701
|
Moreno-López L, Ioannidis K, Askelund AD, Smith AJ, Schueler K, van Harmelen AL. The Resilient Emotional Brain: A Scoping Review of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Limbic Structure and Function in Resilient Adults With a History of Childhood Maltreatment. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:392-402. [PMID: 32115373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) is one of the strongest predictors of adult mental illness, although not all adults with CM develop psychopathology. Here, we describe the structure and function of the emotional brain regions that may contribute to resilient functioning after CM. We review studies that report medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus (limbic regions) structure, function, and/or connections in resilient adults (i.e., those reporting CM without psychopathology) versus vulnerable adults (i.e., those reporting CM with psychopathology) or healthy adults (those without CM and with no psychopathology). We find that resilient adults have larger hippocampal gray and white matter volume and greater connectivity between the central executive network and the limbic regions. In addition, resilient adults have improved ability to regulate emotions through medial prefrontal cortex-limbic downregulation, lower hippocampal activation to emotional faces, and increased amygdala habituation to stress. We highlight the need for longitudinal designs that examine resilient functioning across domains and consider gender, type, timing, and nature of CM assessments and further stressors to further improve our understanding of the role of the emotional brain in resilient functioning after CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-López
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alicia J Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Schueler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
702
|
McLaughlin KA, Weissman D, Bitrán D. Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:277-312. [PMID: 32455344 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment-the dimensional model of adversity and stress acceleration model-in a systematic review of 109 studies using MRI-based measures of neural structure and function in children and adolescents. Consistent with the dimensional model, children exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and hippocampal volume and heightened amygdala activation to threat in a majority of studies; these patterns were not observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation. In contrast, reduced volume and altered function in frontoparietal regions were observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation but not children exposed to threat. Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited but emerged in other metrics of neurodevelopment. Progress in charting neurodevelopmental consequences of adversity requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, and more precise assessments of adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David Weissman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Debbie Bitrán
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
703
|
Avoiding Misdiagnosis When Auditory Verbal Hallucinations Are Present in Borderline Personality Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207:1048-1055. [PMID: 31790048 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Misdiagnosis is common for patients with a primary diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) who experience auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). AVHs in BPD are associated with severe BPD and high levels of suicidality. Wrongly treating these patients as though they are suffering from schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder and not treating BPD can cause significant iatrogenic damage. We outline a specific pattern of symptoms and phenomenology that will assist diagnostic accuracy in these cases. A focused review identified the following characteristic pattern: AVHs in BPD cannot be distinguished phenomenologically from AVH in schizophrenia, often meet the criteria for First-Rank Symptoms (FRSs), are highly stress related, and are strongly associated with dissociative experiences and childhood trauma. Formal thought disorder is uncommon, negative symptoms are usually absent, bizarre delusions are absent, affect remains reactive, and sociability is usually retained. Diagnostic accuracy can be improved by examining the overall clinical presentation and is essential to improving the prognosis for these patients.
Collapse
|
704
|
Association between spontaneous activity of the default mode network hubs and leukocyte telomere length in late childhood and early adolescence. J Psychosom Res 2019; 127:109864. [PMID: 31706071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The impact of early life stress on mental health and telomere length shortening have been reported. Changes in brain default mode network (DMN) were found to be related to a myriad of psychiatric conditions in which stress may play a role. In this context, family environment and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potential causes of stress. This is a hypothesis-driven study focused on testing two hypotheses: (i) there is an association between telomere length and the function of two main hubs of DMN: the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); (ii) this association is modulated by family environment and/or ACEs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating these hypotheses. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and blood sample were collected from 389 subjects (6-15 age range). We assessed DMN fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL). We fitted general linear models to test the main effects of LTL on DMN hubs and the interaction effects with Family Environment Scale (FES) and ACEs. The results did not survive a strict Bonferroni correction. However, uncorrected p-values suggest that LTL was positively correlated with fALFF in PCC and a FES interaction between FES and LTL at mPFC. Although marginal, our results encourage further research on the interaction between DMN hubs, telomere length and family environment, which may play a role on the biological embedding of stress.
Collapse
|
705
|
Ho TC. Stress and Neurodevelopment in Adolescent Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:e33-e35. [PMID: 31648684 PMCID: PMC7594880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
706
|
Blankenship SL, Botdorf M, Riggins T, Dougherty LR. Lasting effects of stress physiology on the brain: Cortisol reactivity during preschool predicts hippocampal functional connectivity at school age. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100736. [PMID: 31770714 PMCID: PMC6974891 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as cortisol in humans, has been associated with structural and functional changes in the hippocampus. The majority of research demonstrating these associations in humans has been conducted in adult, clinical, or severely maltreated populations, with little research investigating these effects in young or more typically developing populations. The present study sought to address this gap by investigating longitudinal associations between preschool (3−5 years) and concurrent (5–9 years) cortisol reactivity to a laboratory stressor and hippocampal functional connectivity during a passive viewing fMRI scan. Results showed that, after controlling for concurrent cortisol reactivity, greater total cortisol release in response to a stressor during preschool predicted increased anterior and posterior hippocampal connectivity with the precuneus and cingulate gyrus at school-age. These findings are consistent with literature from adult and non-human investigations and suggest lasting impacts of early stress physiology on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Blankenship
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Botdorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lea R Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
707
|
Bloomfield MA, McCutcheon RA, Kempton M, Freeman TP, Howes O. The effects of psychosocial stress on dopaminergic function and the acute stress response. eLife 2019; 8:46797. [PMID: 31711569 PMCID: PMC6850765 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial adversity induces vulnerability to mental illnesses. Animal studies demonstrate that this may be mediated by dopaminergic dysfunction. We therefore investigated whether long-term exposure to psychosocial adversity was associated with dopamine dysfunction and its relationship to psychological and physiological responses to acute stress. Using 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-l-phenylalanine ([18F]-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET), we compared dopamine synthesis capacity in n = 17 human participants with high cumulative exposure to psychosocial adversity with n = 17 age- and sex-matched participants with low cumulative exposure. The PET scan took place 2 hr after the induction of acute psychosocial stress using the Montréal Imaging Stress Task to induce acute psychosocial stress. We found that dopamine synthesis correlated with subjective threat and physiological response to acute psychosocial stress in the low exposure group. Long-term exposure to psychosocial adversity was associated with dampened striatal dopaminergic function (p=0.03, d = 0.80) and that psychosocial adversity blunted physiological yet potentiated subjective responses to acute psychosocial stress. Future studies should investigate the roles of these changes in vulnerability to mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ap Bloomfield
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, UCL Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom.,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, UCL Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
708
|
Jiang S, Postovit L, Cattaneo A, Binder EB, Aitchison KJ. Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31780969 PMCID: PMC6857662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (e.g., early life adversity or stress and childhood trauma) and have a lifelong impact on mental and physical health. For example, childhood trauma has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The heritability of ACE-related phenotypes such as PTSD, depression, and resilience is low to moderate, and, moreover, is very variable for a given phenotype, which implies that gene by environment interactions (such as through epigenetic modifications) may be involved in the onset of these phenotypes. Currently, there is increasing interest in the investigation of epigenetic contributions to ACE-induced differential health outcomes. Although there are a number of studies in this field, there are still research gaps. In this review, the basic concepts of epigenetic modifications (such as methylation) and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the stress response are outlined. Examples of specific genes undergoing methylation in association with ACE-induced differential health outcomes are provided. Limitations in this field, e.g., uncertain clinical diagnosis, conceptual inconsistencies, and technical drawbacks, are reviewed, with suggestions for advances using new technologies and novel research directions. We thereby provide a platform on which the field of ACE-induced phenotypes in mental health may build.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine J. Aitchison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
709
|
