851
|
Lucarelli G, Rutigliano M, Galleggiante V, Giglio A, Palazzo S, Ferro M, Simone C, Bettocchi C, Battaglia M, Ditonno P. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1211-24. [PMID: 26174441 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1069711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling offers a powerful methodology for understanding the perturbations of biochemical systems occurring during a disease process. During neoplastic transformation, prostate cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to satisfy the demands of growth and proliferation. An early event in prostate cell transformation is the loss of capacity to accumulate zinc. This change is associated with a higher energy efficiency and increased lipid biosynthesis for cellular proliferation, membrane formation and cell signaling. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sarcosine, an N-methyl derivative of glycine, was significantly increased during disease progression from normal to localized to metastatic prostate cancer. Mapping the metabolomic profiles to their respective biochemical pathways showed an upregulation of androgen-induced protein synthesis, an increased amino acid metabolism and a perturbation of nitrogen breakdown pathways, along with high total choline-containing compounds and phosphocholine levels. In this review, the role of emerging biomarkers is summarized, based on the current understanding of the prostate cancer metabolome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- a 1 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
852
|
Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Boebinger GS, Comment A, Duckett S, Edison AS, Engelke F, Griesinger C, Griffin RG, Hilty C, Maeda H, Parigi G, Prisner T, Ravera E, van Bentum J, Vega S, Webb A, Luchinat C, Schwalbe H, Frydman L. Neue Ansätze zur Empfindlichkeitssteigerung in der biomolekularen NMR-Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
853
|
Olivares O, Däbritz JHM, King A, Gottlieb E, Halsey C. Research into cancer metabolomics: Towards a clinical metamorphosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:52-64. [PMID: 26365277 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The acknowledgement that metabolic reprogramming is a central feature of cancer has generated high expectations for major advances in both diagnosis and treatment of malignancies through addressing metabolism. These have so far only been partially fulfilled, with only a few clinical applications. However, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic compounds are currently being evaluated in either clinical trials or pre-clinical models and new discoveries of alterations in metabolic genes indicate future prognostic or other applicable relevance. Altogether, these metabolic approaches now stand alongside other available measures providing hopes for the prospects of metabolomics in the clinic. Here we present a comprehensive overview of both ongoing and emerging clinical, pre-clinical and technical strategies for exploiting unique tumour metabolic traits, highlighting the current promises and anticipations of research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Olivares
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Henry M Däbritz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ayala King
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Christina Halsey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
854
|
van Ewijk PA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Bekkers SCAM, Glatz JFC, Wildberger JE, Kooi ME. MRS: a noninvasive window into cardiac metabolism. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:747-66. [PMID: 26010681 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A well-functioning heart requires a constant supply of a balanced mixture of nutrients to be used for the production of adequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate, which is the main energy source for most cellular functions. Defects in cardiac energy metabolism are linked to several myocardial disorders. MRS can be used to study in vivo changes in cardiac metabolism noninvasively. MR techniques allow repeated measurements, so that disease progression and the response to treatment or to a lifestyle intervention can be monitored. It has also been shown that MRS can predict clinical heart failure and death. This article focuses on in vivo MRS to assess cardiac metabolism in humans and experimental animals, as experimental animals are often used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic diseases. Various MR techniques, such as cardiac (31) P-MRS, (1) H-MRS, hyperpolarized (13) C-MRS and Dixon MRI, are described. A short overview of current and emerging applications is given. Cardiac MRS is a promising technique for the investigation of the relationship between cardiac metabolism and cardiac disease. However, further optimization of scan time and signal-to-noise ratio is required before broad clinical application. In this respect, the ongoing development of advanced shimming algorithms, radiofrequency pulses, pulse sequences, (multichannel) detection coils, the use of hyperpolarized nuclei and scanning at higher magnetic field strengths offer future perspective for clinical applications of MRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petronella A van Ewijk
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan F C Glatz
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Molecular Genetics, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - M Eline Kooi
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
855
|
Glöggler S, Wagner S, Bouchard LS. Hyperpolarization of amino acid derivatives in water for biological applications. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4261-4266. [PMID: 29218193 PMCID: PMC5707458 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the successful synthesis and hyperpolarization of N-unprotected α-amino acid ethyl propionate esters and extensively, on an alanine derivative hyperpolarized by PHIP (4.4 ± 1.0% 13C-polarization), meeting required levels for in vivo detection. Using water as solvent increases biocompatibility and the absence of N-protection is expected to maintain biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Glöggler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , USA .
| | - S Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute , Cedars Sinai Medical Center , 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building G149E , Los Angeles , California 90048-1804 , USA
| | - L-S Bouchard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , USA .
- California NanoSystems Institute , 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114 , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , USA
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California at Los Angeles , 420 Westwood Plaza, RM 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600 , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
856
|
Zechmann CM. Imaging for Prostate Cancer. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-015-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
857
|
Hirsch ML, Kalechofsky N, Belzer A, Rosay M, Kempf JG. Brute-Force Hyperpolarization for NMR and MRI. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8428-34. [PMID: 26098752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization (HP) of nuclear spins is critical for ultrasensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We demonstrate an approach for >1500-fold enhancement of key small-molecule metabolites: 1-(13)C-pyruvic acid, 1-(13)C-sodium lactate, and 1-(13)C-acetic acid. The (13)C solution NMR signal of pyruvic acid was enhanced 1600-fold at B = 1 T and 40 °C by pre-polarizing at 14 T and ∼2.3 K. This "brute-force" approach uses only field and temperature to generate HP. The noted 1 T observation field is appropriate for benchtop NMR and near the typical 1.5 T of MRI, whereas high-field observation scales enhancement as 1/B. Our brute-force process ejects the frozen, solid sample from the low-T, high-B polarizer, passing it through low field (B < 100 G) to facilitate "thermal mixing". That equilibrates (1)H and (13)C in hundreds of milliseconds, providing (13)C HP from (1)H Boltzmann polarization attained at high B/T. The ejected sample arrives at a room-temperature, permanent magnet array, where rapid dissolution with 40 °C water yields HP solute. Transfer to a 1 T NMR system yields (13)C signals with enhancements at 80% of ideal for noted polarizing conditions. High-resolution NMR of the same product at 9.4 T had consistent enhancement plus resolution of (13)C shifts and J-couplings for pyruvic acid and its hydrate. Comparable HP was achieved with frozen aqueous lactate, plus notable enhancement of acetic acid, demonstrating broader applicability for small-molecule NMR and metabolic MRI. Brute-force avoids co-solvated free-radicals and microwaves that are essential to competing methods. Here, unadulterated samples obviate concerns about downstream purity and also exhibit slow solid-state spin relaxation, favorable for transporting HP samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hirsch
- †Bruker Biospin Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Neal Kalechofsky
- ‡Millikelvin Technologies, LLC, Braintree, Massachusetts 02184, United States
| | - Avrum Belzer
- ‡Millikelvin Technologies, LLC, Braintree, Massachusetts 02184, United States
| | - Melanie Rosay
- †Bruker Biospin Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - James G Kempf
- †Bruker Biospin Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| |
Collapse
|
858
|
Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
859
|
