651
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Quinti I, Mortari EP, Fernandez Salinas A, Milito C, Carsetti R. IgA Antibodies and IgA Deficiency in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655896. [PMID: 33889552 PMCID: PMC8057809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large repertoire of IgA is produced by B lymphocytes with T-independent and T-dependent mechanisms useful in defense against pathogenic microorganisms and to reduce immune activation. IgA is active against several pathogens, including rotavirus, poliovirus, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2. It protects the epithelial barriers from pathogens and modulates excessive immune responses in inflammatory diseases. An early SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral response is dominated by IgA antibodies responses greatly contributing to virus neutralization. The lack of anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgA and secretory IgA (sIgA) might represent a possible cause of COVID-19 severity, vaccine failure, and possible cause of prolonged viral shedding in patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies, including patients with Selective IgA Deficiency. Differently from other primary antibody deficiency entities, Selective IgA Deficiency occurs in the vast majority of patients as an asymptomatic condition, and it is often an unrecognized, Studies are needed to clarify the open questions raised by possible consequences of a lack of an IgA response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Area Multimodal Medicine, Diagnostic Immunology and Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Area Multimodal Medicine, Diagnostic Immunology and Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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652
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Harrington WE, Trakhimets O, Andrade DV, Dambrauskas N, Raappana A, Jiang Y, Houck J, Selman W, Yang A, Vigdorovich V, Yeung W, Haglund M, Wallner J, Oldroyd A, Hardy S, Stewart SWA, Gervassi A, Van Voorhis W, Frenkel L, Sather DN. Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies is associated with decay of IgM in adults recovered from mild COVID-19. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100253. [PMID: 33842901 PMCID: PMC8020863 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fate of protective immunity following mild severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains ill defined. Here, we characterize antibody responses in a cohort of participants recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infection with follow-up to 6 months. We measure immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG binding and avidity to viral antigens and assess neutralizing antibody responses over time. Furthermore, we correlate the effect of fever, gender, age, and time since symptom onset with antibody responses. We observe that total anti-S trimer, anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), and anti-nucleocapsid protein (NP) IgG are relatively stable over 6 months of follow-up, that anti-S and anti-RBD avidity increases over time, and that fever is associated with higher levels of antibodies. However, neutralizing antibody responses rapidly decay and are strongly associated with declines in IgM levels. Thus, while total antibody against SARS-CoV-2 may persist, functional antibody, particularly IgM, is rapidly lost. These observations have implications for the duration of protective immunity following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. After mild COVID-19, anti-S-trimer, RBD, and NP IgG are stable for up to 6 months Neutralization activity against the virus rapidly decays over time Neutralization is most strongly correlated with anti-S-trimer IgM titers Antibodies are initially higher in those with fever but reach similar nadirs
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Harrington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniela V Andrade
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Raappana
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John Houck
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William Selman
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ashton Yang
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Winnie Yeung
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Micaela Haglund
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jackson Wallner
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alyssa Oldroyd
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samantha Hardy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel W A Stewart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ana Gervassi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wes Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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653
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Ebinger JE, Fert-Bober J, Printsev I, Wu M, Sun N, Prostko JC, Frias EC, Stewart JL, Van Eyk JE, Braun JG, Cheng S, Sobhani K. Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2021; 27:981-984. [PMID: 33795870 PMCID: PMC8205849 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In a cohort of BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine recipients (n = 1,090), we observed that spike-specific IgG antibody levels and ACE2 antibody binding inhibition responses elicited by a single vaccine dose in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 35) were similar to those seen after two doses of vaccine in individuals without prior infection (n = 228). Post-vaccine symptoms were more prominent for those with prior infection after the first dose, but symptomology was similar between groups after the second dose. Virus-specific antibody levels after a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 are similar to levels after two doses of the vaccine in infection-naive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Ebinger
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ignat Printsev
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John C Prostko
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Edwin C Frias
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - James L Stewart
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan G Braun
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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654
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Guo M, Tao W, Flavell RA, Zhu S. Potential intestinal infection and faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:269-283. [PMID: 33589829 PMCID: PMC7883337 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to more than 200 countries and regions globally. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. However, reports have shown that a notable proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop gastrointestinal symptoms and nearly half of patients confirmed to have COVID-19 have shown detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their faecal samples. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection reportedly alters intestinal microbiota, which correlated with the expression of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, multiple in vitro and in vivo animal studies have provided direct evidence of intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2. These lines of evidence highlight the nature of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection and its potential faecal-oral transmission. Here, we summarize the current findings on the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 and its possible mechanisms. We also discuss how SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection might occur and the current evidence and future studies needed to establish the occurrence of faecal-oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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655
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Cho H, Gonzales-Wartz KK, Huang D, Yuan M, Peterson M, Liang J, Beutler N, Torres JL, Cong Y, Postnikova E, Bangaru S, Talana CA, Shi W, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Leung K, Wang L, Peng L, Skinner J, Li S, Wu NC, Liu H, Dacon C, Moyer T, Cohen M, Zhao M, Lee FEH, Weinberg RS, Douagi I, Gross R, Schmaljohn C, Pegu A, Mascola JR, Holbrook M, Nemazee D, Rogers TF, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crompton PD, Tan J. Ultrapotent bispecific antibodies neutralize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.01.437942. [PMID: 33821267 PMCID: PMC8020967 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.01.437942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that threaten the efficacy of existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies underscores the urgent need for new antibody-based tools that potently neutralize variants by targeting multiple sites of the spike protein. We isolated 216 monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 from plasmablasts and memory B cells of COVID-19 patients. The three most potent antibodies targeted distinct regions of the RBD, and all three neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. The crystal structure of the most potent antibody, CV503, revealed that it binds to the ridge region of SARS-CoV-2 RBD, competes with the ACE2 receptor, and has limited contact with key variant residues K417, E484 and N501. We designed bispecific antibodies by combining non-overlapping specificities and identified five ultrapotent bispecific antibodies that inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at concentrations of <1 ng/mL. Through a novel mode of action three bispecific antibodies cross-linked adjacent spike proteins using dual NTD/RBD specificities. One bispecific antibody was >100-fold more potent than a cocktail of its parent monoclonals in vitro and prevented clinical disease in a hamster model at a 2.5 mg/kg dose. Notably, six of nine bispecific antibodies neutralized B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and the wild-type virus with comparable potency, despite partial or complete loss of activity of at least one parent monoclonal antibody against B.1.351. Furthermore, a bispecific antibody that neutralized B.1.351 protected against SARS-CoV-2 expressing the crucial E484K mutation in the hamster model. Thus, bispecific antibodies represent a promising next-generation countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristina Kay Gonzales-Wartz
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mary Peterson
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chloe Adrienna Talana
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cherrelle Dacon
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Thomas Moyer
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melanie Cohen
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Protein Chemistry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rona S. Weinberg
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F. Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- These authors jointly supervised the work