McCutcheon RA, Bloomfield MAP, Dahoun T, Mehta M, Howes OD. Chronic psychosocial stressors are associated with alterations in salience processing and corticostriatal connectivity. Schizophr Res 2019; 213:56-64. [PMID: 30573409 PMCID: PMC6817361 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stressors including childhood adversity, migration, and living in an urban environment, have been associated with several psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders. The neural and psychological mechanisms mediating this relationship remain unclear. In parallel, alterations in corticostriatal connectivity and abnormalities in the processing of salience, are seen in psychotic disorders. Aberrant functioning of these mechanisms secondary to chronic stress exposure, could help explain how common environmental exposures are associated with a diverse range of symptoms. In the current study, we recruited two groups of adults, one with a high degree of exposure to chronic psychosocial stressors (the exposed group, n = 20), and one with minimal exposure (the unexposed group, n = 22). All participants underwent a resting state MRI scan, completed the Aberrant Salience Inventory, and performed a behavioural task - the Salience Attribution Test (SAT). The exposed group showed reduced explicit adaptive salience scores (cohen's d = 0.69, p = 0.03) and increased aberrant salience inventory scores (d = 0.65, p = 0.04). The exposed group also showed increased corticostriatal connectivity between the ventral striatum and brain regions previously implicated in salience processing. Corticostriatal connectivity in these regions negatively correlated with SAT explicit adaptive salience (r = -0.48, p = 0.001), and positively correlated with aberrant salience inventory scores (r = 0.42, p = 0.006). Furthermore, in a mediation analysis there was tentative evidence that differences in striato-cortical connectivity mediated the group differences in salience scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael A P Bloomfield
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London WC1T 7NF, UK; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK; National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, Euston Road, London W1T 7DN, UK; The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, 4 St Pancras Way, London NW1 0PE, UK
| | - Tarik Dahoun
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX37 JX, UK
| | - Mitul Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
710
|
McCrory E, Ogle JR, Gerin MI, Viding E. Neurocognitive Adaptation and Mental Health Vulnerability Following Maltreatment: The Role of Social Functioning. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:435-451. [PMID: 30897955 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519830524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with a lifetime increase in risk of mental health disorder. We propose that such vulnerability may stem in large part from altered patterns of social functioning. Here, we highlight key findings from the psychological and epidemiological literature indicating that early maltreatment experience compromises social functioning and attenuates social support in ways that increase mental health vulnerability. We then review the extant neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents, focusing on three domains implicated in social functioning: threat processing, reward processing, and emotion regulation. We discuss how adaptations in these domains may increase latent vulnerability to mental health problems by impacting on social functioning via increased stress susceptibility as well as increased stress generation. Finally, we explore how computational psychiatry approaches, alongside systematically reported measures of social functioning, can complement studies of neural function in the creation of a mechanistic framework aimed at informing approaches to prevention and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon McCrory
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * Eamon McCrory and Mattia Indi Gerin are also affiliated with Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | | | - Mattia Indi Gerin
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * Eamon McCrory and Mattia Indi Gerin are also affiliated with Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Essi Viding
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
711
|
Fujisawa TX, Nishitani S, Takiguchi S, Shimada K, Smith AK, Tomoda A. Oxytocin receptor DNA methylation and alterations of brain volumes in maltreated children. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2045-2053. [PMID: 31071720 PMCID: PMC6898679 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although oxytocin (OXT) plays an important role in secure attachment formation with a primary caregiver, which is impaired in many children with childhood maltreatment (CM), epigenetic regulation in response to CM is a key factor in brain development during childhood. To address this issue, we first investigated differences in salivary DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) between CM and Non-CM groups of Japanese children (CM: n = 44; Non-CM: n = 41) and its impact on brain structures in subgroup analysis using brain imaging and full clinical data (CM: n = 24; Non-CM: n = 31). As a result, we observed that the CM group showed higher CpG 5,6 methylation than did the Non-CM group and confirmed negative correlations of gray matter volume (GMV) in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with CpG 5,6 methylation. In addition, the CM group showed significantly lower GMV in the left OFC than did the Non-CM group. Furthermore, as a result of examining the relationship between GMV in the left OFC and psychiatric symptoms in CM, we observed a negative association with insecure attachment style and also confirmed the mediation effect of left-OFC GMV reduction on the relationship between OXTR methylation and insecure attachment style. These results suggest that any modulation of the oxytocin signaling pathway induced by OXTR hypermethylation at CpG 5,6 leads to atypical development of the left OFC, resulting in distorted attachment formation in children with CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi X. Fujisawa
- 0000 0001 0692 8246grid.163577.1Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shota Nishitani
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- grid.413114.2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koji Shimada
- 0000 0001 0692 8246grid.163577.1Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
712
|
Teicher MH, Khan A. Childhood Maltreatment, Cortical and Amygdala Morphometry, Functional Connectivity, Laterality, and Psychopathology. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:458-465. [PMID: 31495193 PMCID: PMC8140519 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519870845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is the most important preventable risk factor for psychopathology and there is a pressing need to understand how CM gets 'under the skin' to markedly increase risk in some individuals as well as a comparable effort to identify factors associated with better than expected outcomes in other individuals. This special issue of Child Maltreatment provides a series of sophisticated studies on the neurobiological impact of CM, of which we have chosen 4 articles to comment on.The articles by Oshri et al., and Peveril, Sheridan, Busso & McLaughlin are amygdala centric and provide important new information on the impact of CM on the morphology and functional connectivity of this highly stress susceptible structure. The article by Demers et al., presents data from a longitudinal study that illustrates the potentially disruptive effects of CM on the association between maternal relationship quality, frontal cortical development and symptomatology. Finally, the De Bellis et al., study addresses the pressing question, which we have labeled the 'ecophenotype hypothesis', that postulates that maltreated and non-maltreated individuals with the same primary DSM diagnosis are clinically and neurobiologically distinct, and provides new evidence for a specific prefrontal cortical neurobiological abnormality in the maltreated subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
713
|
Chami R, Monteleone AM, Treasure J, Monteleone P. Stress hormones and eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497:110349. [PMID: 30557597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this paper is to emphasize the role of stress processes in the aetiology of eating disorders. METHODS We have examined the literature for evidence that people with eating disorders might exhibit markers of stress and show signs of the "maltreated ecophenotype". RESULTS Early adversity is more common among people with binge eating behaviours. The secondary effects of malnutrition, which are mostly marked in anorexia nervosa, may be an added stressor that could also contribute to the stress related phenotype. People with eating disorders have anomalies in brain structure, reward and punishment sensitivity, and the balance between HPA and SMA function. These may be potential targets for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
714
|
LoPilato AM, Goines K, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman L, Perkins DO, Tsuang MT, Woods SW, Walker EF. Impact of childhood adversity on corticolimbic volumes in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 213:48-55. [PMID: 30745068 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is among the strongest risk factors for psychosis-spectrum disorders, though the nature and specificity of the biological mechanisms underlying this association remains unclear. Previous research reveals overlaps in the volumetric alterations observed in both adversity-exposed individuals and in psychosis-spectrum populations, highlighting the possibility that deviations in corticolimbic gray matter development may be one mechanism linking adversity and psychosis. Given that childhood adversity encompasses a wide range of adverse experiences, there is also a critical need to examine whether these different types of experiences have unique effects on corticolimbic regions. This study examined the association between childhood adversity and cortical, hippocampal, and amygdalar volume in a large sample of youth at clinical-high risk (CHR) for psychosis. We utilized a novel differentiated adversity approach that distinguishes exposures along dimensions of threat (e.g., abuse) and deprivation (e.g., poverty, neglect) to test for differential associations. Participants were drawn from the North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) and completed an MRI scan and a retrospective assessment of childhood adversity at baseline. We found that deprivation exposure, but not threat, was uniquely associated with smaller cortical volume and smaller right hippocampal volume in CHR youth. These associations were masked in a generalized risk model that utilized a total adversity score. The findings suggest that deprivation exposures during childhood contribute to the subtle volumetric reductions observed in clinical high-risk samples and highlight the importance of disentangling different dimensions of adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M LoPilato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States.
| | - Katrina Goines
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0761, United States
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8205, United States
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd St., Queens, NY 11004, United States
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Thomas H McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Larry Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, 2 East, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0761, United States
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
715
|
Gonzalez A, Oshri A. Introduction to the Special Issue on Understanding Neurobiological Implication of Maltreatment: From Preschool to Emerging Adulthood. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:335-339. [PMID: 31426654 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519869842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Faculty, Integrated Life Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
716
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent research on childhood trauma has focused on the effects of in-utero and early life stress (ELS) as well as improving access to care. This review includes the previous year's clinically relevant research with attention to gaps that require further research that should improve patient care. RECENT FINDINGS The current article focuses on the latest understanding of ELS effects on the neuroendocrine, inflammatory, immune, and neurologic systems, as well as epigenetic effects with a focus on research examining sex-specific differences. Resilience and innovative treatment delivery models are reviewed with emphasis on integrated care models and technology-based treatments. SUMMARY The findings reviewed point toward clinically relevant research avenues. The call for more and better treatment options can only be realized with a better understanding of ELS effects. There is a specific need for more in depth exploration and application of sex-specific differences as well as an examination of the effects of age of onset and chronicity of stressors. New developments in the delivery of interventions and treatment allow the potential to provide broader early access to care.
