451
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Marcus M, Baranes K, Park M, Choi IS, Kang K, Shefi O. Interactions of Neurons with Physical Environments. Adv Healthc Mater 2017. [PMID: 28640544 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth strongly relies on multiple chemical and physical signals throughout development and regeneration. Currently, a cure for injured neuronal tissue is an unmet need. Recent advances in fabrication technologies and materials led to the development of synthetic interfaces for neurons. Such engineered platforms that come in 2D and 3D forms can mimic the native extracellular environment and create a deeper understanding of neuronal growth mechanisms, and ultimately advance the development of potential therapies for neuronal regeneration. This progress report aims to present a comprehensive discussion of this field, focusing on physical feature design and fabrication with additional information about considerations of chemical modifications. We review studies of platforms generated with a range of topographies, from micro-scale features down to topographical elements at the nanoscale that demonstrate effective interactions with neuronal cells. Fabrication methods are discussed as well as their biological outcomes. This report highlights the interplay between neuronal systems and the important roles played by topography on neuronal differentiation, outgrowth, and development. The influence of substrate structures on different neuronal cells and parameters including cell fate, outgrowth, intracellular remodeling, gene expression and activity is discussed. Matching these effects to specific needs may lead to the emergence of clinical solutions for patients suffering from neuronal injuries or brain-machine interface (BMI) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marcus
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Koby Baranes
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Matthew Park
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research; Department of Chemistry; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research; Department of Chemistry; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kyung Hee University; Yongin Gyeonggi 17104 Korea
| | - Orit Shefi
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
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452
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Multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-dexamethasone and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate-carbon nanotubes coatings on glassy carbon microelectrode arrays for controlled drug release. Biointerphases 2017; 12:031002. [PMID: 28704999 DOI: 10.1116/1.4993140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present an electrochemically controlled, drug releasing neural interface composed of a glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode array combined with a multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating. The system integrates the high stability of the GC electrode substrate, ideal for electrical stimulation and electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters, with the on-demand drug-releasing capabilities of PEDOT-dexamethasone compound, through a mechanically stable interlayer of PEDOT-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)-carbon nanotubes (CNT). The authors demonstrate that such interlayer improves both the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the neural interface, when compared with a single PEDOT-dexamethasone coating. Moreover, the multilayer coating is able to withstand 10 × 106 biphasic pulses and delamination test with negligible change to the impedance spectra. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy images support that the PEDOT-PSS-CNT interlayer significantly improves the adhesion between the GC substrate and PEDOT-dexamethasone coating, showing no discontinuities between the three well-interconnected layers. Furthermore, the multilayer coating has superior electrochemical properties, in terms of impedance and charge transfer capabilities as compared to a single layer of either PEDOT coating or the GC substrate alone. The authors verified the drug releasing capabilities of the PEDOT-dexamethasone layer when integrated into the multilayer interface through repeated stimulation protocols in vitro, and found a pharmacologically relevant release of dexamethasone.
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453
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Cai P, Leow WR, Wang X, Wu YL, Chen X. Programmable Nano-Bio Interfaces for Functional Biointegrated Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605529. [PMID: 28397302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of evidence has demonstrated the revolutionary role of nanosystems in the screening and shielding of biological systems. The explosive development of interfacing bioentities with programmable nanomaterials has conveyed the intriguing concept of nano-bio interfaces. Here, recent advances in functional biointegrated devices through the precise programming of nano-bio interactions are outlined, especially with regard to the rational assembly of constituent nanomaterials on multiple dimension scales (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, layered nanomaterials, and 3D-architectured nanomaterials), in order to leverage their respective intrinsic merits for different functions. Emerging nanotechnological strategies at nano-bio interfaces are also highlighted, such as multimodal diagnosis or "theragnostics", synergistic and sequential therapeutics delivery, and stretchable and flexible nanoelectronic devices, and their implementation into a broad range of biointegrated devices (e.g., implantable, minimally invasive, and wearable devices). When utilized as functional modules of biointegrated devices, these programmable nano-bio interfaces will open up a new chapter for precision nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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454
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Dickey MD. Stretchable and Soft Electronics using Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606425. [PMID: 28417536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of liquid metals based on gallium for soft and stretchable electronics is discussed. This emerging class of electronics is motivated, in part, by the new opportunities that arise from devices that have mechanical properties similar to those encountered in the human experience, such as skin, tissue, textiles, and clothing. These types of electronics (e.g., wearable or implantable electronics, sensors for soft robotics, e-skin) must operate during deformation. Liquid metals are compelling materials for these applications because, in principle, they are infinitely deformable while retaining metallic conductivity. Liquid metals have been used for stretchable wires and interconnects, reconfigurable antennas, soft sensors, self-healing circuits, and conformal electrodes. In contrast to Hg, liquid metals based on gallium have low toxicity and essentially no vapor pressure and are therefore considered safe to handle. Whereas most liquids bead up to minimize surface energy, the presence of a surface oxide on these metals makes it possible to pattern them into useful shapes using a variety of techniques, including fluidic injection and 3D printing. In addition to forming excellent conductors, these metals can be used actively to form memory devices, sensors, and diodes that are completely built from soft materials. The properties of these materials, their applications within soft and stretchable electronics, and future opportunities and challenges are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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455
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Jang KI, Li K, Chung HU, Xu S, Jung HN, Yang Y, Kwak JW, Jung HH, Song J, Yang C, Wang A, Liu Z, Lee JY, Kim BH, Kim JH, Lee J, Yu Y, Kim BJ, Jang H, Yu KJ, Kim J, Lee JW, Jeong JW, Song YM, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Rogers JA. Self-assembled three dimensional network designs for soft electronics. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28635956 PMCID: PMC5482057 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low modulus, compliant systems of sensors, circuits and radios designed to intimately interface with the soft tissues of the human body are of growing interest, due to their emerging applications in continuous, clinical-quality health monitors and advanced, bioelectronic therapeutics. Although recent research establishes various materials and mechanics concepts for such technologies, all existing approaches involve simple, two-dimensional (2D) layouts in the constituent micro-components and interconnects. Here we introduce concepts in three-dimensional (3D) architectures that bypass important engineering constraints and performance limitations set by traditional, 2D designs. Specifically, open-mesh, 3D interconnect networks of helical microcoils formed by deterministic compressive buckling establish the basis for systems that can offer exceptional low modulus, elastic mechanics, in compact geometries, with active components and sophisticated levels of functionality. Coupled mechanical and electrical design approaches enable layout optimization, assembly processes and encapsulation schemes to yield 3D configurations that satisfy requirements in demanding, complex systems, such as wireless, skin-compatible electronic sensors. Many low modulus systems, such as sensors, circuits and radios, are in 2D formats that interface with soft human tissue in order to form health monitors or bioelectronic therapeutics. Here the authors produce 3D architectures, which bypass engineering constraints and performance limitations experienced by their 2D counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-In Jang
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Kan Li
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ha Uk Chung
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Han Na Jung
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Han Hee Jung
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Juwon Song
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Ce Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Jong Yoon Lee
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jungyup Lee
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yongjoon Yu
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Bum Jun Kim
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Hokyung Jang
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Neurological Surgery, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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456
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Song K, Han JH, Yang HC, Nam KI, Lee J. Generation of electrical power under human skin by subdermal solar cell arrays for implantable bioelectronic devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:364-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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457
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Lo YK, Kuan YC, Culaclii S, Kim B, Wang PM, Chang CW, Massachi JA, Zhu M, Chen K, Gad P, Edgerton VR, Liu W. A Fully Integrated Wireless SoC for Motor Function Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:497-509. [PMID: 28489550 PMCID: PMC5562024 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2679441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a wirelessly powered, fully integrated system-on-a-chip (SoC) supporting 160-channel stimulation, 16-channel recording, and 48-channel bio-impedance characterization to enable partial motor function recovery through epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation. A wireless transceiver is designed to support quasi full-duplex data telemetry at a data rate of 2 Mb/s. Furthermore, a unique in situ bio-impedance characterization scheme based on time-domain analysis is implemented to derive the Randles cell electrode model of the electrode-electrolyte interface. The SoC supports concurrent stimulation and recording while the high-density stimulator array meets an output compliance voltage of up to ±10 V with versatile stimulus programmability. The SoC consumes 18 mW and occupies a chip area of 5.7 mm × 4.4 mm using 0.18 μm high-voltage CMOS process. In our in vivo rodent experiment, the SoC is used to perform wireless recording of EMG responses while stimulation is applied to enable the standing and stepping of a paralyzed rat. To facilitate the system integration, a novel thin film polymer packaging technique is developed to provide a heterogeneous integration of the SoC, coils, discrete components, and high-density flexible electrode array, resulting in a miniaturized prototype implant with a weight and form factor of 0.7 g and 0.5 cm3, respectively.
