetic drug should extend to treatments of diabetic cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Domingo-Espín
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Lindahl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Samuel W Cushman
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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472
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Triglyceride-lowering therapies reduce cardiovascular disease event risk in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:905-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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473
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. ApoA1 and ApoA1-specific self-antibodies in cardiovascular disease. J Transl Med 2016; 96:708-18. [PMID: 27183204 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a main protein moiety in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Generally, ApoA1 and HDL are considered as atheroprotective. In prooxidant and inflammatory microenvironment in the vicinity to the atherosclerotic lesion, ApoA1/HDL are subjected to modification. The chemical modifications such as oxidation, nitration, etc result in altering native architecture of ApoA1 toward dysfunctionality and abnormality. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase has a prominent role in this mechanism. Neo-epitopes could be formed and then exposed that makes them immunogenic. Indeed, these epitopes may be recognized by immune cells and induce production of proatherogenic ApoA1-specific IgG antibodies. These antibodies are biologically relevant because they are able to react with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 in target cells and induce a variety of pro-inflammatory responses. Epidemiological and functional studies underline a prognostic value of ApoA1 self-antibodies for several cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, and severe carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Department of Biophysics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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474
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Xiao C, Dash S, Morgantini C, Hegele RA, Lewis GF. Pharmacological Targeting of the Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Complex: The Next Frontier in CVD Prevention Beyond Lowering LDL Cholesterol. Diabetes 2016; 65:1767-78. [PMID: 27329952 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the effectiveness of lowering LDL cholesterol, residual CVD risk remains in high-risk populations, including patients with diabetes, likely contributed to by non-LDL lipid abnormalities. In this Perspectives in Diabetes article, we emphasize that changing demographics and lifestyles over the past few decades have resulted in an epidemic of the "atherogenic dyslipidemia complex," the main features of which include hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol levels, qualitative changes in LDL particles, accumulation of remnant lipoproteins, and postprandial hyperlipidemia. We briefly review the underlying pathophysiology of this form of dyslipidemia, in particular its association with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and the marked atherogenicity of this condition. We explain the failure of existing classes of therapeutic agents such as fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors that are known to modify components of the atherogenic dyslipidemia complex. Finally, we discuss targeted repurposing of existing therapies and review promising new therapeutic strategies to modify the atherogenic dyslipidemia complex. We postulate that targeting the central abnormality of the atherogenic dyslipidemia complex, the elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, represents a new frontier in CVD prevention and is likely to prove the most effective strategy in correcting most aspects of the atherogenic dyslipidemia complex, thereby preventing CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Morgantini
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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475
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched apoB containing plasma lipoproteins lead to increased foam cell formation, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Unregulated uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by circulating monocytes and other peripheral blood cells takes place through scavenger receptors and over time causes disruption in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. As lipoproteins are taken up, their CE core is hydrolyzed by liposomal lipases to generate free cholesterol (FC). FC can be either re-esterified and stored as CE droplets or shuttled to the plasma membrane for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated efflux. Because cholesterol is an essential component of all cellular membranes, some FC may be incorporated into microdomains or lipid rafts. These platforms are essential for receptor signaling and transduction, requiring rapid assembly and disassembly. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 plays a major role in regulating microdomain cholesterol and is most efficient when lipid-poor apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) packages raft cholesterol into soluble particles that are eventually catabolized by the liver. If FC is not effluxed from the cell, it becomes esterified, CE droplets accumulate and microdomain cholesterol content becomes poorly regulated. This dysregulation leads to prolonged activation of immune cell signaling pathways, resulting in receptor oversensitization. The availability of apoAI or other amphipathic α-helix-rich apoproteins relieves the burden of excess microdomain cholesterol in immune cells allowing a reduction in immune cell proliferation and infiltration, thereby stimulating regression of foam cells in the artery. Therefore, cellular balance between FC and CE is essential for proper immune cell function and prevents chronic immune cell overstimulation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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476
