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Egan AE, Seemiller LR, Packard AEB, Solomon MB, Ulrich-Lai YM. Palatable food reduces anxiety-like behaviors and HPA axis responses to stress in female rats in an estrous-cycle specific manner. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104557. [PMID: 31310760 PMCID: PMC6765440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eating tasty foods dampens responses to stress - an idea reflected in the colloquial term 'comfort foods'. To study the neurobiological mechanisms by which palatable foods provide stress relief, we previously characterized a limited sucrose intake (LSI) paradigm in which male rats are given twice-daily access to 4 ml of 30% sucrose solution (vs. water as a control), and subsequently have reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responsivity and anxiety-related behaviors. Notably, women may be more prone to 'comfort feeding' than men, and this may vary across the menstrual cycle, suggesting the potential for important sex and estrous cycle differences. In support of this idea, LSI reduces HPA axis responses in female rats during the proestrus/estrus (P/E), as opposed to the diestrus 1/diestrus 2 (D1/D2) estrous cycle stage. However, the effect of LSI on anxiety-related behaviors in females remains unknown. Here we show that LSI reduced stress-related behaviors in female rats in the elevated plus-maze and restraint tests, but not in the open field test, though only during P/E. LSI also decreased the HPA axis stress response primarily during P/E, consistent with prior findings. Finally, cFos immunolabeling (a marker of neuronal activation) revealed that LSI increased post-restraint cFos in the central amygdala medial subdivision (CeM) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis posterior subnuclei (BSTp) exclusively during P/E. These results suggest that in female rats, palatable food reduces both behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses in an estrous cycle-dependent manner, and the CeM and BSTp are implicated as potential mediators of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Laurel R Seemiller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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Kim YK, Amidfar M, Won E. A review on inflammatory cytokine-induced alterations of the brain as potential neural biomarkers in post-traumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 91:103-112. [PMID: 29932946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms indicates that multiple neurobiological mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of the condition. However, no generally accepted PTSD biomarkers in clinical practice currently exist. The sequential responses to recurrent and chronic stress by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) system are considered to play a significant role in the onset and progression of PTSD. Decreased activity of the HPA axis and parasympathetic nervous system, along with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, have been observed in PTSD, which may lead to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Such heightened activity of the immune system may cause alterations in the structure and function of brain regions-for example, the amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula-through changes in levels of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites, and direct neurotoxic effects of cytokines. Although chronic inflammation-induced alterations in brain regions critical in controlling emotional behavior and fear regulation may represent a strong candidate biomarker of PTSD, future studies are necessary to further elucidate inflammation-associated neural biomarkers of PTSD. Continued research on therapeutic methods that involve the normalization of the HPA axis, ANS, and immune system is expected to contribute to the development of novel ways to treat PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Meysam Amidfar
- Department of Neuroscience, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lambert KG, Byrnes EM. Challenges to the parental brain: Neuroethological and translational considerations. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 53:100747. [PMID: 31004617 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Extending from research documenting adaptive parental responses in nonthreatening contexts, the influences of various neuroethological and physiological challenges on effective parenting responses are considered in the current review. In natural habitats, rodent family units are exposed to predators, compromised resources, and other environmental stressors that disrupt HPA axis functions. With the additional physiological demands associated with caring for offspring, alterations in stress-related neuroendocrine responsiveness contribute to adaptive responses in many challenging contexts. Some environmental contexts, however, such as restricted nesting resources, result in disrupted maternal responses that have a negative impact on offspring wellbeing. Additionally, parental dysregulation associated with exposure to environmental chemicals or pharmacological substances, also compromise maternal responses with effects that often extend to future generations. Continued preclinical and clinical research elucidating parental responses to various stressors and physiological disruptors is necessary to provide valuable translational information identifying threats to effective parenting outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly G Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States.
| | - Elizabeth M Byrnes
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, N. Grafton, MA 01536, United States
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Lam VYY, Raineki C, Wang LY, Chiu M, Lee G, Ellis L, Yu W, Weinberg J. Role of corticosterone in anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and HPA regulation following prenatal alcohol exposure. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:1-15. [PMID: 30367959 PMCID: PMC6449057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is known to cause dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including hyperresponsivity to stressors. Dysregulation of the HPA axis plays a role in vulnerability to stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Thus, the effects of PAE on HPA function may result in increased vulnerability to the effects of stress and, in turn, lead to the development of stress-related disorders. Indeed, individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol have an increased risk of developing anxiety and depression. However, it is unclear whether hypersecretion of corticosterone (CORT) in response to stress per se is involved with mediating differential effects of stress in PAE and control animals. To investigate the role of CORT in mediating effects of stress in both adult females and males following PAE, adrenalectomy with CORT replacement (ADXR) was utilized to produce similar CORT levels among prenatal treatment groups before exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the open field and elevated plus maze, and depressive-like behavior was examined in the forced swim test. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression was assessed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and hippocampal formation. Under the non-CUS condition, PAE alone differentially altered anxiety-like behavior in sham but not ADXR females and males, with females showing decreased anxiety-like behavior but males exhibiting increased anxiety-like behavior compared to their control counterparts. There were no effects of PAE alone on depressive-like in females or males. PAE also decreased GR mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation in females but had no effects on MR or GR mRNA expression in any brain region in males. CUS had differential effects on anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in PAE and control animals, and these effects were sex dependent. Importantly, ADXR unmasked differences between PAE and control animals, demonstrating that CORT may play a differential role in modulating behavior and HPA activity/regulation in PAE and control animals, and may do so in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian YY Lam
- Corresponding author: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Jacobson L. Glucocorticoid receptor deletion from locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons promotes depression-like social withdrawal in female but not male mice. Brain Res 2018; 1710:82-91. [PMID: 30576626 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal glucocorticoid levels can cause psychiatric symptoms ranging from depression to euphoria that have been implicated in mood disorders. My overarching hypothesis is that these opposing effects are mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in different brain regions. My laboratory has shown that GR in the serotonergic dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) promote depression-like social and behavioral withdrawal in mice. We have also shown that GR in the DRN and noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) exhibit divergent regulation by antidepressants that have differential efficacy for depression subtypes with opposing abnormalities in glucocorticoids. The current study tested the hypothesis that LC GR would have effects opposite to those in the DRN by preventing rather than promoting social withdrawal. GR was deleted from LC NE neurons in female and male floxed GR mice by bilateral injections of lentivirus transducing Cre recombinase under control of a multimerized Phox 2a/2b response sequence (PRS) from the dopamine β-hydroxylase promoter (PRS-Cre). Female but not male PRS-Cre mice exhibited lower social interaction compared to controls injected with lentivirus transducing green fluorescent protein (PRS-GFP). Differences in social interaction between PRS-GFP and PRS-Cre females were not associated with differences in exploratory behavior, plasma corticosterone, male-female differences in LC GR expression, or changes in LC mineralocorticoid receptor or tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression. These results indicate that LC NE GR have sex-dependent effects to prevent social withdrawal, supporting the concept that glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on depression symptoms via different brain targets, and potentially revealing novel drug targets to treat depression, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jacobson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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Canceri JM, Brown R, Watson SR, Browne CJ. Examination of Current Treatments and Symptom Management Strategies Used by Patients With Mal De Debarquement Syndrome. Front Neurol 2018; 9:943. [PMID: 30483208 PMCID: PMC6240763 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a neurological disorder which affects the vestibular system pathways, manifesting as a constant sensation of movement in the form of rocking, bobbing, or swaying. The mechanism of MdDS is poorly understood and there is a lack of awareness amongst medical professionals about the condition. This