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Swerdlow RH. The mitochondrial hypothesis: Dysfunction, bioenergetic defects, and the metabolic link to Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:207-233. [PMID: 32739005 PMCID: PMC8493961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) features mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism. Other pathologies could drive these changes, or alternatively these changes could drive other pathologies. In considering this question, it is worth noting that perturbed AD patient mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction extend beyond the brain and to some extent define a systemic phenotype. It is difficult to attribute this systemic phenotype to brain beta-amyloid or tau proteins. Conversely, mitochondria increasingly appear to play a critical role in cell proteostasis, which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may promote protein aggregation. Mitochondrial and metabolism-related characteristics also define AD endophenotypes in cognitively normal middle-aged individuals, which suggests that mitochondrial and metabolism-related AD characteristics precede clinical decline. Genetic analyses increasingly implicate mitochondria and metabolism-relevant genes in AD risk. Collectively these factors suggest that mitochondria are more relevant to the causes of AD than its consequences, and support the view that a mitochondrial cascade features prominently in AD. This chapter reviews the case for mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction in AD and the challenges of proving that a primary mitochondrial cascade is pertinent to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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Gupta S, Singhal NK, Ganesh S, Sandhir R. Extending Arms of Insulin Resistance from Diabetes to Alzheimer's Disease: Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:172-184. [PMID: 30430949 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181114163515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Type 3 diabetes (T3D) is chronic insulin resistant state of brain which shares pathology with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Insulin signaling is a highly conserved pathway in the living systems that orchestrate cell growth, repair, maintenance, energy homeostasis and reproduction. Although insulin is primarily studied as a key molecule in diabetes mellitus, its role has recently been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Severe complications in brain of diabetic patients and metabolically compromised status is evident in brain of AD patients. Underlying shared pathology of two disorders draws a trajectory from peripheral insulin resistance to insulin unresponsiveness in the central nervous system (CNS). As insulin has a pivotal role in AD, it is not an overreach to address diabetic condition in AD brain as T3D. Insulin signaling is indispensable to nervous system and it is vital for neuronal growth, repair, and maintenance of chemical milieu at synapses. Downstream mediators of insulin signaling pathway work as a regulatory hub for aggregation and clearance of unfolded proteins like Aβ and tau. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the regulatory roles of insulin as a pivotal molecule in brain with the understanding of defective insulin signaling as a key pathological mechanism in sAD. This article also highlights ongoing trials of targeting insulin signaling as a therapeutic manifestation to treat diabetic condition in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Wang W, Zhao F, Ma X, Perry G, Zhu X. Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: recent advances. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:30. [PMID: 32471464 PMCID: PMC7257174 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by impaired cognitive function due to progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Under the microscope, neuronal accumulation of abnormal tau proteins and amyloid plaques are two pathological hallmarks in affected brain regions. Although the detailed mechanism of the pathogenesis of AD is still elusive, a large body of evidence suggests that damaged mitochondria likely play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of AD. It is believed that a healthy pool of mitochondria not only supports neuronal activity by providing enough energy supply and other related mitochondrial functions to neurons, but also guards neurons by minimizing mitochondrial related oxidative damage. In this regard, exploration of the multitude of mitochondrial mechanisms altered in the pathogenesis of AD constitutes novel promising therapeutic targets for the disease. In this review, we will summarize recent progress that underscores the essential role of mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD and discuss mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction with a focus on the loss of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity in AD including mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, axonal transport, ER-mitochondria interaction, mitophagy and mitochondrial proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaopin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Di Fonzo A, Corti S, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Masliah E. The Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Lesson from Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2959-2980. [PMID: 32445085 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is still widely unclear, various mechanisms have been proposed and several pieces of evidence are supportive for an important role of mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role of mitochondria in the two most common neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial involvement in AD is supported by clinical features like reduced glucose and oxygen brain metabolism and by numerous microscopic and molecular findings, including altered mitochondrial morphology, impaired respiratory chain function, and altered mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction seem to be bi-directionally correlated. Mitochondria have an even more remarkable role in PD. Several hints show that respiratory chain activity, in particular complex I, is impaired in the disease. Mitochondrial DNA alterations, involving deletions, point mutations, depletion, and altered maintenance, have been described. Mutations in genes directly implicated in mitochondrial functioning (like Parkin and PINK1) are responsible for rare genetic forms of the disease. A close connection between alpha-synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed. Finally, mitochondria are involved also in atypical parkinsonisms, in particular multiple system atrophy. The available knowledge is still not sufficient to clearly state whether mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in the very initial stages of these diseases or is secondary to other phenomena. However, the presented data strongly support the hypothesis that whatever the initial cause of neurodegeneration is, mitochondrial impairment has a critical role in maintaining and fostering the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Khurana Laboratory, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yoo SM, Park J, Kim SH, Jung YK. Emerging perspectives on mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31818363 PMCID: PMC6999830 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.1.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enduring diverse insults, mitochondria maintain normal functions through mitochondrial quality control. However, the failure of mitochondrial quality control resulting from excess damage and mechanical defects causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to various human diseases. Recent studies have reported that mitochondrial defects are found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and worsen AD symptoms. In AD pathogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction-driven generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their contribution to neuronal damage has been widely studied. In contrast, studies on mitochondrial dysfunction-associated inflammatory responses have been relatively scarce. Moreover, ROS produced upon failure of mitochondrial quality control may be linked to the inflammatory response and influence the progression of AD. Thus, this review will focus on inflammatory pathways that are associated with and initiated through defective mitochondria and will summarize recent progress on the role of mitochondria-mediated inflammation in AD. We will also discuss how reducing mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated inflammation could affect AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Garabadu D, Agrawal N, Sharma A, Sharma S. Mitochondrial metabolism: a common link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:642-652. [PMID: 31625975 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been considered as a growing health concern for decades. Increasing risk of neurodegenerative disorders creates a socioeconomic burden to both patients and care givers. Mitochondria are organelle that are involved in both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. There are few reports on the effect of mitochondrial metabolism on the progress of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Therefore, the present review summarizes the potential contribution of mitochondrial metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, there its potential contribution in other neurodegenerative disorders is as yet unproven. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier and pyruvate dehydrogenase can modulate mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism to attenuate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Further, it has been observed that the mitochondrial citric acid cycle can regulate the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Additional research should be undertaken to target tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes to minimize the progress of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It has also been observed that the mitochondrial urea cycle can potentially contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, targeting this pathway may control the mitochondrial dysfunction-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the mitochondrial malate-aspartate shuttle could be another target to control mitochondrial dysfunction-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Foolad F, Khodagholi F, Nabavi SM, Javan M. Changes in mitochondrial function in patients with neuromyelitis optica; correlations with motor and cognitive disabilities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230691. [PMID: 32214385 PMCID: PMC7098571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that mainly affects optic nerves and spinal cord. Besides, loss of motor and cognitive function has been reported as important symptoms of disease. Objective Here we investigated the mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic alterations in NMO patients and evaluate their correlation with disease progress, disability and cognitive impairment. Methods The individuals (12 controls and 12 NMO) were assessed for disease severity by expanded disease status scale (EDSS), cognitive function via symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and fine motor disability by 9-hole peg test (9-HPT). We have measured Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), SIRT3, mitochondrial complex I, complex IV, aconitase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGD) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, SIRT1, pyruvate, lactate and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were determined in plasma. Results Our results exhibited increased 9-HPT time in NMO patients. 9-HPT results correlated with EDSS; and SDMT negatively correlated with disease duration and number of attacks in patients. Investigation of PBMCs of NMO patients exhibited a decrease of mitochondrial complex I and IV activity that was significant for complex IV. Besides, complex I activity was negatively correlated with 9-HPT time in NMO group. In the plasma samples, a correlation between pyruvate to lactate ratio and EDSS in NMO patients was found and a negative correlation between Cyt c concentration and SDMT was detected. Conclusion Our data support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction occurred in the CNS and the peripheral blood may contribute to disease progress, disability level and the cognitive impairment in NMO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Foolad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Massood Nabavi