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Soupene E, Borja MS, Borda M, Larkin SK, Kuypers FA. Featured Article: Alterations of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity and apolipoprotein A-I functionality in human sickle blood. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1933-1942. [PMID: 27354333 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD) cholesterol metabolism appears dysfunctional as evidenced by abnormal plasma cholesterol content in a subpopulation of SCD patients. Specific activity of the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme, which catalyzes esterification of cholesterol, and generates lysoPC (LPC) was significantly lower in sickle plasma compared to normal. Inhibitory amounts of LPC were present in sickle plasma, and the red blood cell (RBC) lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), essential for the removal of LPC, displayed a broad range of activity. The functionality of sickle HDL appeared to be altered as evidenced by a decreased HDL-Apolipoprotein A-I exchange in sickle plasma as compared to control. Increased levels of oxidized proteins including ApoA-I were detected in sickle plasma. In vitro incubation of sickle plasma with washed erythrocytes affected the ApoA-I-exchange supporting the view that the RBC blood compartment can affect cholesterol metabolism in plasma. HDL functionality appeared to decrease during acute vaso-occlusive episodes in sickle patients and was associated with an increase of secretory PLA2, a marker for increased inflammation. Simvastatin treatment to improve the anti-inflammatory function of HDL did not ameliorate HDL-ApoA-I exchange in sickle patients. Thus, the cumulative effect of an inflammatory and highly oxidative environment in sickle blood contributes to a decrease in cholesterol esterification and HDL function, related to hypocholesterolemia in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Mark S Borja
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Mauricio Borda
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Sandra K Larkin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
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477
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van Capelleveen JC, Kastelein JJP, Zwinderman AH, van Deventer SJH, Collins HL, Adelman SJ, Round P, Ford J, Rader DJ, Hovingh GK. Effects of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, TA-8995, on cholesterol efflux capacity and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1137-1144.e3. [PMID: 27678430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TA-8995 is a potent inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) with beneficial effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The effect of TA-8995 on cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a measure of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function, and HDL subparticle distribution is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the CETP inhibitor TA-8995 on ABCA1- and non-ABCA1-driven CEC and on HDL particle distribution. METHODS Total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific CEC from J774 cells and HDL subclass distribution assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were measured at baseline and after 12-week treatment in 187 mild-dyslipidemic patients randomized to placebo, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg TA-8995, or 10 mg TA-8995 combined with 10 mg rosuvastatin (NCT01970215). RESULTS Compared with placebo, total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific CEC were increased dose dependently by up to 38%, 72%, and 28%, respectively, in patients randomized to 10 mg of TA-8995. PreBeta-1 HDL, the primary acceptor for ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux, was increased by 36%. This increase in preBeta-1 HDL correlated significantly with the total and the ABCA1-driven CEC increase, whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase did not. CONCLUSION TA-8995 dose dependently increased not only total and non-ABCA1-specific CEC but also ABCA1-specific CEC and preBeta-1 HDL particle levels. These findings suggest that TA-8995 not only increases HDL-C levels but also promotes functional properties of HDL particles. This CETP inhibitor-driven preBeta-1 HDL increase is an important predictor of both ABCA1 and total CEC increase, independent of HDL-C increase. Whether these changes in HDL particle composition and functionality have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular outcome requires formal testing in a cardiovascular outcome trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander J H van Deventer
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Patrick Round
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Xention Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Ford
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Xention Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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478