study aimed to examine treatments and symptom management strategies used by MdDS patients and evaluate their self-reported effectiveness. Method: Motion-Triggered and Spontaneous/Other onset MdDS patients responded to a set of comprehensive questions as a retrospective survey regarding epidemiological details, diagnostic procedures, onset, and symptom triggers, hormonal influences as well as treatments and symptom management strategies used to reduce symptoms. The Motion-Triggered questionnaire was made available through Survey Monkey and the Spontaneous/Other Onset questionnaire through Qualtrics. The link for each questionnaire was made available on online MdDS support groups and on various research websites. Descriptive statistics were used for epidemiological data and Pearson's Chi Square tests were used for comparisons between and within both subtype groups. Results: A total of 370 patients participated in the surveys, with 287 valid responses collected for the section regarding treatment and symptom management strategies. The success of the treatments and symptom management strategies did not vary between subtypes Benzodiazepines/Antidepressants were reported as being most beneficial in reducing symptoms in both groups. Conclusion: This was the first attempt to evaluate the reported success of treatments and symptom management strategies in MdDS patients by assessing the patients' perceived helpfulness. The treatments and symptom management strategies reported to be the most helpful in managing and/or reducing symptoms are proposed to be effective due to their stress-reducing capacities. We hope this study will broaden MdDS awareness and that this study will increase patient knowledge regarding treatments and symptom management strategies that other patients found helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Canceri
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Brown
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun R Watson
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherylea J Browne
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lam VY, Raineki C, Ellis L, Yu W, Weinberg J. Interactive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic stress in adulthood on anxiety-like behavior and central stress-related receptor mRNA expression: Sex- and time-dependent effects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:8-19. [PMID: 29990678 PMCID: PMC6424330 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Children and adults prenatally exposed to alcohol show higher rates of mental health problems than unexposed individuals, with depression and anxiety being among the more commonly encountered disorders. Previous studies in rats showed that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can indeed increase depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in adulthood; however, depression and anxiety are often observed in the context of stress and/or a dysregulated stress response system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis). PAE can dysregulate the HPA axis, resulting in hyperresponsivity to stress. In turn, this may predispose individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol to the adverse effects of stress compared to unexposed individuals. We have shown previously that PAE animals may be more sensitive to the effects of chronic stress on behavior, showing increased anxiety- and depressive-like behavior following chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) exposure. Here, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of PAE and adult CUS on anxiety-like behavior and receptor systems (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 [CRHR1], mineralocorticoid receptor [MR], and glucocorticoid receptor [GR]), and underlying stress and emotional regulation, and whether exposure to CUS differentially results in immediate or delayed effects. Adult male and female offspring from PAE, pair-fed (PF), and ad libitum-fed control (C) dams were exposed to either 10 days of CUS or left undisturbed. Behavioral testing began 1 or 14 days post-CUS, and brains were collected following testing. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using the open field, elevated plus maze and dark-light emergence tests. CRHR1, MR, and GR mRNA expression were assessed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and hippocampal formation, brain areas key to both stress and emotional regulation. We found that PAE differentially increased anxiety-like behavior and altered GR mRNA in males and females compared to their control counterparts. Furthermore, depending on the timing of testing, CUS unmasked alterations in GR and CRHR1 mRNA expression in the mPFC and amygdala in PAE males, and MR mRNA in the hippocampal formation in PAE females compared to their C counterparts. Overall, the changes observed in these receptor systems may underlie the increase in anxiety-like behavior following PAE and CUS exposure in adulthood. That CUS differentially affected brain and behavioral outcome of PAE and C animals, and did so in a sexually-dimorphic manner, has important implications for understanding the etiology of psychopathology in individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y.Y. Lam
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. (V.Y.Y. Lam)
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58
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Jonckheere J, Deloulme JC, Dall’Igna G, Chauliac N, Pelluet A, Nguon AS, Lentini C, Brocard J, Denarier E, Brugière S, Couté Y, Heinrich C, Porcher C, Holtzmann J, Andrieux A, Suaud-Chagny MF, Gory-Fauré S. Short- and long-term efficacy of electroconvulsive stimulation in animal models of depression: The essential role of neuronal survival. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1336-1347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Ke X, Fu Q, Majnik A, Cohen S, Liu Q, Lane R. Adverse early life environment induces anxiety-like behavior and increases expression of FKBP5 mRNA splice variants in mouse brain. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:973-981. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00054.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse early life environment (AELE) predisposes adult offspring toward anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are associated with prenatal injuries in key regions of the brain including prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HP), and hypothalamus (HT). Injuries in these brain regions result in an impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and stress response. An important regulator of the stress response is FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5). FKBP5 is a cochaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and inhibits GR-mediated regulatory feed-back on the HPA axis in response to stress. Human studies have shown that polymorphisms of FKBP5 are associated with higher FKBP5 levels. Increased FKBP5 leads to GR resistance and impaired negative feedback, which is associated with anxiety disorders. FKBP5 and its mRNA splice variants in the aforementioned brain regions have not been reported. We hypothesized that AELE will increase expression of FKBP5 and its mRNA splice variants in PFC, HP, and HT as well as increase anxiety in adult mice. AELE increased expression of FKBP5 and its mRNA variants in PFC, HP and HT at postnatal day 21. Additionally, AELE caused anxiety and increased GR abundance in association with these changes in FKBP5 expression. We speculate that these changes in FKBP5 mRNA variants affect HPA axis function and contributes to subsequent anxiety-like behavior later in life in AELE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrao Ke
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Qi Fu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Amber Majnik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Cohen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Lane
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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60
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Wang Q, Wu H, Zhou J, Pei S, Li J, Cai Y, Shang J. Involvement of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hair growth and melanogenesis among different mouse strains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202955. [PMID: 30356231 PMCID: PMC6200183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has been demonstrated to play an important role in hair follicle function and the pathogenesis of some hair disorders. The central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated by stress stimuli, synthesizes and releases various components and eventually induces the pathogenesis and recurrence of peripheral diseases. Our aim is to compare the different responses under exposure of stress in hair follicle function among different mouse strains, and to detect the involvement of the central HPA axis after stress in hair follicle growth and melanogenesis. In this study, we exposed different mouse strains (C57BL/6, CBA/J, C3H/HeN, BALB/c and ICR) to a 21-day chronic restraint stress protocol and selected C57BL/6, CBA/J and BALB/c mice for further study because of their significant behavioral alterations. Then, we evaluated and compared the different responses and sensitivity to chronic restraint stress in hair follicle function and central HPA axis among the selected strains. The results showed that expression of POMC, CRF and GR mRNA and protein and serum levels of corticosterone were inhibited in response to stress. These findings suggested that chronic restraint stress may inhibit hair follicle growth and melanogenesis via regulating the key elements of the central HPA axis. In addition, the results revealed different mouse strains exhibit different responses in the central HPA axis and hair follicle after stress exposure. C57BL/6 might be the most sensitive strain among the three strains tested as well as an appropriate strain to study possible pathophysiological mechanisms by which the nervous system influences skin function and screen dermatological drugs suitable for psychotherapy. We believe the current study will provide some useful information for researchers who are interested in the bidirectional communication between the nervous and skin systems and the management of stress-induced cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siran Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Luo H, Wood K, Shi FD, Gao F, Chang Y. Suramin is a novel competitive antagonist selective to α1β2γ2 GABA A over ρ1 GABA C receptors. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:148-157. [PMID: 30172846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GABAA and GABAC receptors are both GABA-gated chloride channels with distinct pharmacological properties, mainly in their sensitivity to bicuculline and gabazine. In this study, we found that suramin, a purinergic receptor antagonist, is a novel competitive antagonist selective to GABAA over GABAC receptors. Specifically, suramin antagonized the GABA-induced current and the spontaneous opening current of the wild type α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor with high-level expression in Xenopus oocytes. The antagonism was concentration dependent with an IC50 that varied depending on the concentration of GABA, and with the lowest IC50 of 0.43 μM when antagonizing the spontaneous current. Thus, its potency is slightly higher than bicuculline on the same GABAA receptor. Suramin also antagonized the mouse native brain GABA receptors micro-transplanted into the Xenopus oocytes with its potency depending on the GABA concentration. In addition, in the presence of two fixed concentrations of suramin, the GABA concentration response of the receptor was shifted to the right without reduction of the maximum current. Thus, our results are consistent with that suramin is a competitive antagonist for the α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor. Interestingly, the rank order of maximum allosteric inhibition (efficacy) of spontaneous current of the GABAA receptor by three competitive antagonists was suramin > bicuculline > gabazine, similar to the rank order of their molecular weight. In contrast, similar to bicuculline, suramin has much lower potency in antagonizing the GABA-induced current of the ρ1 GABAC receptor. In conclusion, we have identified a novel GABAA receptor competitive antagonist, which is selective to the α1β2γ2 over ρ1 GABA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kristofer Wood