Collapse
|
717
|
Evidence of decreased gap junction coupling between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the anterior cingulate cortex of depressed suicides. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2099-2111. [PMID: 31374562 PMCID: PMC6897926 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glial dysfunction is a major pathophysiological feature of mood disorders. While altered astrocyte (AS) and oligodendrocyte-lineage (OL) functions have been associated with depression, the crosstalk between these glial cell types has never been assessed in that context. AS are potent regulators of myelination, in part through gap junction (GJ) channels formed by the heterotypic coupling of AS-specific (Cx30 and Cx43) and OL-specific (Cx32 and Cx47) connexins. This study therefore aimed at addressing the integrity of AS/OL coupling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of depressed suicides. Using immunofluorescence and confocal imaging, we characterized the distribution of Cx30 and mapped its expression onto OL somas, myelinated axons, and brain vasculature in postmortem brain samples from depressed suicides (N = 48) and matched controls (N = 23). Differential gene expression of key components of the GJ nexus was also screened through RNA-sequencing previously generated by our group, and validated by quantitative real-time PCR. We show that Cx30 expression localized onto OL cells and myelinated fibers is decreased in deep cortical layers of the ACC in male-depressed suicides. This effect was associated with decreased expression of OL-specific connexins, as well as the downregulation of major connexin-interacting proteins essential for the scaffolding, trafficking, and function of GJs. These results provide a first evidence of impaired AS/OL GJ-mediated communication in the ACC of individuals with mood disorders. These changes in glial coupling are likely to have significant impact on brain function, and may contribute to the altered OL function previously reported in this brain region.
Collapse
|
718
|
Meinert S, Repple J, Nenadic I, Krug A, Jansen A, Grotegerd D, Förster K, Enneking V, Dohm K, Schmitt S, Stein F, Brosch K, Meller T, Redlich R, Böhnlein J, Sindermann L, Goltermann J, Leehr EJ, Opel N, Aldermann L, Reuter A, Schubotz RI, Hahn T, Kircher T, Dannlowski U. Reduced fractional anisotropy in depressed patients due to childhood maltreatment rather than diagnosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2065-2072. [PMID: 31382267 PMCID: PMC6897978 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) overlaps anatomically with effects of childhood maltreatment experiences. The aim of this study was, therefore, to replicate the negative effect of childhood maltreatment on white matter fiber structure and to demonstrate, that alterations in MDD might be partially attributed to the higher occurrence of childhood maltreatment in MDD. Two independent cohorts (total N = 1 256) were investigated in a diffusion tensor imaging study: The Münster Neuroimaging Cohort (MNC, N = 186 MDD, N = 210 healthy controls, HC) as discovery sample and the Marburg-Münster Affective Disorders Cohort Study (MACS, N = 397 MDD, N = 462 HC) as replication sample. The effects of diagnosis (HC vs. MDD) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) scores on FA were analyzed. A main effect of diagnosis with higher FA in MDD patients compared with HC was found in the MNC (pFWE = 0.021), but not in the MACS (pFWE = 0.52) before correcting for CTQ. A significant negative correlation of FA with CTQ emerged in both cohorts (MNC: pFWE = 0.006, MACS: pFWE = 0.012) in several tracts previously described in the literature. No CTQ × diagnosis interaction could be detected. Any main effect of diagnosis was abolished after correcting for CTQ (MNC: pFWE = 0.562, MACS: pFWE = 0.115). No differences in FA between MDD and HC could be found after correcting for childhood maltreatment, suggesting that previously reported group differences might be attributed partially to higher levels of maltreatment experiences in MDD rather than diagnosis itself. Furthermore, a well-established finding of reduced FA following childhood maltreatment experiences was replicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Meinert
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadic
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany ,0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Core-Unit Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Förster
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Enneking
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Dohm
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Redlich
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joscha Böhnlein
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Sindermann
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J. Leehr
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leni Aldermann
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Reuter
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I. Schubotz
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
719
|
McEwen BS, Bulloch K. Epigenetic impact of the social and physical environment on brain and body. Metabolism 2019; 100S:153941. [PMID: 31610853 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern biomedical scientists are often trapped in silos of knowledge and practice, such as those who study brain structure, function and behavior, on the one hand, and body systems and disorders, on the other. Scientists and physicians in each of those silos have not often paid attention to the brain-body communication that leads to multi-morbidity of systemic and brain-related disorders [eg. depression with diabetes or cardiovascular disease]. Outside of biomedicine, social scientists have long recognized the impact of the social and physical environment on individuals and populations but have not usually connected these effects with changes in underlying biology. However, with the rise of epigenetics, science and the public understanding of science is leaving an era in which the DNA sequence was thought to be "destiny" and entering an era where the environment shapes the biology and behavior of individuals and groups through its interactive effects on brain and body. It does so, at least in part, by shaping epigenetically the structure and function of brain and body systems that show a considerable amount of adaptive plasticity throughout development and adult life. This results in substantial individual differences even between identical twins. These individual differences are produced epigenetically by the two-way interaction between the brain and hormones, immune system mediators and the autonomic nervous system. Disorders, then, are often multimorbid involving both brain and body, such as depression with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore imperative to incorporate into "precision medicine" a better understanding of how these differences affect the efficacy of pharmacological, behavioral and psychosocial interventions. This article presents an overview of this new synthesis, using as an example emerging evidence about the linkages between systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and mental health and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, N.Y. 10065, United States of America.
| | - Karen Bulloch
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, N.Y. 10065, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
720
|
Hallowell ES, Oshri A, Liebel SW, Liu S, Duda B, Clark US, Sweet LH. The Mediating Role of Neural Activity on the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Impulsivity. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:389-399. [PMID: 30917694 PMCID: PMC6764908 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519835975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with a variety of risk behaviors in young adulthood; however, the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of this relation are not well understood. The primary aim of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects between maltreatment in childhood and downstream impulsivity via neural activity during a cognitive task. In a sample of emerging adult women from the rural southeastern United States, childhood abuse and neglect were assessed using the childhood trauma questionnaire. Outcome measures of neural activity during a functional magnetic resonance imaging N-back verbal working memory (WM) task and trait impulsivity on the Impulsive Behavior Scale were assessed approximately 1 year later. Results indicate that adults with higher levels of reported childhood maltreatment demonstrate worse behavioral performance and lower neural response during a difficult verbal WM task. Furthermore, neural activity significantly mediated the relation between abuse and neglect in childhood and trait impulsivity. These new findings demonstrate an association between neurocognitive functioning and reported childhood abuse and neglect, and indicate that such changes may underlie the relation between maltreatment and trait-level impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Sihong Liu
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bryant Duda
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
721
|
Relations among maternal withdrawal in infancy, borderline features, suicidality/self-injury, and adult hippocampal volume: A 30-year longitudinal study. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
722
|
Vargas T, Damme KSF, Mittal VA. Bullying victimization in typically developing and clinical high risk (CHR) adolescents: A multimodal imaging study. Schizophr Res 2019; 213:40-47. [PMID: 30528926 PMCID: PMC6555683 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullying has been shown to increase the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. To date, no studies have examined brain behavior relationships within the context of bullying victimization in clinical high-risk (CHR) youth, a group characterized by both gray and white matter abnormalities. The present study employed multimodal neuroimaging to examine possible neural mechanisms associated with bullying victimization. METHODS CHR and healthy volunteers underwent clinical interviews, parent reports and MRI scans. Regions of interest (ROIs) were picked based on sensitivity to environmental stress, including hippocampal, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) structural ROIs, and uncinate fasciculus white matter integrity. RESULTS CHR individuals were more exposed to bullying victimization than healthy volunteers, and bullying was associated with depressive symptoms across the whole sample. CHR individuals exhibited smaller volumes in OFC, but not in other ROIs. Increased bullying exposure was associated with lower medial OFC volumes in CHR and HV groups independently. Results ought to be interpreted as preliminary, as they did not survive correction at the whole brain level. DISCUSSION Bullying victimization may affect or be affected by volumetric OFC differences in both healthy and CHR individuals. However, given CHR showed greater exposure to bullying as well as underlying vulnerability (e.g. lower volumes), results also point to etiological clues and novel intervention targets, though future replication is needed in better powered samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vargas
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, USA.
| | | | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Northwestern University Department of Psychology,Northwestern University Department of Psychiatry,Northwestern University Department of Medical Social Sciences,Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research,Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
723
|
Short AK, Baram TZ. Early-life adversity and neurological disease: age-old questions and novel answers. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:657-669. [PMID: 31530940 PMCID: PMC7261498 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological illnesses, including cognitive impairment, memory decline and dementia, affect over 50 million people worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society. These disorders arise from a combination of genetic, environmental and experiential factors, with the latter two factors having the greatest impact during sensitive periods in development. In this Review, we focus on the contribution of adverse early-life experiences to aberrant brain maturation, which might underlie vulnerability to cognitive brain disorders. Specifically, we draw on recent robust discoveries from diverse disciplines, encompassing human studies and experimental models. These discoveries suggest that early-life adversity, especially in the perinatal period, influences the maturation of brain circuits involved in cognition. Importantly, new findings suggest that fragmented and unpredictable environmental and parental signals comprise a novel potent type of adversity, which contributes to subsequent vulnerabilities to cognitive illnesses via mechanisms involving disordered maturation of brain 'wiring'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel K Short
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
724
|
Retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse, systemic inflammation, and resting corticolimbic connectivity in midlife adults. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:203-213. [PMID: 31445966 PMCID: PMC6956859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood abuse confers risk for psychopathology and pathophysiology in midlife through intermediate pathways that remain unclear. Systemic inflammation was tested in the present study as one pathway that may link physical abuse in childhood to the adult functioning of corticolimbic brain circuits broadly implicated in risk for poor mental and physical health. Midlife adults (N = 303; 30-51 years of age; 149 women) without psychiatric, immune, or cardiovascular diagnoses provided retrospective reports of childhood physical abuse. Functional connectivity between corticolimbic brain areas (amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]) was measured at rest using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Circulating levels of interleukin(IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine previously linked to childhood abuse and corticolimbic functionality, were measured via blood draw. Consistent with prior studies, retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse was associated positively with circulating IL-6, and negatively with connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC. IL-6 was also associated negatively with several corticolimbic functional connections, including amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. Moreover, path analyses revealed an indirect effect of IL-6 that partially explained the association between childhood physical abuse and adult amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. Consistent with recent neurobiological models of early life influences on disease risk across the lifespan, associations between childhood physical abuse and adulthood corticolimbic circuit functionality may be partially explained by inflammatory processes.
Collapse
|
725
|
Wagner B, Cross D, Adams E, Symons M, Mazzucchelli TG, Watkins R, Wright E, Latimer J, Carapetis J, Boulton J, Fitzpatrick JP. RE-AIM evaluation of a teacher-delivered programme to improve the self-regulation of children attending Australian Aboriginal community primary schools. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2019.1672991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bree Wagner
- Alcohol and Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Donna Cross
- Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Co-Lab – Collaborate for Kids, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Emma Adams
- Alcohol and Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martyn Symons
- National Health and Medical Research Council FASD Research, Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Perth, Australia
| | - Trevor G. Mazzucchelli
- Child and Family Research Group and Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- Alcohol and Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Edie Wright
- Department of Education Western Australia, Kimberley Education Region, Broome, Australia
| | - Jane Latimer
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - John Boulton
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - James P. Fitzpatrick
- Alcohol and Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
726
|
Gururajan A, Reif A, Cryan JF, Slattery DA. The future of rodent models in depression research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:686-701. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
727
|
Adenzato M, Imperatori C, Ardito RB, Valenti EM, Marca GD, D’Ari S, Palmiero L, Penso JS, Farina B. Activating attachment memories affects default mode network in a non-clinical sample with perceived dysfunctional parenting: An EEG functional connectivity study. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
728
|
Toenders YJ, van Velzen LS, Heideman IZ, Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Schmaal L. Neuroimaging predictors of onset and course of depression in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100700. [PMID: 31426010 PMCID: PMC6969367 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) often emerges during adolescence with detrimental effects on development as well as lifetime consequences. Identifying neurobiological markers that are associated with the onset or course of this disorder in childhood and adolescence is important for early recognition and intervention and, potentially, for the prevention of illness onset. In this systematic review, 68 longitudinal neuroimaging studies, from 34 unique samples, that examined the association of neuroimaging markers with onset or changes in paediatric depression published up to 1 February 2019 were examined. These studies employed different imaging modalities at baseline; structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG). Most consistent evidence across studies was found for blunted reward-related (striatal) activity (fMRI and EEG) as a potential biological marker for both MDD onset and course. With regard to structural brain measures, the results were highly inconsistent, likely caused by insufficient power to detect complex mediating effects of genetic and environmental factors in small sample sizes. Overall, there were a limited number of samples, and confounding factors such as sex and pubertal development were often not considered, whereas these factors are likely to be relevant especially in this age range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara J Toenders
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Laura S van Velzen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ivonne Z Heideman
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry St, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
729
|
Peters AT, Burkhouse KL, Kinney KL, Phan KL. The roles of early-life adversity and rumination in neural response to emotional faces amongst anxious and depressed adults. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2267-2278. [PMID: 30419983 PMCID: PMC6513724 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life adversity (ELA) is a risk factor for internalizing psychopathology (IP). ELA is also linked to alterations in neural phenotypes of emotion processing and maladaptive emotion regulatory strategies, such as ruminative brooding, in adulthood. We therefore expected that ELA would predict cortical brain activation to emotional faces in transdiagnostic IP and in turn, mediate the extent of rumination amongst patients with IPs and ELA (IP + ELA). METHOD One hundred and thirty-two individuals, including 102 treatment-seeking adults with heterogeneous IPs and 30 healthy controls (HCs) performed an Emotional Face-Matching Task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Whole-brain analyses compared HC (n = 30), IP (n = 52), and IP + ELA (n = 50) neural responses to emotional (angry, fearful, happy, and sad) faces v. shapes, controlling for depression and anxiety symptoms. Parameter estimates of activation were extracted for significant between-group differences and tested as a mediator of ruminative brooding in IP + ELA. RESULTS IP + ELA demonstrated increased activation in the superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex (fear), superior parietal lobule, precuneus, posterior cingulate, and inferior temporal gyrus (fear only), and cuneus (fear and angry). These regions were preferentially correlated with ruminative brooding in IP + ELA, many of which mediated the link between IP + ELA and ruminative brooding. CONCLUSIONS Results provide evidence that ELA history amongst IP patients augments engagement of brain regions involved in emotion processing, above and beyond what is accounted for by current symptoms. Though longitudinal designs are needed, alterations in the neural correlates of maladaptive processing of socio-emotional information may be a common pathway by which ELA poses risk for psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Peters
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kerry L Kinney
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K. Luan Phan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
730
|
Early neglect is a key determinant of adult hair cortisol concentration and is associated with increased vulnerability to trauma in a transdiagnostic sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 108:35-42. [PMID: 31226659 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities and traumatic events have each been associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and trauma-related symptoms in adulthood. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) reflects cumulative cortisol levels over the course of months and is discussed as a potential marker between trauma-induced neuroendocrine dysfunction and trauma-related symptoms. The present study examines this hypothetical link by delineating the impact of exposure to categories of abuse and neglect during development and lifetime traumatic experiences on HCC and trauma-related symptoms. METHODS The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology Exposure (MACE) scale, Life Events Checklist, and predictive analytics were used to evaluate the importance of type and timing of maltreatment and trauma load on HCC in inpatients (n = 183) with different psychiatric diagnoses. Additionally, a comparison group of n = 75 controls were recruited from the community. The extent to which the relationship between trauma load and trauma-related symptoms was influenced by childhood adversities and HCC was determined by analysis of variance. RESULTS Early neglect, in particular neglect at 3 years, emerged as the most important predictor of adult HCC. Post-hoc explanatory analysis showed that patients with high neglect at age 3 had lower HCC compared to patients with low neglect at age 3 and controls. Patients with high neglect at age 3 and low cortisol reported increased trauma-related symptoms upon trauma exposure. CONCLUSION Results strengthen evidence that inadequate care and neglect during critical periods alter HPA axis biology towards enduring reduction in cortisol, the latter being associated with augmented trauma-related symptoms upon trauma exposure. If validated by longitudinal assessments these cross-sectional findings suggest biological mechanisms of childhood adversities into psychopathology in adulthood.