Rafat M, Ali R, Graves EE. Imaging radiation response in tumor and normal tissue. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 5:317-332. [PMID: 26269771 PMCID: PMC4529587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary imaging modalities used in the clinic to monitor tumor response to radiation therapy, multi-modal molecular imaging may facilitate improved early and specific evaluation of this process. Fast and accurate imaging that can provide both quantitative and biological information is necessary to monitor treatment and ultimately to develop individualized treatment options for patients. A combination of molecular and anatomic information will allow for deeper insight into the mechanisms of tumor response, which will lead to more effective radiation treatments as well as improved anti-cancer drugs. Much progress has been made in nuclear medicine imaging probes and MRI techniques to achieve increased accuracy and the evaluation of relevant biomarkers of radiation response. This review will emphasize promising molecular imaging techniques that monitor various biological processes following radiotherapy, including metabolism, hypoxia, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rehan Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
860
|
Hyperpolarized (13)C Magnetic Resonance and Its Use in Metabolic Assessment of Cultured Cells and Perfused Organs. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:73-106. [PMID: 26358902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diseased tissue is often characterized by abnormalities in intermediary metabolism. Observing these alterations in situ may lead to an improved understanding of pathological processes and novel ways to monitor these processes noninvasively in human patients. Although (13)C is a stable isotope safe for use in animal models of disease as well as human subjects, its utility as a metabolic tracer has largely been limited to ex vivo analyses employing analytical techniques like mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neither of these techniques is suitable for noninvasive metabolic monitoring, and the low abundance and poor gyromagnetic ratio of conventional (13)C make it a poor nucleus for imaging. However, the recent advent of hyperpolarization methods, particularly dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), makes it possible to enhance the spin polarization state of (13)C by many orders of magnitude, resulting in a temporary amplification of the signal sufficient for monitoring kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living tissue through magnetic resonance spectroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we review DNP techniques to monitor metabolism in cultured cells, perfused hearts, and perfused livers, focusing on our experiences with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. We present detailed approaches to optimize the DNP procedure, streamline biological sample preparation, and maximize detection of specific metabolic activities. We also discuss practical aspects in the choice of metabolic substrates for hyperpolarization studies and outline some of the current technical and conceptual challenges in the field, including efforts to use hyperpolarization to quantify metabolic rates in vivo.
Collapse
|
861
|
Lee Y, Zacharias NM, Piwnica-Worms D, Bhattacharya PK. Chemical reaction-induced multi-molecular polarization (CRIMP). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13030-3. [PMID: 25224323 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a novel hyperpolarization method, Chemical Reaction-Induced Multi-molecular Polarization (CRIMP), which could be applied to the study of several in vivo processes simultaneously including glycolysis, TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis and pH mapping. Through the use of non-enzymatic decarboxylation, we generate four hyperpolarized imaging agents from hyperpolarized 1,2-(13)C pyruvic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Hanyang University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Ansan, 426-791, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
862
|
Izquierdo-Garcia JL, Viswanath P, Eriksson P, Cai L, Radoul M, Chaumeil MM, Blough M, Luchman HA, Weiss S, Cairncross JG, Phillips JJ, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. IDH1 Mutation Induces Reprogramming of Pyruvate Metabolism. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2999-3009. [PMID: 26045167 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate but also elicits additional metabolic changes. Levels of both glutamate and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity have been shown to be affected in U87 glioblastoma cells or normal human astrocyte (NHA) cells expressing mutant IDH1, as compared with cells expressing wild-type IDH1. In this study, we show how these phenomena are linked through the effects of IDH1 mutation, which also reprograms pyruvate metabolism. Reduced PDH activity in U87 glioblastoma and NHA IDH1 mutant cells was associated with relative increases in PDH inhibitory phosphorylation, expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-3, and levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α. PDH activity was monitored in these cells by hyperpolarized (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C-MRS), which revealed a reduction in metabolism of hyperpolarized 2-(13)C-pyruvate to 5-(13)C-glutamate, relative to cells expressing wild-type IDH1. (13)C-MRS also revealed a reduction in glucose flux to glutamate in IDH1 mutant cells. Notably, pharmacological activation of PDH by cell exposure to dichloroacetate (DCA) increased production of hyperpolarized 5-(13)C-glutamate in IDH1 mutant cells. Furthermore, DCA treatment also abrogated the clonogenic advantage conferred by IDH1 mutation. Using patient-derived mutant IDH1 neurosphere models, we showed that PDH activity was essential for cell proliferation. Taken together, our results established that the IDH1 mutation induces an MRS-detectable reprogramming of pyruvate metabolism, which is essential for cell proliferation and clonogenicity, with immediate therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Izquierdo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Larry Cai
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Blough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Artee Luchman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
863
|
Durst M, Koellisch U, Frank A, Rancan G, Gringeri CV, Karas V, Wiesinger F, Menzel MI, Schwaiger M, Haase A, Schulte RF. Comparison of acquisition schemes for hyperpolarised ¹³C imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:715-25. [PMID: 25908233 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise and compare widely used acquisition strategies for hyperpolarised (13)C imaging. Free induction decay chemical shift imaging (FIDCSI), echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI), IDEAL spiral chemical shift imaging (ISPCSI) and spiral chemical shift imaging (SPCSI) sequences were designed for two different regimes of spatial resolution. Their characteristics were studied in simulations and in tumour-bearing rats after injection of hyperpolarised [1-(13)C]pyruvate on a clinical 3-T scanner. Two or three different sequences were used on the same rat in random order for direct comparison. The experimentally obtained lactate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the tumour matched the simulations. Differences between the sequences were mainly found in the encoding efficiency, gradient demand and artefact behaviour. Although ISPCSI and SPCSI offer high encoding efficiencies, these non-Cartesian trajectories are more prone than EPSI and FIDCSI to artefacts from various sources. If the encoding efficiency is sufficient for the desired application, EPSI has been proven to be a robust choice. Otherwise, faster spiral acquisition schemes are recommended. The conclusions found in this work can be applied directly to clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Durst
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Medical Engineering, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koellisch
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Medical Engineering, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Frank
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giaime Rancan
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Concetta V Gringeri
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Markus Schwaiger
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Haase
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Medical Engineering, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
864
|
Laustsen C, Hansen ESS, Kjaergaard U, Bertelsen LB, Ringgaard S, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Acute porcine renal metabolic effect of endogastric soft drink administration assessed with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2015; 74:558-63. [PMID: 26014387 PMCID: PMC4736686 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to determine the quantitative reproducibility of metabolic breakdown products in the kidney following intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate and secondly to investigate the metabolic effect on the pyruvate metabolism of oral sucrose load using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. By this technique, metabolic alterations in several different metabolic related diseases and their metabolic treatment responses can be accessed. METHODS In four healthy pigs the lactate-to-pyruvate, alanine-to-pyruvate and bicarbonate-to-pyruvate ratio was measured following administration of regular cola and consecutive injections of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate four times within an hour. RESULTS The overall lactate-to-pyruvate metabolic profile changed significantly over one hour following an acute sucrose load leading to a significant rise in blood glucose. CONCLUSION The reproducibility of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy pig kidney demonstrated a repeatability of more than 94% for all metabolites and, furthermore, that the pyruvate to lactate conversion and the blood glucose level is elevated following endogastric sucrose administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esben Søvsø Szocska Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Kjaergaard
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
865
|