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fenfei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Fujisawa A, Ota A, Matsunaga M, Li Y, Kakizaki M, Naito H, Yatsuya H. Effect of laughter yoga on salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone among healthy university students: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 32:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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63
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Kutz CF, Dix AL. Repository corticotropin injection in multiple sclerosis: an update. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2018; 8:217-225. [PMID: 29869572 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse management is a crucial component of multiple sclerosis care. Acute relapses are defined as new neurological symptoms or worsening of existing symptoms persisting for >24 h that are not attributable to heat, overexertion, or infection. The most commonly used treatment for multiple sclerosis relapse is a 3-5-day course of corticosteroids, primarily intravenous methylprednisolone with or without oral steroid taper. Repository corticotropin injection is also the US FDA-approved option for managing acute relapse, particularly in the patients with inadequate response, intolerability or allergy to corticosteroid treatment; poor venous access; or limited ability to receive home or clinic infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen F Kutz
- Colorado Springs Neurological Associates, 2312 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Amy L Dix
- Kansas City Multiple Sclerosis Center College Park Neurology, 10600 Mastin, Overland Park, KS 66208, USA
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Hacimusalar Y, Eşel E. Suggested Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:280-290. [PMID: 30224877 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) mainly relies on clinical examination and subjective evaluation of depressive symptoms. There is no non-invasive, quantitative test available today for the diagnosis of MDD. In MDD, exploration of biomarkers will be helpful in diagnosing the disorder as well as in choosing a treatment, and predicting the treatment response. In this article, it is aimed to review the findings of suggested biomarkers such as growth factors, cytokines and other inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers, endocrine markers, energy balance hormones, genetic and epigenetic features, and neuroimaging in MDD and to evaluate how these findings contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD, the prediction of treatment response, severity of the disorder, and identification of subtypes. Among these, the findings related to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, and neuroimaging may be strong candidates for being biomarkers MDD, and may provide critical information in understanding biological etiology of depression. Although the findings are not sufficient yet, we think that the results of epigenetic studies will also provide very important contributions to the biomarker research in MDD. The availability of biomarkers in MDD will be an advancement that will facilitate the diagnosis of the disorder, treatment choices in the early stages, and prediction of the course of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Hacimusalar
- Department of Psychiatry, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Eşel
- Department of Psychiatry, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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The difficulties of pseudo-Cushing's syndrome (or "non-neoplastic hypercortisolism"). ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2018; 79:138-145. [PMID: 29716734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome covers different pathological conditions responsible for mild-to-moderate ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism, related not to an ACTH-secreting tumor but rather to CRH and/or AVP hypothalamic secretion through activation of various neural pathways, in patients generally displaying excess central adiposity. It is better termed "non-neoplastic hypercortisolism" (NNH). The main conditions implicated in NNH comprise: neuropsychiatric disorder, alcohol abuse, insulin-resistant obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and end-stage kidney disease. Glucocorticoid resistance is one differential diagnosis, as are some cases of primary adrenal disease with incompletely suppressed ACTH. Differentiating between NNH and mild-to-moderate Cushing's disease can be a real challenge. Clinical analysis, based on thorough history taking and screening for catabolic signs is essential; useful explorations include midnight serum or salivary cortisol and Dex/CRH and ddAVP stimulation response. Pituitary MRI suffers from limitations regarding both sensitivity and specificity, while bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling cannot distinguish between pituitary ACTH secretion by a tumor or by normal cells stimulated by endogenous CRH. Definitive diagnosis of functional etiology requires demonstrating that treatment of the underlying condition restores normal secretion of ACTH and cortisol, but this is not always possible. Lingering diagnostic uncertainty has to be accepted in certain patients, who will have to be followed up for some time before diagnosis can be considered more or less definitive.
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66
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Womersley JS, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis variants and childhood trauma influence anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:601-613. [PMID: 29101603 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is characterised by the fear of anxiety-related symptoms and is a risk factor for the development of anxiety-related disorders. We examined whether genetic variation in three stress response genes, CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5, interact with childhood trauma (CT) to predict AS in South African adolescents. Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) students completed self-report measures of AS and CT, and a total of eighteen polymorphisms within CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5 were genotyped. Differences in AS based on genetic variation and CT were analysed within population and gender groups using multiple linear regression. Associations were found between AS and FKBP5 rs9296158 (p = 0.025) and rs737054 (p = 0.045) in Coloured males. Analysis of gene x CT interactions indicated that NR3C1 rs190488 CC-genotype, NR3C1 rs10482605 G-allele addition, and FKBP5 rs3800373 C-allele addition protect against AS with increasing CT in Xhosa females (p = 0.009), Xhosa males (p = 0.036) and Coloured males (p = 0.049), respectively. We identified two different protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combinations in a four-SNP CRHR1 haplotype in Coloured males. An analysis of the interaction between CT and a six-SNP FKBP5 haplotype in Coloured males revealed both protective and risk allelic combinations. Our results provide evidence for the influence of both genetic variation in CRHR1, NR3C1 and FKBP5, as well as CT x SNP interactions, on AS in South African adolescents. This study reinforces the importance of examining the influence of gene-environment (G X E) interactions within gender and population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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67
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Delvecchio G, Mandolini GM, Perlini C, Barillari M, Marinelli V, Ruggeri M, Altamura AC, Bellani M, Brambilla P. Pituitary gland shrinkage in bipolar disorder: The role of gender. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:95-99. [PMID: 29454165 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperactivity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPAA) has been consistently reported in mood disorders. However, only few studies investigated the Pituitary gland (PG) in Bipolar Disorder (BD) and the results are so far contrasting. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the integrity of the PG as well as the role of gender and the impact of clinical measurements on this structure in a sample of BD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). METHODS 34 BD patients and 41 HC underwent a 1.5 T MRI scan. PG volumes were manually traced for all subjects. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by means of the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Bech Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale. RESULTS We found decreased PG volumes in BD patients compared to HC (F = 24.9, p < 0.001). Interestingly, after dividing the sample by gender, a significant PG volume decrease was detected only in female BD patients compared to female HC (F = 9.1, p < 0.001), but not in male BD compared to male HC (F = -0.12, p = 0.074). No significant correlations were observed between PG volumes and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BD patients have decreased PG volumes, probably due to the long-term hyperactivity of the HPAA and to the consequent strengthening of the negative feedback control towards the PG volume itself. This alteration was particularly evident in females, suggesting a role of gender in affecting PG volumes in BD. Finally, the absence of significant correlations between PG volumes and clinical variables further supports that PG disruption is a trait feature of BD, being independent of symptoms severity and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Mario Mandolini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Barillari
- Section of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Marinelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Section of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA.