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Dobolyi A, Bago A, Palkovits M, Nemeria NS, Jordan F, Doczi J, Ambrus A, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Exclusive neuronal detection of KGDHC-specific subunits in the adult human brain cortex despite pancellular protein lysine succinylation. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:639-667. [PMID: 31982949 PMCID: PMC7046601 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) consists of three different subunits encoded by OGDH (or OGDHL), DLST, and DLD, combined in different stoichiometries. DLD subunit is shared between KGDHC and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, and the glycine cleavage system. Despite KGDHC's implication in neurodegenerative diseases, cell-specific localization of its subunits in the adult human brain has never been investigated. Here, we show that immunoreactivity of all known isoforms of OGDHL, OGDH, and DLST was detected exclusively in neurons of surgical human cortical tissue samples identified by their morphology and visualized by double labeling with fluorescent Nissl, while being absent from glia expressing GFAP, Aldhl1, myelin basic protein, Olig2, or IBA1. In contrast, DLD immunoreactivity was evident in both neurons and glia. Specificity of anti-KGDHC subunits antisera was verified by a decrease in staining of siRNA-treated human cancer cell lines directed against the respective coding gene products; furthermore, immunoreactivity of KGDHC subunits in human fibroblasts co-localized > 99% with mitotracker orange, while western blotting of 63 post-mortem brain samples and purified recombinant proteins afforded further assurance regarding antisera monospecificity. KGDHC subunit immunoreactivity correlated with data from the Human Protein Atlas as well as RNA-Seq data from the Allen Brain Atlas corresponding to genes coding for KGDHC components. Protein lysine succinylation, however, was immunohistochemically evident in all cortical cells; this was unexpected, because this posttranslational modification requires succinyl-CoA, the product of KGDHC. In view of the fact that glia of the human brain cortex lack succinate-CoA ligase, an enzyme producing succinyl-CoA when operating in reverse, protein lysine succinylation in these cells must exclusively rely on propionate and/or ketone body metabolism or some other yet to be discovered pathway encompassing succinyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila Bago
- National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest, 1145, Hungary
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Natalia S Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102-1811, USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102-1811, USA
| | - Judit Doczi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
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Gibson GE, Luchsinger JA, Cirio R, Chen H, Franchino-Elder J, Hirsch JA, Bettendorff L, Chen Z, Flowers SA, Gerber LM, Grandville T, Schupf N, Xu H, Stern Y, Habeck C, Jordan B, Fonzetti P. Benfotiamine and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase IIa Clinical Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:989-1010. [PMID: 33074237 PMCID: PMC7880246 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical models, benfotiamine efficiently ameliorates the clinical and biological pathologies that define Alzheimer's disease (AD) including impaired cognition, amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, diminished glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, increased advanced glycation end products (AGE), and inflammation. OBJECTIVE To collect preliminary data on feasibility, safety, and efficacy in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or mild dementia due to AD in a placebo-controlled trial of benfotiamine. METHODS A twelve-month treatment with benfotiamine tested whether clinical decline would be delayed in the benfotiamine group compared to the placebo group. The primary clinical outcome was the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog). Secondary outcomes were the clinical dementia rating (CDR) score and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, measured with brain positron emission tomography (PET). Blood AGE were examined as an exploratory outcome. RESULTS Participants were treated with benfotiamine (34) or placebo (36). Benfotiamine treatment was safe. The increase in ADAS-Cog was 43% lower in the benfotiamine group than in the placebo group, indicating less cognitive decline, and this effect was nearly statistically significant (p = 0.125). Worsening in CDR was 77% lower (p = 0.034) in the benfotiamine group compared to the placebo group, and this effect was stronger in the APOEɛ4 non-carriers. Benfotiamine significantly reduced increases in AGE (p = 0.044), and this effect was stronger in the APOEɛ4 non-carriers. Exploratory analysis derivation of an FDG PET pattern score showed a treatment effect at one year (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Oral benfotiamine is safe and potentially efficacious in improving cognitive outcomes among persons with MCI and mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E. Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - José A. Luchsinger
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A. Hirsch
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
- Burke Rehabilitation Hospital, White Plains, NY, USA
- Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucien Bettendorff
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A. Flowers
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Linda M. Gerber
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicole Schupf
- Mailman School of Public Health, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, GH Sergievsky Center, the Taub Institute for the Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Habeck
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry Jordan
- Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pasquale Fonzetti
- Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY; Westmed Medical Group White Plains NY
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Pereira CF, Santos AE, Moreira PI, Pereira AC, Sousa FJ, Cardoso SM, Cruz MT. Is Alzheimer's disease an inflammasomopathy? Ageing Res Rev 2019; 56:100966. [PMID: 31577960 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and, despite the tremendous efforts researchers have put into AD research, there are no effective options for prevention and treatment of the disease. The best way to reach this goal is to clarify the mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of AD. In the last few years the views about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays it is believed that neuroinflammation takes center stage in disease pathogenesis. Herein, we provide an overview about the role of neuroinflammation in AD describing the role of microglia and astroglia is this process. Then, we will debate the NLRP3 inflammasome putting the focus on its activation through the canonical, non-canonical and alternative pathways and the triggers involved herein namely endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species and amyloid β peptide. Data supporting the hypothesis that inflammasome-mediated peripheral inflammation may contribute to AD pathology will be presented. Finally, a brief discussion about the therapeutic potential of NLRP3 inflammasome modulation is also provided.
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Wongkittichote P, Cunningham G, Summar ML, Pumbo E, Forny P, Baumgartner MR, Chapman KA. Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities in a mouse model of methylmalonic aciduria. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:444-451. [PMID: 31648943 PMCID: PMC6903684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a propionate pathway disorder caused by dysfunction of the mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). MMUT catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, an anaplerotic reaction which feeds into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As part of the pathological mechanisms of MMA, previous studies have suggested there is decreased TCA activity due to a "toxic inhibition" of TCA cycle enzymes by MMA related metabolites, in addition to reduced anaplerosis. Here, we have utilized mitochondria isolated from livers of a mouse model of MMA (Mut-ko/ki) and their littermate controls (Ki/wt) to examine the amounts and enzyme functions of most of the TCA cycle enzymes. We have performed mRNA quantification, protein semi-quantitation, and enzyme activity quantification for TCA cycle enzymes in these samples. Expression profiling showed increased mRNA levels of fumarate hydratase in the Mut-ko/ki samples, which by contrast had reduced protein levels as detected by immunoblot, while all other mRNA levels were unaltered. Immunoblotting also revealed decreased protein levels of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase 2. Interesting, the decreased protein amount of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was reflected in decreased activity for this enzyme while there is a trend towards decreased activity of fumarate hydratase and malate dehydrogenase 2. Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2/3, succinyl-CoA synthase, and succinate dehydrogenase are not statistically different in terms of quantity of enzyme or activity. Finally, we found decreased activity when examining the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in series with succinate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase in the Mut-ko/ki mice compared to their littermate controls, as expected. This study demonstrates decreased activity of certain TCA cycle enzymes and by corollary decreased TCA cycle function, but it supports decreased protein quantity rather than "toxic inhibition" as the underlying mechanism of action. SUMMARY: Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an inborn metabolic disorder of propionate catabolism. In this disorder, toxic metabolites are considered to be the major pathogenic mechanism for acute and long-term complications. However, despite optimized therapies aimed at reducing metabolite levels, patients continue to suffer from late complications, including metabolic stroke and renal insufficiency. Since the propionate pathway feeds into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, we investigated TCA cycle function in a constitutive MMA mouse model. We demonstrated decreased amounts of the TCA enzymes, Mdh2 and Ogdh as semi-quantified by immunoblot. Enzymatic activity of Ogdh is also decreased in the MMA mouse model compared to controls. Thus, when the enzyme amounts are decreased, we see the enzymatic activity also decreased to a similar extent for Ogdh. Further studies to elucidate the structural and/or functional links between the TCA cycle and propionate pathways might lead to new treatment approaches for MMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Children's National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary Cunningham
- Children's National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States
| | - Marshall L Summar
- Children's National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States
| | - Elena Pumbo
- Children's National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States
| | - Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, The Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; The radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, the Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, The Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; The radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, the Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kimberly A Chapman
- Children's National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States.