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Ollikainen E, Tulamo R, Lehti S, Lee-Rueckert M, Hernesniemi J, Niemelä M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kovanen PT, Frösen J. Smooth Muscle Cell Foam Cell Formation, Apolipoproteins, and ABCA1 in Intracranial Aneurysms: Implications for Lipid Accumulation as a Promoter of Aneurysm Wall Rupture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:689-99. [PMID: 27283327 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccular intracranial aneurysm (sIA) aneurysm causes intracranial hemorrhages that are associated with high mortality. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation occur in the sIA wall. A major mechanism for lipid clearance from arteries is adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid efflux from foam cells to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). We investigated the association of wall degeneration, inflammation, and lipid-related parameters in tissue samples of 16 unruptured and 20 ruptured sIAs using histology and immunohistochemistry. Intracellular lipid accumulation was associated with wall remodeling (p = 0.005) and rupture (p = 0.020). Foam cell formation was observed in smooth muscle cells, in addition to CD68- and CD163-positive macrophages. Macrophage infiltration correlated with intracellular lipid accumulation and apolipoproteins, including apoA-I. ApoA-I correlated with markers of lipid accumulation and wall degeneration (p = 0.01). ApoA-I-positive staining colocalized with ABCA1-positive cells particularly in sIAs with high number of smooth muscle cells (p = 0.003); absence of such colocalization was associated with wall degeneration (p = 0.017). Known clinical risk factors for sIA rupture correlated inversely with apoA-I. We conclude that lipid accumulation associates with sIA wall degeneration and risk of rupture, possibly via formation of foam cells and subsequent loss of mural cells. Reduced removal of lipids from the sIA wall via ABCA1-apoA-I pathway may contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliisa Ollikainen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Riikka Tulamo
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Satu Lehti
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Juha Hernesniemi
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Mika Niemelä
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Juhana Frösen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
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479
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is the best known incretin hormone able to potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion. Moreover, GLP-1 is currently under intensive investigation as a potential crucial mediator of beneficial metabolic effects after bariatric surgery, because of its eating inhibitory, antiobesity, and antidiabetes effects. This review briefly summarizes recent findings on the specific effects of GLP-1 on lipoprotein metabolism. The related hormone GLP-2 is derived from the same precursor gene; its effects on lipoprotein metabolism will also be discussed briefly. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacological activation of the GLP-1 system has beneficial effects on obesity-induced alterations of lipoprotein metabolism. These benefits can be observed with direct GLP-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide or exendin-4, but also with inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), which reduce the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. The role of GLP-2-related pathways on lipid levels and metabolism are less clear, but some effects (e.g. increased intestinal chylomicron output) are opposite to GLP-1. SUMMARY Activation of the GLP-1-dependent pathways may perhaps translate into a lower cardiovascular risk. Understanding how GLP-1 and GLP-2 regulate and interact in the control of lipoprotein metabolism will set the stage for the development of new strategies to treat dyslipidaemia in obesity, diabetes, and other cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- aInstitute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich bCenter for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich cInstitute for Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutritional Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach dCenter for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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480
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical utility of HDLs has been scrutinized upon the publication of Mendelian randomization studies showing no effect of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) modifying variants on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcome. The failures of randomized controlled HDL-C-directed intervention trials have further fueled this skepticism. This general criticism originates from oversimplification that has equated 'HDL-C' with 'HDL' and misconceived both as the 'good cholesterol'. RECENT FINDINGS HDL particles are heterogeneous and carry hundreds of different lipids, proteins, and microRNAs. Many of them but not cholesterol, that is, HDL-C, contributes to the multiple protective functions of HDLs that probably evolved to manage potentially life-threatening crises. Inflammatory processes modify the composition of HDL particles as well as their individual protein and lipid components, and, as a consequence, also their functionality. Gain of dominant-negative functions makes dysfunctional HDL a part rather than a solution of the endangering situation. Quantification of HDL particle numbers, distinct proteins or lipids, and modifications thereof as well as bioassays of HDL functionality are currently explored toward their diagnostic performance in risk prediction and monitoring of treatment response. SUMMARY Any successful clinical exploitation of HDLs will depend on the identification of the most relevant (dys)functions and their structural correlates. Stringent or prioritized structure-(dys)function relationships may provide biomarkers for better risk assessment and monitoring of treatment response. The most relevant agonists carried by either functional or dysfunctional HDLs as well as their cellular responders are interesting targets for drug development.