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68
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Lam VYY, Raineki C, Takeuchi LE, Ellis L, Woodward TS, Weinberg J. Chronic Stress Alters Behavior in the Forced Swim Test and Underlying Neural Activity in Animals Exposed to Alcohol Prenatally: Sex- and Time-Dependent Effects. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:42. [PMID: 29593510 PMCID: PMC5855032 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress response has been suggested to play a role in vulnerability to stress-related disorders, such as depression. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may result in HPA dysregulation, which in turn may predispose individuals to the effects of stress exposure throughout life, and increase their risk of developing depression compared to unexposed individuals. We examined the immediate and delayed effects of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in adulthood on behavior of PAE animals in the forced swim test (FST) and the neurocircuitry underlying behavioral, emotional, and stress regulation. Adult male and female offspring from PAE and control conditions were tested for 2 days in the FST, with testing initiated either 1 day (CUS-1; immediate) or 14 days (CUS-14; delayed) post-CUS. Following testing, c-fos mRNA expression of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, hippocampal formation, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was assessed. Our results indicate that PAE and CUS interact to differentially alter FST behaviors and neural activation of several brain areas in males and females, and effects may depend on whether testing is immediate or delayed post-CUS. PAE males showed decreased time immobile (Day 1 of FST) following immediate testing, while PAE females showed increased time immobile (Day 2 of FST) following delayed testing compared to their respective control counterparts. Moreover, in males, PAE decreased c-fos mRNA expression in the lateral and central nuclei of the amygdala in the non-CUS condition, and increased c-fos mRNA expression in the CA1 in the CUS-14 condition. By contrast in females, c-fos mRNA expression in the Cg1 was decreased in PAE animals (independent of CUS) and decreased in all mPFC subregions in CUS-14 animals (independent of prenatal treatment). Constrained principal component analysis, used to identify neural and behavioral networks, revealed that PAE altered the activation of these networks and modulated the effects of CUS on these networks in a sex- and time-dependent manner. This dysregulation of the neurocircuitry underlying behavioral, emotional and stress regulation, may ultimately contribute to an increased vulnerability to psychopathologies, such as depression, that are often observed following PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y Y Lam
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charlis Raineki
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lily E Takeuchi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Linda Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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69
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Roos LG, Levens SM, Bennett JM. Stressful life events, relationship stressors, and cortisol reactivity: The moderating role of suppression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:69-77. [PMID: 29331801 PMCID: PMC5878721 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stressful life events (SLEs) are exceedingly common and have been associated with a range of psychological disorders, perhaps through dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The use of certain emotion regulation strategies in response to stress, such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, has additionally been linked to heightened HPA axis reactivity to acute stress. However, it is unclear how emotion regulation may interact with SLEs to affect HPA axis reactivity, particularly concerning relationship stressors (RSs). Using cross-sectional data from 117 men and 85 women aged 18-55 years old (M = 39.9 ± 10.7), we investigated whether trait use of suppression or reappraisal interacted with recent negatively perceived SLEs and relationship stressors to impact HPA axis response to an acute stressor. Separate area under the curve and linear mixed models revealed that trait suppression interacted with SLEs and RSs to predict cortisol response to stress, while reappraisal did not. Findings indicate higher trait expressive suppression may influence the cortisol response to acute stress after exposure to more recent stressful events, particularly when those stressful events include relationship stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Levens
- Health Psychology PhD Program, USA; Department of Psychological Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
| | - Jeanette M Bennett
- Health Psychology PhD Program, USA; Department of Psychological Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.
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Rubinstein M, Patowary A, Stanaway IB, McCord E, Nesbitt RR, Archer M, Scheuer T, Nickerson D, Raskind WH, Wijsman EM, Bernier R, Catterall WA, Brkanac Z. Association of rare missense variants in the second intracellular loop of Na V1.7 sodium channels with familial autism. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:231-239. [PMID: 27956748 PMCID: PMC5468514 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder often accompanied by intellectual disability, language impairment and medical co-morbidities. The heritability of autism is high and multiple genes have been implicated as causal. However, most of these genes have been identified in de novo cases. To further the understanding of familial autism, we performed whole-exome sequencing on five families in which second- and third-degree relatives were affected. By focusing on novel and protein-altering variants, we identified a small set of candidate genes. Among these, a novel private missense C1143F variant in the second intracellular loop of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7, encoded by the SCN9A gene, was identified in one family. Through electrophysiological analysis, we show that NaV1.7C1143F exhibits partial loss-of-function effects, resulting in slower recovery from inactivation and decreased excitability in cultured cortical neurons. Furthermore, for the same intracellular loop of NaV1.7, we found an excess of rare variants in a case-control variant-burden study. Functional analysis of one of these variants, M932L/V991L, also demonstrated reduced firing in cortical neurons. However, although this variant is rare in Caucasians, it is frequent in Latino population, suggesting that genetic background can alter its effects on phenotype. Although the involvement of the SCN1A and SCN2A genes encoding NaV1.1 and NaV1.2 channels in de novo ASD has previously been demonstrated, our study indicates the involvement of inherited SCN9A variants and partial loss-of-function of NaV1.7 channels in the etiology of rare familial ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rubinstein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Patowary
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I B Stanaway
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E McCord
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R R Nesbitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Archer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Scheuer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W H Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E M Wijsman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W A Catterall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA E-mail:
| | - Z Brkanac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, 1959N.E. Pacific Street, Room BB1526, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA. E-mail:
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71
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Boero G, Pisu MG, Biggio F, Muredda L, Carta G, Banni S, Paci E, Follesa P, Concas A, Porcu P, Serra M. Impaired glucocorticoid-mediated HPA axis negative feedback induced by juvenile social isolation in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:242-253. [PMID: 29407214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that socially isolated rats at weaning showed a significant decrease in corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, associated with an enhanced response to acute stressful stimuli. Here we shown that social isolation decreased levels of total corticosterone and of its carrier corticosteroid-binding globulin, but did not influence the availability of the free active fraction of corticosterone, both under basal conditions and after acute stress exposure. Under basal conditions, social isolation increased the abundance of glucocorticoid receptors, while it decreased that of mineralocorticoid receptors. After acute stress exposure, socially isolated rats showed long-lasting corticosterone, ACTH and corticotrophin releasing hormone responses. Moreover, while in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of group-housed rats glucocorticoid receptors expression increased with time and reached a peak when corticosterone levels returned to basal values, in socially isolated rats expression of glucocorticoid receptors did not change. Finally, social isolation also affected the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system: compared to group-housed rats, basal levels of anandamide and cannabinoid receptor type 1 were increased, while basal levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol were decreased in socially isolated rats and did not change after acute stress exposure. The present results show that social isolation in male rats alters basal HPA axis activity and impairs glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback after acute stress. Given that social isolation is considered an animal model of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia, these data could contribute to better understand the alterations in HPA axis activity observed in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Boero
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | - Francesca Biggio
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Muredda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Paci
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Follesa
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Concas
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Porcu
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Serra
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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72