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458
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Bioactive interpenetrating polymer networks for improving the electrode/neural-tissue interface. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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459
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Rivnay J, Wang H, Fenno L, Deisseroth K, Malliaras GG. Next-generation probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601649. [PMID: 28630894 PMCID: PMC5466371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system enables neuroscience research, diagnosis, and therapy. This two-way communication allows us to monitor the state of the brain and its composite networks and cells as well as to influence them to treat disease or repair/restore sensory or motor function. To provide the most stable and effective interface, the tools of the trade must bridge the soft, ion-rich, and evolving nature of neural tissue with the largely rigid, static realm of microelectronics and medical instruments that allow for readout, analysis, and/or control. In this Review, we describe how the understanding of neural signaling and material-tissue interactions has fueled the expansion of the available tool set. New probe architectures and materials, nanoparticles, dyes, and designer genetically encoded proteins push the limits of recording and stimulation lifetime, localization, and specificity, blurring the boundary between living tissue and engineered tools. Understanding these approaches, their modality, and the role of cross-disciplinary development will support new neurotherapies and prostheses and provide neuroscientists and neurologists with unprecedented access to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lief Fenno
- Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
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460
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Ma Y, Feng X, Rogers JA, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Design and application of 'J-shaped' stress-strain behavior in stretchable electronics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1689-1704. [PMID: 28470286 PMCID: PMC5505255 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of natural biological tissues (e.g., skin, ligaments, spider silk, blood vessel) exhibit 'J-shaped' stress-strain behavior, thereby combining soft, compliant mechanics and large levels of stretchability, with a natural 'strain-limiting' mechanism to prevent damage from excessive strain. Synthetic materials with similar stress-strain behaviors have potential utility in many promising applications, such as tissue engineering (to reproduce the nonlinear mechanical properties of real biological tissues) and biomedical devices (to enable natural, comfortable integration of stretchable electronics with biological tissues/organs). Recent advances in this field encompass developments of novel material/structure concepts, fabrication approaches, and unique device applications. This review highlights five representative strategies, including designs that involve open network, wavy and wrinkled morphologies, helical layouts, kirigami and origami constructs, and textile formats. Discussions focus on the underlying ideas, the fabrication/assembly routes, and the microstructure-property relationships that are essential for optimization of the desired 'J-shaped' stress-strain responses. Demonstration applications provide examples of the use of these designs in deformable electronics and biomedical devices that offer soft, compliant mechanics but with inherent robustness against damage from excessive deformation. We conclude with some perspectives on challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinji Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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461
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Lee HC, Ejserholm F, Gaire J, Currlin S, Schouenborg J, Wallman L, Bengtsson M, Park K, Otto KJ. Histological evaluation of flexible neural implants; flexibility limit for reducing the tissue response? J Neural Eng 2017; 14:036026. [PMID: 28470152 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa68f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flexible neural probes are hypothesized to reduce the chronic foreign body response (FBR) mainly by reducing the strain-stress caused by an interplay between the tethered probe and the brain's micromotion. However, a large discrepancy of Young's modulus still exists (3-6 orders of magnitude) between the flexible probes and the brain tissue. This raises the question of whether we need to bridge this gap; would increasing the probe flexibility proportionally reduce the FBR? APPROACH Using novel off-stoichiometry thiol-enes-epoxy (OSTE+) polymer probes developed in our previous work, we quantitatively evaluated the FBR to four types of probes with different softness: silicon (~150 GPa), polyimide (1.5 GPa), OSTE+Hard (300 MPa), and OSTE+Soft (6 MPa). MAIN RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in the fluorescence intensity of biomarkers for activated microglia/macrophages and blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness around the three soft polymer probes compared to the silicon probe, both at 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-implantation. However, we did not observe any consistent differences in the biomarkers among the polymer probes. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that the mechanical compliance of neural probes can mediate the degree of FBR, but its impact diminishes after a hypothetical threshold level. This infers that resolving the mechanical mismatch alone has a limited effect on improving the lifetime of neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Chang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America. J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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462
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Wu H, Gao W, Yin Z. Materials, Devices and Systems of Soft Bioelectronics for Precision Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371156 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential applications of soft bioelectronics in biomedical research and clinical trials have inspired a great deal of research interest in the past decade. While there has been significant amount of work in the fabrication and characterization of soft and stretchable sensors for monitoring of physical conditions and vital signs of human body, the development of soft bioelectronics based medical treatment and intervention systems has just begun. In addition to health monitoring, active treatments are essential for disease control in the healthcare domain, and medical therapy and surgery realized by sophisticated soft bioelectronic systems are better demonstrations of their utility in healthcare. In this Research News, we summarize recent key research achievements in soft bioelectronics enabled precision therapy, with emphasis on drug delivery, therapeutic and surgical mechanisms and tools enabled by integrated systems. Challenges in technology development and prospects for commercialization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center; School of Mechanical Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Wei Gao
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Zhouping Yin
- Flexible Electronics Research Center; School of Mechanical Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
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463
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Sim JY, Haney MP, Park SI, McCall JG, Jeong JW. Microfluidic neural probes: in vivo tools for advancing neuroscience. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1406-1435. [PMID: 28349140 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic neural probes hold immense potential as in vivo tools for dissecting neural circuit function in complex nervous systems. Miniaturization, integration, and automation of drug delivery tools open up new opportunities for minimally invasive implants. These developments provide unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution in fluid delivery as well as multifunctional interrogation of neural activity using combined electrical and optical modalities. Capitalizing on these unique features, microfluidic technology will greatly advance in vivo pharmacology, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and optopharmacology. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microfluidic neural probe systems. In particular, we will highlight the materials and manufacturing processes of microfluidic probes, device configurations, peripheral devices for fluid handling and packaging, and wireless technologies that can be integrated for the control of these microfluidic probe systems. This article summarizes various microfluidic implants and discusses grand challenges and future directions for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Sim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Department, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
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464
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Abstract
Plastic bioelectronics is a research field that takes advantage of the inherent properties of polymers and soft organic electronics for applications at the interface of biology and electronics. The resulting electronic materials and devices are soft, stretchable and mechanically conformable, which are important qualities for interacting with biological systems in both wearable and implantable devices. Work is currently aimed at improving these devices with a view to making the electronic-biological interface as seamless as possible.