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Chakravorty A, Jetto CT, Manjithaya R. Dysfunctional Mitochondria and Mitophagy as Drivers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:311. [PMID: 31824296 PMCID: PMC6880761 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized post-mitotic cells that are inherently dependent on mitochondria owing to their high bioenergetic demand. Mitochondrial dysfunction is therefore associated with various age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), wherein accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria has been reported as an early symptom further contributing to disease progression. In AD, impairment of mitochondrial function causes bioenergetic deficiency, intracellular calcium imbalance and oxidative stress, thereby aggravating the effect of Aβ and tau pathologies, leading to synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment and memory loss. Although there are reports suggesting intricate parallelism between mitochondrial dysfunction and AD pathologies such as Aβ aggregation and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation, the factors that drive the pathogenesis of either are unclear. In addition, emerging evidence suggest that mitochondrial quality control (QC) mechanisms such as mitophagy are impaired in AD. As an important mitochondrial QC mechanism, mitophagy plays a critical role in maintaining neuronal health and function. Studies show that various proteins involved in mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial biogenesis are affected in AD. Compromised mitophagy may also be attributed to impairment in autophagosome-lysosome fusion and defects in lysosomal acidification. Therapeutic interventions aiming to restore mitophagy functions can be used as a strategy for ameliorating AD pathogenesis. Recent evidence implicates the role of microglial activation via mitophagy induction in reducing amyloid plaque load. This review summarizes the current developments in the field of mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Chakravorty
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Cuckoo Teresa Jetto
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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Prejanò M, Medina FE, Fernandes PA, Russo N, Ramos MJ, Marino T. The Catalytic Mechanism of Human Transketolase. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2881-2886. [PMID: 31489766 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have computationally determined the catalytic mechanism of human transketolase (hTK) using a cluster model approach and density functional theory calculations. We were able to determine all the relevant structures, bringing solid evidences to the proposed experimental mechanism, and to add important detail to the structure of the transition states and the energy profile associated with catalysis. Furthermore, we have established the existence of a crucial intermediate of the catalytic cycle, in agreement with experiments. The calculated data brought new insights to hTK's catalytic mechanism, providing free-energy values for the chemical reaction, as well as adding atomistic detail to the experimental mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Ponte Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Fabiola Estefany Medina
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Ponte Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Joao Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Ponte Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Chang CY, Liang MZ, Chen L. Current progress of mitochondrial transplantation that promotes neuronal regeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:17. [PMID: 31210929 PMCID: PMC6567446 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and play an essential role in a plethora of physiological functions, including the regulation of metabolism and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Mutations of mitochondrial DNA, proteins and impaired mitochondrial function have been implicated in the neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and injury of the central nervous system (CNS). The dynamic feature of mitochondrial fusion, fission, trafficking and turnover have also been documented in these diseases. Perspectives A major bottleneck of traditional approach to correct mitochondria-related disorders is the difficulty of drugs or gene targeting agents to arrive at specific sub-compartments of mitochondria. Moreover, the diverse nature of mitochondrial mutations among patients makes it impossible to develop one drug for one disease. To this end, mitochondrial transplantation presents a new paradigm of therapeutic intervention that benefits neuronal survival and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and CNS injury. Supplement of healthy mitochondria to damaged neurons has been reported to promote neuronal viability, activity and neurite re-growth. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advance and development on mitochondrial therapy. Conclusion Key parameters for the success of mitochondrial transplantation depend on the source and quality of isolated mitochondria, delivery protocol, and cellular uptake of supplemented mitochondria. To expedite clinical application of the mitochondrial transplantation, current isolation protocol needs optimization to obtain high percentage of functional mitochondria, isolated mitochondria may be packaged by biomaterials for successful delivery to brain allowing for efficient neuronal uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yuan Chang
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Min-Zong Liang
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan.,2Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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Abstract
Decades of research indicate mitochondria from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients differ from those of non-AD individuals. Initial studies revealed structural differences, and subsequent studies showed functional deficits. Observations of structure and function changes prompted investigators to consider the consequences, significance, and causes of AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Currently, extensive research argues mitochondria may mediate, drive, or contribute to a variety of AD pathologies. The perceived significance of these mitochondrial changes continues to grow, and many currently believe AD mitochondrial dysfunction represents a reasonable therapeutic target. Debate continues over the origin of AD mitochondrial changes. Some argue amyloid-β (Aβ) induces AD mitochondrial dysfunction, a view that does not challenge the amyloid cascade hypothesis and that may in fact help explain that hypothesis. Alternatively, data indicate mitochondrial dysfunction exists independent of Aβ, potentially lies upstream of Aβ deposition, and suggest a primary mitochondrial cascade hypothesis that assumes mitochondrial pathology hierarchically supersedes Aβ pathology. Mitochondria, therefore, appear at least to mediate or possibly even initiate pathologic molecular cascades in AD. This review considers studies and data that inform this area of AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center and Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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66
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Aldana BI. Microglia-Specific Metabolic Changes in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1830-1842. [PMID: 30878483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The high energetic demand of the brain deems this organ rather sensitive to changes in energy supply. Therefore, even minor alterations in energy metabolism may underlie detrimental disturbances in brain function, contributing to the generation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Considerable evidence supports the key role of deficits in cerebral energy metabolism, particularly hypometabolism of glucose and mitochondrial dysfunction, in the pathophysiology of brain disorders. Major breakthroughs in the field of bioenergetics and neurodegeneration have been achieved through the use of in vitro and in vivo models of disease as well as sophisticated neuroimaging techniques in patients, yet these have been mainly focused on neuron and astrocyte function. Remarkably, the subcellular metabolic mechanisms linked to neurodegeneration that operate in other crucial brain cell types such as microglia have remain obscured, although they are beginning to be unraveled. Microglia, the brain-resident immune sentinels, perform a diverse range of functions that require a high-energy expenditure, namely, their role in brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and infection, and activation of repair programs. Interestingly, another key mechanism underlying several neurodegenerative diseases is neuroinflammation, which can be associated with chronic microglia activation. Considering that many brain disorders are accompanied by changes in brain energy metabolism and sustained inflammation, and that energy metabolism has a strong influence on the inflammatory responses of microglia, the emerging significance of microglial energy metabolism in neurodegeneration is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pourhassan M, Angersbach B, Lueg G, Klimek CN, Wirth R. Blood Thiamine Level and Cognitive Function in Older Hospitalized Patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2019; 32:90-96. [PMID: 30572755 DOI: 10.1177/0891988718819862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We sought to identify any association between whole blood thiamine level and functional status in older hospitalized patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed the results of routine measurements of whole blood thiamine levels of 233 older patients who were consecutively hospitalized to a geriatric acute care ward. Nutritional status, depression, and the participants' cognitive impairment were evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, Depression in Old Age Scale, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, respectively. Activities of daily living were determined using Barthel Index (BI) on admission and at the time of discharge. Diagnoses of dementia and delirium were derived from the patients' medical records. RESULTS Of 233 participants (mean age 82.1 [7.1]), 47.0% and 39.0% were at risk of malnutrition and malnourished, respectively. There was no thiamine deficiency (<20 ng/mL) in total population. Nearly all patients (95%) were screened with impaired cognitive function, in which 36% and 9% had the diagnosis of dementia and delirium, respectively. Patients with dementia (P = .040) and delirium (P = .002) demonstrated lower mean thiamine blood levels compared to patients without. Mean blood vitamin B1 was higher in patients with functional recovery (change in BI ≥5 points during hospitalization; P = .018). In a binary logistic regression analysis, blood vitamin B1, weight loss, and female gender were the major independent risk factors for delirium but not for dementia. CONCLUSION Despite the absence of thiamine deficiency, whole blood thiamine was lower in patients with dementia and delirium compared to those without. Higher thiamine levels were significantly associated with functional recovery during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhassan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bjoern Angersbach
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gero Lueg
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christiane Nicola Klimek