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Mulvahill JS, Nicol GE, Dixon D, Lenze EJ, Karp JF, Reynolds CF, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH. Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Late-Life Depression: Associations with Disease Severity and Treatment Resistance. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65:2651-2658. [PMID: 29235659 PMCID: PMC5730877 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the co-occurrence of obesity and metabolic derangements. Prior research implicates MetS in prolongation of the course of depression in older adults, but its effect on antidepressant response is unknown in this population. The objective was to determine whether MetS and related metabolic dyscrasias are associated with decreased rate of remission from depression in older adults treated pharmacologically for depression. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. SETTING Three academic medical centers in North America. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 60 and older (mean age 69.1) with major depressive disorder (MDD) (N = 435). INTERVENTION Open-label, protocolized treatment with extended-release venlafaxine for 12 or more weeks. MEASUREMENTS Time to remission from depression, with remission defined as a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 10 or less at last two visits. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-two participants (51%) met criteria for MetS at baseline; MetS was associated with greater severity (MADRS score) and chronicity of depression at baseline. Remission was achieved in 182 participants (42%). In the unadjusted analysis, MetS was associated with prolonged time to remission (hazard ratio for remission = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.52-0.95), but this relationship was not significant in the adjusted model; greater number of MetS components and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had similar effects. Only diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was a significant predictor of time to remission before and after adjustment, with higher DBP predicting longer time to remission. Insulin sensitivity did not predict time to remission. CONCLUSION The presence of MetS in older adults with depression was associated with greater symptom severity and chronicity of depression, which appears to have accounted for the poorer antidepressant response observed in those with MetS. Additionally, our preliminary finding of an association between higher DBP and poorer antidepressant response bears further examination and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Mulvahill
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ginger E. Nicol
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Dixon
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric J. Lenze
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan F. Karp
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Huo R, Zeng B, Zeng L, Cheng K, Li B, Luo Y, Wang H, Zhou C, Fang L, Li W, Niu R, Wei H, Xie P. Microbiota Modulate Anxiety-Like Behavior and Endocrine Abnormalities in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:489. [PMID: 29250490 PMCID: PMC5715198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbes are an important system in the human body, with significant effects on behavior. An increasing body of research indicates that intestinal microbes affect brain function and neurogenesis, including sensitivity to stress. To investigate the effects of microbial colonization on behavior, we examined behavioral changes associated with hormones and hormone receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under stress. We tested germ-free (GF) mice and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, divided into four groups. A chronic restraint stress (CRS) protocol was utilized to induce external pressure in two stress groups by restraining mice in a conical centrifuge tube for 4 h per day for 21 days. After CRS, Initially, GF restraint-stressed mice explored more time than SPF restraint-stressed mice in the center and total distance of the OFT. Moreover, the CRH, ACTH, CORT, and ALD levels in HPA axis of GF restraint-stressed mice exhibited a significantly greater increase than those of SPF restraint-stressed mice. Finally, the Crhr1 mRNA levels of GF CRS mice were increased compared with SPF CRS mice. However, the Nr3c2 mRNA levels of GF CRS mice were decreased compared with SPF CRS mice. All results revealed that SPF mice exhibited more anxiety-like behavior than GF mice under the same external stress. Moreover, we also found that GF mice exhibited significant differences in, hormones, and hormone receptors compared with SPF mice. In conclusion, Imbalances of the HPA axis caused by intestinal microbes could affect the neuroendocrine system in the brain, resulting in an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype. This study suggested that intervention into intestinal microflora may provide a new approach for treating stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Niu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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74
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Vincent MY, Donner NC, Smith DG, Lowry CA, Jacobson L. Dorsal raphé nucleus glucocorticoid receptors inhibit tph2 gene expression in male C57BL/6J mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 665:48-53. [PMID: 29174640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) expresses glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and systemic glucocorticoids have been shown to regulate expression and activity of tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis in brain. We have used intra-DRN injection of pseudotyped adeno-associated virus AAV2/9 transducing either green fluorescent protein (GFP control) or Cre recombinase (DRN GR deletion) in floxed GR mice to determine if DRN GR directly regulate DRN mRNA levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2). In a separate set of similarly-treated floxed GR mice, we also measured limbic forebrain region concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). DRN GR deletion increased tph2 mRNA levels in the dorsal, lateral wing, and caudal parts of the DRN without altering tissue concentrations of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, or the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in limbic forebrain regions. We conclude that DRN GR inhibit DRN tph2 gene expression in mice without marked effects on serotonin metabolism, at least under basal conditions at the circadian nadir. These data provide the first evidence of localized control of DRN tph2 mRNA expression by DRN GR in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Y Vincent
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nina C Donner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David G Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lauren Jacobson
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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75
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Defensive freezing links Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-axis activity and internalizing symptoms in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 82:83-90. [PMID: 28511048 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)-axis plays an important role in the expression of defensive freezing. Adaptive freezing reactivity, characterized by an immediate increase in acute stress and timely termination upon threat offset or need to act, is essential for adequate stress coping. Blunted HPA-axis activity in animals is associated with blunted freezing reactivity and internalizing symptoms. Despite their potential relevance, it remains unknown whether these mechanisms apply to humans and human psychopathology. Using a well-established method combining electrocardiography and posturography, we assessed freezing before, immediately after, and one hour after a stress induction in 92 human adolescents. In line with animal models, human adolescents showed stress-induced freezing, as quantified by relative reductions in heart rate and body sway after, as compared to before, stress. Moreover, relatively lower basal cortisol was associated with reduced stress-induced freezing reactivity (i.e., less immediate freezing and less recovery). Path analyses showed that decreased freezing recovery in individuals with reduced cortisol levels was associated with increased levels of internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that reduced freezing recovery may be a promising marker for the etiology of internalizing symptoms.
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76
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Zhu J, Chen Z, Tian J, Meng Z, Ju M, Wu G, Tian Z. miR-34b attenuates trauma-induced anxiety-like behavior by targeting CRHR1. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:90-100. [PMID: 28498394 PMCID: PMC5466391 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to trauma is a potential contributor to anxiety; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for trauma-induced anxiety require further clarification. In this study, in an aim to explore these mechanisms, we observed the changes in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis using a radioimmunoassay and the changes in anxiety-like behavior using the open field test and elevated plus maze test in a rat model following intervention with NBI-27914, a specific corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) antagonist. CRHR1 was found to be involved in trauma-induced anxiety. We then applied bioinformatic analysis to screen microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) that target CRHR1, and miR-34b was determined to negatively regulate CRHR1 mRNA in primary hypothalamic neurons. The overexpression of miR-34b in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by a miRNA agomir using a drug delivery system decreased the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and anxiety-like behavior. Overall, the involvement of the HPA axis in trauma-induced anxiety was demonstrated, and trauma-induced anxiety was attenuated by decreasing the hyperactivity of the HPA axis via miR-34b by targeting CRHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhejun Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing Tian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zehui Meng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mingda Ju
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Gencheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhanzhuang Tian
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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77
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Findling JW, Raff H. DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Differentiation of pathologic/neoplastic hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) from physiologic/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing's syndrome). Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R205-R216. [PMID: 28179447 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) usually implies the presence of a pathologic condition caused by either an ACTH-secreting neoplasm or autonomous cortisol secretion from a benign or malignant adrenal neoplasm. However, sustained or intermittent hypercortisolism may also accompany many medical disorders that stimulate physiologic/non-neoplastic activation of the HPA axis (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing's syndrome); these two entities may share indistinguishable clinical and biochemical features. A thorough history and physical examination is often the best (and sometimes only) way to exclude pathologic/neoplastic hypercortisolism. The presence of alcoholism, renal failure, poorly controlled diabetes and severe neuropsychiatric disorders should always raise suspicion that the presence of hypercortisolism may be related to physiologic/non-neoplastic Cushing's syndrome. As late-night salivary cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression have good sensitivity and negative predictive value, normal studies exclude Cushing's syndrome of any form. However, these tests have imperfect specificity and additional testing over time with clinical follow-up is often needed. When there is persistent diagnostic uncertainty, secondary tests such as the DDAVP stimulation test and the dexamethasone-CRH test may provide evidence for the presence or absence of an ACTH-secreting tumor. This review will define and characterize the numerous causes of physiologic/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism and provide a rational clinical and biochemical approach to distinguish it from pathologic/neoplastic hypercortisolism (true Cushing's syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Findling