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465
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanomaterials are emerging as a class of materials that can push the fundamental limits of current biomedical devices and possibly revolutionize healthcare. In particular, silicon nanostructures have been proven to be attractive systems for integrating nanoscale machines in biology because of their tunable electronic and optical properties, low cytotoxicity, and the vast microfabrication toolbox available for silicon. Studies have demonstrated that the implementation of next-generation silicon-based biomedical devices can benefit from the rational design of their nanoscale components. In this review, we will discuss some recent progress in this area, with a particular focus on the chemical synthesis of new silicon nanostructures and their emerging applications ranging from fundamental biophysical studies to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Acaron Ledesma
- Biophysics graduate program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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466
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Park S, Guo Y, Jia X, Choe HK, Grena B, Kang J, Park J, Lu C, Canales A, Chen R, Yim YS, Choi GB, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:612-619. [PMID: 28218915 PMCID: PMC5374019 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic interrogation of neural pathways relies on delivery of light-sensitive opsins into tissue and subsequent optical illumination and electrical recording from the regions of interest. Despite the recent development of multifunctional neural probes, integration of these modalities in a single biocompatible platform remains a challenge. We developed a device composed of an optical waveguide, six electrodes and two microfluidic channels produced via fiber drawing. Our probes facilitated injections of viral vectors carrying opsin genes while providing collocated neural recording and optical stimulation. The miniature (<200 μm) footprint and modest weight (<0.5 g) of these probes allowed for multiple implantations into the mouse brain, which enabled opto-electrophysiological investigation of projections from the basolateral amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus during behavioral experiments. Fabricated solely from polymers and polymer composites, these flexible probes minimized tissue response to achieve chronic multimodal interrogation of brain circuits with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Grena
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeewoo Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chi Lu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andres Canales
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yeong Shin Yim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria B. Choi
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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467
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Giusto E, Donegà M, Dumitru AC, Foschi G, Casalini S, Bianchi M, Leonardi T, Russo A, Occhipinti LG, Biscarini F, Garcia R, Pluchino S. Interfacing Polymers and Tissues: Quantitative Local Assessment of the Foreign Body Reaction of Mononuclear Phagocytes to Polymeric Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700021. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giusto
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; University of Cambridge; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0HA UK
| | - Matteo Donegà
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; University of Cambridge; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0HA UK
| | - Andra C. Dumitru
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; CSIC; Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Giulia Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Laboratorio di NanoBiotecnologie-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Via di Barbiano 1/10 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; University of Cambridge; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0HA UK
- The EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute; Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD UK
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Laboratorio di NanoBiotecnologie-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Via di Barbiano 1/10 40136 Bologna Italy
| | | | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; CSIC; Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; University of Cambridge; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0HA UK
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468
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Ryu M, Yang JH, Ahn Y, Sim M, Lee KH, Kim K, Lee T, Yoo SJ, Kim SY, Moon C, Je M, Choi JW, Lee Y, Jang JE. Enhancement of Interface Characteristics of Neural Probe Based on Graphene, ZnO Nanowires, and Conducting Polymer PEDOT. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10577-10586. [PMID: 28266832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the growing field of brain-machine interface (BMI), the interface between electrodes and neural tissues plays an important role in the recording and stimulation of neural signals. To minimize tissue damage while retaining high sensitivity, a flexible and a smaller electrode with low impedance is required. However, it is a major challenge to reduce electrode size while retaining the conductive characteristics of the electrode. In addition, the mechanical mismatch between stiff electrodes and soft tissues creates damaging reactive tissue responses. Here, we demonstrate a neural probe structure based on graphene, ZnO nanowires, and conducting polymer that provides flexibility and low impedance performance. A hybrid Au and graphene structure was utilized to achieve both flexibility and good conductivity. Using ZnO nanowires to increase the effective surface area drastically decreased the impedance value and enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene] (PEDOT) coating on the neural probe improved the electrical characteristics of the electrode while providing better biocompatibility. In vivo neural signal recordings showed that our neural probe can detect clearer signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Taeju Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Minkyu Je
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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469
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Heo DN, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Heo M, Lee SJ, Lee D, Do SH, Lee SH, Kwon IK. Flexible and Highly Biocompatible Nanofiber-Based Electrodes for Neural Surface Interfacing. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2961-2971. [PMID: 28196320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI)-based electrodes have been widely used as flexible biosensors in implantable device applications for recording biological signals. However, the long-term quality of neural signals obtained from PI-based nerve electrodes tends to decrease due to nerve damage by neural tissue compression, mechanical mismatch, and insufficient fluid exchange between the neural tissue and electrodes. Here, we resolve these problems with a developed PI nanofiber (NF)-based nerve electrode for stable neural signal recording, which can be fabricated via electrospinning and inkjet printing. We demonstrate an NF-based nerve electrode that can be simply fabricated and easily applied due to its high permeability, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the electrode can record stable neural signals for extended periods of time, resulting in decreased mechanical mismatch, neural compression, and contact area. NF-based electrodes with highly flexible and body-fluid-permeable properties could enable future neural interfacing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Nyoung Heo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Jae Lee
- Center for BioMicroSystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Heo
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Center for BioMicroSystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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470
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Wu RX, Yin Y, He XT, Li X, Chen FM. Engineering a Cell Home for Stem Cell Homing and Accommodation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700004. [PMID: 32646164 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Distilling complexity to advance regenerative medicine from laboratory animals to humans, in situ regeneration will continue to evolve using biomaterial strategies to drive endogenous cells within the human body for therapeutic purposes; this approach avoids the need for delivering ex vivo-expanded cellular materials. Ensuring the recruitment of a significant number of reparative cells from an endogenous source to the site of interest is the first step toward achieving success. Subsequently, making the "cell home" cell-friendly by recapitulating the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of its chemistry, structure, dynamics, and function, and targeting specific aspects of the native stem cell niche (e.g., cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions) to program and steer the fates of those recruited stem cells play equally crucial roles in yielding a therapeutically regenerative solution. This review addresses the key aspects of material-guided cell homing and the engineering of novel biomaterials with desirable ECM composition, surface topography, biochemistry, and mechanical properties that can present both biochemical and physical cues required for in situ tissue regeneration. This growing body of knowledge will likely become a design basis for the development of regenerative biomaterials for, but not limited to, future in situ tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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471