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Zhao L, Cheng X, Zhong C. Implications of Successful Symptomatic Treatment in Parkinson's Disease for Therapeutic Strategies of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:922-930. [PMID: 30474958 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and lacks effective treatment to improve the prognosis for patients. Symptomatic treatment for AD mainly includes two categories: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (memantine). They cannot significantly improve the quality of life and extend survival time for AD patients. Worse, almost all clinical trials for disease-modifying drugs have failed, and the reduction of brain β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition by multiple approaches, including inhibitors of β- or γ-secretase, vaccines, and antibodies against Aβ deposition, was found to have little effect on AD progression. A new therapeutic strategy for AD is urgently needed. Parkinson's disease also is a neurodegenerative disease having no effective treatment for modifying the disease. Nevertheless, successful symptomatic treatment using the combined therapies of l-DOPA supplement and modulators of l-DOPA metabolism greatly improves the prognosis for PD patients; the average survival time of the patient has been extended from 3-4 years to 10-15 years although dopaminergic neurons are still progressively decreasing. This provides useful implications for AD therapeutic strategies. AD patients manifest global cognitive decline, prominently represented by memory deficit, especially in the early stages of the disease. Further, the degree of decreased cognitive abilities correlates with cholinergic dysfunction and the hypometabolism of glucose, the dominant energy fuel for brain. Thus, the amelioration of brain cholinergic function and brain energy metabolism may be effective treatment to improve cognitive abilities of AD patients. Here, we highlighted the explorations of symptomatic therapeutics through modulating brain cholinergic function and energy metabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200111, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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69
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Deshpande GP, Patterton HG, Faadiel Essop M. The human transketolase-like proteins TKTL1 and TKTL2 are bona fide transketolases. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30646877 PMCID: PMC6334435 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-018-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Three transketolase genes have been identified in the human genome to date: transketolase (TKT), transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) and transketolase-like 2 (TKTL2). Altered TKT functionality is strongly implicated in the development of diabetes and various cancers, thus offering possible therapeutic utility. It will be of great value to know whether TKTL1 and TKTL2 are, similarly, potential therapeutic targets. However, it remains unclear whether TKTL1 and TKTL2 are functional transketolases. Results Homology modelling of TKTL1 and TKTL2 using TKT as template, revealed that both TKTL1 and TKTL2 could assume a folded structure like TKT. TKTL1/2 presented a cleft of suitable dimensions between the homodimer surfaces that could accommodate the co-factor-substrate. An appropriate cavity and a hydrophobic nodule were also present in TKTL1/2, into which the diphosphate group fitted, and that was implicated in aminopyrimidine and thiazole ring binding in TKT, respectively. The presence of several identical residues at structurally equivalent positions in TKTL1/2 and TKT identified a network of interactions between the protein and co-factor-substrate, suggesting the functional fidelity of TKTL1/2 as transketolases. Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that TKTL1 and TKTL2 are functional transketolases and represent novel therapeutic targets for diabetes and cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-018-0099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang P Deshpande
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Room 2005, Mike De Vries Building, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Hugh-George Patterton
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Room 2005, Mike De Vries Building, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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Chornenkyy Y, Wang W, Wei A, Nelson PT. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:3-17. [PMID: 30106209 PMCID: PMC6427919 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent aging-related diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Some findings in human and animal models have linked T2DM to AD-type dementia. Despite epidemiological associations between the T2DM and cognitive impairment, the interrelational mechanisms are unclear. The preponderance of evidence in longitudinal studies with autopsy confirmation have indicated that vascular mechanisms, rather than classic AD-type pathologies, underlie the cognitive decline often seen in self-reported T2DM. T2DM is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and is associated with increased risk of infarcts and small vessel disease in the brain and other organs. Neuropathological examinations of post-mortem brains demonstrated evidence of cerebrovascular disease and little to no correlation between T2DM and β-amyloid deposits or neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, the mechanisms upstream of early AD-specific pathology remain obscure. In this regard, there may indeed be overlap between the pathologic mechanisms of T2DM/"metabolic syndrome," and AD. More specifically, cerebral insulin processing, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, and/or lipid metabolism could be altered in patients in early AD and directly influence symptomatology and/or neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wang‐Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Angela Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
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Yu Q, Liu H, Sang S, Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhong C. Thiamine deficiency contributes to synapse and neural circuit defects. Biol Res 2018; 51:35. [PMID: 30231926 PMCID: PMC6145320 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The previous studies have demonstrated the reduction of thiamine diphosphate is specific to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and causal factor of brain glucose hypometabolism, which is considered as a neurodegenerative index of AD and closely correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment. The reduction of thiamine diphosphate may contribute to the dysfunction of synapses and neural circuits, finally leading to cognitive decline. RESULTS To demonstrate this hypothesis, we established abnormalities in the glucose metabolism utilizing thiamine deficiency in vitro and in vivo, and we found dramatically reduced dendrite spine density. We further detected lowered excitatory neurotransmission and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation, which are induced by TPK RNAi in vitro. Importantly, via treatment with benfotiamine, Aβ induced spines density decrease was considerably ameliorated. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that thiamine deficiency contributed to synaptic dysfunction which strongly related to AD pathogenesis. Our results provide new insights into pathogenesis of synaptic and neuronal dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujian Yu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shaoming Sang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lulan Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yingya Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Tapias V, Jainuddin S, Ahuja M, Stack C, Elipenahli C, Vignisse J, Gerges M, Starkova N, Xu H, Starkov AA, Bettendorff L, Hushpulian DM, Smirnova NA, Gazaryan IG, Kaidery NA, Wakade S, Calingasan NY, Thomas B, Gibson GE, Dumont M, Beal MF. Benfotiamine treatment activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway and is neuroprotective in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2874-2892. [PMID: 29860433 PMCID: PMC6077804 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired glucose metabolism, decreased levels of thiamine and its phosphate esters, and reduced activity of thiamine-dependent enzymes, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and transketolase occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thiamine deficiency exacerbates amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress. Benfotiamine (BFT) rescued cognitive deficits and reduced Aβ burden in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 mice. In this study, we examined whether BFT confers neuroprotection against tau phosphorylation and the generation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the P301S mouse model of tauopathy. Chronic dietary treatment with BFT increased lifespan, improved behavior, reduced glycated tau, decreased NFTs and prevented death of motor neurons. BFT administration significantly ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and attenuated oxidative damage and inflammation. We found that BFT and its metabolites (but not thiamine) trigger the expression of Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes in mouse brain as well as in wild-type but not Nrf2-deficient fibroblasts. Active metabolites were more potent in activating the Nrf2 target genes than the parent molecule BFT. Docking studies showed that BFT and its metabolites (but not thiamine) bind to Keap1 with high affinity. These findings demonstrate that BFT activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diseases with tau pathology, such as AD, frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tapias
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shari Jainuddin
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cliona Stack
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ceyhan Elipenahli
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julie Vignisse
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Meri Gerges
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalia Starkova
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucien Bettendorff
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Dmitry M Hushpulian
- D. Rogachev Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Veropharm, Abbott EPD, 115088 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya A Smirnova
- D. Rogachev Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina G Gazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
- Department of Enzymology, School of Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Navneet A Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sushama Wakade
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Noel Y Calingasan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Magali Dumont
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Basavan D, Chalichem NSS, Kumar MKS. Phytoconstituents and their Possible Mechanistic Profile for Alzheimer's Disease - A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:263-291. [PMID: 30101703 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180813095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an associated part of life without which livelihood of a human being becomes miserable. As the global aged population is increasing tremendously, time has come to concentrate on tail end life stage diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases whose origin is enigmatic, having an impact on later stage of life drastically due to irreparable damage of cognition, characterised by the presence of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyper phosphorylated Tau protein as fibrillary tangles. Existing therapeutic regimen mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by targeting neurotransmitters that are secondary to AD pathology. Plant derived licensed drugs, Galantamine and Huperzine-A were studied extensively due to their AChE inhibitory action for mild to moderate cases of AD. Although many studies have proved the efficacy of AChEIs as a preferable symptom reliever, they cannot offer long term protection. The future generation drugs of AD is expected to alter various factors that underlie the disease course with a symptomatic benefit promise. As AD involves complex pathology, it is essential to consider several molecular divergent factors apart from the events that result in the production of toxic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Even though several herbals have shown neuroprotective actions, we have mentioned about the phytoconstituents that have been tested experimentally against different Alzheimer's pathology models. These phytoconstituents need to be considered by the researchers for further drug development process to make them viable clinically, which is currently a lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Nehru S S Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Mohan K S Kumar