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- These authors jointly supervised the work
| | - Joshua Tan
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- These authors jointly supervised the work
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656
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Planas D, Bruel T, Grzelak L, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Rajah MM, Bishop E, Albert M, Donati F, Prot M, Behillil S, Enouf V, Maquart M, Smati-Lafarge M, Varon E, Schortgen F, Yahyaoui L, Gonzalez M, De Sèze J, Péré H, Veyer D, Sève A, Simon-Lorière E, Fafi-Kremer S, Stefic K, Mouquet H, Hocqueloux L, van der Werf S, Prazuck T, Schwartz O. Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med 2021; 27:917-924. [PMID: 33772244 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries. These variants harboring diverse mutations in the gene encoding the spike protein raise important concerns about their immune evasion potential. Here, we isolated infectious B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 strains from acutely infected individuals. We examined sensitivity of the two variants to SARS-CoV-2 antibodies present in sera and nasal swabs from individuals infected with previously circulating strains or who were recently vaccinated, in comparison with a D614G reference virus. We utilized a new rapid neutralization assay, based on reporter cells that become positive for GFP after overnight infection. Sera from 58 convalescent individuals collected up to 9 months after symptoms, similarly neutralized B.1.1.7 and D614G. In contrast, after 9 months, convalescent sera had a mean sixfold reduction in neutralizing titers, and 40% of the samples lacked any activity against B.1.351. Sera from 19 individuals vaccinated twice with Pfizer Cominarty, longitudinally tested up to 6 weeks after vaccination, were similarly potent against B.1.1.7 but less efficacious against B.1.351, when compared to D614G. Neutralizing titers increased after the second vaccine dose, but remained 14-fold lower against B.1.351. In contrast, sera from convalescent or vaccinated individuals similarly bound the three spike proteins in a flow cytometry-based serological assay. Neutralizing antibodies were rarely detected in nasal swabs from vaccinees. Thus, faster-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired a partial resistance to neutralizing antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination, which was most frequently detected in individuals with low antibody levels. Our results indicate that B1.351, but not B.1.1.7, may increase the risk of infection in immunized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Gonzalez
- CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Pathologie Professionnelle et Médecine du Travail, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- Centre d'investigation Clinique INSERM 1434, CHU Strasbourg, France.,CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Neurologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Sève
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karl Stefic
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, National Reference Center for HIV-Associated laboratory, Tours, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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657
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Khare S, Azevedo M, Parajuli P, Gokulan K. Conformational Changes of the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Prediction of a B-Cell Antigenic Epitope Using Structural Data. Front Artif Intell 2021; 4:630955. [PMID: 33842877 PMCID: PMC8027118 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.630955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is now a worldwide pandemic with mortality in hundreds of thousands as infections continue to increase. Containing the spread of this viral infection and decreasing the mortality rate is a major challenge. Identifying appropriate antigenic epitopes from the viral proteins is a very important task for vaccine production and the development of diagnostic kits and antibody therapy. A novel antigenic epitope would be specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and can distinguish infections caused by common cold viruses. In this study two approaches are employed to identify both continuous and conformational B-cell antigenic epitopes. To achieve this goal, we modeled a complete structure of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein using recently deposited coordinates (6vxx, 6vsb, and 6w41) in the protein data bank. In addition, we also modeled the RBD-ACE2 receptor complex for SARS-CoV-2 using the SARS-CoV RBD-ACE2 complex (3D0J) as a reference model. Finally, structure based predicted antigenic epitopes were compared to the ACE2 binding region of RBD of SARS-CoV-2. The identified conformational epitopes show overlaps with the ACE2-receptor binding region of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Strategies defined in the current study identified novel antigenic epitope that is specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Integrating such approach in the diagnosis can distinguish infections caused by common cold viruses from SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States-Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Marli Azevedo
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States-Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Pravin Parajuli
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States-Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States-Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
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658
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Schwarz T, Heiss K, Mahendran Y, Casilag F, Kurth F, Sander LE, Wendtner CM, Hoechstetter MA, Müller MA, Sekul R, Drosten C, Stadler V, Corman VM. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome-Wide Analysis Revealed Significant Epitope Signatures in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629185. [PMID: 33833755 PMCID: PMC8021850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. The causative agent of this acute respiratory disease is a newly emerged coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, which originated in China in late 2019. Exposure to SARS−CoV−2 leads to multifaceted disease outcomes from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and potentially death. Understanding the host immune response is crucial for the development of interventional strategies. Humoral responses play an important role in defending viral infections and are therefore of particular interest. With the aim to resolve SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immune responses at the epitope level, we screened clinically well-characterized sera from COVID-19 patients with mild and severe disease outcome using high-density peptide microarrays covering the entire proteome of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we determined the longevity of epitope-specific antibody responses in a longitudinal approach. Here we present IgG and IgA-specific epitope signatures from COVID-19 patients, which may serve as discriminating prognostic or predictive markers for disease outcome and/or could be relevant for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela A Hoechstetter
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Associated Partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Associated Partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
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659
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Antibody kinetics and clinical course of COVID-19 a prospective observational study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248918. [PMID: 33750984 PMCID: PMC7984607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological response and association to clinical manifestation is important for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted where antibody responses of IgG and IgA towards SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were studied over time in patients with COVID-19. Possible associations between antibody titers and outcome were analyzed. Results Forty patients with COVID-19, hospitalized at Skåne University hospital, Sweden, between April and June 2020 were included. IgG antibody responses were detected for all patients with the highest levels four weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis. Levels of IgA were generally higher at diagnosis and decreased towards baseline 4 weeks after confirmed COVID-19. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein compared with patients with mild disease. Conclusion IgG and IgA antibodies towards the spike protein follow different kinetics during COVID-19 and patients with severe disease develop higher antibody levels.
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660
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Yang S, Jerome KR, Greninger AL, Schiffer JT, Goyal A. Endogenously Produced SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG Antibodies May Have a Limited Impact on Clearing Nasal Shedding of Virus during Primary Infection in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:516. [PMID: 33804667 PMCID: PMC8003723 DOI: 10.3390/v13030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies have been developed for therapeutic purposes, the specific viral triggers that drive the generation of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM antibodies remain only partially characterized. Moreover, it is unknown whether endogenously derived antibodies drive viral clearance that might result in mitigation of clinical severity during natural infection. We developed a series of non-linear mathematical models to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 viral and antibody kinetics are coupled or governed by separate processes. Patients with severe disease had a higher production rate of IgG but not IgM antibodies. Maximal levels of both isotypes were governed by their production rate rather than different saturation levels between people. Our results suggest that an exponential surge in IgG levels occurs approximately 5-10 days after symptom onset with no requirement for continual antigenic stimulation. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies appear to have limited to no effect on viral dynamics but may enhance viral clearance late during primary infection resulting from the binding effect of antibody to virus, rather than neutralization. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies may play only a limited role in clearing infection from the nasal passages despite providing long-term immunity against infection following vaccination or prior infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Yang
- Department of Data Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.R.J.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.R.J.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.R.J.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.R.J.); (A.L.G.)
