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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, AlMazroa MA, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Abdulhak AB, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, Leo DD, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Jarlais DCD, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FGR, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KMV, Nasseri K, Norman P, O’Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380:2095-128. [PMID: 23245604 PMCID: PMC10790329 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9240] [Impact Index Per Article: 770.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex. METHODS We attempted to identify all available data on causes of death for 187 countries from 1980 to 2010 from vital registration, verbal autopsy, mortality surveillance, censuses, surveys, hospitals, police records, and mortuaries. We assessed data quality for completeness, diagnostic accuracy, missing data, stochastic variations, and probable causes of death. We applied six different modelling strategies to estimate cause-specific mortality trends depending on the strength of the data. For 133 causes and three special aggregates we used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach, which uses four families of statistical models testing a large set of different models using different permutations of covariates. Model ensembles were developed from these component models. We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95% UIs. For 13 causes with low observed numbers of deaths, we developed negative binomial models with plausible covariates. For 27 causes for which death is rare, we modelled the higher level cause in the cause hierarchy of the GBD 2010 and then allocated deaths across component causes proportionately, estimated from all available data in the database. For selected causes (African trypanosomiasis, congenital syphilis, whooping cough, measles, typhoid and parathyroid, leishmaniasis, acute hepatitis E, and HIV/AIDS), we used natural history models based on information on incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality. We separately estimated cause fractions by aetiology for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and meningitis, as well as disaggregations by subcause for chronic kidney disease, maternal disorders, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. For deaths due to collective violence and natural disasters, we used mortality shock regressions. For every cause, we estimated 95% UIs that captured both parameter estimation uncertainty and uncertainty due to model specification where CODEm was used. We constrained cause-specific fractions within every age-sex group to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. FINDINGS In 2010, there were 52·8 million deaths globally. At the most aggregate level, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes were 24·9% of deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 15·9 million (34·1%) of 46·5 million in 1990. This decrease was largely due to decreases in mortality from diarrhoeal disease (from 2·5 to 1·4 million), lower respiratory infections (from 3·4 to 2·8 million), neonatal disorders (from 3·1 to 2·2 million), measles (from 0·63 to 0·13 million), and tetanus (from 0·27 to 0·06 million). Deaths from HIV/AIDS increased from 0·30 million in 1990 to 1·5 million in 2010, reaching a peak of 1·7 million in 2006. Malaria mortality also rose by an estimated 19·9% since 1990 to 1·17 million deaths in 2010. Tuberculosis killed 1·2 million people in 2010. Deaths from non-communicable diseases rose by just under 8 million between 1990 and 2010, accounting for two of every three deaths (34·5 million) worldwide by 2010. 8 million people died from cancer in 2010, 38% more than two decades ago; of these, 1·5 million (19%) were from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke collectively killed 12·9 million people in 2010, or one in four deaths worldwide, compared with one in five in 1990; 1·3 million deaths were due to diabetes, twice as many as in 1990. The fraction of global deaths due to injuries (5·1 million deaths) was marginally higher in 2010 (9·6%) compared with two decades earlier (8·8%). This was driven by a 46% rise in deaths worldwide due to road traffic accidents (1·3 million in 2010) and a rise in deaths from falls. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of death in 2010. Ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) in 2010, similar to what was estimated for 1990, except for HIV/AIDS and preterm birth complications. YLLs from lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea decreased by 45-54% since 1990; ischaemic heart disease and stroke YLLs increased by 17-28%. Regional variations in leading causes of death were substantial. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes still accounted for 76% of premature mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010. Age standardised death rates from some key disorders rose (HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease in particular), but for most diseases, death rates fell in the past two decades; including major vascular diseases, COPD, most forms of cancer, liver cirrhosis, and maternal disorders. For other conditions, notably malaria, prostate cancer, and injuries, little change was noted. INTERPRETATION Population growth, increased average age of the world's population, and largely decreasing age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific death rates combine to drive a broad shift from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes towards non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes remain the dominant causes of YLLs in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlaid on this general pattern of the epidemiological transition, marked regional variation exists in many causes, such as interpersonal violence, suicide, liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, melanoma, and others. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of sound epidemiological assessments of the causes of death on a regular basis. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lozano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | - Kyle Foreman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | - Stephen Lim
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | - Kenji Shibuya
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali A Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Prof R Lozano MD, M Naghavi PhD, S S Lim PhD, S Y Ahn MPH, M Alvarado BA, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, I Bolliger AB, D Chou BA, K E Colson BA, A Delossantos BS, Prof S D Dharmaratne MBBS, A D Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar MD, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, D Gonzalez-Medina BA, D Haring BS, S L James MPH, R Jasrasaria BA, N Johns BA, S Lockett Ohno BA, M F MacIntyre EdM, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, M N Nair MD, K Ortblad BA, D Phillips BS, K Pierce BA, D Ranganathan BS, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, M Wang MPH, S Wulf MPH, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L M Anderson PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof W Couser MD, H Duber MD, B Ebel MD, Prof C Mock MD, Prof F P Rivara MD, B Thomas MD); School of Public Health (Prof M Ezzati PhD), Imperial College London, London, UK (K Foreman MPH, Prof P Burney MD, L Rushton PhD); Department of Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof K Shibuya MD); Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France (Prof V Aboyans MD); School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA (J Abraham MPH); School of Population Health (T Adair PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (J-P Khoo MBBS), Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof J McGrath MD); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (Prof R Aggarwal MD); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M A AlMazroa MD, Prof Z A Memish MD); St George’s, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof L M Baddour MD, P J Erwin MLS, Prof S E Gabriel MD); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Brigham and Women’s Hospital (S Jayaraman MD), Harvard Medical School (D H Bartels BA, Prof S D Colan MD), Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (L M Knowlton MD), School of Public Health (M Miller MD, Prof J A Salomon PhD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (K Bhalla PhD); Global Partners in Anesthesia and Surgery (D Ozgediz MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof E J Benjamin MD); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (D Bennett PhD); Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia (B Bikbov MD); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A Bin Abdulhak MD, I M Tleyjeh MD); Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Prof G Birbeck MD); School of Public Health (T Driscoll PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences (M Fransen PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (Prof L March MD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, Prof G B Marks PhD, M Cross PhD); Transport and Road Safety Research (S Boufous PhD), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (J Singleton MIPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsych); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (M Burch MD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof P Norman MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD); Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S S Chugh MD, R Havmoeller MD); Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (L E Coffeng MD); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia (S Colquhoun MPH, J Condon PhD); National Health Services, Fife, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor PhD); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (M D Connor, Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (M D Connor); Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA (Prof L T Cooper MD); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (M Corriere MD); Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (M Cortinovis BiotechD, F Gaspari ChemD, N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); Hospital Dr Gustavo N Collado, Puerto Chitre, Panama (K Courville de Vaccaro MD); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD, J Denenberg MA); Schools of Public Health and Medicine (S B Omer MBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (K C Dabhadkar MBBS, A Zabetian MD, K M V Narayan MD); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N Dahodwala MD); Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof D De Leo DSc); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Prof S D Dharmaratne); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD); Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay (P Espindola MD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland Technical University, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V Feigin MD, R Krishnamurthi PhD); Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia (R Franklin PhD); James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia (K Watt PhD, R Franklin PhD); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA (Prof R F Gillum MD); Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (Y A Halasa DDS, Prof D S Shepard PhD, E A Undurraga PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof J E Harrison MBBS); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller MD); King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, King’s College, London, UK (Prof R J Hay DM); Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen MD); Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Basençon, Besançon, France (Prof B Hoen); National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Prof P J Hotez MD); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (D Hoy PhD); George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (G Karthikeyan MD); Department of Cardiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); School of Public Health (O Kobusingye MMed), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa (O Kobusingye MMed); Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (A Koranteng MSc); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (M Lipnick MD); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof R L Sacco MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (J Mabweijano MMed); Centre for International Child Health (A Steer MBBS), Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital (R Weintraub MBBS), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Marks MBBS); Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kyoto, Japan (A Matsumori MD); Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (R Matzopoulos MPhil); Hatter Institute (Prof K Sliwa MD), Department of Medicine (Prof G A Mensah MD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (R Matzopoulos, Prof B M Mayosi DPhil); Legacy Health System, Portland, OR, USA (J H McAnulty MD); Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA (Prof M M McDermott MD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof Z A Memish); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (T R Merriman PhD); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi MD); University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique (Prof A O Mocumbi); Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (A Moran MD); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (Prof K Mulholland MD); Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy (L Naldi MD); School of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof K Nasseri DVM); HRB-Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK (M O’Donnell PhD); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (B Pahari MD); Betty Cowan Research and Innovation Center, Ludhiana, India (J D Pandian MD); Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia (A Panozo Rivero MD); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico (R Perez Padilla MD); Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain (F Perez-Ruiz MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain (E Porrini MD); Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (F Pourmalek MD); Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA (M Raju PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof J T Rehm PhD); National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (D B Rein PhD); Complejo Hospitalario Caja De Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama (F Rodriguez de León MD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (Prof D C Schwebel PhD); Ministry of Interior, Madrid, Spain (M Segui-Gomez MD); Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA (D Singh MD); Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA (J A Taylor PhD); Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA (Prof J A Towbin MD); Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (T Truelsen MD); National University of Singapore, Singapore, (N Venketasubramanian FRCP); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA (G R Wagner MD); Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Prof W Wang MD); Brown University, Providence, RI, USA (Prof M A Weinstock MD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); London School of Economics, London, UK (P-H Yeh MS); Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z-J Zheng MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J L Murray
- Corresponding author: Correspondence to: Prof Christopher J L Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, USA,
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