- TIFAC CORE Herbal drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), ooty-643001, India
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Kolaj I, Imindu Liyanage S, Weaver DF. Phenylpropanoids and Alzheimer's disease: A potential therapeutic platform. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:99-111. [PMID: 30098379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive dementia, neuroinflammation and the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular plaques. The etiology of AD is unclear, but is generally attributed to four leading hypotheses: (i) abnormal folding and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ)/tau proteins (ii) activation of the innate immune system, (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction, and (iv) oxidative stress. To date, therapeutic strategies have largely focused on Aβ-centric targets; however, the repeated failure of clinical trials and the continued lack of a disease-modifying therapy demand novel, multifaceted approaches. Natural products are common molecular platforms in drug development; in AD, compounds from the plant phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway have yielded promising associations. Herein, we review developments in the pathogenesis of AD and the metabolism of phenylpropanoids in plants. We further discuss the role of these metabolites as relevant to the four leading mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, and observe multiple protective effects among phenylpropanoids against AD onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igri Kolaj
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 4KD-473, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St.George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - S Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 4KD-473, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 4KD-473, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St.George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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75
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Ahmad W, Ebert PR. 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA) suppresses Aβ-mediated pathology in C. elegans. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:215-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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76
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Wang C, Fei G, Pan X, Sang S, Wang L, Zhong C, Jin L. High thiamine diphosphate level as a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2018; 40:658-665. [PMID: 29718773 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1460704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Thiamine diphosphate (TDP) is an indispensable coenzyme for three key enzymes in glucose metabolism. Reduced TDP levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been widely demonstrated and is a diagnostic biomarker for the disease. In this study, we further explored the correlation between altered TDP metabolism and AD along with other risk factors. Methods A 1:1 case-control study was employed with 90 AD patients and 90 control subjects with normal-range cognitive abilities as assayed by the Mini Mental Status Evaluation. Age (≤2 years variation), gender, and educational background were strictly matched. Levels of the main thiamine metabolites in whole blood samples, including TDP, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine, were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Apolipoprotein E genotypes, haemoglobin, and several metabolic factors (fasting glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol) associated with AD were also measured. Results The odds ratio of TDP level for AD was 0.95 (with TDP level as a continuous variable) or 0.09 (with TDP level as a dichotomized variable with a cut-off value of 99.48 nmol/L). Blood TDP levels were significantly decreased in female AD patients compared to male AD patients. No correlations were identified between TDP levels and several metabolic factors (fasting glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol). Conclusions TDP is a protective factor for AD and its protective efficacy may be independent of other metabolic factors. The difference of TDP levels between genders may be another possible explanation for the higher prevalence of AD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Guoqiang Fei
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shaoming Sang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lijun Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lirong Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology , Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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77
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Sang S, Pan X, Chen Z, Zeng F, Pan S, Liu H, Jin L, Fei G, Wang C, Ren S, Jiao F, Bao W, Zhou W, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Yu X, Wang Y, Zhong C. Thiamine diphosphate reduction strongly correlates with brain glucose hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease, whereas amyloid deposition does not. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:26. [PMID: 29490669 PMCID: PMC5831864 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of brain glucose hypometabolism, an invariant neurodegenerative feature that tightly correlates with cognitive impairment and disease progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remains elusive. Methods Positron emission tomography with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG-PET) was used to evaluate brain glucose metabolism, presented as the rate of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose standardized uptake value ratio (FDG SUVR) in patients with AD or control subjects and in mice with or without thiamine deficiency induced by a thiamine-deprived diet. Brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in patients with clinically diagnosed AD was quantified by performing assays using 11C-Pittsburgh compound B PET. The levels of thiamine metabolites in blood samples of patients with AD and control subjects, as well as in blood and brain samples of mice, were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results FDG SUVRs in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices of patients with AD were closely correlated with the levels of blood thiamine diphosphate (TDP) and cognitive abilities, but not with brain Aβ deposition. Mice on a thiamine-deprived diet manifested a significant decline of FDG SUVRs in multiple brain regions as compared with those in control mice, with magnitudes highly correlating with both brain and blood TDP levels. There were no significant differences in the changes of FDG SUVRs in observed brain regions between amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 and wild-type mice following thiamine deficiency. Conclusions We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, in vivo that TDP reduction strongly correlates with brain glucose hypometabolism, whereas amyloid deposition does not. Our study provides new insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy for AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0354-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Sang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Shumei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lirong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoqiang Fei
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Changpeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuhua Ren
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fangyang Jiao
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weiqi Bao
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Room 1105, Mingdao Building, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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78
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Li Y, Liu Q, Sun J, Wang J, Liu X, Gao J. Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2997-3005. [PMID: 29436584 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathology of neuronal damage during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies suggest that simvastatin (SV) ameliorates amyloid β (Aβ)‑mediated cognitive impairment in AD patients and transgenic mice; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. To investigate the potential mechanisms by which SV protects against AD neurotoxicity, the present study used a series of cellular and molecular assays to analyze the effects of SV in an in vitro model of Aβ1‑42-induced injury. The results demonstrated that SV protected against Aβ1‑42‑induced SH‑SY5Y cell injury by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. In addition, SV downregulated cleaved‑caspase‑3 protein levels, increased the ratio of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) to Bcl-2-associated X protein, and increased the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α in the Aβ1‑42‑treated cells. Furthermore, SV increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate levels, and enhanced the cell respiratory function and mitochondrial mass of the cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that SV protected SH‑SY5Y cells against Aβ1‑42-induced injury through regulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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79
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Nemeria NS, Gerfen G, Nareddy PR, Yang L, Zhang X, Szostak M, Jordan F. The mitochondrial 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes share their E2 and E3 components for their function and both generate reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:136-145. [PMID: 29191460 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein are reported unique properties of the novel human thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (hE1a), known as dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded by the DHTKD1 gene. It is involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate (OA) to glutaryl-CoA on the final degradative pathway of L-lysine and is critical for mitochondrial metabolism. Functionally active recombinant hE1a has been produced according to both kinetic and spectroscopic criteria in our toolbox leading to the following conclusions: (i) The hE1a has recruited the dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (hE2o) and the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (hE3) components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc) for its activity. (ii) 2-Oxoglutarate (OG) and 2-oxoadipate (OA) could be oxidized by hE1a, however, hE1a displays an approximately 49-fold preference in catalytic efficiency for OA over OG, indicating that hE1a is specific to the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex. (iii) The hE1a forms the ThDP-enamine radical from OA according to electron paramagnetic resonance detection in the oxidative half reaction, and could produce superoxide and H2O2 from decarboxylation of OA in the forward physiological direction, as also seen with the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase hE1o component. (iv) Once assembled to complex with the same hE2o and hE3 components, the hE1o and hE1a display strikingly different regulation: both succinyl-CoA and glutaryl-CoA significantly reduced the hE1o activity, but not the activity of hE1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA.
| | - Gary Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461-2304, USA
| | | | - Luying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA.