Collapse
|
731
|
van Hoof M, Riem M, Garrett A, Pannekoek N, van der Wee N, van IJzendoorn M, Vermeiren R. Unresolved-Disorganized Attachment is Associated With Smaller Hippocampus and Increased Functional Connectivity Beyond Psychopathology. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:742-752. [PMID: 31361352 PMCID: PMC6851754 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss and abuse in children can lead to unresolved-disorganized (UD) attachment. How this condition relates to brain structure and functional connectivity (FC) is unknown. We therefore aimed to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) correlates of UD attachment in adolescents. Based on previous neuroimaging studies of trauma effects, we hypothesized that the structure of the amygdala and hippocampus and the FC of the latter would be linked to UD attachment. Anatomical and RSFC data were collected from a mixed group of adolescents (N = 74) with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood sexual abuse (CSA), anxiety/depressive symptoms, and without psychiatric disorder as part of the Emotional Pathways' Imaging Study in Clinical Adolescents (EPISCA). Bilateral volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus were measured using the FMRIB Software Library, and RSFC of the hippocampus was assessed using seed-based correlation. UD attachment was measured using the Adult Attachment Interview. Hierarchical regression and correlation were used to assess the associations between UD status (continuous and categorical), brain structure, and FC, adjusting for a general psychopathology factor, puberty stage, gender, age, and IQ. UD attachment was associated with a smaller left hippocampal volume, R2 = .23, and a higher level of FC between the hippocampus and the middle temporal gyrus and lateral occipital cortex. The associations among UD attachment, specific brain structure, and FC across psychopathological classifications shows promise for dimensional complements to the dominant classificatory approach in clinical research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐José van Hoof
- Curium‐LUMC, Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC)Leidenthe Netherlands
| | - Madelon Riem
- Department of Medical and Clinical PsychologyTilburg UniversityTilburgthe Netherlands
| | - Amy Garrett
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Nienke Pannekoek
- SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental DisordersDepartment of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Nic van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC)Leidenthe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Marinus van IJzendoorn
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands,Department of Psychology, Education, and Child studiesErasmus UniversityRotterdamthe Netherlands,Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert Vermeiren
- Curium‐LUMC, Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC)Leidenthe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
732
|
Amancio-Belmont O, Becerril Meléndez AL, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O. Opposed cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) expression in the prefrontal cortex vs. nucleus accumbens is associated with alcohol consumption in male rats. Brain Res 2019; 1725:146485. [PMID: 31568767 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abusive alcohol consumption is a health problem, worldwide. There is extensive literature indicating that cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) plays a crucial role in mediating alcohol's reward effects. Maternal care deprivation (MCD) is a reliable rodent model of early life stress that leads to high levels of anxiety and alterations in motivation, which may increase vulnerability to alcohol consumption. The present study researched whether anxiety-like behaviors and the level of motivation for a natural reward, and CB1R expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) can predict alcohol consumption in non-MCD and MCD male rats. Results indicate that MCD increases anxiety-like behaviors, i.e., reduces time in open arms in the elevated plus maze and increases alcohol intake. In turn, the motivation for a palatable reward, i.e., a chocolate flavored pellet, was not affected by MCD. MCD reduces CB1R expression in the PFC and increases it in the NAcc. Hence, both higher anxiety-like behaviors and higher CB1R expression in the NAcc and lower CB1R expression in the PFC are associated with higher alcohol intake. These results suggest that early life adverse experiences induce a reprogramming of the brain's endocannabinoid system that very likely contributes to making the brain vulnerable to develop alcohol abuse and dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Amancio-Belmont
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Alline L Becerril Meléndez
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Departamento de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
733
|
Biased Competition Favoring Physical Over Emotional Pain: A Possible Explanation for the Link Between Early Adversity and Chronic Pain. Psychosom Med 2019; 80:880-890. [PMID: 30222711 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adversity predisposes to chronic pain, but a mechanistic explanation is lacking. Survivors of early adversity with chronic pain often seem impaired in their ability to be aware of, understand, and express distressing emotions such as anger and fear in social contexts. In this context, it has been proposed that pain may at times serve as a "psychic regulator" by preventing awareness of more intolerable emotions. METHOD This narrative review builds on the premise that physical pain and emotional pain are conscious experiences that can compete for selective attention. We highlight mechanisms whereby the consequences of early adversity may put emotional pain at a competitive disadvantage. A case history, supportive research findings, and an evidence-based neurobiological model are presented. RESULTS Arising from abuse or neglect in childhood, impairments in the adult capacity to attend to and/or conceptualize the emotional meaning of felt distress may be associated with impaired engagement of the default network and impaired top-down modulation of affective response generation processes. Persistent and poorly conceptualized affective distress may be associated with reduced emotion regulation ability, reduced vagal tone, increased inflammation, and amplified nociceptive signals. Attention to physical pain may be reinforced by the temporary reduction in negative emotions that it causes. CONCLUSIONS These processes jointly promote biased competition favoring attention to physical pain and away from one's own emotions. They may constitute an unintentional analog of the phenomenon of self-injury in patients with borderline personality disorder in whom the intentional infliction of physical pain serves to downregulate intense emotional distress. Attending to, expressing, and understanding previously unacknowledged psychological distress unrelated to pain may facilitate recovery from chronic pain after early adversity. Mechanistic studies that can validate this clinically derived neurobiological hypothesis are urgently needed.
Collapse
|
734
|
Luby JL, Tillman R, Barch DM. Association of Timing of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Caregiver Support With Regionally Specific Brain Development in Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1911426. [PMID: 31532514 PMCID: PMC6751767 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Few data are available to inform the associations and timing of the associations between adversity, caregiver support, and brain outcomes. Consideration of timing has important public health implications to inform more precise prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the timing and regional specificity of the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and caregiver support to structural development of limbic and striatal brain regions in middle childhood and adolescence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 15-year developmental, neuroimaging cohort study included 211 children and their caregivers screened from day care centers and preschools in the St Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area during the preschool period, with an additional 4 waves of neuroimaging at school age through adolescence from November 14, 2007, to August 29, 2017. The cohort was oversampled for preschoolers with elevated symptoms of depression using a brief screener. Data analysis was performed from March 19, 2019, to July 26, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Volumes in adolescence and developmental trajectories of volumes of the amygdala, hippocampus, caudate, subgenual cingulate, and insula during 4 waves of scanning; ACEs and observed caregiver support at preschool and school age; and volumes of amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and subgenual cingulate during 4 waves of scanning. RESULTS A total of 211 children (107 [50.7%] male) completed at least 1 scan. At preschool (mean [SD] age, 5.5 [0.8] years), ACE data were available for 164 children (84 [51.2%] male) and maternal support data for 155 children; at school age (mean [SD], 8.3 [1.2] years), ACE data were available for 172 children and maternal support data for 146 children. Unique patterns of the association between ACEs and support were found, with an association between the interaction of preschool ACEs and school-age support and the development of the hippocampus (t = -2.27; P = .02) and amygdala (t = -2.12; P = .04). A buffering hypothesis was not confirmed because high caregiver support was more strongly associated with the development of these regions only in the context of low ACEs. In contrast, preschool ACEs (t = -2.30; P = .02) and support (t = 2.59; P = .01) had independent associations with the development of the caudate. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that there are unique regional associations of support and adversity with key brain structures important for emotional regulation. Results may inform the timing and potential targets of preventive action for the range of poor developmental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry (Child), School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
735
|
Merz EC, Maskus EA, Melvin SA, He X, Noble KG. Parental punitive discipline and children's depressive symptoms: Associations with striatal volume. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:953-961. [PMID: 31006129 PMCID: PMC6728208 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although parental harshness has been consistently linked with increased depressive symptoms in youth, its associations with children's brain structure are not well understood. The striatum has been strongly implicated in depression in adolescents and adults. In this study, we investigated the associations among parental harsh discipline, striatal volume, and depressive symptoms in children. Participants were parents and their 5- to 9-year-old children (63% female; 29% African American; 47% Hispanic/Latino). Parents completed questionnaires about their parenting behaviors and children's depressive symptoms. Children participated in a high-resolution, T1-weighted MRI scan, and volumetric data for the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens were extracted (n = 20 with both parenting and MRI data; n = 48 with both MRI and depressive symptom data). Findings indicated that more frequent parental harsh discipline was significantly associated with smaller dorsal striatal volume (caudate plus putamen). In addition, smaller dorsal striatal volume was significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms in children. These associations remained significant after accounting for child age, sex, whole brain volume, and parental depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that parental harsh discipline may be associated with children's striatal volume, which may in turn be associated with their level of depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaofu He
- Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
736
|