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Moeendarbary E, Weber IP, Sheridan GK, Koser DE, Soleman S, Haenzi B, Bradbury EJ, Fawcett J, Franze K. The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14787. [PMID: 28317912 PMCID: PMC5364386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) alters the molecular and cellular composition of neural tissue and leads to glial scarring, which inhibits the regrowth of damaged axons. Mammalian glial scars supposedly form a chemical and mechanical barrier to neuronal regeneration. While tremendous effort has been devoted to identifying molecular characteristics of the scar, very little is known about its mechanical properties. Here we characterize spatiotemporal changes of the elastic stiffness of the injured rat neocortex and spinal cord at 1.5 and three weeks post-injury using atomic force microscopy. In contrast to scars in other mammalian tissues, CNS tissue significantly softens after injury. Expression levels of glial intermediate filaments (GFAP, vimentin) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, collagen IV) correlate with tissue softening. As tissue stiffness is a regulator of neuronal growth, our results may help to understand why mammalian neurons do not regenerate after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave 56, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK,
| | - Isabell P. Weber
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - David E. Koser
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sara Soleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. Bradbury
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,
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472
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Lee YK, Jang KI, Ma Y, Koh A, Chen H, Jung HN, Kim Y, Kwak JW, Wang L, Xue Y, Yang Y, Tian W, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Feng X, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Chemical Sensing Systems that Utilize Soft Electronics on Thin Elastomeric Substrates with Open Cellular Designs. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 9:1605476. [PMID: 28989338 PMCID: PMC5630126 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201605476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A collection of materials and device architectures are introduced for thin, stretchable arrays of ion sensors that mount on open cellular substrates to facilitate solution exchange for use in biointegrated electronics. The results include integration strategies and studies of fundamental characteristics in chemical sensing and mechanical response. The latter involves experimental measurements and theoretical simulations that establish important considerations in the design of low modulus, stretchable properties in cellular substrates, and in the realization of advanced capabilities in spatiotemporal mapping of chemicals' gradients. As the chemical composition of extracellular fluids contains valuable information related to biological function, the concepts introduced here have potential utility across a range of skin- and internal-organ-integrated electronics where soft mechanics, fluidic permeability, and advanced chemical sensing capabilities are key requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyeung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Yinji Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han Na Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Institute of Chemical Machinery and Process Equipment, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenlong Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Bio Nanotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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473
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Tian K, Bae J, Bakarich SE, Yang C, Gately RD, Spinks GM, In Het Panhuis M, Suo Z, Vlassak JJ. 3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel-Elastomer Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604827. [PMID: 28075033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel-dielectric-elastomer system, polyacrylamide and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is adapted for extrusion printing for integrated device fabrication. A lithium-chloride-containing hydrogel printing ink is developed and printed onto treated PDMS with no visible signs of delamination and geometrically scaling resistance under moderate uniaxial tension and fatigue. A variety of designs are demonstrated, including a resistive strain gauge and an ionic cable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tian
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jinhye Bae
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shannon E Bakarich
- School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Canhui Yang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Reece D Gately
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marc In Het Panhuis
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Zhigang Suo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
| | - Joost J Vlassak
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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474
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Lu C, Park S, Richner TJ, Derry A, Brown I, Hou C, Rao S, Kang J, Moritz CT, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. Flexible and stretchable nanowire-coated fibers for optoelectronic probing of spinal cord circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1600955. [PMID: 28435858 PMCID: PMC5371423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies of neural pathways that contribute to loss and recovery of function following paralyzing spinal cord injury require devices for modulating and recording electrophysiological activity in specific neurons. These devices must be sufficiently flexible to match the low elastic modulus of neural tissue and to withstand repeated strains experienced by the spinal cord during normal movement. We report flexible, stretchable probes consisting of thermally drawn polymer fibers coated with micrometer-thick conductive meshes of silver nanowires. These hybrid probes maintain low optical transmission losses in the visible range and impedance suitable for extracellular recording under strains exceeding those occurring in mammalian spinal cords. Evaluation in freely moving mice confirms the ability of these probes to record endogenous electrophysiological activity in the spinal cord. Simultaneous stimulation and recording is demonstrated in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin 2, where optical excitation evokes electromyographic activity and hindlimb movement correlated to local field potentials measured in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas J. Richner
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, UW Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander Derry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Imogen Brown
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Chong Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Siyuan Rao
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeewoo Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chet T. Moritz
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, UW Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Advanced Functional Fabrics of America Inc., 500 Technology Square, NE47-525, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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475
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Chen R, Canales A, Anikeeva P. Neural Recording and Modulation Technologies. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2017; 2:16093. [PMID: 31448131 PMCID: PMC6707077 DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Within the mammalian nervous system, billions of neurons connected by quadrillions of synapses exchange electrical, chemical and mechanical signals. Disruptions to this network manifest as neurological or psychiatric conditions. Despite decades of neuroscience research, our ability to treat or even to understand these conditions is limited by the tools capable of probing the signalling complexity of the nervous system. Although orders of magnitude smaller and computationally faster than neurons, conventional substrate-bound electronics do not address the chemical and mechanical properties of neural tissue. This mismatch results in a foreign-body response and the encapsulation of devices by glial scars, suggesting that the design of an interface between the nervous system and a synthetic sensor requires additional materials innovation. Advances in genetic tools for manipulating neural activity have fuelled the demand for devices capable of simultaneous recording and controlling individual neurons at unprecedented scales. Recently, flexible organic electronics and bio- and nanomaterials have been developed for multifunctional and minimally invasive probes for long-term interaction with the nervous system. In this Review, we discuss the design lessons from the quarter-century-old field of neural engineering, highlight recent materials-driven progress in neural probes, and look at emergent directions inspired by the principles of neural transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andres Canales