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80
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Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Correia SC, Seiça RM, Moreira PI. Alzheimer's Disease: From Mitochondrial Perturbations to Mitochondrial Medicine. Brain Pathol 2018; 26:632-47. [PMID: 27327899 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are distressing conditions causing countless levels of suffering for which treatment is often insufficient or inexistent. Considered to be the most common cause of dementia and an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the intricate pathogenic mechanisms of AD continue to be revealed and, consequently, an effective treatment needs to be developed. Among the diverse hypothesis that have been proposed to explain AD pathogenesis, the one concerning mitochondrial dysfunction has raised as one of the most discussed with an actual acceptance in the field. It posits that manipulating mitochondrial function and understanding the deficits that result in mitochondrial injury may help to control and/or limit the development of AD. To achieve such goal, the concept of mitochondrial medicine places itself as a promising gathering of strategies to directly manage the major insidious disturbances of mitochondrial homeostasis as well as attempts to directly or indirectly manage its consequences in the context of AD. The aim of this review is to summarize the evolution that occurred from the establishment of mitochondrial homeostasis perturbation as masterpieces in AD pathogenesis up until the development of mitochondrial medicine. Following a brief glimpse in the past and current hypothesis regarding the triad of aging, mitochondria and AD, this manuscript will address the major mechanisms currently believed to participate in above mentioned events. Both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions will also be reviewed as AD-related mitochondrial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IBILI-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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81
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Gorji N, Moeini R, Memariani Z. Almond, hazelnut and walnut, three nuts for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: A neuropharmacological review of their bioactive constituents. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:115-127. [PMID: 29208493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder is an almost obvious issue in the world. Researches on natural products for finding effective drugs to prevent the disease are in progress. There is special attention to the three types of nuts including almond, hazelnut and walnut in manuscripts of traditional Persian medicine (PM) as the preventive agents against brainatrophy and memory loss. The purpose of this study is a pharmacological review of their bioactive constituents and introducing the value of these nuts as the effective supplements and natural medicinal foods in AD patients. Databases including PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched in title, abstract and keywords from year 2000 to present for AD-related researches on these tree nuts, their major phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action. As result, almond, hazelnut and walnut provide macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytochemicals which affect several pathways in AD pathogenesis such as amyloidogenesis, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, cholinergic pathways, and some non-target mechanisms including cholesterol lowering and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as effect on neurogenesis. These nuts are recommended in PM for their brain-protective activity and particularly reversing brain atrophy in case of hazelnut. The therapeutical statements of PM scholars mentioned in their books are based on their clinical observations with support of a long history of experiences. Beyond the molecular activities attributed to the phytochemicals, the use of these tree nuts could be more considered in scientific researches as the effective nutrients for prevention or even management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Gorji
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reihaneh Moeini
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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82
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Yu Q, Zhong C. Membrane Aging as the Real Culprit of Alzheimer's Disease: Modification of a Hypothesis. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:369-381. [PMID: 29177767 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies proposed that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a metabolic disorder and hypothesized that abnormal brain glucose metabolism inducing multiple pathophysiological cascades contributes to AD pathogenesis. Aging is one of the great significant risk factors for AD. Membrane aging is first prone to affect the function and structure of the brain by impairing glucose metabolism. We presume that risk factors of AD, including genetic factors (e.g., the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and genetic mutations) and non-genetic factors (such as fat, diabetes, and cardiac failure) accelerate biomembrane aging and lead to the onset and development of the disease. In this review, we further modify our previous hypothesis to demonstrate "membrane aging" as an initial pathogenic factor that results in functional and structural alterations of membranes and, consequently, glucose hypometabolism and multiple pathophysiological cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujian Yu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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83
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Jannusch K, Jockwitz C, Bidmon HJ, Moebus S, Amunts K, Caspers S. A Complex Interplay of Vitamin B1 and B6 Metabolism with Cognition, Brain Structure, and Functional Connectivity in Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:596. [PMID: 29163003 PMCID: PMC5663975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with brain atrophy, functional brain network reorganization and decline of cognitive performance, albeit characterized by high interindividual variability. Among environmental influencing factors accounting for this variability, nutrition and particularly vitamin supply is thought to play an important role. While evidence exists that supplementation of vitamins B6 and B1 might be beneficial for cognition and brain structure, at least in deficient states and neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about this relation during healthy aging and in relation to reorganization of functional brain networks. We thus assessed the relation between blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 and cognitive performance, cortical folding, and functional resting-state connectivity in a large sample of older adults (N > 600; age: 55-85 years), drawn from the population-based 1000BRAINS study. In addition to blood sampling, subjects underwent structural and functional resting-state neuroimaging as well as extensive neuropsychological testing in the domains of executive functions, (working) memory, attention, and language. Brain regions showing changes in the local gyrification index as calculated using FreeSurfer in relation to vitamin levels were used for subsequent seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis. For B6, a positive correlation with local cortical folding was found throughout the brain, while only slight changes in functional connectivity were observed. Contrarily, for B1, a negative correlation with cortical folding as well as problem solving and visuo-spatial working memory performance was found, which was accompanied by pronounced increases of interhemispheric and decreases of intrahemispheric functional connectivity. While the effects for B6 expand previous knowledge on beneficial effects of B6 supplementation on brain structure, they also showed that additional effects on cognition might not be recognizable in healthy older subjects with normal B6 blood levels. The cortical atrophy and pronounced functional reorganization associated with B1, contrarily, was more in line with the theory of a disturbed B1 metabolism in older adults, leading to B1 utilization deficits, and thus, an effective B1 deficiency in the brain, despite normal to high-normal blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jannusch
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bidmon
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Nemeria NS, Gerfen G, Guevara E, Nareddy PR, Szostak M, Jordan F. The human Krebs cycle 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex creates an additional source of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide from 2-oxoadipate as alternative substrate. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:644-654. [PMID: 28435050 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (hE1o) component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc) could produce the reactive oxygen species superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (detected by chemical means) from its substrate 2-oxoglutarate (OG), most likely concurrently with one-electron oxidation by dioxygen of the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-derived enamine intermediate to a C2α-centered radical (detected by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) [Nemeria et al., 2014 [17]; Ambrus et al. 2015 [18]]. We here report that hE1o can also utilize the next higher homologue of OG, 2-oxoadipate (OA) as a substrate according to multiple criteria in our toolbox: (i) Both E1o-specific and overall complex activities (NADH production) were detected using OA as a substrate; (ii) Two post-decarboxylation intermediates were formed by hE1o from OA, the ThDP-enamine and the C2α-hydroxyalkyl-ThDP, with nearly identical rates for OG and OA; (iii) Both OG and OA could reductively acylate lipoyl domain created from dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (E2o); (iv) Both OG and OA gave α-ketol carboligaton products with glyoxylate, but with opposite chirality; a finding that could be of utility in chiral synthesis; (v) Dioxygen could oxidize the ThDP-derived enamine from both OG and OA, leading to ThDP-enamine radical and generation of superoxide and H2O2. While the observed oxidation-reduction with dioxygen is only a side reaction of the predominant physiological product glutaryl-CoA, the efficiency of superoxide/ H2O2 production was 7-times larger from OA than from OG, making the reaction of OGDHc with OA one of the important superoxide/ H2O2 producers among 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA.
| | - Gary Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461-2304, USA.
| | - Elena Guevara
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA
| | | | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1811, USA.