Cacciatore S, Loda M. Innovation in metabolomics to improve personalized healthcare. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1346:57-62. [PMID: 26014591 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is the systemic study of all small molecules (metabolites) and their concentration as affected by pathological and physiological alterations or environmental or other factors. Metabolic alterations represent a "window" on the complex interactions between genetic expression, enzyme activity, and metabolic reactions. Techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy, have led to significant advances in metabolomics. The field is shifting from feasibility studies to biological and clinical applications. Fields of application range from cancer biology to stem cell research and assessment of xenobiotics and drugs in tissues and single cells. Cross-validation across high-throughput platforms has allowed findings from expression profiling to be confirmed with metabolomics. Specific genetic alterations appear to drive unique metabolic programs. These, in turn, can be used as biomarkers of genetic subtypes of prostate cancer or as discovery tools for therapeutic targeting of metabolic enzymes. Thus, metabolites in blood may serve as biomarkers of tumor state, including inferring driving oncogenes. Novel applications such as these suggest that metabolic profiling may be utilized in refining personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cacciatore
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
866
|
Shchepin R, Truong ML, Theis T, Coffey AM, Shi F, Waddell K, Warren WS, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. Hyperpolarization of "Neat" Liquids by NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1961-7. [PMID: 26029349 PMCID: PMC4442667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) hyperpolarization of the rare isotopes in "neat" liquids, each composed only of an otherwise pure target compound with isotopic natural abundance (n.a.) and millimolar concentrations of dissolved catalyst. Pyridine (Py) or Py derivatives are studied at 0.4% isotopic natural abundance ¹⁵N, deuterated, ¹⁵N enriched, and in various combinations using the SABRE-SHEATH variant (microTesla magnetic fields to permit direct ¹⁵N polarization from parahydrogen via reversible binding and exchange with an Ir catalyst). We find that the dilute n.a. ¹⁵N spin bath in Py still channels spin order from parahydrogen to dilute ¹⁵N spins, without polarization losses due to the presence of ¹⁴N or ²H. We demonstrate P(15N) ≈ 1% (a gain of 2900 fold relative to thermal polarization at 9.4 T) at high substrate concentrations. This fundamental finding has a significant practical benefit for screening potentially hyperpolarizable contrast agents without labeling. The capability of screening at n.a. level of ¹⁵N is demonstrated on examples of mono- and dimethyl-substituted Py (picolines and lutidines previously identified as promising pH sensors), showing that the presence of a methyl group in the ortho position significantly decreases SABRE hyperpolarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman
V. Shchepin
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Milton L. Truong
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kevin
W. Waddell
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
867
|
Ghosh RK, Kuzma NN, Kadlecek SJ, Rizi RR. Versatile pulse sequence device to conserve hyperpolarization for NMR and MRI studies. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1822-30. [PMID: 25976973 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Levitt and co-workers have described the M2S pulse sequence which transfers between longitudinal and singlet spin order. Building on this work, we describe the construction of a portable M2S pulse sequence generator to increase the relaxation time of polarized compounds. Additionally, we investigate the efficiency of spin order transfer under conditions where physical parameters of the system are not known precisely. THEORY AND METHODS A portable M2S generator is built. Longitudinally polarized N2O is converted to the singlet state by both adiabatic transfer and by the M2S sequence. Density matrix simulations are used to model the effects of mismatched chemical shift, flip angle, and scalar couplings. RESULTS Density matrix simulations suggest that to convert 95% of the longitudinal m = 1 triplet state population to the singlet order we must match the Larmor precession frequency to the excitation radiofrequency field by 10%, the scalar couplings must be determined to better than 0.6%, and the flip angle must be calibrated to better than 2%. CONCLUSION The sequence is robust against many mismatched physical parameters of the species we are converting. Additionally, the instrument's portability allows for the conversion of hyperpolarized species near a polarizer. The lifetime is increased by ∼12-fold. This is highly advantageous in systems where the hyperpolarized media relax rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat K Ghosh
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas N Kuzma
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Kadlecek
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahim R Rizi
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
868
|
Abstract
Non-invasive (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of the uptake and subsequent metabolism of (13)C-labeled substrates is a powerful method for studying metabolic fluxes in vivo. However, the technique has been hampered by a lack of sensitivity, which has limited both the spatial and temporal resolution. The introduction of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization in 2003, which by radically enhancing the nuclear spin polarization of (13)C nuclei in solution can increase their sensitivity to detection by more than 10(4)-fold, revolutionized the study of metabolism using magnetic resonance, with temporal and spatial resolutions in the seconds and millimeter ranges, respectively. The principal limitation of the technique is the short half-life of the polarization, which at ∼20-30 s in vivo limits studies to relatively fast metabolic reactions. Nevertheless, pre-clinical studies with a variety of different substrates have demonstrated the potential of the method to provide new insights into tissue metabolism and have paved the way for the first clinical trial of the technique in prostate cancer. The technique now stands on the threshold of more general clinical translation. I consider here what the clinical applications might be, which are the substrates that most likely will be used, how will we analyze the resulting kinetic data, and how we might further increase the levels of polarization and extend polarization lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
869
|
Bar-Shir A, Bulte JWM, Gilad AA. Molecular engineering of nonmetallic biosensors for CEST MRI. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1160-70. [PMID: 25730583 PMCID: PMC11329289 DOI: 10.1021/cb500923v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in molecular and synthetic biology, combined with synthetic chemistry and biotechnology, have opened up new opportunities to engineer novel platforms that can monitor complex biological processes with various noninvasive imaging modalities. After decades of using gadolinium- or iron-based metallic sensors for MRI, the recently developed chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast mechanism has created an opportunity for rational design, in silico, of nonmetallic biosensors for MRI. These biomolecules are either naturally occurring compounds (amino acids, sugars, nucleosides, native proteins) or can be artificially engineered (synthetic probes or recombinant proteins). They can be administered either as exogenous agents or can be genetically (over)expressed. Moreover, they can be precisely engineered to achieve the desired biochemical properties for fine tuning optimized imaging schemes. The availability of these agents marks the dawn of a new scientific era for molecular and cellular MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Bar-Shir
- †Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- ‡Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- †Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- ‡Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- §F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- #Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- †Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- ‡Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- §F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
870
|
Park JM, Josan S, Jang T, Merchant M, Watkins R, Hurd RE, Recht LD, Mayer D, Spielman DM. Volumetric spiral chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized [2-(13) c]pyruvate in a rat c6 glioma model. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:973-84. [PMID: 25946547 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRS of hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]pyruvate can be used to assess multiple metabolic pathways within mitochondria as the (13)C label is not lost with the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. This study presents the first MR spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]pyruvate in glioma-bearing brain. METHODS Spiral chemical shift imaging with spectrally undersampling scheme (1042 Hz) and a hard-pulse excitation was exploited to simultaneously image [2-(13)C]pyruvate, [2-(13)C]lactate, and [5-(13)C]glutamate, the metabolites known to be produced in brain after an injection of hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]pyruvate, without chemical shift displacement artifacts. A separate undersampling scheme (890 Hz) was also used to image [1-(13)C]acetyl-carnitine. Healthy and C6 glioma-implanted rat brains were imaged at baseline and after dichloroacetate administration, a drug that modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity. RESULTS The baseline metabolite maps showed higher lactate and lower glutamate in tumor as compared to normal-appearing brain. Dichloroacetate led to an increase in glutamate in both tumor and normal-appearing brain. Dichloroacetate-induced %-decrease of lactate/glutamate was comparable to the lactate/bicarbonate decrease from hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate studies. Acetyl-carnitine was observed in the muscle/fat tissue surrounding the brain. CONCLUSION Robust volumetric imaging with hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]pyruvate and downstream products was performed in glioma-bearing rat brains, demonstrating changes in mitochondrial metabolism with dichloroacetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Mo Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sonal Josan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Milton Merchant