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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476
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Tomatsu S, Kim G, Confais J, Seki K. Muscle afferent excitability testing in spinal root-intact rats: dissociating peripheral afferent and efferent volleys generated by intraspinal microstimulation. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:796-807. [PMID: 27974451 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00874.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic inhibition of the sensory input from the periphery to the spinal cord can be evaluated directly by intra-axonal recording of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) or indirectly by intraspinal microstimulation (excitability testing). Excitability testing is superior for use in normal behaving animals, because this methodology bypasses the technically challenging intra-axonal recording. However, use of excitability testing on the muscle or joint afferent in intact animals presents its own technical challenges. Because these afferents, in many cases, are mixed with motor axons in the peripheral nervous system, it is crucial to dissociate antidromic volleys in the primary afferents from orthodromic volleys in the motor axon, both of which are evoked by intraspinal microstimulation. We have demonstrated in rats that application of a paired stimulation protocol with a short interstimulus interval (ISI) successfully dissociated the antidromic volley in the nerve innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle. By using a 2-ms ISI, the amplitude of the volleys evoked by the second stimulation was decreased in dorsal root-sectioned rats, but the amplitude did not change or was slightly increased in ventral root-sectioned rats. Excitability testing in rats with intact spinal roots indicated that the putative antidromic volleys exhibited dominant primary afferent depolarization, which was reasonably induced from the more dorsal side of the spinal cord. We concluded that excitability testing with a paired-pulse protocol can be used for studying presynaptic inhibition of somatosensory afferents in animals with intact spinal roots.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Excitability testing of primary afferents has been used to evaluate presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission in experiments conducted in vivo. However, to apply this method to muscle afferents of animals with intact spinal roots, it is crucial to dissociate antidromic and orthodromic volleys induced by spinal microstimulation. We propose a new method to make this dissociation possible without cutting spinal roots and demonstrate that it facilitates excitability testing of muscle afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeka Tomatsu
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Geehee Kim
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Joachim Confais
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan; and .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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477
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Wurth S, Capogrosso M, Raspopovic S, Gandar J, Federici G, Kinany N, Cutrone A, Piersigilli A, Pavlova N, Guiet R, Taverni G, Rigosa J, Shkorbatova P, Navarro X, Barraud Q, Courtine G, Micera S. Long-term usability and bio-integration of polyimide-based intra-neural stimulating electrodes. Biomaterials 2017; 122:114-129. [PMID: 28110171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of peripheral nerves has transiently restored lost sensation and has the potential to alleviate motor deficits. However, incomplete characterization of the long-term usability and bio-integration of intra-neural implants has restricted their use for clinical applications. Here, we conducted a longitudinal assessment of the selectivity, stability, functionality, and biocompatibility of polyimide-based intra-neural implants that were inserted in the sciatic nerve of twenty-three healthy adult rats for up to six months. We found that the stimulation threshold and impedance of the electrodes increased moderately during the first four weeks after implantation, and then remained stable over the following five months. The time course of these adaptations correlated with the progressive development of a fibrotic capsule around the implants. The selectivity of the electrodes enabled the preferential recruitment of extensor and flexor muscles of the ankle. Despite the foreign body reaction, this selectivity remained stable over time. These functional properties supported the development of control algorithms that modulated the forces produced by ankle extensor and flexor muscles with high precision. The comprehensive characterization of the implant encapsulation revealed hyper-cellularity, increased microvascular density, Wallerian degeneration, and infiltration of macrophages within the endoneurial space early after implantation. Over time, the amount of macrophages markedly decreased, and a layer of multinucleated giant cells surrounded by a capsule of fibrotic tissue developed around the implant, causing an enlargement of the diameter of the nerve. However, the density of nerve fibers above and below the inserted implant remained unaffected. Upon removal of the implant, we did not detect alteration of skilled leg movements and only observed mild tissue reaction. Our study characterized the interplay between the development of foreign body responses and changes in the electrical properties of actively used intra-neural electrodes, highlighting functional stability of polyimide-based implants over more than six months. These results are essential for refining and validating these implants and open a realistic pathway for long-term clinical applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wurth
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Capogrosso
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Raspopovic
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Gandar
- International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Federici
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Kinany
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Cutrone
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Piersigilli
- Laboratory Animals Pathology Unit, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Pavlova
- International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St Petersbourg, Russia
| | - R Guiet
- Bioimaging and Optics Platform, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Taverni
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Rigosa
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; SAMBA Lab, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Shkorbatova
- International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St Petersbourg, Russia
| | - X Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Q Barraud
- International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Courtine
- International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Micera
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
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478
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Preparation and implementation of optofluidic neural probes for in vivo wireless pharmacology and optogenetics. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:219-237. [PMID: 28055036 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This Protocol Extension describes the fabrication and technical procedures for implementing ultrathin, flexible optofluidic neural probe systems that provide targeted, wireless delivery of fluids and light into the brains of awake, freely behaving animals. As a Protocol Extension article, this article describes an adaptation of an existing Protocol that offers additional applications. This protocol serves as an extension of an existing Nature Protocol describing optoelectronic devices for studying intact neural systems. Here, we describe additional features of fabricating self-contained platforms that involve flexible microfluidic probes, pumping systems, microscale inorganic LEDs, wireless-control electronics, and power supplies. These small, flexible probes minimize tissue damage and inflammation, making long-term implantation possible. The capabilities include wireless pharmacological and optical intervention for dissecting neural circuitry during behavior. The fabrication can be completed in 1-2 weeks, and the devices can be used for 1-2 weeks of in vivo rodent experiments. To successfully carry out the protocol, researchers should have basic skill sets in photolithography and soft lithography, as well as experience with stereotaxic surgery and behavioral neuroscience practices. These fabrication processes and implementation protocols will increase access to wireless optofluidic neural probes for advanced in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics in freely moving rodents.This protocol is an extension to: Nat. Protoc. 8, 2413-2428 (2013); doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.158; published online 07 November 2013.