Gur RE, Moore TM, Rosen AFG, Barzilay R, Roalf DR, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Scott JC, Almasy L, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Gur RC. Burden of Environmental Adversity Associated With Psychopathology, Maturation, and Brain Behavior Parameters in Youths. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:966-975. [PMID: 31141099 PMCID: PMC6547104 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Low socioeconomic status (L-SES) and the experience of traumatic stressful events (TSEs) are environmental factors implicated in behavioral deficits, abnormalities in brain development, and accelerated maturation. However, the relative contribution of these environmental factors is understudied. OBJECTIVE To compare the association of L-SES and TSEs with psychopathology, puberty, neurocognition, and multimodal neuroimaging parameters in brain maturation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a community-based study examining psychopathology, neurocognition, and neuroimaging among participants recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric network. Participants are youths aged 8 to 21 years at enrollment with stable health and fluency in English. The sample of 9498 participants was racially (5298 European ancestry [55.8%], 3124 African ancestry [32.9%], and 1076 other [11.4%]) and economically diverse. A randomly selected subsample (n = 1601) underwent multimodal neuroimaging. Data were collected from November 5, 2009, through December 30, 2011, and analyzed from February 1 through November 7, 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The following domains were examined: (1) clinical, including psychopathology, assessed with a structured interview based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, and puberty, assessed with the Tanner scale; (2) neurocognition, assessed by the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; and (3) multimodal magnetic resonance imaging parameters of brain structure and function. RESULTS A total of 9498 participants were included in the analysis (4906 [51.7%] female; mean [SD] age, 14.2 [3.7] years). Clinically, L-SES and TSEs were associated with greater severity of psychiatric symptoms across the psychopathology domains of anxiety/depression, fear, externalizing behavior, and the psychosis spectrum. Low SES showed small effect sizes (highest for externalizing behavior, 0.306 SD; 95% CI, 0.269 to 0.342), whereas TSEs had large effect sizes, with the highest in females for anxiety/depression (1.228 SD; 95% CI, 1.156 to 1.300) and in males for the psychosis spectrum (1.099 SD; 95% CI, 1.032 to 1.166). Both were associated with early puberty. Cognitively, L-SES had moderate effect sizes on poorer performance, the greatest being on complex cognition (-0.500 SD 95% CI, -0.536 to -0.464), whereas TSEs were associated with slightly better memory (0.129 SD; 95% CI, 0.084 to 0.174) and poorer complex reasoning (-0.109 SD; 95% CI, -0.154 to -0.064). Environmental factors had common and distinct associations with brain structure and function. Structurally, both were associated with lower volume, but L-SES had correspondingly lower gray matter density, whereas TSEs were associated with higher gray matter density. Functionally, both were associated with lower regional cerebral blood flow and coherence and with accelerated brain maturation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Low SES and TSEs are associated with common and unique differences in symptoms, neurocognition, and structural and functional brain parameters. Both environmental factors are associated with earlier completion of puberty by physical features and brain parameters. These findings appear to underscore the need for identifying and preventing adverse environmental conditions associated with neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adon F. G. Rosen
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R. Roalf
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J. Cobb Scott
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Russell T. Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
737
|
Matsudaira I, Oba K, Takeuchi H, Sekiguchi A, Tomita H, Taki Y, Kawashima R. rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene modulates the association between maternal acceptance and regional gray matter volume in the thalamus in children and adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221768. [PMID: 31465499 PMCID: PMC6715198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the effects of gene–environment interactions (G × E) with regard to brain structure may help to elucidate the putative mechanisms associated with psychiatric risk. rs1360780 (C/T) is a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding FK506–binding protein 5 (FKBP5), which is involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses. The minor (T) allele of FKBP5 is considered a risk allele for stress-related disorders, due to the overproduction of FKBP5, which results in impaired communication of stress signals with the HPA axis. Previous studies have reported that interactions between childhood maltreatment and the rs1360780 genotype affect structures in subcortical areas of the brain. However, it is unclear how this SNP modulates the association between non-adverse environments and brain structure. In this study, we examined the interactive effect of the rs1360780 genotype and maternal acceptance on the regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in 202 Japanese children. Maternal acceptance was assessed using a Japanese psychological questionnaire for mothers. Whole-brain multiple regression analysis using voxel-based morphometry showed a significant positive association between maternal acceptance and rGMV in the left thalamus of T-allele carriers, while a significant negative association was found in C/C homozygotes. Post-hoc analysis revealed that at or below the 70th percentiles of maternal acceptance, the T-allele carriers had a reduced thalamic rGMV compared with that of C/C homozygotes. Thus, our investigation indicated that the effect of the maternal acceptance level on brain development was different, depending on the rs1360780 genotype. Importantly, we found that the differences in brain structure between the T-allele carriers and C/C homozygotes at low to moderate levels of maternal acceptance, which is not equivalent to maltreatment. The present study contributes to the G × E research by highlighting the necessity to investigate the role of non-adverse environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsudaira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kentaro Oba
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiguchi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart Aging International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
738
|
Quidé Y. Identifying the Long-term Brain Changes Associated With Childhood Trauma Exposure Using Data-Driven Machine Learning Techniques. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:686-687. [PMID: 31395212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
739
|
Acosta H, Tuulari JJ, Scheinin NM, Hashempour N, Rajasilta O, Lavonius TI, Pelto J, Saunavaara V, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Karlsson L, Karlsson H. Maternal Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Is Associated With Sexually Dimorphic Alterations in Amygdala Volume in 4-Year-Old Children. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:175. [PMID: 31447658 PMCID: PMC6691065 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress is associated with child behavioral outcomes increasing susceptibility for psychiatric disorders in later life. Altered fetal brain development might partly mediate this association, as some studies suggest. With this study, we investigated the relation between prenatal stress, child's brain structure and behavioral problems. The association between self-reported maternal pregnancy-related anxiety (PRAQ-R2 questionnaire, second and third trimester) and brain gray matter volume was probed in 27 4-year-old children (13 female). Voxel based morphometry was applied with an age-matched template in SPM for the whole-brain analyses, and amygdala volume was assessed with manual segmentation. Possible pre- and postnatal confounders, such as maternal depression and anxiety among others, were controlled for. Child behavioral problems were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire by maternal report. We found a significant interaction effect of pregnancy-related anxiety and child's sex on child's amygdala volume, i.e., higher pregnancy-related anxiety in the second trimester was related to significantly greater left relative amygdala volume in girls compared to boys. Further exploratory analyses yielded that both maternal pregnancy-related anxiety and child's amygdala volume are related to child emotional and behavioral difficulties: While higher pregnancy-related anxiety was associated with more emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems and overall child difficulties, greater left amygdala volume was related to less of these child difficulties and might partly mediate sex-specific associations between pregnancy-related anxiety and child behavioral difficulties. Our data suggest that maternal prenatal distress leads to sexually dimorphic structural changes in the offspring's limbic system and that these changes are also linked to behavioral difficulties. Our results provide further support for the notion that prenatal stress impacts child development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Acosta
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J. Tuulari
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora M. Scheinin
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niloofar Hashempour
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Rajasilta
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas I. Lavonius
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Pelto
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
740
|
Fonzo GA. Childhood Maltreatment and Amygdala Threat Reactivity in Young Adults-Timing Is Everything. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:781-782. [PMID: 31241757 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Fonzo
- Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin
| |
Collapse
|
741
|
Halldorsdottir T, Kurtoic D, Müller-Myhsok B, Binder EB, Blair C. Neurobiology of Self-Regulation: Longitudinal Influence of FKBP5 and Intimate Partner Violence on Emotional and Cognitive Development in Childhood. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:626-634. [PMID: 30947533 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-regulation includes the volitional and nonvolitional regulation of emotional, cognitive, and physiological responses to stimulation. It develops from infancy through individual characteristics and the environment, with the stress hormone system as a central player. Accordingly, the authors hypothesized that genes involved in regulating the stress system, such as FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), interact with early-life stress exposure, such as exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), to predict self-regulation indicators and associated outcomes, including behavioral and learning problems in school. METHODS Study participants were a longitudinal birth cohort of 910 children for whom FKBP5 genotypes were available and who were assessed for exposure to IPV during the first 2 years of life as well as multiple measures of self-regulation: stress-induced cortisol reactivity and fear-elicited emotional reactivity at 7, 15, and 24 months, executive function at 36, 48, and 60 months, and emotional and behavioral difficulties and reading and math achievement in school grades 1, 2, and 5. Data were analyzed using longitudinal clustering and ordinal logistic regression procedures followed by mixed linear modeling. RESULTS Children with two copies of a risk FKBP5 haplotype and IPV exposure were significantly more likely to have a developmental trajectory characterized by high, prolonged stress-induced cortisol reactivity and emotional reactivity in toddlerhood, followed by low executive function at school entry and high emotional and behavior problems and low reading ability in the primary school grades. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of FKBP5 and IPV affects the physiological response to stress early in life, with consequences for emotional and cognitive self-regulation. Targeting self-regulation may present an early intervention strategy for children facing genetic and environmental risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorhildur Halldorsdottir