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98910, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.R.J.); (A.L.G.)
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661
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Comparison of Antibody Class-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Serologies for the Diagnosis of Acute COVID-19. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02026-20. [PMID: 33468605 PMCID: PMC8092741 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02026-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical for appropriate management of patients with this disease. We examined the possible complementary role of laboratory-developed class-specific clinical serology in assessing SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients. Serological tests for immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using samples from real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)-confirmed inpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. We analyzed the influence of timing and clinical severity on the diagnostic value of class-specific COVID-19 serology testing. Cross-sectional analysis revealed higher sensitivity and specificity at lower optical density cutoffs for IgA in hospitalized patients than for IgG and IgM serology (IgG area under the curve [AUC] of 0.91 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.89 to 0.93] versus IgA AUC of 0.97 [95% CI, 0.96 to 0.98] versus IgM AUC of 0.95 [95% CI, 0.92 to 0.97]). The enhanced performance of IgA serology was apparent in the first 2 weeks after symptom onset and the first week after PCR testing. In patients requiring intubation, all three tests exhibit enhanced sensitivity. Among PCR-negative patients under investigation for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2 out of 61 showed clear evidence of seroconversion IgG, IgA, and IgM. Suspected false-positive results in the latter population were most frequently observed in IgG and IgM serology tests. Our findings suggest the potential utility of IgA serology in the acute setting and explore the benefits and limitations of class-specific serology as a complementary diagnostic tool to PCR for COVID-19 in the acute setting.
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662
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Oishee MJ, Ali T, Jahan N, Khandker SS, Haq MA, Khondoker MU, Sil BK, Lugova H, Krishnapillai A, Abubakar AR, Kumar S, Haque M, Jamiruddin MR, Adnan N. COVID-19 Pandemic: Review of Contemporary and Forthcoming Detection Tools. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1049-1082. [PMID: 33762831 PMCID: PMC7982560 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s289629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19, presents a deadly challenge to the global healthcare system of developing and developed countries, exposing the limitations of health facilities preparedness for emerging infectious disease pandemic. Opportune detection, confinement, and early treatment of infected cases present the first step in combating COVID-19. In this review, we elaborate on various COVID-19 diagnostic tools that are available or under investigation. Consequently, cell culture, followed by an indirect fluorescent antibody, is one of the most accurate methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, restrictions imposed by the regulatory authorities prevented its general use and implementation. Diagnosis via radiologic imaging and reverse transcriptase PCR assay is frequently employed, considered as standard procedures, whereas isothermal amplification methods are currently on the verge of clinical introduction. Notably, techniques such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics have added new dimensions to the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Furthermore, commonly used immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), neutralization assay, and the chemiluminescent assay can also be used for early detection and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, advancement in the next generation sequencing (NGS) and metagenomic analysis are smoothing the viral detection further in this global challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamanna Ali
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nowshin Jahan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Halyna Lugova
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ambigga Krishnapillai
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700233, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, 382422, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health Universiti Pertahanan, Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad Adnan
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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663
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Herman JD, Wang C, Loos C, Yoon H, Rivera J, Dieterle ME, Haslwanter D, Jangra RK, Bortz RH, Bar KJ, Julg B, Chandran K, Lauffenburger D, Pirofski LA, Alter G. Functional Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.08.21253157. [PMID: 33758875 PMCID: PMC7987034 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21253157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine or monoclonal therapeutic, transfer of convalescent plasma (CCP) was proposed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as an easily accessible therapy. However, despite the global excitement around this historically valuable therapeutic approach, results from CCP trials have been mixed and highly debated. Unlike other therapeutic interventions, CCP represents a heterogeneous drug. Each CCP unit is unique and collected from an individual recovered COVID-19 patient, making the interpretation of therapeutic benefit more complicated. While the prevailing view in the field would suggest that it is administration of neutralizing antibodies via CCP that centrally provides therapeutic benefit to newly infected COVID-19 patients, many hospitalized COVID-19 patients already possess neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, the therapeutic benefit of antibodies can extend far beyond their simple ability to bind and block infection, especially related to their ability to interact with the innate immune system. In our work we deeply profiled the SARS-CoV-2-specific Fc-response in CCP donors, along with the recipients prior to and after CCP transfer, revealing striking SARS-CoV-2 specific Fc-heterogeneity across CCP units and their recipients. However, CCP units possessed more functional antibodies than acute COVID-19 patients, that shaped the evolution of COVID-19 patient humoral profiles via distinct immunomodulatory effects that varied by pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-specific IgG titers in the patients. Our analysis identified surprising influence of both S and Nucleocapsid (N) specific antibody functions not only in direct antiviral activity but also in anti-inflammatory effects. These findings offer insights for more comprehensive interpretation of correlates of immunity in ongoing large scale CCP trials and for the design of next generation therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyunah Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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664
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Focosi D, Franchini M. Impact of pathogen-reduction technologies on COVID-19 convalescent plasma potency. Transfus Clin Biol 2021; 28:132-134. [PMID: 33675992 PMCID: PMC7927574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen reduction technologies (PRT) have been recommended by many regulatory authorities to minimize the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infections associated with COVID19 convalescent plasma. While its impact on safety and its cost-effectiveness are nowadays well proven, there is theoretical concern that PRT could impact efficacy of convalescent plasma by altering concentration and/or function of the neutralizing antibodies (nAb). We review here the evidence supporting a lack of significant detrimental effect from PRTs on nAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
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665
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Patil HP, Rane PS, Shrivastava S, Palkar S, Lalwani S, Mishra AC, Arankalle VA. Antibody (IgA, IgG, and IgG Subtype) Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Severe and Nonsevere COVID-19 Patients. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:201-209. [PMID: 33656935 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the assessment of vaccine-induced immune response and to understand the role of antibodies in neutralization, it is necessary to assess dynamics of various antibodies in patients with different clinical manifestations. This study aims to quantitate circulating levels of IgA/IgG and IgG subtypes induced at different days postonset of symptoms, in severe and nonsevere patients. For this, serum or plasma samples (n = 146) collected from 79 COVID-19 patients were used. Indirect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) specific IgA, IgG, and IgG subtype specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed. Antibody titers between severe and nonsevere patients were compared at different times postonset of clinical symptoms. Titers in ELISA were compared to neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers determined by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Over 75% patients were positive for IgA/IgG antibodies in the first week. The ELISA titers did not differ during the first week; however, severe disease exhibited raised titers thereafter. Nab titers correlated with the ELISA titers in mild presentation but not in severe disease. IgA and IgG1 antibodies correlated stronger with Nabs. The findings highlighted that IgA together with IgG play an important in SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. These results will prove useful in assessing efficacy of vaccines and understanding disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad P Patil