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481
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Quintão ECR. The controversy over the use of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors: is there some light at the end of the tunnel? Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:581-9. [PMID: 26992444 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to epidemiological studies, there is no clear relationship between the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) concentration and the development of atherosclerosis in human populations. Although some studies suggest that increased CETP activity relates to undesirable profiles of plasma lipoproteins, promoting an anti-atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile by drugs that inhibit CETP has not succeeded in preventing atherosclerosis in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review describes 28 investigations in human populations dealing with plasma CETP, 11 in mice that express human CETP and seven in animals (six in rabbits and one in mice) in which plasma CETP activity was inhibited by drugs. RESULTS Present review shows that models in mice expressing human CETP are not illuminating because they report increase as well reduction of atherosclerosis. However, investigations in rabbits and mice that develop severe hypercholesterolaemia clearly indicate that impairment of the plasma CETP activity elicits protection against the development of atherosclerosis; in all of these experiments are attained substantial reductions of the atherogenic lipoproteins, namely, plasma apoB containing lipoproteins. CONCLUSION These models are strong indicators that the benefit in preventing atherosclerosis should be earned in cases of hyperlipidemia by CETP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder C R Quintão
- Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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482
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Zhang J, Zu Y, Dhanasekara CS, Li J, Wu D, Fan Z, Wang S. Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27241794 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the key pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which is a silent killer and a leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis starts with the adhesion of inflammatory monocytes on the activated endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. These monocytes can further migrate into the intimal layer of the blood vessel where they differentiate into macrophages, which take up oxidized low-density lipoproteins and release inflammatory factors to amplify the local inflammatory response. After accumulation of cholesterol, the lipid-laden macrophages are transformed into foam cells, the hallmark of the early stage of atherosclerosis. Foam cells can die from apoptosis or necrosis, and the intracellular lipid is deposed in the artery wall forming lesions. The angiogenesis for nurturing cells is enhanced during lesion development. Proteases released from macrophages, foam cells, and other cells degrade the fibrous cap of the lesion, resulting in rupture of the lesion and subsequent thrombus formation. Thrombi can block blood circulation, which represents a major cause of acute heart events and stroke. There are generally no symptoms in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Current detection techniques cannot easily, safely, and effectively detect the lesions in the early stages, nor can they characterize the lesion features such as the vulnerability. While the available therapeutic modalities cannot target specific molecules, cells, and processes in the lesions, nanoparticles appear to have a promising potential in improving atherosclerosis detection and treatment via targeting the intimal macrophages, foam cells, endothelial cells, angiogenesis, proteolysis, apoptosis, and thrombosis. Indeed, many nanoparticles have been developed in improving blood lipid profile and decreasing inflammatory response for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of drugs and decreasing their side effects. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1412. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1412 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yujiao Zu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Nano Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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483
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Aho V, Ollila HM, Kronholm E, Bondia-Pons I, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Hilvo M, Seppälä I, Kettunen J, Oikonen M, Raitoharju E, Hyötyläinen T, Kähönen M, Viikari JSA, Härmä M, Sallinen M, Olkkonen VM, Alenius H, Jauhiainen M, Paunio T, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Orešič M, Raitakari OT, Ala-Korpela M, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24828. [PMID: 27102866 PMCID: PMC4840329 DOI: 10.1038/srep24828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss and insufficient sleep are risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, but data on how insufficient sleep contributes to these diseases are scarce. These questions were addressed using two approaches: an experimental, partial sleep restriction study (14 cases and 7 control subjects) with objective verification of sleep amount, and two independent epidemiological cohorts (altogether 2739 individuals) with questions of sleep insufficiency. In both approaches, blood transcriptome and serum metabolome were analysed. Sleep loss decreased the expression of genes encoding cholesterol transporters and increased expression in pathways involved in inflammatory responses in both paradigms. Metabolomic analyses revealed lower circulating large HDL in the population cohorts among subjects reporting insufficient sleep, while circulating LDL decreased in the experimental sleep restriction study. These findings suggest that prolonged sleep deprivation modifies inflammatory and cholesterol pathways at the level of gene expression and serum lipoproteins, inducing changes toward potentially higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Aho