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85
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van Horssen J, van Schaik P, Witte M. Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction: A vicious circle in neurodegenerative disorders? Neurosci Lett 2017; 710:132931. [PMID: 28668382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence supports an intricate association between inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction as main contributors of neurological diseases. Inflammatory mediators produced by activated microglia and infiltrated immune cells trigger intracellular signalling cascades that can alter cellular mitochondrial metabolism. Cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha, impede mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and associated ATP production and instigate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. This culminates in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, altered mitochondrial dynamics and might ultimately result in cell death. When severely injured mitochondria are not appropriately removed by mitophagy they can release their contents into the cytosol and extracellular environment and thereby amplify the inflammatory process. Here we provide a comprehensive overview on how inflammatory mediators impair mitochondrial metabolism and discuss how defective mitochondria can elicit and potentiate an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack van Horssen
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline van Schaik
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Witte
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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86
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Chen H, Denton TT, Xu H, Calingasan N, Beal MF, Gibson GE. Reductions in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegenerative disease - beneficial or detrimental? J Neurochem 2017; 139:823-838. [PMID: 27580471 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in metabolism and excess oxidative stress are prevalent in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) appears central to these abnormalities. KGDHC is diminished in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC can not only be rate limiting for NADH production and for substrate level phosphorylation, but is also a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The goal of these studies was to determine how changes in KGDHC modify baseline ROS, the ability to buffer ROS, baseline glutathionylation, calcium modulation and cell death in response to external oxidants. In vivo, reducing KGDHC with adeno virus diminished neurogenesis and increased oxidative stress. In vitro, treatments of short duration increased ROS and glutathionylation and enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish the ROS from added oxidants. However, long-term reductions lessened the ability to diminish ROS, diminished glutathionylation and exaggerated oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. Increasing KGDHC enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish externally added ROS and protected against oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. The results suggest that brief periods of diminished KGDHC are protective, while prolonged reductions are harmful. Furthermore, elevated KGDHC activities are protective. Thus, mitogenic therapies that increase KGDHC may be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on Page 689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlian Chen
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Noel Calingasan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
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Ambrus A, Adam-Vizi V. Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency: Novel insights into the structural basis and molecular pathomechanism. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:5-14. [PMID: 28579060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our present view on the molecular pathogenesis of human (h) E3-deficiency caused by a variety of genetic alterations with a special emphasis on the moonlighting biochemical phenomena related to the affected (dihydro)lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH, E3, gene: dld), in particular the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). E3-deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder frequently presenting with a neonatal onset and premature death; the highest carrier rate of a single pathogenic dld mutation (1:94-1:110) was found among Ashkenazi Jews. Patients usually die during acute episodes that generally involve severe metabolic decompensation and lactic acidosis leading to neurological, cardiological, and/or hepatological manifestations. The disease owes its severity to the fact that LADH is the common E3 subunit of the alpha-ketoglutarate (KGDHc), pyruvate (PDHc), and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and is also part of the glycine cleavage system, hence the malfunctioning of LADH simultaneously incapacitates several central metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, the clinical pictures are usually not unequivocally portrayed through the loss of LADH activities and imply auxiliary mechanisms that exacerbate the symptoms and outcomes of this disorder. Enhanced ROS generation by disease-causing hE3 variants as well as by the E1-E2 subcomplex of the hKGDHc likely contributes to selected pathogeneses of E3-deficiency, which could be targeted by specific drugs or antioxidants; lipoic acid was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of ROS generation by hE3 in vitro. Flavin supplementation might prove to be beneficial for those mutations triggering FAD loss in the hE3 component. Selected pathogenic hE3 variants lose their affinity for the E2 component of the hPDHc, a mechanism which warrants scrutiny also for other E3-haboring complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Camandola S, Mattson MP. Brain metabolism in health, aging, and neurodegeneration. EMBO J 2017; 36:1474-1492. [PMID: 28438892 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food deprivation and physical exertion. At the cellular level, such adaptive responses include the "strengthening" of existing synapses, the formation of new synapses, and the production of new neurons from stem cells. At the molecular level, bioenergetic challenges result in the activation of transcription factors that induce the expression of proteins that bolster the resistance of neurons to the kinds of metabolic, oxidative, excitotoxic, and proteotoxic stresses involved in the pathogenesis of brain disorders including stroke, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Emerging findings suggest that lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges, most notably exercise and dietary energy restriction, can increase the likelihood that the brain will function optimally and in the absence of disease throughout life. Here, we provide an overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate brain energy metabolism, how such mechanisms are altered during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, and the potential applications to brain health and disease of interventions that engage pathways involved in neuronal adaptations to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA .,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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89
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Mitochondria, Cybrids, Aging, and Alzheimer's Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 146:259-302. [PMID: 28253988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and bioenergetic function change with advancing age and may drive aging phenotypes. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic changes are also documented in various age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In some instances AD mitochondrial and bioenergetic changes are reminiscent of those observed with advancing age but are greater in magnitude. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction could, therefore, link neurodegeneration to brain aging. Interestingly, mitochondrial defects in AD patients are not brain-limited, and mitochondrial function can be linked to classic AD histologic changes including amyloid precursor protein processing to beta amyloid. Also, transferring mitochondria from AD subjects to cell lines depleted of endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) creates cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines that recapitulate specific biochemical, molecular, and histologic AD features. Such findings have led to the formulation of a "mitochondrial cascade hypothesis" that places mitochondrial dysfunction at the apex of the AD pathology pyramid. Data pertinent to this premise are reviewed.
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90
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Pan X, Sang S, Fei G, Jin L, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhong C. Enhanced Activities of Blood Thiamine Diphosphatase and Monophosphatase in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167273. [PMID: 28060825 PMCID: PMC5218390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thiamine metabolites and activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes are impaired in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective To clarify the mechanism for the reduction of thiamine diphosphate (TDP), an active form of thiamine and critical coenzyme of glucose metabolism, in AD. Methods Forty-five AD patients clinically diagnosed and 38 age- and gender-matched control subjects without dementia were voluntarily recruited. The contents of blood TDP, thiamine monophosphate (TMP), and thiamine, as well as the activities of thiamine diphosphatase (TDPase), thiamine monophosphatase (TMPase), and thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPK), were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results Blood TDP contents of AD patients were significantly lower than those in control subjects (79.03 ± 23.24 vs. 127.60 ± 22.65 nmol/L, P<0.0001). Activities of TDPase and TMPase were significantly enhanced in AD patients than those in control subjects (TDPase: 1.24 ± 0.08 vs. 1.00 ± 0.04, P < 0.05; TMPase: 1.22 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.06, P < 0.01). TPK activity remained unchanged in AD as compared with that in control (0.93 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.04, P > 0.05). Blood TDP levels correlated negatively with TDPase activities (r = -0.2576, P = 0.0187) and positively with TPK activities (r = 0.2426, P = 0.0271) in all participants. Conclusion Enhanced TDPase and TMPase activities may contribute to the reduction of TDP level in AD patients. The results imply that an imbalance of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation related to thiamine and glucose metabolism may be a potential target for AD prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital & Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoming Sang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital & Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Fei
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital & Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lirong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital & Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Regional Health Service Center of Xujiahui, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Regional Health Service Center of Xujiahui, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital & Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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91
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Martino Adami PV, Quijano C, Magnani N, Galeano P, Evelson P, Cassina A, Do Carmo S, Leal MC, Castaño EM, Cuello AC, Morelli L. Synaptosomal bioenergetic defects are associated with cognitive impairment in a transgenic rat model of early Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:69-84. [PMID: 26661224 PMCID: PMC5363729 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15615132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic bioenergetic deficiencies may be associated with early Alzheimer's disease (AD). To explore this concept, we assessed pre-synaptic mitochondrial function in hemizygous (+/-)TgMcGill-R-Thy1-APP rats. The low burden of Aβ and the wide array of behavioral and cognitive impairments described in 6-month-old hemizygous TgMcGill-R-Thy1-APP rats (Tg(+/-)) support their use to investigate synaptic bioenergetics deficiencies described in subjects with early Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this report, we show that pre-synaptic mitochondria from Tg(+/-) rats evidence a decreased respiratory control ratio and spare respiratory capacity associated with deficits in complex I enzymatic activity. Cognitive impairments were prevented and bioenergetic deficits partially reversed when Tg(+/-) rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet from weaning to 6-month-old supplemented with pyrroloquinoline quinone, a mitochondrial biogenesis stimulator with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. These results provide evidence that, as described in AD brain and not proven in Tg mice models with AD-like phenotype, the mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity of synaptosomes is not conserved in the Tg(+/-) rats. This animal model may be suitable for understanding the basic biochemical mechanisms involved in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Martino Adami
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celia Quijano
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Magnani
- IBIMOL-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Galeano
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,ININCA- UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- IBIMOL-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - María C Leal
- Laboratory of Protective and Regenerative Therapies of the CNS, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M Castaño
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Morelli
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chakrabarti M, McDonald AJ, Will Reed J, Moss MA, Das BC, Ray SK. Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Retinoids for Inhibition of Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:335-52. [PMID: 26682679 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, interact through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and have profound effects on several physiological and pathological processes in the brain. The presence of retinoic acid signaling is extensively detected in the adult central nervous system, including the amygdala, cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and other brain areas. Retinoids are primarily involved in neural patterning, differentiation, and axon outgrowth. Retinoids also play a key role in the preservation of the differentiated state of adult neurons. Impairment in retinoic acid signaling can result in neurodegeneration and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies demonstrated severe deficiencies in spatial learning and memory in mice during retinoic acid (vitamin A) deprivation indicating its significance in preserving memory function. Defective cholinergic neurotransmission plays an important role in cognitive deficits in AD. All-trans retinoic acid is known to enhance the expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase in neuronal cell lines. Activation of RAR and RXR is also known to impede the pathogenesis of AD in mice by inhibiting accumulation of amyloids. In addition, retinoids have been shown to inhibit the expression of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes, which are activated in AD. In this review article, we have described the chemistry and molecular signaling mechanisms of natural and synthetic retinoids and current understandings of their therapeutic potentials in prevention of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander J McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J Will Reed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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93
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Cellular thiamine status is coupled to function of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:66-75. [PMID: 27773789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decreased thiamine and reduced activity of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) cause neurodegeneration. We hypothesized on concerted cell-specific regulation of the thiamine metabolism and ThDP-dependent reactions. We identified a smaller thiamine pool, a lower expression of the mitochondrial ThDP transporter, and a higher expression of OGDH in rat astrocytes versus neuroblastoma N2A. According to the data, the astrocytic OGDH may be up-regulated by an increase in intracellular ThDP, while the neuroblastomal OGDH functions at full ThDP saturation. Indeed, in rat astrocytes and brain cortex, OGDH inhibition by succinyl phosphonate (SP) enlarged the pool of thiamine compounds. Increased ThDP level in response to the OGDH inhibition presumably up-regulated the enzyme to compensate for a decrease in reducing power which occurred in SP-treated astrocytes. Under the same SP treatment of N2A cells, their thiamine pool and reducing power were unchanged, although SP action was evident from accumulation of glutamate. The presented data indicate that functional interplay between OGDH, other proteins of the tricarbocylic acid cycle and proteins of thiamine metabolism is an important determinant of physiology-specific networks and their homeostatic mechanisms.