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Prajakta S Rane
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Shubham Shrivastava
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sonali Palkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Akhilesh C Mishra
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Vidya A Arankalle
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
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666
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Francica JR, Flynn BJ, Foulds KE, Noe AT, Werner AP, Moore IN, Gagne M, Johnston TS, Tucker C, Davis RL, Flach B, O’Connell S, Andrew SF, Lamb E, Flebbe DR, Nurmukhambetova ST, Donaldson MM, Todd JPM, Zhu AL, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Gorman MJ, Shin S, Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, Tylor A, McCarthy E, Lecouturier V, Ruiz S, Berry C, Tibbitts T, Andersen H, Cook A, Dodson A, Pessaint L, Ry AV, Koutsoukos M, Gutzeit C, Teng IT, Zhou T, Li D, Haynes BF, Kwong PD, McDermott A, Lewis MG, Fu TM, Chicz R, van der Most R, Corbett KS, Suthar MS, Alter G, Roederer M, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Graham BS, Casimiro D, Seder RA. Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and AS03 Adjuvant Induces Rapid Anamnestic Antibodies in the Lung and Protects Against Virus Challenge in Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.02.433390. [PMID: 33688652 PMCID: PMC7941623 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.02.433390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines have been used extensively in humans for protection against various viral infections based on their robust induction of antibody responses. Here, soluble prefusion-stabilized spike trimers (preS dTM) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were formulated with the adjuvant AS03 and administered twice to nonhuman primates (NHP). Binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology revealed that NHP developed AS03-dependent multi-functional humoral responses that targeted multiple spike domains and bound to a variety of antibody FC receptors mediating effector functions in vitro. Pseudovirus and live virus neutralizing IC50 titers were on average greater than 1000 and significantly higher than a panel of human convalescent sera. NHP were challenged intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose (3×106 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate). Two days post-challenge, vaccinated NHP showed rapid control of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Notably, vaccinated NHP also had increased spike-specific IgG antibody responses in the lung as early as 2 days post challenge. Moreover, vaccine-induced IgG mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge following passive transfer to hamsters. These data show that antibodies induced by the AS03-adjuvanted preS dTM vaccine are sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 and support the evaluation of this vaccine in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara J. Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy T. Noe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne P. Werner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy S. Johnston
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Tucker
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel L. Davis
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shayne F. Andrew
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evan Lamb
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dillon R. Flebbe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saule T. Nurmukhambetova
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Donaldson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John-Paul M. Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Lee Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- PhD program in Immunology and Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- PhD program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- PhD program in Immunology and Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines; Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines; Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines; Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Alida Tylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCarthy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tong Ming Fu
- Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roman Chicz
- Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines; Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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667
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Sulaiman I, Chung M, Angel L, Tsay JCJ, Wu BG, Yeung ST, Krolikowski K, Li Y, Duerr R, Schluger R, Thannickal SA, Koide A, Rafeq S, Barnett C, Postelnicu R, Wang C, Banakis S, Perez-Perez L, Jour G, Shen G, Meyn P, Carpenito J, Liu X, Ji K, Collazo D, Labarbiera A, Amoroso N, Brosnahan S, Mukherjee V, Kaufman D, Bakker J, Lubinsky A, Pradhan D, Sterman DH, Weiden M, Hegu A, Evans L, Uyeki TM, Clemente JC, De Wit E, Schmidt AM, Shopsin B, Desvignes L, Wang C, Li H, Zhang B, Forst CV, Koide S, Stapleford KA, Khanna KM, Ghedin E, Segal LN. Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.23.21252221. [PMID: 33655261 PMCID: PMC7924286 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mortality among patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure is high and there are no known lower airway biomarkers that predict clinical outcome. We investigated whether bacterial respiratory infections and viral load were associated with poor clinical outcome and host immune tone. We obtained bacterial and fungal culture data from 589 critically ill subjects with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation. On a subset of the subjects that underwent bronchoscopy, we also quantified SARS-CoV-2 viral load, analyzed the microbiome of the lower airways by metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses and profiled the host immune response. We found that isolation of a hospital-acquired respiratory pathogen was not associated with fatal outcome. However, poor clinical outcome was associated with enrichment of the lower airway microbiota with an oral commensal ( Mycoplasma salivarium ), while high SARS-CoV-2 viral burden, poor anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, together with a unique host transcriptome profile of the lower airways were most predictive of mortality. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that 1) the extent of viral infectivity drives mortality in severe COVID-19, and therefore 2) clinical management strategies targeting viral replication and host responses to SARS-CoV-2 should be prioritized.
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668
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Limited window for donation of convalescent plasma with high live-virus neutralizing antibody titers for COVID-19 immunotherapy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:267. [PMID: 33627795 PMCID: PMC7904946 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of individuals who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection may be eligible to participate in convalescent plasma donor programs, yet the optimal window for donating high neutralizing titer convalescent plasma for COVID-19 immunotherapy remains unknown. Here we studied the response trajectories of antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike glycoprotein and in vitro SARS-CoV-2 live virus neutralizing titers (VN) in 175 convalescent donors longitudinally sampled for up to 142 days post onset of symptoms (DPO). We observed robust IgM, IgG, and viral neutralization responses to SARS-CoV-2 that persist, in the aggregate, for at least 100 DPO. However, there is a notable decline in VN titers ≥160 for convalescent plasma therapy, starting 60 DPO. The results also show that individuals 30 years of age or younger have significantly lower VN, IgG and IgM antibody titers than those in the older age groups; and individuals with greater disease severity also have significantly higher IgM and IgG antibody titers. Taken together, these findings define the optimal window for donating convalescent plasma useful for immunotherapy of COVID-19 patients and reveal important predictors of an ideal plasma donor. Gontu et al. conducted a longitudinal study in COVID patients in which they assessed the response trajectories of antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike glycoprotein and in vitro SARS-CoV-2 live virus neutralizing titers. Their measurements demonstrate the presence of an optimum window for convalescent plasma donation as well as predictions of the most suitable donor type.