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ron Watkins
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ralph E Hurd
- Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Lawrence D Recht
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel M Spielman
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
871
|
|
872
|
Dzien P, Kettunen MI, Marco-Rius I, Serrao EM, Rodrigues TB, Larkin TJ, Timm KN, Brindle KM. (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C, U-(2) H5 ] ethanol oxidation can be used to assess aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2015; 73:1733-40. [PMID: 24800934 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is an emerging drug target for the treatment of heart disease, cocaine and alcohol dependence, and conditions caused by genetic polymorphisms in ALDH2. Noninvasive measurement of ALDH2 activity in vivo could inform the development of these drugs and accelerate their translation to the clinic. METHODS [1-(13) C, U-(2) H5 ] ethanol was hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, injected into mice and its oxidation in the liver monitored using (13) C MR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging. RESULTS Oxidation of [1-(13) C, U-(2) H5 ] ethanol to [1-(13) C] acetate was observed. Saturation of the acetaldehyde resonance, which was below the level of detection in vivo, demonstrated that acetate was produced via acetaldehyde. Irreversible inhibition of ALDH2 activity with disulfiram resulted in a proportional decrease in the amplitude of the acetate resonance. CONCLUSION (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C, U-(2) H5 ] ethanol oxidation allow real-time assessment of ALDH2 activity in liver in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Dzien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
873
|
Truong M, Theis T, Coffey AM, Shchepin RV, Waddell KW, Shi F, Goodson BM, Warren W, Chekmenev EY. 15N Hyperpolarization by Reversible Exchange Using SABRE-SHEATH. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:8786-8797. [PMID: 25960823 PMCID: PMC4419867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a NMR hyperpolarization technique that enables nuclear spin polarization enhancement of molecules via concurrent chemical exchange of a target substrate and parahydrogen (the source of spin order) on an iridium catalyst. Recently, we demonstrated that conducting SABRE in microtesla fields provided by a magnetic shield enables up to 10% 15N-polarization (Theis, T.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2015, 137, 1404). Hyperpolarization on 15N (and heteronuclei in general) may be advantageous because of the long-lived nature of the hyperpolarization on 15N relative to the short-lived hyperpolarization of protons conventionally hyperpolarized by SABRE, in addition to wider chemical shift dispersion and absence of background signal. Here we show that these unprecedented polarization levels enable 15N magnetic resonance imaging. We also present a theoretical model for the hyperpolarization transfer to heteronuclei, and detail key parameters that should be optimized for efficient 15N-hyperpolarization. The effects of parahydrogen pressure, flow rate, sample temperature, catalyst-to-substrate ratio, relaxation time (T1), and reversible oxygen quenching are studied on a test system of 15N-pyridine in methanol-d4. Moreover, we demonstrate the first proof-of-principle 13C-hyperpolarization using this method. This simple hyperpolarization scheme only requires access to parahydrogen and a magnetic shield, and it provides large enough signal gains to enable one of the first 15N images (2 × 2 mm2 resolution). Importantly, this method enables hyperpolarization of molecular sites with NMR T1 relaxation times suitable for biomedical imaging and spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton
L. Truong
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Fan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Technology
Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Technology
Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Warren
S. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
874
|
van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
875
|
Shi F, Coffey A, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. Nanoscale Catalysts for NMR Signal Enhancement by Reversible Exchange. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:7525-7533. [PMID: 26185545 PMCID: PMC4501382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two types of nanoscale catalysts were created to explore NMR signal enhancement via reversible exchange (SABRE) at the interface between heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions. Nanoparticle and polymer comb variants were synthesized by covalently tethering Ir-based organometallic catalysts to support materials comprised of TiO2/PMAA (poly methacrylic acid) and PVP (polyvinyl pyridine), respectively, and characterized by AAS, NMR, and DLS. Following parahydrogen (pH2) gas delivery to mixtures containing one type of "nano-SABRE" catalyst particles, a target substrate, and ethanol, up to ~(-)40-fold and ~(-)7-fold 1H NMR signal enhancements were observed for pyridine substrates using the nanoparticle and polymer comb catalysts, respectively, following transfer to high field (9.4 T). These enhancements appear to result from intact particles and not from any catalyst molecules leaching from their supports; unlike the case with homogeneous SABRE catalysts, high-field (in situ) SABRE effects were generally not observed with the nanoscale catalysts. The potential for separation and reuse of such catalyst particles is also demonstrated. Taken together, these results support the potential utility of rational design at molecular, mesoscopic, and macroscopic/engineering levels for improving SABRE and HET-SABRE (heterogeneous-SABRE) for applications varying from fundamental studies of catalysis to biomedical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Aaron
M. Coffey
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials
Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
876
|
Winfield JM, Payne GS, deSouza NM. Functional MRI and CT biomarkers in oncology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:562-78. [PMID: 25578953 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biomarkers derived from MRI or CT describe functional properties of tumours and normal tissues. They are finding increasing numbers of applications in diagnosis, monitoring of response to treatment and assessment of progression or recurrence. Imaging biomarkers also provide scope for assessment of heterogeneity within and between lesions. A wide variety of functional parameters have been investigated for use as biomarkers in oncology. Some imaging techniques are used routinely in clinical applications while others are currently restricted to clinical trials or preclinical studies. Apparent diffusion coefficient, magnetization transfer ratio and native T1 relaxation time provide information about structure and organization of tissues. Vascular properties may be described using parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced CT, transverse relaxation rate (R2*), vessel size index and relative blood volume, while magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used to probe the metabolic profile of tumours. This review describes the mechanisms of contrast underpinning each technique and the technical requirements for robust and reproducible imaging. The current status of each biomarker is described in terms of its validation, qualification and clinical applications, followed by a discussion of the current limitations and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Winfield
- CRUK Imaging Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
877
|
Bluff JE, Reynolds S, Metcalf S, Alizadeh T, Kazan SM, Bucur A, Wholey EG, Bibby BAS, Williams L, Paley MN, Tozer GM. Measurement of the acute metabolic response to hypoxia in rat tumours in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hyperpolarised pyruvate. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:392-9. [PMID: 25824978 PMCID: PMC4612449 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the rate constant for pyruvate to lactate conversion in tumours in response to a hypoxic challenge, using hyperpolarised 13C1-pyruvate and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Methods and materials Hypoxic inspired gas was used to manipulate rat P22 fibrosarcoma oxygen tension (pO2), confirmed by luminescence decay of oxygen-sensitive probes. Hyperpolarised 13C1-pyruvate was injected into the femoral vein of anaesthetised rats and slice-localised 13C magnetic resonance (MR) spectra acquired. Spectral integral versus time curves for pyruvate and lactate were fitted to a precursor-product model to estimate the rate constant for tumour conversion of pyruvate to lactate (kpl). Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and oxygen tension (ArtpO2) were monitored. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations were measured in freeze-clamped tumours. Results MABP, ArtpO2 and tumour pO2 decreased significantly during hypoxia. kpl increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 0.029 ± 0.002 s−1 to 0.049 ± 0.006 s−1 (mean ± SEM) when animals breathing air were switched to hypoxic conditions, whereas pyruvate and lactate concentrations were minimally affected by hypoxia. Both ArtpO2 and MABP influenced the estimate of kpl, with a strong negative correlation between kpl and the product of ArtpO2 and MABP under hypoxia. Conclusion The rate constant for pyruvate to lactate conversion, kpl, responds significantly to a rapid reduction in tumour oxygenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Bluff
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Steven Reynolds
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, UK.