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94
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Long-Term Cognitive Improvement After Benfotiamine Administration in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:591-596. [PMID: 27696179 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, we still lack disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we report that long-term administration of benfotiamine improved the cognitive ability of patients with AD. Five patients with mild to moderate AD received oral benfotiamine (300 mg daily) over 18 months. All patients were examined by positron emission tomography with Pittsburgh compound B (PiB-PET) and exhibited positive imaging with β-amyloid deposition, and three received PiB-PET imaging at follow-up. The five patients exhibited cognitive improvement as assayed by the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) with an average increase of 3.2 points at month 18 of benfotiamine administration. The three patients who received follow-up PiB-PET had a 36.7% increase in the average standardized uptake value ratio in the brain compared with that in the first scan. Importantly, the MMSE scores of these three had an average increase of 3 points during the same period. Benfotiamine significantly improved the cognitive abilities of mild to moderate AD patients independently of brain amyloid accumulation. Our study provides new insight to the development of disease-modifying therapy.
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95
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Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetics and metabolism: a bench to bedside perspective. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:126-135. [PMID: 26968700 PMCID: PMC5851778 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
'Metabolism' refers to the vast collection of chemical processes that occur within a living organism. Within this broad designation, one can identify metabolism events that relate specifically to energy homeostasis, whether they occur at the subcellular, cellular, organ, or whole organism level. This review operationally refers to this type of metabolism as 'energy metabolism' or 'bioenergetics.' Changes in energy metabolism/bioenergetics have been linked to brain aging and a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and research suggests mitochondria may uniquely contribute to this. Interventions that manipulate energy metabolism/bioenergetic function and mitochondria may have therapeutic potential and efforts intended to accomplish this are playing out at basic, translational, and clinical levels. This review follows evolving views of energy metabolism's role in neurodegenerative diseases but especially Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on the bench-to-bedside process whose ultimate goal is to develop therapeutic interventions. It further considers challenges encountered during this process, which include linking basic concepts to a medical question at the initial research stage, adapting conceptual knowledge gained to a disease-associated application in the translational stage, extending what has been learned to the clinical arena, and maintaining support for the research at each of these fundamentally linked but functionally distinct stages. A bench-to-bedside biomedical research process is discussed that moves through conceptual, basic, translational, and clinical levels. For example, herein a case was made that bioenergetics is a valid Alzheimer's disease therapeutic target. Following this, a fundamental strategy for manipulating bioenergetics was defined, potential implications studied, and the approach extended to the clinical arena. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center and the departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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96
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Correlation of thiamine metabolite levels with cognitive function in the non-demented elderly. Neurosci Bull 2016; 31:676-84. [PMID: 26519048 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamine metabolism is critical for glucose metabolism and also vital for brain function, which is susceptible to decline in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate whether thiamine metabolites correlate with cognitive function in the non-demented elderly and their impact factors. Volunteers >60 years old were recruited and their blood thiamine metabolites and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were measured. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, routine blood parameters, liver and kidney function, and levels of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides were also measured. The results showed that the thiamine diphosphate (TDP) level weakly correlated with MMSE score in the non-demented elderly. Participants with high TDP levels performed better in Recall and Attention and Calculation than those with low TDP. TDP levels were associated with the APOE ε2 allele, body mass index, hemoglobin level, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides. Our results suggest that TDP, which is easily affected by many factors, impacts cognitive function in the elderly.
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Thiamine Deficiency and Neurodegeneration: the Interplay Among Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5440-5448. [PMID: 27596507 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient and indispensable for normal growth and development of the organism due to its multilateral participation in key biochemical and physiological processes. Humans must obtain thiamine from their diet since it is synthesized only in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Thiamine deficiency (TD) can result from inadequate intake, increased requirement, excessive deletion, and chronic alcohol consumption. TD affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, muscular, gastrointestinal, and central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, TD causes a cascade of events including mild impairment of oxidative metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, which are commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Thiamine metabolites may serve as promising biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, and thiamine supplementations exhibit therapeutic potential for patients of some neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental TD has been used to model aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. However, to date, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TD-induced neurodegeneration are not clear. Recent research evidence indicates that TD causes oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy in the brain, which are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy in TD-mediated neurodegeneration. We propose that it is the interplay of oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy that contributes to TD-mediated neurodegeneration.
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98
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Barasa BA, van Oirschot BA, Bianchi P, van Solinge WW, Heck AJR, van Wijk R, Slijper M. Proteomics reveals reduced expression of transketolase in pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase deficient patients. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:859-69. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Barasa
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A. van Oirschot
- Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Research; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bianchi
- Oncohematology Unit; Physiopathology of Anemias Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
| | - Wouter W. van Solinge
- Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Research; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Research; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Monique Slijper
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
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99
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Cardoso S, Seiça RM, Moreira PI. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: implications for Alzheimer´s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:77-91. [PMID: 27366815 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1205488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive loss of memory and impairment of cognitive ability. Despite decades of intensive research and scientific advances, the intricate pathogenic mechanisms of AD are still not fully understood and, consequently, an effective treatment is yet to be developed. As widely accepted, the alterations of mitochondrial function are actively engaged in a plethora of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. With growing interest in the mitochondria as a potential target for understanding AD, it has even been hypothesized that deficits in these organelles may be at the heart of the progression of AD itself. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to summarize relevant studies that suggest a role for mitochondrial (dys)function in AD and to provide a survey on latest developments regarding AD-related mitochondrial therapeutics. Expert commentary: As outlined in a plethora of studies, there is no doubt that mitochondria play a major role in several stages of AD progression. Even though more in-depth studies are needed before pharmaceutical industry can apply such knowledge to human medicine, the continuous advances in AD research field will certainly facilitate and accelerate the development of more effective preventive or therapeutic strategies to fight this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- a CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,b Institute for Interdisciplinary Research , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Raquel M Seiça
- c Laboratory of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,d IBILI-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- a CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,c Laboratory of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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Mitochondrial Metabolism Power SIRT2-Dependent Deficient Traffic Causing Alzheimer’s-Disease Related Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4021-4040. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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