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669
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Chandrasekar SS, Phanse Y, Hildebrand RE, Hanafy M, Wu CW, Hansen CH, Osorio JE, Suresh M, Talaat AM. Localized and Systemic Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Following Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:132. [PMID: 33562141 PMCID: PMC7914464 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the USA and worldwide necessitates the development of multiple vaccines to combat the COVID-19 global pandemic. Previously, we showed that a particulate adjuvant system, quil-A-loaded chitosan (QAC) nanoparticles, can elicit robust immunity combined with plasmid vaccines when used against avian coronavirus. Here, we report on the immune responses elicited by mucosal homologous plasmid and a heterologous immunization strategy using a plasmid vaccine and a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens. Only the heterologous intranasal immunization strategy elicited neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage of mice, suggesting a protective vaccine. The same prime/boost strategy led to the induction of type 1 and type 17 T-cell responses and polyfunctional T-cells expressing multiple type 1 cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-2) in the lungs and spleens of vaccinated mice. In contrast, the plasmid homologous vaccine strategy led to the induction of local mono and polyfunctional T-cells secreting IFN-γ. Outcomes of this study support the potential of QAC-nano vaccines to elicit significant mucosal immune responses against respiratory coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaswath S. Chandrasekar
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Rachel E. Hildebrand
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Mostafa Hanafy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Chia-Wei Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Chungyi H. Hansen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Colombia Wisconsin One Health Consortium, Universidad Nacional Medellín, Calle 75#79a 5, Colombia
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Adel M. Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Pan Genome Systems, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
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670
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Markmann AJ, Giallourou N, Bhowmik DR, Hou YJ, Lerner A, Martinez DR, Premkumar L, Root H, van Duin D, Napravnik S, Graham SD, Guerra Q, Raut R, Petropoulos CJ, Wrin T, Cornaby C, Schmitz J, Kuruc J, Weiss S, Park Y, Baric R, de Silva AM, Margolis DM, Bartelt LA. Sex disparities and neutralizing antibody durability to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.01.21250493. [PMID: 33564775 PMCID: PMC7872367 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.01.21250493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now caused over 2 million deaths worldwide and continues to expand. Currently, much is unknown about functionally neutralizing human antibody responses and durability to SARS-CoV-2. Using convalescent sera collected from 101 COVID-19 recovered individuals 21-212 days after symptom onset with forty-eight additional longitudinal samples, we measured functionality and durability of serum antibodies. We also evaluated associations between individual demographic and clinical parameters with functional neutralizing antibody responses to COVID-19. We found robust antibody durability out to six months, as well as significant positive associations with the magnitude of the neutralizing antibody response and male sex. We also show that SARS-CoV-2 convalescent neutralizing antibodies are higher in individuals with cardio-metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena J. Markmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Natasa Giallourou
- Centre of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D. Ryan Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Yixuan J. Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather Root
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - David van Duin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Sonia Napravnik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen D. Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Quique Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Rajendra Raut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Terri Wrin
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Caleb Cornaby
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - John Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan Weiss
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Yara Park
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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671
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Crawford KHD, Dingens AS, Eguia R, Wolf CR, Wilcox N, Logue JK, Shuey K, Casto AM, Fiala B, Wrenn S, Pettie D, King NP, Greninger AL, Chu HY, Bloom JD. Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:197-205. [PMID: 33535236 PMCID: PMC7543487 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop neutralizing antibodies that target the viral spike protein. In this study, we quantified how levels of these antibodies change in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection by examining longitudinal samples collected approximately 30-152 days after symptom onset from a prospective cohort of 32 recovered individuals with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate-severe disease. Neutralizing antibody titers declined an average of about 4-fold from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline in neutralizing antibody titers was accompanied by a decline in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein or its receptor-binding domain. Importantly, our data are consistent with the expected early immune response to viral infection, where an initial peak in antibody levels is followed by a decline to a lower plateau. Additional studies of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over longer time frames are necessary to determine the durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine H D Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Naomi Wilcox
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kiel Shuey
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda M Casto
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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672
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Mariën J, Ceulemans A, Michiels J, Heyndrickx L, Kerkhof K, Foque N, Widdowson MA, Mortgat L, Duysburgh E, Desombere I, Jansens H, Van Esbroeck M, Ariën KK. Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins as targets for antibody detection in severe and mild COVID-19 cases using a Luminex bead-based assay. J Virol Methods 2021; 288:114025. [PMID: 33227340 PMCID: PMC7678438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will only be possible if serological tests are sufficiently reliable, rapid and affordable. Many assays are either labour-intensive and require specialised facilities (e.g. virus neutralization assays), or are expensive with suboptimal specificity (e.g. commercial ELISAs and RDTs). Bead-based assays offer a cost-effective alternative and allow for multiplexing to test for antibodies against multiple antigens and against other pathogens. Here, we compare the performance of spike (S) and nucleocapsid (NP) antigens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in a panel of sera that includes recent (up to six weeks after symptom onset, severe n = 44; and mild cases n = 52) and old infections (five months after symptom onset, mild n = 104), using a Luminex-bead based assay and comparison to a virus neutralization test. While we show that neutralizing antibody levels are significantly lower in mild than in severe cases, we demonstrate that a combination of the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (NP) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) results in highly specific (99 %) IgG antibody detection five months after infection in 96 % of cases. Although most severe Covid-19 cases developed a clear IgM and IgA response, titers fell below the detection threshold in more than 20 % of mild cases in our bead-based assay. In conclusion, our data supports the use of RBD and NP for the development of SARS-CoV-2 serological IgG bead-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mariën
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ann Ceulemans
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Kerkhof
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikki Foque
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Laure Mortgat
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Duysburgh
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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673
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Scourfield DO, Reed SG, Quastel M, Alderson J, Bart VMT, Teijeira Crespo A, Jones R, Pring E, Richter FC, Burnell SEA. The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab003. [PMID: 34192270 PMCID: PMC7928637 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK,Correspondence address. Stephanie E. A. Burnell, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. Tel: 02920687060, E-mail: and
| | - Sophie G Reed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Max Quastel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jennifer Alderson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Valentina M T Bart
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alicia Teijeira Crespo
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Ruth Jones
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ellie Pring
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Felix Clemens Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | | | - Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK,Correspondence address. Stephanie E. A. Burnell, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. Tel: 02920687060, E-mail: and
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674
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Cremoni M, Ruetsch C, Zorzi K, Fernandez C, Boyer-Suavet S, Benzaken S, Demonchy E, Dellamonica J, Ichai C, Esnault V, Brglez V, Seitz-Polski B. Humoral and Cellular Response of Frontline Health Care Workers Infected by SARS-CoV-2 in Nice, France: A Prospective Single-Center Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:608804. [PMID: 33585509 PMCID: PMC7873459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.608804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontline health care workers (HCWs) have been particularly exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since the start of the pandemic but the clinical features and immune responses of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 have not been well described. In a prospective single center cohort study, we enrolled 196 frontline HCWs exposed to the SARS-Cov-2 and 60 patients with moderate and severe forms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Serological tests and cytokines assay were performed to analyze SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Of the 196 HCWs tested, 15% had specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and 45% of seropositive HCWs were strictly asymptomatic. However, in comparison to moderate and severe forms, HCWs with mild or asymptomatic forms of COVID-19 showed lower specific IgA and IgG peaks, consistent with their mild symptoms, and a robust immune cellular response, illustrated by a high production of type I and II interferons. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether this interferon functional immune assay, routinely applicable, can be useful in predicting the risk of severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cremoni
- Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Caroline Ruetsch
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Kévin Zorzi
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Céline Fernandez
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Sonia Boyer-Suavet
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Sylvia Benzaken
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Elisa Demonchy
- Service d'Infectiologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jean Dellamonica
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Carole Ichai
- Service de Réanimation Médicochirurgicale, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Vincent Esnault
- Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Barbara Seitz-Polski
- Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique de la Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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675
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Pearson CF, Jeffery R, Thornton EE. Mucosal immune responses in COVID19 - a living review. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab002. [PMID: 33585820 PMCID: PMC7871424 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 was initially characterized as a disease primarily of the lungs, but it is becoming increasingly clear that the SARS-CoV2 virus is able to infect many organs and cause a broad pathological response. The primary infection site is likely to be a mucosal surface, mainly the lungs or the intestine, where epithelial cells can be infected with virus. Although it is clear that virus within the lungs can cause severe pathology, driven by an exaggerated immune response, infection within the intestine generally seems to cause minor or no symptoms. In this review, we compare the disease processes between the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, and what might drive these different responses. As the microbiome is a key part of mucosal barrier sites, we also consider the effect that microbial species may play on infection and the subsequent immune responses. Because of difficulties obtaining tissue samples, there are currently few studies focused on the local mucosal response rather than the systemic response, but understanding the local immune response will become increasingly important for understanding the mechanisms of disease in order to develop better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F Pearson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Rebecca Jeffery
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Emily E Thornton
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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676
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Nayrac M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Benlarbi M, Gasser R, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Gong SY, Bourassa C, Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Goyette G, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Bégin P, Martel-Laferrière V, Tremblay C, Richard J, Bazin R, Duerr R, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33532774 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional and lasting immune responses to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are currently under intense investigation as antibody titers in plasma have been shown to decline during convalescence. Since the absence of antibodies does not equate to absence of immune memory, we sought to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells in COVID-19 convalescent patients. In this study, we report on the evolution of the overall humoral immune responses on 101 blood samples obtained from 32 COVID-19 convalescent patients between 16 and 233 days post-symptom onset. Our observations indicate that anti-Spike and anti-RBD IgM in plasma decay rapidly, whereas the reduction of IgG is less prominent. Neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma declines rapidly compared to Fc-effector functions. Concomitantly, the frequencies of RBD-specific IgM+ B cells wane significantly when compared to RBD-specific IgG+ B cells, which increase over time, and the number of IgG+ memory B cells which remain stable thereafter for up to 8 months after symptoms onset. With the recent approval of highly effective vaccines for COVID-19, data on the persistence of immune responses are of central importance. Even though overall circulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific antibodies contract over time during convalescence, we demonstrate that RBD-specific B cells increase and persist up to 8 months post symptom onset. We also observe modest increases in RBD-specific IgG+ memory B cells and importantly, detectable IgG and sustained Fc-effector activity in plasma over the 8-month period. Our results add to the current understanding of immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical for the prevention of secondary infections, vaccine efficacy and herd immunity against COVID-19.
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677
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Wang Z, Lorenzi JCC, Muecksch F, Finkin S, Viant C, Gaebler C, Cipolla M, Hoffmann HH, Oliveira TY, Oren DA, Ramos V, Nogueira L, Michailidis E, Robbiani DF, Gazumyan A, Rice CM, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by dimeric IgA. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf1555. [PMID: 33288661 PMCID: PMC7857415 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), primarily infects cells at mucosal surfaces. Serum neutralizing antibody responses are variable and generally low in individuals that suffer mild forms of COVID-19. Although potent immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies can neutralize the virus, less is known about secretory antibodies such as IgA that might affect the initial viral spread and transmissibility from the mucosa. Here, we characterize the IgA response to SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 149 convalescent individuals after diagnosis with COVID-19. IgA responses in plasma generally correlated with IgG responses. Furthermore, clones of IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-producing B cells were derived from common progenitor cells. Plasma IgA monomers specific to SARS-CoV-2 proteins were demonstrated to be twofold less potent than IgG equivalents. However, IgA dimers, the primary form of antibody in the nasopharynx, were, on average, 15 times more potent than IgA monomers against the same target. Thus, dimeric IgA responses may be particularly valuable for protection against SARS-CoV-2 and for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shlomo Finkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charlotte Viant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deena A Oren
- Structural Biology Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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678
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van Gool MMJ, van Egmond M. IgA and FcαRI: Versatile Players in Homeostasis, Infection, and Autoimmunity. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 9:351-372. [PMID: 33447585 PMCID: PMC7801909 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s266242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces constitute the frontiers of the body and are the biggest barriers of our body for the outside world. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody class present at these sites. It passively contributes to mucosal homeostasis via immune exclusion maintaining a tight balance between tolerating commensals and providing protection against pathogens. Once pathogens have succeeded in invading the epithelial barriers, IgA has an active role in host-pathogen defense by activating myeloid cells through divers receptors, including its Fc receptor, FcαRI (CD89). To evade elimination, several pathogens secrete proteins that interfere with either IgA neutralization or FcαRI-mediated immune responses, emphasizing the importance of IgA-FcαRI interactions in preventing infection. Depending on the IgA form, either anti- or pro-inflammatory responses can be induced. Moreover, the presence of excessive IgA immune complexes can result in continuous FcαRI-mediated activation of myeloid cells, potentially leading to severe tissue damage. On the one hand, enhancing pathogen-specific mucosal and systemic IgA by vaccination may increase protective immunity against infectious diseases. On the other hand, interfering with the IgA-FcαRI axis by monovalent targeting or blocking FcαRI may resolve IgA-induced inflammation and tissue damage. This review describes the multifaceted role of FcαRI as immune regulator between anti- and pro-inflammatory responses of IgA, and addresses potential novel therapeutic strategies that target FcαRI in disease. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/xlijXy5W0xA
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Maria Johanna van Gool
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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679
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Limsakul P, Charupanit K, Moonla C, Jeerapan I. Advances in emergent biological recognition elements and bioelectronics for diagnosing COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:231-247. [PMID: 33718775 PMCID: PMC7937783 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses pose a serious threat to public health. Tremendous efforts are dedicated to advance reliable and effective detection of coronaviruses. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis mainly relies on the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic materials by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, simpler and more rapid and reliable alternatives are needed to meet high demand during the pandemic. Biosensor-based diagnosis approaches become alternatives for selectively and rapidly detecting virus particles because of their biorecognition elements consisting of biomaterials that are specific to virus biomarkers. Here, we summarize biorecognition materials, including antibodies and antibody-like molecules, that are designed to recognize SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers and the advances of recently developed biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. The design of biorecognition materials or layers is crucial to maximize biosensing performances, such as high selectivity and sensitivity of virus detection. Additionally, the recent representative achievements in developing bioelectronics for sensing coronavirus are included. This review includes scholarly articles, mainly published in 2020 and early 2021. In addition to capturing the fast development in the fields of applied materials and biodiagnosis, the outlook of this rapidly evolving technology is summarized. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 could help prevent the spread of this contagious disease and provide significant information to medical teams to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praopim Limsakul
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Krit Charupanit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111, University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
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680