- The Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Halldorsdottir, Kurtoic, Müller-Myhsok, Binder); the Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík (Halldorsdottir); the Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder); the Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York (Blair); the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Family Life Project Key Investigators)
| | - Dunja Kurtoic
- The Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Halldorsdottir, Kurtoic, Müller-Myhsok, Binder); the Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík (Halldorsdottir); the Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder); the Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York (Blair); the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Family Life Project Key Investigators)
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- The Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Halldorsdottir, Kurtoic, Müller-Myhsok, Binder); the Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík (Halldorsdottir); the Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder); the Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York (Blair); the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Family Life Project Key Investigators)
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- The Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Halldorsdottir, Kurtoic, Müller-Myhsok, Binder); the Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík (Halldorsdottir); the Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder); the Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York (Blair); the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Family Life Project Key Investigators)
| | - Clancy Blair
- The Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Halldorsdottir, Kurtoic, Müller-Myhsok, Binder); the Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík (Halldorsdottir); the Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder); the Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York (Blair); the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Family Life Project Key Investigators)
| |
Collapse
|
742
|
Segura AG, Mitjans M, Jiménez E, Fatjó-Vilas M, Ruiz V, Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, González-Blanco L, Bobes J, Vieta E, Benabarre A, Arias B. Association of childhood trauma and genetic variability of CRH-BP and FKBP5 genes with suicidal behavior in bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2019; 255:15-22. [PMID: 31195252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 8% of bipolar disorder (BD) patients die by suicide every year, accounting for the highest rate among the psychiatric population. Suicidal behavior (SB) is mediated by an intertwining system of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Childhood trauma (CT) and gene variants of the stress-management hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been reported as risk factors for SB. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of CT and HPA axis genetic variants with SB. METHODS 135 BD patients were recruited for clinical assessment of CT and SB by means of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), respectively. A total of 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 8 HPA axis genes (POMC, NR3C2, CRH-BP, NR3C1, FKBP5, CRHR2, CRHR1, and MC2R) were genotyped. RESULTS The analyses showed an association of total CTQ score (p = 0.003), emotional abuse (p = 0.001), sexual abuse (p = 0.005) and emotional neglect (p = 0.005) with SB. CRH-BP rs7728378-C carriers (p = 0.004; OR = 3.05), FKBP5 rs3777747-AA (p = 0.039; OR = 0.34) and FKBP5 rs2766533-GG genotypes (p = 0.001; OR = 2.93) were associated with SB although only rs2766533 survived multiple test correction. No gene-environment interaction was found. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size limits the statistical power to detect smaller environmental and genetic effects. Cross-sectional data collection in psychometric assessments can yield biased data. CONCLUSIONS The present study characterizes novel SB risk factors and replicates previous findings in BD patients. CT and variability in CRH-BP and FKBP5 genes should be further studied for a better understanding of SB and ultimately help in suicide prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Segura
- Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IBUB, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mitjans
- Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IBUB, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Bipolar Disorder Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Fatjó-Vilas
- Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IBUB, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Ruiz
- Institut Clínic de Neurociencies, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M P García-Portilla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - L González-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Bobes
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar Disorder Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Benabarre
- Bipolar Disorder Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Arias
- Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IBUB, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
743
|
Gillespie SL, Cole SW, Christian LM. Early adversity and the regulation of gene expression: Implications for prenatal health. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019; 28:111-118. [PMID: 31815157 PMCID: PMC6897329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life, including prenatal development and childhood, is a period of sensitivity, with potential for developmental programming under conditions of adversity. The intergenerational effects of early adversity have received attention, most often studied in relation to fetal development according to maternal exposures. Less often considered but critically important is the effect of early adversity on future prenatal risk (e.g., risk for preeclampsia, preterm birth), which threatens the health of mother and infant. The body's ability to turn collections of genes "on" or "off" across a range of tissues via receptor-driven transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms (i.e., chemical modifications to the genome) in response to the perceived environment may help to explain such associations. This review aims to summarize discoveries surrounding the effects of early adversity on gene expression, emphasizing prenatal populations. First, we review findings from gene expression studies examining the effects of early adversity on various tissues known to contribute to prenatal health in adulthood. Next, we review several gene regulatory mechanisms thought to underlie differences in gene expression. Finally, we discuss potential implications for prenatal risk among early adversity-exposed mothers according to our current understanding of the biology that contributes to the development of prenatal syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve W Cole
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa M Christian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
744
|
Zhu J, Lowen SB, Anderson CM, Ohashi K, Khan A, Teicher MH. Association of Prepubertal and Postpubertal Exposure to Childhood Maltreatment With Adult Amygdala Function. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:843-853. [PMID: 31241756 PMCID: PMC6596335 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Abnormalities in amygdala response to threatening faces have been observed in anxiety disorders, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Abnormally hyperactive and hypoactive responses have typically been associated with anxiety and inhibition vs risk taking and inappropriate social behaviors. Maltreatment is a major risk factor for most of these disorders and is associated with abnormal amygdala function. OBJECTIVE To identify the type and age of exposure to childhood maltreatment that are associated with hyperactive and hypoactive amygdala responses in young adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data collection for this retrospective cohort study took place from November 8, 2010, to August 23, 2012. Data analyses were conducted from September 20, 2012, to June 27, 2018. Participants were recruited from the urban and suburban Boston vicinity without diagnostic restrictions based on exposure history. EXPOSURES The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale was used to retrospectively assess type and age of exposure to childhood maltreatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Activation and pattern information functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess bilateral amygdala response to angry and fearful faces vs neutral faces or shapes, and sensitive exposure periods were identified using cross-validated artificial intelligence predictive analytics (50 averaged randomized iterations with training on 63.3% and testing on 36.7% of the sample). RESULTS Of the 202 participants (mean [SD] age, 23.2 [1.7] years; 118 [58.4%] female), 52 (25.7%) reported no exposure to maltreatment and 150 (74.3%) reported exposure to 1 or more maltreatment types. Eight participants (15.1%) with a MACE score of 0 and 51 (34.2%) with a MACE score of 1 or higher had a history of major depression (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.05-6.06; P = .03); 8 unexposed participants (15.1%) and 46 with MACE scores of 1 or higher (30.9%) had a history of 1 or more anxiety disorders (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.03-6.50; P = .03). Retrospective self-report of physical maltreatment between 3 and 6 years of age and peer emotional abuse at 13 and 15 years were associated with amygdala activation to emotional faces vs shapes. Early exposure was associated with blunted response (β = -0.17, P < .001), whereas later exposure was associated with augmented response (β = 0.16, P < .001). Prepubertal vs postpubertal maltreatment was associated with an opposite response on the voxelwise response pattern in clustering stimuli of the same type (eg, mean [SD] emotional ellipse areas for physical maltreatment at age 4 years vs nonverbal emotional abuse at 13 years: 1.41 [1.05] vs 0.25 [0.10], P < .001) and in distinguishing between stimuli of different types (eg, mean [SD] emotional vs neutral faces distance for peer emotional abuse at age 6 years vs 13 years: 1.89 [0.75] vs 0.80 [0.39], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that prepubertal vs postpubertal developmental differences in the association between maltreatment and amygdala response to threatening or salient stimuli exist. Understanding the role of adversity in different sensitive exposure periods and the potential adaptive significance of attenuated vs enhanced amygdala response may help explain why maltreatment may be a risk factor for many different disorders and foster creation of targeted interventions to preempt the emergence of psychopathology in at-risk youths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Steven B. Lowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Equian, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Carl M. Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Alaptigin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Martin H. Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
745
|
Hughes K, Bellis MA, Sethi D, Andrew R, Yon Y, Wood S, Ford K, Baban A, Boderscova L, Kachaeva M, Makaruk K, Markovic M, Povilaitis R, Raleva M, Terzic N, Veleminsky M, Włodarczyk J, Zakhozha V. Adverse childhood experiences, childhood relationships and associated substance use and mental health in young Europeans. Eur J Public Health 2019; 29:741-747. [PMID: 30897194 PMCID: PMC6660110 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can increase risks of health-harming behaviours and poor health throughout life. While increases in risk may be affected by resilience resources such as supportive childhood relationships, to date few studies have explored these effects. METHODS We combined data from cross-sectional ACE studies among young adults (n = 14 661) in educational institutions in 10 European countries. Nine ACE types, childhood relationships and six health outcomes (early alcohol initiation, problem alcohol use, smoking, drug use, therapy, suicide attempt) were explored. Multivariate modelling estimated relationships between ACE counts, supportive childhood relationships and health outcomes. RESULTS Almost half (46.2%) of participants reported ≥1 ACE and 5.6% reported ≥4 ACEs. Risks of all outcomes increased with ACE count. In individuals with ≥4 ACEs (vs. 0 ACEs), adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.01 (95% CIs: 1.70-2.38) for smoking to 17.68 (95% CIs: 12.93-24.17) for suicide attempt. Supportive childhood relationships were independently associated with moderating risks of smoking, problem alcohol use, therapy and suicide attempt. In those with ≥4 ACEs, adjusted proportions reporting suicide attempt reduced from 23% with low supportive childhood relationships to 13% with higher support. Equivalent reductions were 25% to 20% for therapy, 23% to 17% for problem drinking and 34% to 32% for smoking. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are strongly associated with substance use and mental illness. Harmful relationships are moderated by resilience factors such as supportive childhood relationships. Whilst ACEs continue to affect many children, better prevention measures and interventions that enhance resilience to the life-long impacts of toxic childhood stress are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hughes