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Genomics and Biomarkers unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erkki Kronholm
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Isabel Bondia-Pons
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Hilvo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Genomics and Biomarkers unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervi Oikonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Härmä
- Brain and Work Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Sallinen
- Brain and Work Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Agora Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- Unit of Excellence for Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Genomics and Biomarkers unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine &Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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484
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Awasthi D, Nagarkoti S, Kumar A, Dubey M, Singh AK, Pathak P, Chandra T, Barthwal MK, Dikshit M. Oxidized LDL induced extracellular trap formation in human neutrophils via TLR-PKC-IRAK-MAPK and NADPH-oxidase activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:190-203. [PMID: 26774674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation was initially linked with host defence and extracellular killing of pathogens. However, recent studies have highlighted their inflammatory potential. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been implicated as an independent risk factor in various acute or chronic inflammatory diseases including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In the present study we investigated effect of oxLDL on NETs formation and elucidated the underlying signalling mechanism. Treatment of oxLDL to adhered PMNs led to a time and concentration dependent ROS generation and NETs formation. OxLDL induced free radical formation and NETs release were significantly prevented in presence of NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors suggesting role of NOX activation in oxLDL induced NETs release. Blocking of both toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and 6 significantly reduced oxLDL induced NETs formation indicating requirement of both the receptors. We further identified Protein kinase C (PKC), Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAKs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as downstream intracellular signalling mediators involved in oxLDL induced NETs formation. OxLDL components such as oxidized phospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (oxPAPC)) were most potent NETs inducers and might be crucial for oxLDL mediating NETs release. Other components like, oxysterols, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were however less potent as compared to oxidized phospholipids. This study thus demonstrates for the first time that treatment of human PMNs with oxLDL or its various oxidized phopholipid component mediated NETs release, implying their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Awasthi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Megha Dubey
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Tulika Chandra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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485
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Rosenson RS. The High-Density Lipoprotein Puzzle: Why Classic Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology, and Clinical Trials Conflict? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:777-82. [PMID: 26966281 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classical epidemiology has established the incremental contribution of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol measure in the assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk; yet, genetic epidemiology does not support a causal relationship between HDL cholesterol and the future risk of myocardial infarction. Therapeutic interventions directed toward cholesterol loading of the HDL particle have been based on epidemiological studies that have established HDL cholesterol as a biomarker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. However, therapeutic interventions such as niacin, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors increase HDL cholesterol in patients treated with statins, but have repeatedly failed to reduce cardiovascular events. Statin therapy interferes with ATP-binding cassette transporter-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux via miR33 and thus may diminish certain HDL functional properties. Unraveling the HDL puzzle will require continued technical advances in the characterization and quantification of multiple HDL subclasses and their functional properties. Key mechanistic criteria for clinical outcomes trials with HDL-based therapies include formation of HDL subclasses that improve the efficiency of macrophage cholesterol efflux and compositional changes in the proteome and lipidome of the HDL particle that are associated with improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These measures require validation in genetic studies and clinical trials of HDL-based therapies on the background of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Medicine/Cardiology, New York, NY.