| | - Stephen Metcalf
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Tooba Alizadeh
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Samira M Kazan
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Adriana Bucur
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Emily G Wholey
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Becky A S Bibby
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Leigh Williams
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Martyn N Paley
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Gillian M Tozer
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
878
|
Reddy R, Haris M. Imaging technologies from bench to bedside. J Transl Med 2015; 13:97. [PMID: 25886617 PMCID: PMC4374578 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6100, USA.
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
879
|
Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
880
|
Stevanato G, Hill-Cousins JT, Håkansson P, Roy SS, Brown LJ, Brown RCD, Pileio G, Levitt MH. A nuclear singlet lifetime of more than one hour in room-temperature solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3740-3. [PMID: 25631745 PMCID: PMC4497607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are supremely important techniques with numerous applications in almost all branches of science. However, until recently, NMR methodology was limited by the time constant T1 for the decay of nuclear spin magnetization through contact with the thermal molecular environment. Long-lived states, which are correlated quantum states of multiple nuclei, have decay time constants that may exceed T1 by large factors. Here we demonstrate a nuclear long-lived state comprising two (13)C nuclei with a lifetime exceeding one hour in room-temperature solution, which is around 50 times longer than T1. This behavior is well-predicted by a combination of quantum theory, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry. Such ultra-long-lived states are expected to be useful for the transport and application of nuclear hyperpolarization, which leads to NMR and MRI signals enhanced by up to five orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stevanato
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Joseph T Hill-Cousins
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Pär Håkansson
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Soumya Singha Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Lynda J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonUniversity Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
881
|
Raeisi S, Mosca M. Asymptotic bound for heat-bath algorithmic cooling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:100404. [PMID: 25815911 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purity of quantum states is a key requirement for many quantum applications. Improving the purity is limited by fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Here, we are probing the fundamental limits for a natural approach to this problem, namely, heat-bath algorithmic cooling (HBAC). The existence of the cooling limit for HBAC techniques was proved by Schulman, Mor, and Weinstein. A bound for this value was found by Elias et al. and numerical testing supported the hypothesis that their bound may be the actual limit. A proof or disproof of whether their bound was the actual limit remained open for the past decade. Here, for the first time, we prove this limit. In the context of quantum thermodynamics, this corresponds to the maximum extractable work from the quantum system. We also establish, in the case of higher dimensional reset systems, how the performance of HBAC depends on the energy spectrum of the reset system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Raeisi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michele Mosca
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
882
|
Shang H, Skloss T, von Morze C, Carvajal L, Van Criekinge M, Milshteyn E, Larson PEZ, Hurd RE, Vigneron DB. Handheld electromagnet carrier for transfer of hyperpolarized carbon-13 samples. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:917-22. [PMID: 25765516 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperpolarization of carbon-13 ((13) C) nuclei by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by >10,000-fold for metabolic imaging, but care must be taken when transferring hyperpolarized (HP) samples from polarizer to MR scanner. Some (13) C substrates relax rapidly in low ambient magnetic fields. A handheld electromagnet carrier was designed and constructed to preserve polarization by maintaining a sufficient field during sample transfer. METHODS The device was constructed with a solenoidal electromagnet, powered by a nonmagnetic battery, holding the HP sample during transfer. A specially designed switch automated deactivation of the field once transfer was complete. Phantom and rat experiments were performed to compare MR signal enhancement with or without the device for HP [(13) C]urea and [1-(13) C]pyruvate. RESULTS The magnetic field generated by this device was tested to be >50 G over a 6-cm central section. In phantom and rat experiments, [(13) C]urea transported via the device showed SNR improvement by a factor of 1.8-1.9 over samples transferred through the background field. CONCLUSION A device was designed and built to provide a suitably high yet safe magnetic field to preserve hyperpolarization during sample transfer. Comparative testing demonstrated SNR improvements of approximately two-fold for [(13) C]urea while maintaining SNR for [1-(13) C]pyruvate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | | | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
883
|
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an extraordinarily sensitive clinical imaging modality for interrogating tumor metabolism. Radiolabeled PET substrates can be traced at subphysiological concentrations, allowing noninvasive imaging of metabolism and intratumoral heterogeneity in systems ranging from advanced cancer models to patients in the clinic. There are a wide range of novel and more established PET radiotracers, which can be used to investigate various aspects of the tumor, including carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. In this review, we briefly discuss the more established metabolic tracers and describe recent work on the development of new tracers. Some of the unanswered questions in tumor metabolism are considered alongside new technical developments, such as combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging scanners, which could provide new imaging solutions to some of the outstanding diagnostic challenges facing modern cancer medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
884
|
Abstract
Recent developments in NMR hyperpolarization have enabled a wide array of new in vivo molecular imaging modalities, ranging from functional imaging of the lungs to metabolic imaging of cancer. This Concept article explores selected advances in methods for the preparation and use of hyperpolarized contrast agents, many of which are already at or near the phase of their clinical validation in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (United States)
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
| |
Collapse
|
885
|
Saito K, Matsumoto S, Takakusagi Y, Matsuo M, Morris HD, Lizak MJ, Munasinghe JP, Devasahayam N, Subramanian S, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. 13C-MR Spectroscopic Imaging with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate Detects Early Response to Radiotherapy in SCC Tumors and HT-29 Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5073-81. [PMID: 25673698 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE X-ray irradiation of tumors causes diverse effects on the tumor microenvironment, including metabolism. Recent developments of hyperpolarized (13)C-MRI enabled detecting metabolic changes in tumors using a tracer [1-(13)C]pyruvate, which participates in important bioenergetic processes that are altered in cancers. Here, we investigated the effects of X-ray irradiation on pyruvate metabolism in squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) and colon cancer (HT-29) using hyperpolarized (13)C-MRI. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SCCVII and HT-29 tumors were grown by injecting tumor cells into the hind legs of mice. [1-(13)C]pyruvate was hyperpolarized and injected intravenously into tumor-bearing mice, and (13)C-MR signals were acquired using a 4.7 T scanner. RESULTS [1-(13)C]pyruvate and [1-(13)C]lactate were detected in the tumor-bearing legs immediately after hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate administration. The [1-(13)C]lactate to [1-(13)C]pyruvate ratio (Lac/Pyr) increased as the tumors grew in nonirradiated SCCVII tumors. The increase in Lac/Pyr was suppressed modestly with a single 10 Gy of irradiation, but it significantly decreased by further irradiation (10 Gy × 3). Similar results were obtained in HT-29; Lac/Pyr significantly dropped with fractionated 30 Gy irradiation. Independent ex vivo measurements revealed that the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and protein level were significantly smaller in the irradiated SCCVII tumors compared with the nonirradiated tumors, indicating that a decrease in LDH activity was one of the main factors responsible for the decrease of Lac/Pyr observed on (13)C-MRI. CONCLUSIONS Robust changes of Lac/Pyr observed in the HT-29 after the radiation suggested that lactate conversion from pyruvate monitored with hyperpolarized (13)C-MRI could be useful for the evaluation of early response to radiotherapy. See related commentary by Lai et al., p. 4996.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masayuki Matsuo