- Public Health Wales, WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Wrexham, UK
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Mark A Bellis
- Public Health Wales, WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Wrexham, UK
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Dinesh Sethi
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel Andrew
- Public Health Wales, WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Wrexham, UK
| | - Yongjie Yon
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Wood
- Public Health Wales, WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Wrexham, UK
| | - Kat Ford
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Margarita Kachaeva
- Forensic Psychiatric Department, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Marija Markovic
- Centre for Promotion of Health, Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marija Raleva
- University Clinic of Psychiatry, School of Medicine—Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Natasa Terzic
- Center for Health System Development, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Milos Veleminsky
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
746
|
Reiss D, Nielsen L, Godfrey K, McEwen B, Power C, Seeman T, Suomi S. Midlife reversibility of early-established biobehavioral risk factors: A research agenda. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:2203-2218. [PMID: 31368762 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links exposure to early life adversities-such as childhood maltreatment-with impaired health and well-being in adulthood. Since these effects are usually unrecognized or untreated in childhood, preventive and remediating interventions in adults are needed. Our focus on adulthood prompted three major questions. First, does our increased understanding of mechanisms accounting for the long-term effects of early life adversities help delineate underlying dimensions that underscore key similarities and differences among these adversities? Second, can adults accurately report on adversities they experienced in childhood? Third, can we identify malleable risk processes in adulthood that might be targets for preventive intervention? Supported by the National Institute on Aging, the U.K. Economic and Social and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Councils, a network of researchers in human and animal development addressed these questions through meetings and literature review. A small number of dimensions may adequately distinguish among a range of co-occurring childhood adversities. Widely used adult ascertainments of childhood adversity are poorly related to prospective ascertainment. Strategies for preventive interventions should be aimed both at adults who were actually exposed to adversity as well as those who recall adversity, but the targeted risk processes may be different. Now is an opportune time to support research on adult interventions based on unfolding research on critical periods of sensitivity to adversity in fetal and child development, on improved understanding of risk mechanisms that may persist across the life span, and on new insights on enhancing neuroplasticity in adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbeth Nielsen
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Aging
| | - Keith Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - Bruce McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University
| | - Christine Power
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephen Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| |
Collapse
|
747
|
Kircanski K, Sisk LM, Ho TC, Humphreys KL, King LS, Colich NL, Ordaz SJ, Gotlib IH. Early life stress, cortisol, frontolimbic connectivity, and depressive symptoms during puberty. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1011-1022. [PMID: 31064568 PMCID: PMC6688476 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for the development of depression in adolescence; the mediating neurobiological mechanisms, however, are unknown. In this study, we examined in early pubertal youth the associations among ELS, cortisol stress responsivity, and white matter microstructure of the uncinate fasciculus and the fornix, two key frontolimbic tracts; we also tested whether and how these variables predicted depressive symptoms in later puberty. A total of 208 participants (117 females; M age = 11.37 years; M Tanner stage = 2.03) provided data across two or more assessment modalities: ELS; salivary cortisol levels during a psychosocial stress task; diffusion magnetic resonance imaging; and depressive symptoms. In early puberty there were significant associations between higher ELS and decreased cortisol production, and between decreased cortisol production and increased fractional anisotropy in the uncinate fasciculus. Further, increased fractional anisotropy in the uncinate fasciculus predicted higher depressive symptoms in later puberty, above and beyond earlier symptoms. In post hoc analyses, we found that sex moderated several additional associations. We discuss these findings within a broader conceptual model linking ELS, emotion dysregulation, and depression across the transition through puberty, and contend that brain circuits implicated in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function should be a focus of continued research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kircanski
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lucinda M. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C. Ho
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lucy S. King
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalie L. Colich
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
748
|
Marusak HA, Harper FW, Taub JW, Rabinak CA. Pediatric cancer, posttraumatic stress and fear-related neural circuitry. Int J Hematol Oncol 2019; 8:IJH17. [PMID: 31467663 PMCID: PMC6714068 DOI: 10.2217/ijh-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the neurobiological effects of pediatric cancer-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We first consider studies on prevalence and predictors of childhood cancer-related PTSS and compare these studies to those in typically developing (i.e., noncancer) populations. Then, we briefly introduce the brain regions implicated in PTSS and review neuroimaging studies examining the neural correlates of PTSS in noncancer populations. Next, we present a framework and recommendations for future research. In particular, concurrent evaluation of PTSS and neuroimaging, as well as sociodemographic, medical, family factors, and other life events, are needed to uncover mechanisms leading to cancer-related PTSS. We review findings from neuroimaging studies on childhood cancer and one recent study on cancer-related PTSS as a starting point in this line of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Population Studies & Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Felicity W Harper
- Population Studies & Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
749
|
Bondar NP, Reshetnikov VV, Burdeeva KV, Merkulova TI. Effect of neonatal dexamethasone treatment on cognitive abilities of adult male mice and gene expression in the hypothalamus. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early postnatal period is critical for the development of the nervous system. Stress during this period causes negative long-term effects, which are manifested at both behavioral and molecular levels. To simulate the elevated glucocorticoid levels characteristic of early-life stress, in our study we used the administration of dexamethasone, an agonist of glucocorticoid receptors, at decreasing doses at the first three days of life (0.5, 0.3, 0.1 mg/kg, s.c.). In adult male mice with neonatal dexamethasone treatment, an increase in the relative weight of the adrenal glands and a decrease in body weight were observed, while the basal level of corticosterone remained unchanged. Dexamethasone treatment in early life had a negative impact on the learning and spatial memory of adult mice in the Morris water maze. We analyzed the effect of elevated glucocorticoid levels in early life on the expression of the Crh, Avp, Gr, and Mr genes involved in the regulation of the HPA axis in the hypothalami of adult mice. The expression level of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene (Mr) was significantly downregulated, and the glucocorticoid receptor gene (Gr) showed a tendency towards decreased expression (p = 0.058) in male mice neonatally treated with dexamethasone, as compared with saline administration. The expression level of the Crh gene encoding corticotropin-releasing hormone was unchanged, while the expression of the vasopressin gene (Avp) was increased in response to neonatal administration of dexamethasone. The obtained results demonstrate a disruption of negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis, which involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, at the level of the hypothalamus. Malfunction of the HPA axis as a result of activation of the glucocorticoid system in early life may cause the development of cognitive impairment in the adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. P. Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;
Novosibirsk State University
| | | | | | - T. I. Merkulova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;
Novosibirsk State University
| |
Collapse
|
750
|
Heim CM, Entringer S, Buss C. Translating basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early-life stress into novel approaches for the developmental programming of lifelong health. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 105:123-137. [PMID: 30578047 PMCID: PMC6561839 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review integrates scientific knowledge obtained over the past few decades on the biological mechanisms that contribute to the profound association between exposure to early adversity, including childhood trauma and prenatal stress, and the lifelong elevated risk to develop a broad range of diseases. We further discuss insights into gene-environment interactions moderating the association between early adversity and disease manifestation and we discuss the role of epigenetic and other molecular processes in the biological embedding of early adversity. Based on these findings, we propose potential mechanisms that may contribute to the intergenerational transmission of risk related to early adversity from the mother to the fetus. Finally, we argue that basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early adversity must now be translated into novel intervention strategies that are mechanism-driven and sensitive to developmental timing. Indeed, to date, there are no diagnostic biomarkers of risk or mechanism-informed interventions that we can offer to victims of early adversity in order to efficiently prevent or reverse adverse health outcomes. Such translational efforts can be expected to have significant impact on both clinical practice and the public health system, and will promote precision medicine in pediatrics and across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Heim
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany,Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health & Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Corresponding authors at: Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany., (C.M. Heim), (S. Entringer), (C. Buss)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Claudia Buss
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|