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486
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487
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Sodhi K, Bracero L, Feyh A, Nichols A, Srikanthan K, Latif T, Preston D, Shapiro JI, Elitsur Y. Role of Serum Biomarkers in Early Detection of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis in West Virginian Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27182456 PMCID: PMC4866601 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity, an epidemic among West Virginia children, as well as insulin resistance (IR), is well-established contributors to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Progression of NASH can lead to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, making early detection imperative. The standard for diagnosing NASH is histologically via liver biopsy, which is highly invasive and generally contraindicated in children. By studying serum biomarkers associated with NASH, we aim to identify high risk children who can benefit from a less invasive, alternative approach to the early detection of NASH. Methods Seventy one children were prospectively recruited and divided into 3 groups: normal weight without IR (control), obese without IR, and obese with IR. Serum samples were drawn for each patient and biomarker levels were assessed via ELISA kits. Results Obese without IR and obese with IR patients had significantly elevated levels of lipid metabolism and accumulation markers (FGF-21, NEFA, FATP5, ApoB), oxidative stress markers (dysfunctional HDL, 8-Isoprostane), inflammatory markers(dysfunctional HDL, CK-18) and apoptosis markers (CK-18) compared to control patients (p<0.02). Bilirubin (an antioxidant) was significantly decreased in the obese without IR and obese with IR patients compared to control (p<0.02). Conclusion This study showed a correlation between obesity, IR, and biomarkers associated with NASH in pediatrics patients from West Virginia, with obese with IR patients showing the strongest correlation. These findings support the clinical application of these serum biomarkers as a less invasive method for early detection of NASH and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sodhi
- Department of Surgery and Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Lucas Bracero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Andrew Feyh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Alexandra Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Krithika Srikanthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Tariq Latif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Deborah Preston
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Surgery and Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Yoram Elitsur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
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488
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Baldán Á, de Aguiar Vallim TQ. miRNAs and High-Density Lipoprotein metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2053-2061. [PMID: 26869447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipoprotein metabolism plays a key role during atherogenesis. For over 50years, epidemiological data have fueled the proposal that HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) in circulation is inversely correlated to cardiovascular risk. However, the atheroprotective role of HDL is currently the focus of much debate and remains an active field of research. The emerging picture from research in the past decade suggests that HDL function, rather than HDL-c content, is important in disease. Recent developments demonstrate that miRNAs play an important role in fine-tuning the expression of key genes involved in HDL biogenesis, lipidation, and clearance, as well as in determining the amounts of HDL-c in circulation. Thus, it has been proposed that miRNAs that affect HDL metabolism might be exploited therapeutically in patients. Whether HDL-based therapies, alone or in combination with LDL-based treatments (e.g. statins), provide superior outcomes in patients has been recently questioned by human genetics studies and clinical trials. The switch in focus from "HDL-cholesterol" to "HDL function" opens a new paradigm to understand the physiology and therapeutic potential of HDL, and to find novel modulators of cardiovascular risk. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of HDL metabolism and function by miRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Baldán
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, and Liver Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive S, A2-237 CHS, UCLA Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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489
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Michell DL, Vickers KC. Lipoprotein carriers of microRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2069-2074. [PMID: 26825691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins, namely high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport a wide-variety of cargo in addition to cholesterol and lipids. In 2011, HDL and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were reported to transport microRNAs (miRNA). Since the original discovery, there has been great excitement for this topic and a handful of follow-up publications. Here, we review the current landscape of lipoprotein transport of miRNAs. HDL-miRNAs have been demonstrated to be altered in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. As such, HDL- and LDL-miRNAs may represent a novel class of disease biomarkers. Below, we review HDL-miR-92a and miR-486 levels in myocardial infarction and unstable angina, and HDL-miR-223 and miR-24 levels in coronary artery disease (CAD). Moreover, we address HDL's contribution to the total pool of extracellular miRNAs in plasma and differential distribution of miRNAs across HDL subspecies. Finally, we address current and future challenges for this new field and the barriers to such work. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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490