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479
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Seymour JP, Wu F, Wise KD, Yoon E. State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:16066. [PMID: 31057845 PMCID: PMC6445015 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mapping brain activity has received growing worldwide interest because it is expected to improve disease treatment and allow for the development of important neuromorphic computational methods. MEMS and microsystems are expected to continue to offer new and exciting solutions to meet the need for high-density, high-fidelity neural interfaces. Herein, the state-of-the-art in recording and stimulation tools for brain research is reviewed, and some of the most significant technology trends shaping the field of neurotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Seymour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA
| | - Kensall D. Wise
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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480
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Liu Z, Wang X, Qi D, Xu C, Yu J, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liedberg B, Chen X. High-Adhesion Stretchable Electrodes Based on Nanopile Interlocking. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603382. [PMID: 27809367 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-adhesion stretchable electrodes are fabricated by utilizing a novel nanopile interlocking strategy. Nanopiles significantly enhance adhesion and redistribute the strain in the film, achieving high stretchability. The nanopile electrodes enable simultaneous monitoring of electromyography signals and mechanical deformations. This study opens up a new perspective of achieving stretchability and high adhesion for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Cai Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiancan Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaqing Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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481
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Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA. Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:584. [PMID: 28082858 PMCID: PMC5186786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After an initial period of recovery, human neurological injury has long been thought to be static. In order to improve quality of life for those suffering from stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury, researchers have been working to restore the nervous system and reduce neurological deficits through a number of mechanisms. For example, neurobiologists have been identifying and manipulating components of the intra- and extracellular milieu to alter the regenerative potential of neurons, neuro-engineers have been producing brain-machine and neural interfaces that circumvent lesions to restore functionality, and neurorehabilitation experts have been developing new ways to revitalize the nervous system even in chronic disease. While each of these areas holds promise, their individual paths to clinical relevance remain difficult. Nonetheless, these methods are now able to synergistically enhance recovery of native motor function to levels which were previously believed to be impossible. Furthermore, such recovery can even persist after training, and for the first time there is evidence of functional axonal regrowth and rewiring in the central nervous system of animal models. To attain this type of regeneration, rehabilitation paradigms that pair cortically-based intent with activation of affected circuits and positive neurofeedback appear to be required-a phenomenon which raises new and far reaching questions about the underlying relationship between conscious action and neural repair. For this reason, we argue that multi-modal therapy will be necessary to facilitate a truly robust recovery, and that the success of investigational microscopic techniques may depend on their integration into macroscopic frameworks that include task-based neurorehabilitation. We further identify critical components of future neural repair strategies and explore the most updated knowledge, progress, and challenges in the fields of cellular neuronal repair, neural interfacing, and neurorehabilitation, all with the goal of better understanding neurological injury and how to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max O Krucoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shervin Rahimpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc W Slutzky
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA
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482
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Annealing Effects of Parylene-Caulked Polydimethylsiloxane as a Substrate of Electrodes. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122181. [PMID: 27999346 PMCID: PMC5191160 DOI: 10.3390/s16122181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of annealing of the electrodes based on parylene-caulked polydimethylsiloxane (pc-PDMS) in terms of mechanical strength and long-term electrical property. Previously, the electrodes based on pc-PDMS showed a better ability to withstand in vivo environments because of the low water absorption and beneficial mechanical properties of the substrate, compared to native PDMS. Moreover, annealing is expected to even strengthen the mechanical strength and lower the water absorption of the pc-PDMS substrate. To characterize the mechanical strength and water absorption of the annealed pc-PDMS, tensile tests were carried out and infrared (IR) spectra were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy over a month. The results showed that annealed pc-PDMS had higher mechanical strength and lower water absorption than non-annealed pc-PDMS. Then, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was measured to evaluate the electrical stability of the electrodes based on annealed pc-PDMS in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 36.5 °C. The impedance magnitude of the electrodes on annealed pc-PDMS was twice higher than that of the electrodes on non-annealed pc-PDMS in the initial days, but the impedance magnitude of the electrodes based on two different substrates converged to a similar value after eight months, indicating that the annealing effects disappear after a certain period of time in a physiological environment.
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483
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Qian Y, Zhang X, Xie L, Qi D, Chandran BK, Chen X, Huang W. Stretchable Organic Semiconductor Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9243-9265. [PMID: 27573694 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are essential for the development of intensely packed collapsible and portable electronics, wearable electronics, epidermal and bioimplanted electronics, 3D surface compliable devices, bionics, prosthesis, and robotics. However, most stretchable devices are currently based on inorganic electronics, whose high cost of fabrication and limited processing area make it difficult to produce inexpensive, large-area devices. Therefore, organic stretchable electronics are highly attractive due to many advantages over their inorganic counterparts, such as their light weight, flexibility, low cost and large-area solution-processing, the reproducible semiconductor resources, and the easy tuning of their properties via molecular tailoring. Among them, stretchable organic semiconductor devices have become a hot and fast-growing research field, in which great advances have been made in recent years. These fantastic advances are summarized here, focusing on stretchable organic field-effect transistors, light-emitting devices, solar cells, and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qian
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bevita K Chandran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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484
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Jonsson A, Sjöström TA, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601340. [PMID: 27847873 PMCID: PMC5099981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Technologies that restore or augment dysfunctional neural signaling represent a promising route to deeper understanding and new therapies for neurological disorders. Because of the chemical specificity and subsecond signaling of the nervous system, these technologies should be able to release specific neurotransmitters at specific locations with millisecond resolution. We have previously demonstrated an organic electronic lateral electrophoresis technology capable of precise delivery of charged compounds, such as neurotransmitters. However, this technology, the organic electronic ion pump, has been limited to a single delivery point, or several simultaneously addressed outlets, with switch-on speeds of seconds. We report on a vertical neurotransmitter delivery device, configured as an array with individually controlled delivery points and a temporal resolution of 50 ms. This is achieved by supplementing lateral electrophoresis with a control electrode and an ion diode at each delivery point to allow addressing and limit leakage. By delivering local pulses of neurotransmitters with spatiotemporal dynamics approaching synaptic function, the high-speed delivery array promises unprecedented access to neural signaling and a path toward biochemically regulated neural prostheses.
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485
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Hussain AM, Hussain MM. Deterministic Integration of Out-of-Plane Sensor Arrays for Flexible Electronic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5141-5145. [PMID: 27453536 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A design strategy for fully flexible electrode arrays with out-of-plane through polymer vias (TPVs) for monolithic 3D integration of sensor readout circuitry is presented. The TPVs are formed using copper embedded in thin polyimide structure for support. The copper interconnects offer a stable impedance frequency response from DC to 100 kHz (Z ≈ 20 Ω, θ ≈ 0°).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab M Hussain
- Integrated Nanotechnology Laboratory and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications Laboratory (IDEA) Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- Integrated Nanotechnology Laboratory and Integrated Disruptive Electronic Applications Laboratory (IDEA) Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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486
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Yeo JC, Lim CT. Emerging flexible and wearable physical sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16043. [PMID: 31057833 PMCID: PMC6444731 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There are now numerous emerging flexible and wearable sensing technologies that can perform a myriad of physical and physiological measurements. Rapid advances in developing and implementing such sensors in the last several years have demonstrated the growing significance and potential utility of this unique class of sensing platforms. Applications include wearable consumer electronics, soft robotics, medical prosthetics, electronic skin, and health monitoring. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the emerging flexible and wearable sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications. We first introduce the selection of flexible and stretchable materials and the fabrication of sensors based on these materials. We then compare the different solid-state and liquid-state physical sensing platforms and examine the mechanical deformation-based working mechanisms of these sensors. We also highlight some of the exciting applications of flexible and wearable physical sensors in emerging healthcare and biomedical applications, in particular for artificial electronic skins, physiological health monitoring and assessment, and therapeutic and drug delivery. Finally, we conclude this review by offering some insight into the challenges and opportunities facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Chuan Yeo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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487
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Polywka A, Stegers L, Krauledat O, Riedl T, Jakob T, Görrn P. Controlled Mechanical Cracking of Metal Films Deposited on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6090168. [PMID: 28335296 PMCID: PMC5224633 DOI: 10.3390/nano6090168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable large area electronics conform to arbitrarily-shaped 3D surfaces and enables comfortable contact to the human skin and other biological tissue. There are approaches allowing for large area thin films to be stretched by tens of percent without cracking. The approach presented here does not prevent cracking, rather it aims to precisely control the crack positions and their orientation. For this purpose, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is hardened by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (172 nm) through an exposure mask. Only well-defined patterns are kept untreated. With these soft islands cracks at the hardened surface can be controlled in terms of starting position, direction and end position. This approach is first investigated at the hardened PDMS surface itself. It is then applied to conductive silver films deposited from the liquid phase. It is found that statistical (uncontrolled) cracking of the silver films can be avoided at strain below 35%. This enables metal interconnects to be integrated into stretchable networks. The combination of controlled cracks with wrinkling enables interconnects that are stretchable in arbitrary and changing directions. The deposition and patterning does not involve vacuum processing, photolithography, or solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Polywka
- Chair of Large Area Optoelectronics, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
| | - Luca Stegers
- Chair of Large Area Optoelectronics, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
| | - Oliver Krauledat
- Chair of Large Area Optoelectronics, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
| | - Thomas Riedl
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
| | - Timo Jakob
- Chair of Large Area Optoelectronics, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
| | - Patrick Görrn
- Chair of Large Area Optoelectronics, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, Wuppertal 42119, Germany.