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H Douglas Morris
- National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin J Lizak
- National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeeva P Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Sankaran Subramanian
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
886
|
Stevanato G, Hill-Cousins JT, Håkansson P, Roy SS, Brown LJ, Brown RCD, Pileio G, Levitt MH. A Nuclear Singlet Lifetime of More than One Hour in Room-Temperature Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 127:3811-3814. [PMID: 27478258 PMCID: PMC4955235 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are supremely important techniques with numerous applications in almost all branches of science. However, until recently, NMR methodology was limited by the time constant T1 for the decay of nuclear spin magnetization through contact with the thermal molecular environment. Long‐lived states, which are correlated quantum states of multiple nuclei, have decay time constants that may exceed T1 by large factors. Here we demonstrate a nuclear long‐lived state comprising two 13C nuclei with a lifetime exceeding one hour in room‐temperature solution, which is around 50 times longer than T1. This behavior is well‐predicted by a combination of quantum theory, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry. Such ultra‐long‐lived states are expected to be useful for the transport and application of nuclear hyperpolarization, which leads to NMR and MRI signals enhanced by up to five orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stevanato
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Joseph T Hill-Cousins
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Pär Håkansson
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Soumya Singha Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Lynda J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
887
|
Theis T, Truong M, Coffey AM, Shchepin R, Waddell KW, Shi F, Goodson BM, Warren WS, Chekmenev EY. Microtesla SABRE enables 10% nitrogen-15 nuclear spin polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1404-7. [PMID: 25583142 PMCID: PMC4333583 DOI: 10.1021/ja512242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrogen is demonstrated to efficiently transfer its nuclear spin hyperpolarization to nitrogen-15 in pyridine and nicotinamide (vitamin B(3) amide) by conducting "signal amplification by reversible exchange" (SABRE) at microtesla fields within a magnetic shield. Following transfer of the sample from the magnetic shield chamber to a conventional NMR spectrometer, the (15)N NMR signals for these molecules are enhanced by ∼30,000- and ∼20,000-fold at 9.4 T, corresponding to ∼10% and ∼7% nuclear spin polarization, respectively. This method, dubbed "SABRE in shield enables alignment transfer to heteronuclei" or "SABRE-SHEATH", promises to be a simple, cost-effective way to hyperpolarize heteronuclei. It may be particularly useful for in vivo applications because of longer hyperpolarization lifetimes, lack of background signal, and facile chemical-shift discrimination of different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Milton
L. Truong
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Roman
V. Shchepin
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
888
|
Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Sai V, Bok R, Jen KY, Larson P, Van Criekinge M, Kurhanewicz J, Wang ZJ. Noninvasive in vivo imaging of diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress and response to therapy using hyperpolarized 13C dehydroascorbate magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2015; 64:344-52. [PMID: 25187363 PMCID: PMC4303960 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to be a unifying cause for diabetic nephropathy and a target for novel therapies. Here we apply a new endogenous reduction-oxidation (redox) sensor, hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C dehydroascorbate (DHA), in conjunction with MRI to noninvasively interrogate the renal redox capacity in a mouse diabetes model. The diabetic mice demonstrate an early decrease in renal redox capacity, as shown by the lower in vivo HP (13)C DHA reduction to the antioxidant vitamin C (VitC), prior to histological evidence of nephropathy. This correlates with lower tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and higher NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, consistent with increased superoxide generation and oxidative stress. ACE inhibition restores the HP (13)C DHA reduction to VitC with concomitant normalization of GSH concentration and Nox4 expression in diabetic mice. HP (13)C DHA enables rapid in vivo assessment of altered redox capacity in diabetic renal injury and after successful treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Victor Sai
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peder Larson
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
889
|
Tung JC, Barnes JM, Desai SR, Sistrunk C, Conklin MW, Schedin P, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ, Seewaldt VL, Weaver VM. Tumor mechanics and metabolic dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:269-80. [PMID: 25532934 PMCID: PMC4339308 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Desmosplasia is a characteristic of most solid tumors and leads to fibrosis through abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, remodeling, and posttranslational modifications. The resulting stiff tumor stroma not only compromises vascular integrity to induce hypoxia and impede drug delivery, but also promotes aggressiveness by potentiating the activity of key growth, invasion, and survival pathways. Intriguingly, many of the protumorigenic signaling pathways that are mechanically activated by ECM stiffness also promote glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis, and an altered metabolism is a recognized hallmark of cancer. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations and an abnormal ECM may cooperatively drive cancer cell aggression and treatment resistance. Accordingly, improved methods to monitor tissue mechanics and metabolism promise to improve diagnostics and treatments to ameliorate ECM stiffening and elevated mechanosignaling may improve patient outcome. Here we discuss the interplay between ECM mechanics and metabolism in tumor biology and suggest that monitoring these processes and targeting their regulatory pathways may improve diagnostics, therapy, and the prevention of malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Tung
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Matthew Barnes
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew W Conklin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Laboratory for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patricia J Keely
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
890
|
Khan N, Riggle BA, Seward GK, Bai Y, Dmochowski IJ. Cryptophane-folate biosensor for (129)xe NMR. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:101-9. [PMID: 25438187 PMCID: PMC4306503 DOI: 10.1021/bc5005526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Folate-conjugated cryptophane was developed for targeting cryptophane to membrane-bound folate receptors that are overexpressed in many human cancers. The cryptophane biosensor was synthesized in 20 nonlinear steps, which included functionalization with folate recognition moiety, solubilizing peptide, and Cy3 fluorophore. Hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR studies confirmed xenon binding to the folate-conjugated cryptophane. Cellular internalization of biosensor was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry. Competitive blocking studies confirmed cryptophane endocytosis through a folate receptor-mediated pathway. Flow cytometry revealed 10-fold higher cellular internalization in KB cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors compared to HT-1080 cells with normal folate receptor expression. The biosensor was determined to be nontoxic in HT-1080 and KB cells by MTT assay at low micromolar concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najat
S. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brittany A. Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Garry K. Seward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yubin Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
891
|