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Smith N, Goncalves P, Charbit B, Grzelak L, Beretta M, Planchais C, Bruel T, Rouilly V, Bondet V, Hadjadj J, Yatim N, Pere H, Merkling SH, Ghozlane A, Kernéis S, Rieux-Laucat F, Terrier B, Schwartz O, Mouquet H, Duffy D, Di Santo JP. Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1428-1439. [PMID: 34471264 PMCID: PMC8553615 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated local mucosal and systemic immune responses following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection either protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathologies or fail, leading to severe clinical outcomes. To understand this process, we performed an integrated analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies, cytokines, viral load and bacterial communities in paired nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples from a cohort of clinically distinct patients with COVID-19 during acute infection. Plasma viral load was associated with systemic inflammatory cytokines that were elevated in severe COVID-19, and also with spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. By contrast, nasopharyngeal viral load correlated with SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses but inversely with interferon responses, the latter associating with protective microbial communities. Potential pathogenic microorganisms, often implicated in secondary respiratory infections, were associated with mucosal inflammation and elevated in severe COVID-19. Our results demonstrate distinct tissue compartmentalization of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses and highlight a role for the nasopharyngeal microbiome in regulating local and systemic immunity that determines COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaïa Smith
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Goncalves
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Charbit
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Beretta
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Bondet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Hadjadj
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Université de Paris, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nader Yatim
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Helene Pere
- grid.417925.cUnité de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah H. Merkling
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Amine Ghozlane
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Solen Kernéis
- grid.411784.f0000 0001 0274 3893Equipe Mobile d’Infectiologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, APHP-CUP, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Modeling Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Rieux-Laucat
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
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681
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Ghosh P. Generation of efficacy data on 60 years and older population using SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_34_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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682
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Carro B. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carro
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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683
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Gonçalves J, Sousa RL, Jacinto MJ, Silva DA, Paula F, Sousa R, Zahedi S, Carvalho J, Cabral MG, Costa M, Branco JC, Canhão H, Alves JD, Rodrigues AM, Soares H. Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Following Relieve of Confinement Measures. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:603996. [PMID: 33392225 PMCID: PMC7775303 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.603996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies are crucial both for estimating the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and to provide a measure for the efficiency of the confinement measures. Portuguese universities were closed on March 16th 2020, when Portugal only registered 62 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases per million. We have validated a SARS-CoV-2 ELISA assay to a stabilized full-length spike protein using 216 pre-pandemic and 19 molecularly diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 positive individual's samples. At NOVA University of Lisbon, presential work was partially resumed on May 25th with staggered schedules. From June 15th to 30th, 3-4 weeks after the easing of confinement measures, we screened 1,636 collaborators of NOVA university of Lisbon for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgA and IgG antibodies. We found that spike-specific IgG in 50 of 1,636 participants (3.0%), none of which had anti-spike IgA antibodies. As participants self-reported as asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, our study also provides a measurement of the prevalence of asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our study suggests that essential workers have a 2-fold increase in viral exposure, when compared to non-essential workers that observed confinement. Additional serological surveys in different population subgroups will paint a broader picture of the effect of the confinement measures in the broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonçalves
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita L. Sousa
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Jacinto
- Católica-Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela A. Silva
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Paula
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Internal Medicine Department IV/Immune Mediated Systemic Diseases (UDIMS), Fernando Fonseca Hospital, Amadora, Portugal
- Immune Response and Vascular Disease Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rute Sousa
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
- EpiDoC Unit, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Zahedi
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Computational and Experimental Biology Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Internal Medicine Department IV/Immune Mediated Systemic Diseases (UDIMS), Fernando Fonseca Hospital, Amadora, Portugal
- Immune Response and Vascular Disease Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Guadalupe Cabral
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Tissue Repair and Inflammation Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Costa
- Rheumatology Department, CHLO, Egas Moniz Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jaime C. Branco
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, CHLO, Egas Moniz Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Canhão
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
- EpiDoC Unit, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José D. Alves
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Internal Medicine Department IV/Immune Mediated Systemic Diseases (UDIMS), Fernando Fonseca Hospital, Amadora, Portugal
- Immune Response and Vascular Disease Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Rodrigues
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
- EpiDoC Unit, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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684
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Quarterly picks from the editors. Sci Transl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The
Science Translational Medicine
editors highlight interesting translational ties across select articles published recently in the
Science
family of journals.
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685
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Seow J, Graham C, Merrick B, Acors S, Pickering S, Steel KJA, Hemmings O, O'Byrne A, Kouphou N, Galao RP, Betancor G, Wilson HD, Signell AW, Winstone H, Kerridge C, Huettner I, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Lista MJ, Temperton N, Snell LB, Bisnauthsing K, Moore A, Green A, Martinez L, Stokes B, Honey J, Izquierdo-Barras A, Arbane G, Patel A, Tan MKI, O'Connell L, O'Hara G, MacMahon E, Douthwaite S, Nebbia G, Batra R, Martinez-Nunez R, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Neil SJD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1598-1607. [PMID: 33106674 PMCID: PMC7610833 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10-15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID50 > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID50 had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn J A Steel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aoife O'Byrne
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry D Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian W Signell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Kerridge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Bisnauthsing
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amelia Moore
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adrian Green
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lauren Martinez
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brielle Stokes
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Johanna Honey
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alba Izquierdo-Barras
- Guy's and St Thomas' R&D Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gill Arbane
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Kia Ik Tan
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lorcan O'Connell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Geraldine O'Hara
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Douthwaite
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rocio Martinez-Nunez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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686
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Russell MW, Moldoveanu Z, Ogra PL, Mestecky J. Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:611337. [PMID: 33329607 PMCID: PMC7733922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, its first interactions with the immune system must occur predominantly at the respiratory mucosal surfaces, during both inductive and effector phases of the response. However, almost all studies of the immune response in COVID-19 have focused exclusively on serum antibodies and systemic cell-mediated immunity including innate responses. This article proposes that there is a significant role for mucosal immunity and for secretory as well as circulating IgA antibodies in COVID-19, and that it is important to elucidate this in order to comprehend especially the asymptomatic and mild states of the infection, which appear to account for the majority of cases. Moreover, it is possible that mucosal immunity can be exploited for beneficial diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pearay L Ogra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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687
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Persisting Neutralizing Activity to SARS-CoV-2 over Months in Sera of COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121357. [PMID: 33260809 PMCID: PMC7761220 DOI: 10.3390/v12121357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the nasopharyngeal virus load, IgA and IgG antibodies to both the S1-RBD-protein and the N-protein, as well as the neutralizing activity (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of moderately afflicted COVID-19 patients, needs further longitudinal investigation. Several new serological methods to examine these parameters were developed, validated and applied in three patients of a family which underwent an ambulatory course of COVID-19 for six months. The virus load had almost completely disappeared after about four weeks. Serum IgA levels to the S1-RBD-protein and, to a lesser extent, to the N-protein, peaked about three weeks after clinical disease onset but declined soon thereafter. IgG levels rose continuously, reaching a plateau at approximately six weeks, and stayed elevated over the observation period. Virus-neutralizing activity reached a peak about 4 weeks after disease onset but dropped slowly. The longitudinal associations of virus neutralization and the serological immune response suggest immunity in patients even after a mild clinical course of COVID-19.