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488
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Wu H, Sariola V, Zhao J, Ding H, Sitti M, Bettinger CJ. Composition‐dependent underwater adhesion of catechol‐bearing hydrogels. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Veikko Sariola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Aalto University Helsinki 00076 Finland
| | - Jingsi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Hangjun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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489
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Jiang Y, Carvalho-de-Souza JL, Wong RCS, Luo Z, Isheim D, Zuo X, Nicholls AW, Jung IW, Yue J, Liu DJ, Wang Y, De Andrade V, Xiao X, Navrazhnykh L, Weiss DE, Wu X, Seidman DN, Bezanilla F, Tian B. Heterogeneous silicon mesostructures for lipid-supported bioelectric interfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1023-30. [PMID: 27348576 PMCID: PMC5388139 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based materials have widespread application as biophysical tools and biomedical devices. Here we introduce a biocompatible and degradable mesostructured form of silicon with multi-scale structural and chemical heterogeneities. The material was synthesized using mesoporous silica as a template through a chemical vapour deposition process. It has an amorphous atomic structure, an ordered nanowire-based framework and random submicrometre voids, and shows an average Young's modulus that is 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller than that of single-crystalline silicon. In addition, we used the heterogeneous silicon mesostructures to design a lipid-bilayer-supported bioelectric interface that is remotely controlled and temporally transient, and that permits non-genetic and subcellular optical modulation of the electrophysiology dynamics in single dorsal root ganglia neurons. Our findings suggest that the biomimetic expansion of silicon into heterogeneous and deformable forms can open up opportunities in extracellular biomaterial or bioelectric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Raymond C. S. Wong
- The James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dieter Isheim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- The X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Alan W. Nicholls
- The Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Il Woong Jung
- The Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Di-Jia Liu
- The Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Vincent De Andrade
- The X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- The X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | | | - Dara E. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David N. Seidman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.T. () and F.B. ()
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.T. () and F.B. ()
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490
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Chortos A, Liu J, Bao Z. Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:937-50. [PMID: 27376685 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Skin plays an important role in mediating our interactions with the world. Recreating the properties of skin using electronic devices could have profound implications for prosthetics and medicine. The pursuit of artificial skin has inspired innovations in materials to imitate skin's unique characteristics, including mechanical durability and stretchability, biodegradability, and the ability to measure a diversity of complex sensations over large areas. New materials and fabrication strategies are being developed to make mechanically compliant and multifunctional skin-like electronics, and improve brain/machine interfaces that enable transmission of the skin's signals into the body. This Review will cover materials and devices designed for mimicking the skin's ability to sense and generate biomimetic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chortos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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491
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492
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Microfluidic Neurons, a New Way in Neuromorphic Engineering? MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7080146. [PMID: 30404317 PMCID: PMC6189925 DOI: 10.3390/mi7080146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a new way to explore neuromorphic engineering, the biomimetic artificial neuron using microfluidic techniques. This new device could replace silicon neurons and solve the issues of biocompatibility and power consumption. The biological neuron transmits electrical signals based on ion flow through their plasma membrane. Action potentials are propagated along axons and represent the fundamental electrical signals by which information are transmitted from one place to another in the nervous system. Based on this physiological behavior, we propose a microfluidic structure composed of chambers representing the intra and extracellular environments, connected by channels actuated by Quake valves. These channels are equipped with selective ion permeable membranes to mimic the exchange of chemical species found in the biological neuron. A thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane is used to create the Quake valve membrane. Integrated electrodes are used to measure the potential difference between the intracellular and extracellular environments: the membrane potential.
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493
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Abstract
Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) provide auditory perception in patients with profound hearing loss who are not candidates for the cochlear implant (CI) because of anatomic constraints or failed CI surgery. Herein, the authors discuss (1) preoperative evaluation of pediatric ABI candidates, (2) surgical approaches, and (3) contemporary ABI devices and their use in the pediatric population. The authors also review the surgical and audiologic outcomes following pediatric ABI surgery. The authors' institutional experience and the nearly 200 cases performed in Europe and the United States indicate that ABI surgery in children can be safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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494
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Bioelectronic neural pixel: Chemical stimulation and electrical sensing at the same site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9440-5. [PMID: 27506784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604231113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Local control of neuronal activity is central to many therapeutic strategies aiming to treat neurological disorders. Arguably, the best solution would make use of endogenous highly localized and specialized regulatory mechanisms of neuronal activity, and an ideal therapeutic technology should sense activity and deliver endogenous molecules at the same site for the most efficient feedback regulation. Here, we address this challenge with an organic electronic multifunctional device that is capable of chemical stimulation and electrical sensing at the same site, at the single-cell scale. Conducting polymer electrodes recorded epileptiform discharges induced in mouse hippocampal preparation. The inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was then actively delivered through the recording electrodes via organic electronic ion pump technology. GABA delivery stopped epileptiform activity, recorded simultaneously and colocally. This multifunctional "neural pixel" creates a range of opportunities, including implantable therapeutic devices with automated feedback, where locally recorded signals regulate local release of specific therapeutic agents.