Hilty C, Ragavan M. Application of blind source separation to real-time dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1004-8. [PMID: 25506716 DOI: 10.1021/ac503475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of a blind source separation (BSS) algorithm is demonstrated for the analysis of time series of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This type of data is obtained commonly from experiments, where analytes are hyperpolarized using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP), both in in vivo and in vitro contexts. High signal gains in D-DNP enable rapid measurement of data sets characterizing the time evolution of chemical or metabolic processes. BSS is based on an algorithm that can be applied to separate the different components contributing to the NMR signal and determine the time dependence of the signals from these components. This algorithm requires minimal prior knowledge of the data, notably, no reference spectra need to be provided, and can therefore be applied rapidly. In a time-resolved measurement of the enzymatic conversion of hyperpolarized oxaloacetate to malate, the two signal components are separated into computed source spectra that closely resemble the spectra of the individual compounds. An improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the computed source spectra is found compared to the original spectra, presumably resulting from the presence of each signal more than once in the time series. The reconstruction of the original spectra yields the time evolution of the contributions from the two sources, which also corresponds closely to the time evolution of integrated signal intensities from the original spectra. BSS may therefore be an approach for the efficient identification of components and estimation of kinetics in D-DNP experiments, which can be applied at a high level of automation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
892
|
Yamada H, Hasegawa Y, Imai H, Takayama Y, Sugihara F, Matsuda T, Tochio H, Shirakawa M, Sando S, Kimura Y, Toshimitsu A, Aoyama Y, Kondo T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor with a Self-Traceable Phosphorylcholine Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:799-806. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510479v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Yamada
- Advanced
Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of
Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku,
Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department
of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takayama
- Department
of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Department
of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department
of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehito Tochio
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Kimura
- Research
and Educational Unit of Leaders for Integrated Medical System, Center
for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akio Toshimitsu
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Division
of Multidisciplinary Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokanosho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aoyama
- Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku,
Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Kondo
- Advanced
Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of
Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku,
Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
893
|
Marin-Montesinos I, Paniagua JC, Vilaseca M, Urtizberea A, Luis F, Feliz M, Lin F, Van Doorslaer S, Pons M. Self-assembled trityl radical capsules – implications for dynamic nuclear polarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5785-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05225k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The OX63 radical forms supramolecular capsules hosting tetraalkylammonium cations. Extensive self-association is also observed under standard dynamic nuclear polarization conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. Marin-Montesinos
- Biomolecular NMR laboratory
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Barcelona
- Cluster Building, Barcelona Science Park
- 08028 Barcelona
| | - J. C. Paniagua
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
| | - M. Vilaseca
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - A. Urtizberea
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón
- CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - F. Luis
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón
- CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - M. Feliz
- Unitat de RMN
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - F. Lin
- Department of Physics
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk
- Belgium
| | | | - M. Pons
- Biomolecular NMR laboratory
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Barcelona
- Cluster Building, Barcelona Science Park
- 08028 Barcelona
| |
Collapse
|
894
|
Mewis RE, Fekete M, Green GGR, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Deactivation of signal amplification by reversible exchange catalysis, progress towards in vivo application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9857-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalyst which is used in the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process can be rapidly deactivated, thereby lengthening the relaxation time of the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Mewis
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Gary G. R. Green
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
895
|
Chavarria L, Romero-Giménez J, Monteagudo E, Lope-Piedrafita S, Cordoba J. Real-time assessment of ¹³C metabolism reveals an early lactate increase in the brain of rats with acute liver failure. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:17-23. [PMID: 25303736 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial hypertension is a severe complication of acute liver failure (ALF) secondary to brain edema. The pathogenesis of cerebral edema in ALF is not clear, but seems to be related to energy metabolism in which lactate may have an important role. The aim of this study was to follow the synthesis of brain lactate using a novel in vivo metabolic technology in a rat model of ALF. Time-resolved (13) C MRS of hyperpolarized (13) C1 -pyruvate was used to quantitatively follow the in vivo conversion of pyruvate to its substrates in a model of devascularized ALF in rats. Rats with ALF showed a significant increase in the lactate to pyruvate ratio from 36% to 69% during the progression of liver disease relative to rats with portocaval anastomosis. Rats with ALF also showed a significant increase in the alanine to pyruvate ratio from 72% to 95%. These increases were detectable at very early stages (6 h) when animals had no evident disease signs in their behavior (without loss of righting or corneal reflexes). This study shows the dynamic consequences of cerebral in vivo (13) C metabolism at real time in rats with ALF. The early detection of the de novo synthesis of lactate suggests that brain lactate is involved in the physiopathology of ALF. Hyperpolarization is a potential non-invasive technique to follow the in vivo metabolism, and both the development and optimization of (13) C-labeled substrates can clarify the mechanism involved in ALF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Chavarria
- Liver Unit, Hospital Vall Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
896
|
Gutte H, Hansen AE, Henriksen ST, Johannesen HH, Ardenkjaer-Larsen J, Vignaud A, Hansen AE, Børresen B, Klausen TL, Wittekind AMN, Gillings N, Kristensen AT, Clemmensen A, Højgaard L, Kjær A. Simultaneous hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate MRI and (18)F-FDG-PET in cancer (hyperPET): feasibility of a new imaging concept using a clinical PET/MRI scanner. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 5:38-45. [PMID: 25625025 PMCID: PMC4299777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of a new imaging concept - combined hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and (18)F-FDG-PET imaging. This procedure was performed in a clinical PET/MRI scanner with a canine cancer patient. We have named this concept hyper PET. Intravenous injection of the hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate results in an increase of (13)C-lactate, (13)C-alanine and (13)C-CO2 ((13)C-HCO3) resonance peaks relative to the tissue, disease and the metabolic state probed. Accordingly, with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and use of (13)C-pyruvate it is now possible to directly study the Warburg Effect through the rate of conversion of (13)C-pyruvate to (13)C-lactate. In this study, we combined it with (18)F-FDG-PET that studies uptake of glucose in the cells. A canine cancer patient with a histology verified local recurrence of a liposarcoma on the right forepaw was imaged using a combined PET/MR clinical scanner. PET was performed as a single-bed, 10 min acquisition, 107 min post injection of 310 MBq (18)F-FDG. (13)C-chemical shift imaging (CSI) was performed just after FDG-PET and 30 s post injection of 23 mL hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate. Peak heights of (13)C-pyruvate and (13)C-lactate were quantified using a general linear model. Anatomic (1)H-MRI included axial and coronal T1 vibe, coronal T2-tse and axial T1-tse with fat saturation following gadolinium injection. In the tumor we found clearly increased (13)C-lactate production, which also corresponded to high (18)F-FDG uptake on PET. This is in agreement with the fact that glycolysis and production of lactate are increased in tumor cells compared to normal cells. Yet, most interestingly, also in the muscle of the forepaw of the dog high (18)F-FDG uptake was observed. This was due to activity in these muscles prior to anesthesia, which was not accompanied by a similarly high (13)C-lactate production. Accordingly, this clearly demonstrates how the Warburg Effect directly can be demonstrated by hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate MRSI. This was not possible with (18)F-FDG-PET imaging due to inability to discriminate between causes of increased glucose uptake. We propose that this new concept of simultaneous hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate MRSI and PET may be highly valuable for image-based non-invasive phenotyping of tumors. This methods may be useful for treatment planning and therapy monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gutte