- Endocrinology Center and ClinicsMedical College of Wisconsin, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hershel Raff
- Departments of MedicineSurgery, and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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78
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Thomann PA, Wolf RC, Nolte HM, Hirjak D, Hofer S, Seidl U, Depping MS, Stieltjes B, Maier-Hein K, Sambataro F, Wüstenberg T. Neuromodulation in response to electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia and major depression. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:637-644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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79
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Headrick JP, Peart JN, Budiono BP, Shum DH, Neumann DL, Stapelberg NJ. The heartbreak of depression: ‘Psycho-cardiac’ coupling in myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 106:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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80
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Ross RA, Foster SL, Ionescu DF. The Role of Chronic Stress in Anxious Depression. CHRONIC STRESS 2017; 1:2470547016689472. [PMID: 32440578 PMCID: PMC7219927 DOI: 10.1177/2470547016689472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous disease with many different subtypes. Patients with the anxious depression-a common subtype of major depression-are at an increased risk for treatment-resistance to standard antidepressants, with resultant increases in morbidity. However, the underlying pathophysiology of anxious depression remains unknown. Without such knowledge, the development of targeted treatments towards this specific depression subtype will likely remain elusive. One method by which research into the neurobiology of anxious depression may prove fruitful is with the research domain criteria (RDoC). RDoC provides a framework for investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness. By studying disorders in terms of RDoC constructs-such as the sustained threat construct of the negative valence system-new insights may be gained into neurobiological mechanisms of disease. These mechanisms may be useful for the development of novel antidepressants that are based on specific brain targets. Specifically, we review the impact that sustained threat-or chronic stress-has on the eventual development of depression (especially anxious depression) through pathological changes to molecules, cells, neurocircuitry, physiology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simmie L Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Dawn F Ionescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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81
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Mayerhofer R, Fröhlich EE, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Kogelnik N, Fröhlich E, Sattler W, Holzer P. Diverse action of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide on neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and anxiety in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:174-187. [PMID: 27751870 PMCID: PMC5419569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolites are known to affect immune system, brain, and behavior via activation of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Unlike the effect of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the role of other TLR agonists in immune-brain communication is insufficiently understood. We therefore hypothesized that the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (LTA) causes immune activation in the periphery and brain, stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has an adverse effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) and emotional behavior. Since LTA preparations may be contaminated by LPS, an extract of LTA (LTAextract), purified LTA (LTApure), and pure LPS (LPSultrapure) were compared with each other in their effects on molecular and behavioral parameters 3h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to male C57BL/6N mice. The LTAextract (20mg/kg) induced anxiety-related behavior in the open field test, enhanced the circulating levels of particular cytokines and the cerebral expression of cytokine mRNA, and blunted the cerebral expression of tight junction protein mRNA. A dose of LPSultrapure matching the amount of endotoxin/LPS contaminating the LTAextract reproduced several of the molecular and behavioral effects of LTAextract. LTApure (20mg/kg) increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and interferon-γ, and enhanced the transcription of TNF-α, interleukin-1β and other cytokines in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These neuroinflammatory effects of LTApure were associated with transcriptional down-regulation of tight junction-associated proteins (claudin 5, occludin) in the brain. LTApure also enhanced circulating corticosterone, but failed to alter locomotor and anxiety-related behavior in the open field test. These data disclose that TLR2 agonism by LTA causes peripheral immune activation and initiates neuroinflammatory processes in the brain that are associated with down-regulation of BBB components and activation of the HPA axis, although emotional behavior (anxiety) is not affected. The results obtained with an LTA preparation contaminated with LPS hint at a facilitatory interaction between TLR2 and TLR4, the adverse impact of which on long-term neuroinflammation, disruption of the BBB and mental health warrants further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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82
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García-Pardo M, Roger-Sánchez C, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Aguilar M. Cognitive and behavioural effects induced by social stress plus MDMA administration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 319:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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83
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Ronovsky M, Berger S, Molz B, Berger A, Pollak DD. Animal Models of Maternal Immune Activation in Depression Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:688-704. [PMID: 26666733 PMCID: PMC5050397 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151215095359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background Depression and schizophrenia are debilitating mental illnesses with significant socio-economic impact. The high degree of comorbidity between the two disorders, and shared symptoms and risk factors, suggest partly common pathogenic mechanisms. Supported by human and animal studies, maternal immune activation (MIA) has been intimately associated with the development of schizophrenia. However, the link between MIA and depression has remained less clear, in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Objective Here we aim to summarize findings obtained from studies using MIA animal models and discuss their relevance for preclinical depression research. Methods Results on molecular, cellular and behavioral phenotypes in MIA animal models were collected by literature search (PubMed) and evaluated for their significance for depression. Results Several reports on offspring depression-related behavioral alterations indicate an involvement of MIA in the development of depression later in life. Depression-related behavioral phenotypes were frequently paralleled by neurogenic and neurotrophic deficits and modulated by several genetic and environmental factors. Conclusion Literature evidence analyzed in this review supports a relevance of MIA as animal model for a specific early life adversity, which may prime an individual for the development of distinct psychopathologies later life. MIA animal models may present a unique tool for the identification of additional exogenous and endogenous factors, which are required for the manifestation of a specific neuropsychiatric disorder, such as depression, later in life. Hereby, novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression may be obtained, supporting the identification of alternative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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84
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Gerra G, Manfredini M, Somaini L, Milano G, Ciccocioppo R, Donnini C. Perceived parental care during childhood, ACTH, cortisol and nicotine dependence in the adult. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:458-465. [PMID: 27631565 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies evidenced the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and tobacco smoking in adulthood. An appropriate parenting style has been found to be associated with children's less frequent tobacco consumption. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity could represent the potential link between ACEs, mood disorders and smoking susceptibility. We studied a sample of 50 male smokers, affected by nicotine dependence and 50 controls who never smoked. Self-reported retrospective perception of neglect (Child Experience of Care and Abuse: CECA-Q questionnaire), age of smoking onset, number of cigarette/day, psychiatric symptoms (Symptoms Check List 90 scale: SCL 90) and basal level of ACTH and cortisol have been evaluated. Total SCL-90 scores, CECA-Q values and cortisol plasma level were significantly higher among smokers. Cortisol and ACTH values showed a significant direct correlation with CECA-Q and SCL90 total score and an inverse significant correlation with the age of smoking. Cortisol and ACTH did not correlate with the number of cigarette smoked. Once controlled for SCL90 and CECA-Q with multiple regression measures, the association between smoking and hormone levels reversed, suggesting that increased cortisol and ACTH basal levels were attributable to preexisting conditions such as early-life exposure to emotional neglect, psychological problems and a predisposition to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Gerra
- Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division for Operations, United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lorenzo Somaini
- Addiction Treatment Center, Local Health Service, Cossato, Biella, Italy.