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Gogonea V. Structural Insights into High Density Lipoprotein: Old Models and New Facts. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:318. [PMID: 26793109 PMCID: PMC4709926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological link between circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and cardiovascular disease is well-documented, albeit its intricacies are not well-understood. An improved appreciation of HDL function and overall role in vascular health and disease requires at its foundation a better understanding of the lipoprotein's molecular structure, its formation, and its process of maturation through interactions with various plasma enzymes and cell receptors that intervene along the pathway of reverse cholesterol transport. This review focuses on summarizing recent developments in the field of lipid free apoA-I and HDL structure, with emphasis on new insights revealed by newly published nascent and spherical HDL models constructed by combining low resolution structures obtained from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast variation and geometrical constraints derived from hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), crosslinking mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer, and electron spin resonance. Recently published low resolution structures of nascent and spherical HDL obtained from SANS with contrast variation and isotopic labeling of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) will be critically reviewed and discussed in terms of how they accommodate existing biophysical structural data from alternative approaches. The new low resolution structures revealed and also provided some answers to long standing questions concerning lipid organization and particle maturation of lipoproteins. The review will discuss the merits of newly proposed SANS based all atom models for nascent and spherical HDL, and compare them with accepted models. Finally, naturally occurring and bioengineered mutations in apoA-I, and their impact on HDL phenotype, are reviewed and discuss together with new therapeutics employed for restoring HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State UniversityCleveland, OH, USA; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
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491
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Constantinou C, Karavia EA, Xepapadaki E, Petropoulou PI, Papakosta E, Karavyraki M, Zvintzou E, Theodoropoulos V, Filou S, Hatziri A, Kalogeropoulou C, Panayiotakopoulos G, Kypreos KE. Advances in high-density lipoprotein physiology: surprises, overturns, and promises. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E1-E14. [PMID: 26530157 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence strongly supports that changes in the HDL metabolic pathway, which result in changes in HDL proteome and function, appear to have a causative impact on a number of metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a critical review of the most recent and novel findings correlating HDL properties and functionality with various pathophysiological processes and disease states, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammation and sepsis, bone and obstructive pulmonary diseases, and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | - Eugenia Papakosta
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Marilena Karavyraki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | - Serafoula Filou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatziri
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | | | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
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492
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Liu D, Zhang M, Xie W, Lan G, Cheng HP, Gong D, Huang C, Lv YC, Yao F, Tan YL, Li L, Zheng XL, Tang CK. MiR-486 regulates cholesterol efflux by targeting HAT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 472:418-24. [PMID: 26654953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Excessive cholesterol accumulation in macrophages is a major factor of foam cell formation and development of atherosclerosis. Previous studies suggested that miR-486 plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine whether miR-486 regulates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediated cholesterol efflux, and also explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay, we transfected miR-486 mimic and miR-486 inhibitor into THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, and found that miR-486 directly bound to histone acetyltransferase-1 (HAT1) 3'UTR, and downregulated its mRNA and protein expression. In addition, our studies through transfection with wildtype HAT1 or shHAT1 (short hairpin HAT1) revealed that HAT1 could promote the expression of ABCA1 at both mRNA and protein levels. At the same time, the acetylation levels of the lysines 5 and 12 of histone H4 were upregulated after overexpression with HAT1. Meanwhile, the results of liquid scintillation counter and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that miR-486 promoted cholesterol accumulation in THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSION These data indicated that miR-486 aggravate the cholesterol accumulation in THP-1 cells by targeting HAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Lan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Gong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Lin Tan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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493
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Liu C, Zhang Y, Ding D, Li X, Yang Y, Li Q, Zheng Y, Wang D, Ling W. Cholesterol efflux capacity is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 249:116-24. [PMID: 27088866 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diminished cholesterol efflux capacity is positively related with prevalent coronary artery disease, its prognostic value for incident cardiovascular events remains a topic of debate. This work aims to investigate the association between cholesterol efflux capacity and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured cholesterol efflux capacity at baseline in 1737 patients with coronary artery disease from the Guangdong Coronary Artery Disease Cohort. During 6645 person-years of follow-up, 166 deaths were registered, 122 of which were caused by cardiovascular diseases. After multivariate adjustment for factors related to cardiovascular diseases, the hazard ratios of cholesterol efflux capacity in the fourth quartile compared with those in the bottom quartile were 0.24 (95% confidence intervals 0.13-0.44) for all-cause mortality (P < 0.001), and 0.17 (95% confidence intervals 0.08-0.39) for cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.001). Adding cholesterol efflux capacity to a model containing traditional cardiovascular risk factors significantly increases its discriminatory power and predictive ability for all-cause (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.79 versus 0.76, P = 0.001; net reclassification improvement 14.5%, P = 0.001; integrated discrimination improvement 0.016, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.81 versus 0.78, P = 0.001; net reclassification improvement 18.4%, P < 0.001; integrated discrimination improvement 0.015, P < 0.001) death, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol efflux capacity may serve as an independent measure for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of People's Liberation Army, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunou Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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