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark ; Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Adam E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sarah T Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark ; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helle H Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jan Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark ; GE Healthcare Brøndby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders E Hansen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Denmark ; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark Denmark
| | - Betina Børresen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette N Wittekind
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Clemmensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark ; Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Liselotte Højgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark ; Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
897
|
Laustsen C, Lipsø K, Ostergaard JA, Nørregaard R, Flyvbjerg A, Pedersen M, Palm F, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH. Insufficient insulin administration to diabetic rats increases substrate utilization and maintains lactate production in the kidney. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12233. [PMID: 25501426 PMCID: PMC4332212 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Good glycemic control is crucial to prevent the onset and progression of late diabetic complications, but insulin treatment often fails to achieve normalization of glycemic control to the level seen in healthy controls. In fact, recent experimental studies indicate that insufficient treatment with insulin, resulting in poor glycemic control, has an additional effect on progression of late diabetic complications, than poor glycemic control on its own. We therefore compared renal metabolic alterations during conditions of poor glycemic control with and without suboptimal insulin administration, which did not restore glycemic control, to streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic rats using noninvasive hyperpolarized 13C‐pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) 1H‐MRI to determine renal metabolic flux and oxygen availability, respectively. Suboptimal insulin administration increased pyruvate utilization and metabolic flux via both anaerobic and aerobic pathways in diabetic rats even though insulin did not affect kidney oxygen availability, HbA1c, or oxidative stress. These results imply direct effects of insulin in the regulation of cellular substrate utilization and metabolic fluxes during conditions of poor glycemic control. The study demonstrates that poor glycemic control in combination with suboptimal insulin administration accelerates metabolic alterations by increasing both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism resulting in increased utilization of energy substrates. The results demonstrate the importance of tight glycemic control in insulinopenic diabetes, and that insulin, when administered insufficiently, adds an additional burden on top of poor glycemic control. This work describes the metabolic changes associated with insufficient insulin administration in the type 1 diabetic rat kidney, showing that poor glycemic control with insufficient insulin administration, has an cumulative effect on the development of late diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lipsø
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Appel Ostergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Danish Diabetes Academy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Danish Diabetes Academy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark GE Healthcare, Broendby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
898
|
Abstract
The past century has witnessed accelerated development in imaging modalities. Better anatomical visualisation and improved data analysis have improved survival rates. Through emerging functional, molecular and structural imaging modalities, better anatomical visualisation has been extended to cellular and molecular detail, improving diagnosis and management of diseases. This article reviews the advances made in emerging imaging modalities as well as their potential applications in targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean S Z Lee
- Radiology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fergus V Gleeson
- Radiology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
899
|
Kadlecek S, Shaghaghi H, Siddiqi S, Profka H, Pourfathi M, Rizi R. The effect of exogenous substrate concentrations on true and apparent metabolism of hyperpolarized pyruvate in the isolated perfused lung. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1557-1570. [PMID: 25330438 PMCID: PMC4342041 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although relatively metabolically inactive, the lung has an important role in maintaining systemic glycolytic intermediate and cytosolic redox balance. Failure to perform this function appropriately may lead to lung disease progression, including systemic aspects of these disorders. In this study, we experimentally probe the response of the isolated, perfused organ to varying glycolytic intermediate (pyruvate and lactate) concentrations, and the effect on the apparent metabolism of hyperpolarized 1-(13)C pyruvate. Twenty-four separate conditions were studied, from sub-physiological to super-physiological concentrations of each metabolite. A three-compartment model is developed, which accurately matches the full range of experiments and includes a full account of evolution of agent concentration and polarization. The model is then refined using a series of approximations which are shown to be applicable to cases of physiological relevance, and which facilitate an intuitive understanding of the saturation and scaling behavior. Perturbations of the model assumptions are used to determine the sensitivity to input parameter estimates, and finally the model is used to examine the relationship between measurements accessible by NMR and the underlying physiological parameters of interest. Based on the observed scaling of lactate labeling with lactate and pyruvate concentrations, we conclude that the level of hyperpolarized lactate signal in the lung is primarily determined by the rate at which NAD(+) is reduced to NADH. Further, although weak dependences on other factors are predicted, the modeled NAD(+) reduction rate is largely governed by the intracellular lactate pool size. Conditions affecting the lactate pool can therefore be expected to display the highest contrast in hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate imaging. The work is intended to serve as a basis both to interpret the signal dynamics of hyperpolarized measurements in the normal lung and to understand the cause of alterations seen in a variety of disease and exposure models.
Collapse
|
900
|
Multiparametric MRI for localized prostate cancer: lesion detection and staging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:684127. [PMID: 25525600 PMCID: PMC4266765 DOI: 10.1155/2014/684127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiparametric MRI of the prostate combines high-resolution anatomic imaging with functional imaging of alterations in normal tissue caused by neoplastic transformation for the identification and characterization of in situ prostate cancer. Lesion detection relies on a systematic approach to the analysis of both anatomic and functional imaging using established criteria for the delineation of suspicious areas. Staging includes visual and functional analysis of the prostate "capsule" to determine if in situ disease is, in fact, organ-confined, as well as the evaluation of pelvic structures including lymph nodes and bones for the detection of metastasis. Although intertwined, the protocol can be optimized depending on whether lesion detection or staging is of the highest priority.
Collapse
|