| | - Giulia Milano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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85
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Majercikova Z, Horvathova L, Osacka J, Pecenak J, Kiss A. Impact of repeated asenapine treatment on FosB/ΔFosB expression in the forebrain structures under normal conditions and mild stress preconditioning in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:29-37. [PMID: 27542594 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-term effect of asenapine (ASE), an atypical antipsychotic drug, on FosB/ΔFosB quantitative variations in the striatum, septum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, was light microscopically evaluated in normal rats and rats preconditioned with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS). CMS included restraint, social isolation, crowding, swimming, and cold. The rats were exposed to CMS for 21 days. From the 7th day of CMS, the rats were injected subcutaneously with saline (300μl/rat) or ASE (0.3mg/kg b.w.), twice a day for 14 days. On the 22nd day, i.e. 16-18h after the last treatment, the animals were perfused with fixative and the brains cut into 30μm thick coronal sections. FosB/ΔFosB protein was immunohistochemically visualized by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC). Four groups of animals were investigated: control+vehicle, control+ASE, CMS+vehicle, and CMS+ASE. Repeated ASE treatment significantly increased the amount of FosB/ΔFosB immunostained cell nuclei in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, followed by strVM and coACC, as assessed by numerical analysis in both total (different size for each structure) and unified (equal size for each structure) brain sectors. The effect of ASE was significantly lowered by CMS preconditioning only in the dorsolateral striatum, dorsomedial striatum, and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, indicated by both total and unified calculations. Although, highest FosB/ΔFosB expression was seen in the prefrontal cortex and lowest in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral septum, no differences between the groups occurred. CMS itself did not affect FosB/ΔFosB expression level. These findings demonstrate for the first time that repeated administration of ASE may result in eliciting of long-lasting FosB/ΔFosB-like transcription factors that could mediate some of the persistent and region-specific changes in brain function, interconnected with chronic drug exposure. However, it cannot be excluded that the impact of repeated ASE exposure might be influenced by an ambient stressogen leverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Majercikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Pecenak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, Mickiewiczova 13, 81369 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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86
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Grove TB, Tso IF, Chun J, Mueller SA, Taylor SF, Ellingrod VL, McInnis MG, Deldin PJ. Negative affect predicts social functioning across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Findings from an integrated data analysis. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:198-206. [PMID: 27416540 PMCID: PMC5014676 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most people with a serious mental illness experience significant functional impairment despite ongoing pharmacological treatment. Thus, in order to improve outcomes, a better understanding of functional predictors is needed. This study examined negative affect, a construct comprised of negative emotional experience, as a predictor of social functioning across serious mental illnesses. One hundred twenty-seven participants with schizophrenia, 113 with schizoaffective disorder, 22 with psychosis not otherwise specified, 58 with bipolar disorder, and 84 healthy controls (N=404) completed self-report negative affect measures. Elevated levels of negative affect were observed in clinical participants compared with healthy controls. For both clinical and healthy control participants, negative affect measures were significantly correlated with social functioning, and consistently explained significant amounts of variance in functioning. For clinical participants, this relationship persisted even after accounting for cognition and positive/negative symptoms. The findings suggest that negative affect is a strong predictor of outcome across these populations and treatment of serious mental illnesses should target elevated negative affect in addition to cognition and positive/negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Ivy F Tso
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinsoo Chun
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Savanna A Mueller
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia J Deldin
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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87
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Dušková M, Hill M, Bičíková M, Šrámková M, Řípová D, Mohr P, Stárka L. The steroid metabolome in men with mood and anxiety disorders. Physiol Res 2016; 64:S275-82. [PMID: 26680490 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mood and behavior of individuals result from an orchestra of many factors. Among them steroids play an important role; however, only several common hormones have been investigated in this respect. It has been demonstrated that some steroid metabolites long considered merely the products of steroid hormone metabolism in fact possess considerable activity in the CNS. For this reason we studied the steroid metabolome including 50 analytes in 20 men with depression, 20 men with anxiety and 30 healthy controls. Significant differences were found not only between controls and men with either depression or anxiety, but also between men with depression and anxiety. Particularly striking were those steroids until now not generally associated with depression or anxiety, namely conjugated steroid forms, especially sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dušková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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88
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Caslini C, Comin A, Peric T, Prandi A, Pedrotti L, Mattiello S. Use of hair cortisol analysis for comparing population status in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in areas with different characteristics. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-016-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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89
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Packard AEB, Egan AE, Ulrich-Lai YM. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1897-1934. [PMID: 27783863 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these behaviors is regulated to a significant extent by an individual's hormonal milieu. For example, glucocorticoid hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and influence most aspects of behavior. In turn, many behaviors can influence HPA axis activity. These bidirectional interactions not only coordinate an individual's physiological and behavioral states to each other, but can also tune them to environmental conditions thereby optimizing survival. The present review details the influence of the HPA axis on many types of behavior, including appetitively-motivated behaviors (e.g., food intake and drug use), aversively-motivated behaviors (e.g., anxiety-related and depressive-like) and cognitive behaviors (e.g., learning and memory). Conversely, the manuscript also describes how engaging in various behaviors influences HPA axis activity. Our current understanding of the neuronal and/or hormonal mechanisms that underlie these interactions is also summarized. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1897-1934, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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90
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Benítez-Burraco A, Lattanzi W, Murphy E. Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27621700 PMCID: PMC5002430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders entailing social and cognitive deficits, including marked problems with language. Numerous genes have been associated with ASD, but it is unclear how language deficits arise from gene mutation or dysregulation. It is also unclear why ASD shows such high prevalence within human populations. Interestingly, the emergence of a modern faculty of language has been hypothesized to be linked to changes in the human brain/skull, but also to the process of self-domestication of the human species. It is our intention to show that people with ASD exhibit less marked domesticated traits at the morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We also discuss many ASD candidates represented among the genes known to be involved in the “domestication syndrome” (the constellation of traits exhibited by domesticated mammals, which seemingly results from the hypofunction of the neural crest) and among the set of genes involved in language function closely connected to them. Moreover, many of these genes show altered expression profiles in the brain of autists. In addition, some candidates for domestication and language-readiness show the same expression profile in people with ASD and chimps in different brain areas involved in language processing. Similarities regarding the brain oscillatory behavior of these areas can be expected too. We conclude that ASD may represent an abnormal ontogenetic itinerary for the human faculty of language resulting in part from changes in genes important for the “domestication syndrome” and, ultimately, from the normal functioning of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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91
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Borrow AP, Stranahan AM, Suchecki D, Yunes R. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Anxiety: Beyond the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27318180 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates and responds to endocrine signals, and this reciprocal relationship determines emotional processing and behavioural anxiety. Although the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains the best-characterised system for this relationship, other steroid and peptide hormones are increasingly recognised for their effects on anxiety-like behaviour and reward. The present review examines recent developments related to the role of a number of different hormones in anxiety, including pregnane neurosteroids, gut peptides, neuropeptides and hormonal signals derived from fatty acids. Findings from both basic and clinical studies suggest that these alternative systems may complement or occlude stress-induced changes in anxiety and anxiety-like behaviour. By broadening the scope of mechanisms for depression and anxiety, it may be possible to develop novel strategies to attenuate stress-related psychiatric conditions. The targets for these potential therapies, as discussed in this review, encompass multiple circuits and systems, including those outside of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Borrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Yunes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
- Área de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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92
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Myers B, Scheimann JR, Franco-Villanueva A, Herman JP. Ascending mechanisms of stress integration: Implications for brainstem regulation of neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 74:366-375. [PMID: 27208411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In response to stress, defined as a real or perceived threat to homeostasis or well-being, brain systems initiate divergent physiological and behavioral processes that mobilize energy and promote adaptation. The brainstem contains multiple nuclei that engage in autonomic control and reflexive responses to systemic stressors. However, brainstem nuclei also play an important role in neuroendocrine responses to psychogenic stressors mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Further, these nuclei integrate neuroendocrine responses with stress-related behaviors, significantly impacting mood and anxiety. The current review focuses on the prominent brainstem monosynaptic inputs to the endocrine paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), including the periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The NTS is a particularly intriguing area, as the region contains multiple cell groups that provide neurochemically-distinct inputs to the PVN. Furthermore, the NTS, under regulatory control by glucocorticoid-mediated feedback, integrates affective processes with physiological status to regulate stress responding. Collectively, these brainstem circuits represent an important avenue for delineating interactions between stress and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, USA.
| | - Jessie R Scheimann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, USA
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93
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Maternal mental well-being during pregnancy and glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter methylation in the neonate. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1421-1430. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal mental health during pregnancy has been linked to health outcomes in progeny. Mounting evidence implicates fetal “programming” in this process, possibly via epigenetic disruption. Maternal mental health has been associated with glucocorticoid receptor methylation (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [NR3C1]) in the neonate; however, most studies have been small (n < 100) and have failed to control for multiple testing in the statistical analysis. The Barwon Infant Study is a population-derived birth cohort with antenatal recruitment. Maternal depression and anxiety were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and psychological distress using the Perceived Stress Scale. NR3C1 cord blood methylation levels were determined using Sequenom MassArray for 481 participants. Maternal psychological distress and anxiety were associated with a small increase in neonate NR3C1 methylation at specific CpG sites, thus replicating some previous findings. However, associations were only nominally significant and did not remain after correction for the number of CpG sites and exposures investigated. As the largest study to explore the relationship between maternal well-being and offspring NR3C1 cord blood methylation, our results highlight the need for caution when interpreting previous findings in this area. Future studies must ensure they are adequately powered to detect the likely small effect sizes while controlling for multiple testing.