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688
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Isho B, Abe KT, Zuo M, Jamal AJ, Rathod B, Wang JH, Li Z, Chao G, Rojas OL, Bang YM, Pu A, Christie-Holmes N, Gervais C, Ceccarelli D, Samavarchi-Tehrani P, Guvenc F, Budylowski P, Li A, Paterson A, Yue FY, Marin LM, Caldwell L, Wrana JL, Colwill K, Sicheri F, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, Drews SJ, Siqueira WL, Barrios-Rodiles M, Ostrowski M, Rini JM, Durocher Y, McGeer AJ, Gommerman JL, Gingras AC. Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2020. [PMID: 33033173 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.01.20166553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the antibody response in saliva and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Here, we profiled by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in serum and saliva of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Longitudinal analysis revealed that anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, while IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that serum and saliva IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 based on their correlation with serum IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kento T Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Zuo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alainna J Jamal
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny H Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yeo Myong Bang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Christian Gervais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Derek Ceccarelli
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Payman Samavarchi-Tehrani
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angel Li
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aimee Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina M Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lauren Caldwell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Miriam Barrios-Rodiles
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison J McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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689
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Isho B, Abe KT, Zuo M, Jamal AJ, Rathod B, Wang JH, Li Z, Chao G, Rojas OL, Bang YM, Pu A, Christie-Holmes N, Gervais C, Ceccarelli D, Samavarchi-Tehrani P, Guvenc F, Budylowski P, Li A, Paterson A, Yue FY, Marin LM, Caldwell L, Wrana JL, Colwill K, Sicheri F, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, Drews SJ, Siqueira WL, Barrios-Rodiles M, Ostrowski M, Rini JM, Durocher Y, McGeer AJ, Gommerman JL, Gingras AC. Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/52/eabe5511. [PMID: 33033173 PMCID: PMC8050884 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the antibody response in saliva and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Here, we profiled by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in serum and saliva of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Longitudinal analysis revealed that anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, while IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that serum and saliva IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 based on their correlation with serum IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kento T Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Zuo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alainna J Jamal
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny H Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yeo Myong Bang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Christian Gervais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Derek Ceccarelli
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Payman Samavarchi-Tehrani
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angel Li
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aimee Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina M Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lauren Caldwell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Miriam Barrios-Rodiles
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison J McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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690
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Niu X, Li S, Li P, Pan W, Wang Q, Feng Y, Mo X, Yan Q, Ye X, Luo J, Qu L, Weber D, Byrne-Steele ML, Wang Z, Yu F, Li F, Myers RM, Lotze MT, Zhong N, Han J, Chen L. Longitudinal Analysis of T and B Cell Receptor Repertoire Transcripts Reveal Dynamic Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582010. [PMID: 33117392 PMCID: PMC7561365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is associated with profound lymphopenia and an elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. We applied a novel dimer avoidance multiplexed polymerase chain reaction next-generation sequencing assay to analyze T (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires. Surprisingly, TCR repertoires were markedly diminished during the early onset of severe disease but recovered during the convalescent stage. Monitoring TCR repertoires could serve as an indicative biomarker to predict disease progression and recovery. Panoramic concurrent assessment of BCR repertoires demonstrated isotype switching and a transient but dramatic early IgA expansion. Dominant B cell clonal expansion with decreased diversity occurred following recovery from infection. Profound changes in T cell homeostasis raise critical questions about the early events in COVID-19 infection and demonstrate that immune repertoire analysis is a promising method for evaluating emergent host immunity to SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, with great implications for assessing vaccination and other immunological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China.,iRepertoire Inc., Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- iRepertoire Inc., Huntsville, AL, United States.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoneng Mo
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihong Yan
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianmiao Ye
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linbing Qu
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Zhe Wang
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjia Yu
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Han
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China.,iRepertoire Inc., Huntsville, AL, United States.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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691
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Khatri I, Staal FJT, van Dongen JJM. Blocking of the High-Affinity Interaction-Synapse Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Proteins Likely Requires Multiple High-Affinity Antibodies: An Immune Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570018. [PMID: 33042151 PMCID: PMC7527437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has induced global eagerness to develop vaccines and therapeutics for treating COVID-19, including neutralizing antibodies. To develop effective therapeutic antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, it is critical to understand the interaction between viral and host's proteins. The human ACE2 (hACE2) protein is the crucial target for the SARS-CoV's Spike protein that allows the virus to adhere to host epithelial cells. X-ray crystal structures and biophysical properties of protein-protein interactions reveal a large interaction surface with high binding-affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and hACE2 (18 interactions), at least 15-fold stronger than between SARS-CoV-1 and hACE2 (eight interactions). This suggests that antibodies against CoV-1 infection might not be very efficient against CoV-2. Furthermore, interspecies comparisons indicate that ACE2 proteins of man and cat are far closer than dog, ferret, mouse, and rat with significant differences in binding-affinity between Spike and ACE2 proteins. This strengthens the notion of productive SARS-CoV-2 transmission between felines and humans and that classical animal models are not optimally suited for evaluating therapeutic antibodies. The large interaction surface with strong affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and hACE2 (dG-12.4) poses a huge challenge to develop reliable antibody therapy that truly blocks SARS-CoV-2 adherence and infection. We gauge that single antibodies against single epitopes might not sufficiently interfere with the strong interaction-synapse between Spike and hACE2 proteins. Instead, appropriate combinations of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies against different epitopes might be needed, preferably of IgA-class for optimal and prolonged activity at epithelial layers of respiratory and intestine tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Khatri
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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692
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Focosi D, Anderson AO, Tang JW, Tuccori M. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of the Art. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00072-20. [PMID: 32792417 PMCID: PMC7430293 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00072-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used since the early 1900s to treat emerging infectious diseases; its efficacy was later associated with the evidence that polyclonal neutralizing antibodies can reduce the duration of viremia. Recent large outbreaks of viral diseases for which effective antivirals or vaccines are still lacking has renewed the interest in CP as a life-saving treatment. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the scaling up of CP therapy to unprecedented levels. Compared with historical usage, pathogen reduction technologies have now added an extra layer of safety to the use of CP, and new manufacturing approaches are being explored. This review summarizes historical settings of application, with a focus on betacoronaviruses, and surveys current approaches for donor selection and CP collection, pooling technologies, pathogen inactivation systems, and banking of CP. We additionally list the ongoing registered clinical trials for CP throughout the world and discuss the trial results published thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arthur O Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian W Tang
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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