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495
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Wickham A, Vagin M, Khalaf H, Bertazzo S, Hodder P, Dånmark S, Bengtsson T, Altimiras J, Aili D. Electroactive biomimetic collagen-silver nanowire composite scaffolds. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14146-55. [PMID: 27385421 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive biomaterials are widely explored as bioelectrodes and as scaffolds for neural and cardiac regeneration. Most electrodes and conductive scaffolds for tissue regeneration are based on synthetic materials that have limited biocompatibility and often display large discrepancies in mechanical properties with the surrounding tissue causing problems during tissue integration and regeneration. This work shows the development of a biomimetic nanocomposite material prepared from self-assembled collagen fibrils and silver nanowires (AgNW). Despite consisting of mostly type I collagen fibrils, the homogeneously embedded AgNWs provide these materials with a charge storage capacity of about 2.3 mC cm(-2) and a charge injection capacity of 0.3 mC cm(-2), which is on par with bioelectrodes used in the clinic. The mechanical properties of the materials are similar to soft tissues with a dynamic elastic modulus within the lower kPa range. The nanocomposites also support proliferation of embryonic cardiomyocytes while inhibiting the growth of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. The developed collagen/AgNW composites thus represent a highly attractive bioelectrode and scaffold material for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeni Wickham
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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496
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Multifunctional hydrogel coatings on the surface of neural cuff electrode for improving electrode-nerve tissue interfaces. Acta Biomater 2016; 39:25-33. [PMID: 27163406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, implantable neural electrodes have been developed for recording and stimulation of the nervous system. However, when the electrode is implanted onto the nerve trunk, the rigid polyimide has a risk of damaging the nerve and can also cause inflammation due to a mechanical mismatch between the stiff polyimide and the soft biological tissue. These processes can interrupt the transmission of nerve signaling. In this paper, we have developed a nerve electrode coated with PEG hydrogel that contains poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) loaded with anti-inflammatory cyclosporin A (CsA). Micro-wells were introduced onto the electrode in order to increase their surface area. This allows for loading a high-dose of the drug. Additionally, chemically treating the surface with aminopropylmethacrylamide can improve the adhesive interface between the electrode and the hydrogel. The surface of the micro-well cuff electrode (MCE) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel and drug loaded PLGA microspheres (MS) were characterized by SEM and optical microscopy. Additionally, the conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), were formed on the hydrogel layer for improving the nerve signal quality, and then characterized for their electrochemical properties. The loading efficiencies and release profiles were investigated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The drug loaded electrode resulted in a sustained release of CsA. Moreover, the surface coated electrode with PEG hydrogel and CsA loaded MP showed a significantly decreased fibrous tissue deposition and increased axonal density in animal tests. We expect that the developed nerve electrode will minimize the tissue damage during regeneration of the nervous system. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The nerve electrodes are used for interfacing with the central nervous system (CNS) or with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The interface electrodes should facilitate a closed interconnection with the nerve tissue and provide for selective stimulation and recording from multiple, independent, neurons of the neural system. In this case, an extraneural electrodes such as cuff and perineural electrodes are widely investigated because they can completely cover the nerve trunk and provide for a wide interface area. In this study, we have designed and prepared a functionalized nerve cuff electrode coated with PEG hydrogel containing Poly lactic-co-glycol acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) loaded with cyclosporine A (CsA). To our knowledge, our findings suggest that surface coating a soft-hydrogel along with an anti-inflammatory drug loaded MS can be a useful strategy for improving the long-term biocompatibility of electrodes.
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497
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Usmani S, Aurand ER, Medelin M, Fabbro A, Scaini D, Laishram J, Rosselli FB, Ansuini A, Zoccolan D, Scarselli M, De Crescenzi M, Bosi S, Prato M, Ballerini L. 3D meshes of carbon nanotubes guide functional reconnection of segregated spinal explants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600087. [PMID: 27453939 PMCID: PMC4956187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In modern neuroscience, significant progress in developing structural scaffolds integrated with the brain is provided by the increasing use of nanomaterials. We show that a multiwalled carbon nanotube self-standing framework, consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) mesh of interconnected, conductive, pure carbon nanotubes, can guide the formation of neural webs in vitro where the spontaneous regrowth of neurite bundles is molded into a dense random net. This morphology of the fiber regrowth shaped by the 3D structure supports the successful reconnection of segregated spinal cord segments. We further observed in vivo the adaptability of these 3D devices in a healthy physiological environment. Our study shows that 3D artificial scaffolds may drive local rewiring in vitro and hold great potential for the development of future in vivo interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Usmani
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Emily Rose Aurand
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Manuela Medelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fabbro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
- NanoInnovation Laboratory, ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Source, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Jummi Laishram
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ansuini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Davide Zoccolan
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Manuela Scarselli
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia–San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Corresponding author. (L.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
- Corresponding author. (L.B.); (M.P.)
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498
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Song K, Han JH, Lim T, Kim N, Shin S, Kim J, Choo H, Jeong S, Kim YC, Wang ZL, Lee J. Subdermal Flexible Solar Cell Arrays for Powering Medical Electronic Implants. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1572-80. [PMID: 27139339 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A subdermally implantable flexible photovoltatic (IPV) device is proposed for supplying sustainable electric power to in vivo medical implants. Electric properties of the implanted IPV device are characterized in live animal models. Feasibility of this strategy is demonstrated by operating a flexible pacemaker with the subdermal IPV device which generates DC electric power of ≈647 μW under the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Han
- Department of Medical System Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Taehoon Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Namyun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Sungho Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Juho Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Hyuck Choo
- Department of Electrical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
- Department of Medical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sungho Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- School of Life Science; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Jongho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
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499
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Microfabricated, amperometric, enzyme-based biosensors for in vivo applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4503-21. [PMID: 26935934 PMCID: PMC4909808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrochemical in vivo biosensors allow the measurement of fast extracellular dynamics of neurotransmitter and energy metabolism directly in the tissue. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensing is characterized by high specificity and precision as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Aside from glucose monitoring, many systems have been introduced mainly for application in the central nervous system in animal models. We compare the microsensor principle with other methods applied in biomedical research to show advantages and drawbacks. Electrochemical sensor systems are easily miniaturized and fabricated by microtechnology processes. We review different microfabrication approaches for in vivo sensor platforms, ranging from simple modified wires and fibres to fully microfabricated systems on silicon, ceramic or polymer substrates. The various immobilization methods for the enzyme such as chemical cross-linking and entrapment in polymer membranes are discussed. The resulting sensor performance is compared in detail. We also examine different concepts to reject interfering substances by additional membranes, aspects of instrumentation and biocompatibility. Practical considerations are elaborated, and conclusions for future developments are presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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500
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Giagka V, Demosthenous A, Donaldson N. Flexible active electrode arrays with ASICs that fit inside the rat's spinal canal. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 17:106. [PMID: 26466839 PMCID: PMC4605989 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation (ESCS) has been used as a means to facilitate locomotor recovery in spinal cord injured humans. Electrode arrays, instead of conventional pairs of electrodes, are necessary to investigate the effect of ESCS at different sites. These usually require a large number of implanted wires, which could lead to infections. This paper presents the design, fabrication and evaluation of a novel flexible active array for ESCS in rats. Three small (1.7 mm2) and thin (100 μm) application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are embedded in the polydimethylsiloxane-based implant. This arrangement limits the number of communication tracks to three, while ensuring maximum testing versatility by providing independent access to all 12 electrodes in any configuration. Laser-patterned platinum-iridium foil forms the implant’s conductive tracks and electrodes. Double rivet bonds were employed for the dice microassembly. The active electrode array can deliver current pulses (up to 1 mA, 100 pulses per second) and supports interleaved stimulation with independent control of the stimulus parameters for each pulse. The stimulation timing and pulse duration are very versatile. The array was electrically characterized through impedance spectroscopy and voltage transient recordings. A prototype was tested for long term mechanical reliability when subjected to continuous bending. The results revealed no track or bond failure. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that flexible active electrode arrays with embedded electronics suitable for implantation inside the rat’s spinal canal have been proposed, developed and tested in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Giagka
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Andreas Demosthenous
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Nick Donaldson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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