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94
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Abstract
In the face of chronic stress, some individuals can maintain normal function while others go on to develop mental illness. Addiction, affecting one in every twelve people in America, is a substance use disorder long associated with stressful life events and disruptions in the sleep/wake cycle. The circadian and stress response systems have evolved to afford adaptability to environmental changes and allow for maintenance of functional stability, or homeostasis. This mini-review will discuss how circadian rhythms and stress individually affect drug response, affect each other, and how their interactions may regulate reward-related behavior. In particular, we will focus on the interactions between the circadian clock and the regulation of glucocorticoids by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Determining how these two systems act on dopaminergic reward circuitry may not only reveal the basis for vulnerability to addiction, but may also illuminate potential therapeutic targets for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Becker-Krail
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colleen McClung
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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95
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Marco EM, Velarde E, Llorente R, Laviola G. Disrupted Circadian Rhythm as a Common Player in Developmental Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:155-181. [PMID: 26728169 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environment in which individuals develop and mature is critical for their physiological and psychological outcome; in particular, the intrauterine environment has reached far more clinical relevance given its potential influence on shaping brain function and thus mental health. Gestational stress and/or maternal infection during pregnancy has been related with an increased incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. In this framework, the use of animal models has allowed a formal and deep investigation of causal determinants. Despite disruption of circadian clocks often represents a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric disorders, the relationship between disruption of brain development and the circadian system has been scarcely investigated. Nowadays, there is an increasing amount of studies suggesting a link between circadian system malfunction, early-life insults and the appearance of neuropsychiatric diseases at adulthood. Here, we briefly review evidence from clinical literature and animal models suggesting that the exposure to prenatal insults, i.e. severe gestational stress or maternal immune activation, changes the foetal hormonal milieu increasing the circulating levels of both glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These two biological events have been reported to affect genes expression in experimental models and critically interfere with brain development triggering and/or exacerbating behavioural anomalies in the offspring. Herein, we highlight the importance to unravel the individual components of the body circadian system that might also be altered by prenatal insults and that may be causally associated with the disruption of neural and endocrine developmental programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Marco
- Department Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Velarde
- Department Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea (UE), Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Llorente
- Department Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea (UE), Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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96
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de Sousa CNS, Meneses LN, Vasconcelos GS, Silva MCC, da Silva JC, Macêdo D, de Lucena DF, Vasconcelos SMM. Reversal of corticosterone-induced BDNF alterations by the natural antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid alone and combined with desvenlafaxine: Emphasis on the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:211-9. [PMID: 26350703 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is linked to the pathophysiology of depression. We hypothesized that BDNF is one of the neurobiological pathways related to the augmentation effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) when associated with antidepressants. Female mice were administered vehicle or CORT 20mg/kg during 14 days. From the 15th to 21st days the animals were divided in groups that were further administered: vehicle, desvenlafaxine (DVS) 10 or 20mg/kg, ALA 100 or 200mg/kg or the combinations of DVS10+ALA100, DVS20+ALA100, DVS10+ALA200 or DVS20+ALA200. ALA or DVS alone or in combination reversed CORT-induced increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test and decrease in sucrose preference, presenting, thus, an antidepressant-like effect. DVS10 alone reversed CORT-induced decrease in BDNF in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (ST). The same was observed in the HC and ST of ALA200 treated animals. The combination of DVS and ALA200 reversed CORT-induced alterations in BDNF and even, in some cases, increased the levels of this neurotrophin when compared to vehicle-treated animals in HC and ST. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of the DVS+ALA may be valuable for treating conditions in which BDNF levels are decreased, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Nascimento Meneses
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Calheiros Chaves Silva
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Danielle Macêdo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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97
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Ikeno T, Deats SP, Soler J, Lonstein JS, Yan L. Decreased daytime illumination leads to anxiety-like behaviors and HPA axis dysregulation in the diurnal grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). Behav Brain Res 2015; 300:77-84. [PMID: 26684510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ambient light on mood and anxiety is best exemplified in seasonal affective disorder, in which patients experience depression and anxiety in winter when there is less light in the environment. However, the brain mechanisms underlying light-dependent changes in affective state remain unclear. Our previous work revealed increased depression-like behaviors in the diurnal Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) housed in a dim light-dark (dim-LD) cycle as compared to the controls housed in a bright light-dark (bright-LD) condition. As depression is often comorbid with anxiety and is associated with dysregulation of the body's stress response system, the present study examined the anxiety-like behaviors as well as indicators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in the grass rats. Animals housed in dim-LD showed increased anxiety-like behaviors compared to bright-LD controls, as revealed by fewer entries and less time spent at the center in the open field test and more marbles buried during the marble-burying test. Following the marble-burying test, dim-LD animals showed higher plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and hippocampal Fos expression. Although the daily CORT rhythm was comparable between bright-LD and dim-LD groups, the day/night variation of corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus was diminished in dim-LD animals. In addition, glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression were higher in the hippocampus of dim-LD animals. The results suggest that in diurnal species, reduced daytime illumination can lead to increased anxiety-like behaviors and altered HPA axis functioning, providing insights into the link between decreased environmental illumination and negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeno
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sean P Deats
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Joel Soler
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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98
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Duan H, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang K, Wu J. The Relationship between Cortisol Activity during Cognitive Task and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144315. [PMID: 26630485 PMCID: PMC4667843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The latest development in the dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a novel 6-factor model, which builds on the newly released DSM-5. One notable gap in the literature is that little is known about how distinct symptom clusters of PTSD are related to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity when people perform a relatively less stressful cognitive task. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cortisol activity when individuals perform cognitive tasks in the laboratory and a contemporary phenotypic model of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in earthquake survivors. Methods Salivary cortisol while performing cognitive tasks was collected and analyzed in 89 adult earthquake survivors. The PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to assess the severity of total PTSD as well as six distinct symptom clusters. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the six distinct PTSD symptom clusters and cortisol profiles. Results The results showed that the score of the negative affect symptom cluster, but not anhedonia or other clusters, was positively associated with cortisol levels before and during the cognitive tasks. Conclusion The results showed that higher cortisol levels before and during cognitive tasks might be specifically linked to a distinct symptom cluster of PTSD—negative affect symptomatology. This suggests that a distinction should be made between negative affect and anhedonia symptom clusters, as the 6-factor model proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Duan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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99
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Palagini L, Bruno RM, Cheng P, Mauri M, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L, Drake CL, Morin CM. Relationship between insomnia symptoms, perceived stress and coping strategies in subjects with arterial hypertension: psychological factors may play a modulating role. Sleep Med 2015; 19:108-15. [PMID: 27198955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate perceived stress and coping strategies in people with hypertension, according to the presence of insomnia symptoms and by using a set of variables that included anxiety and depressive symptoms evaluation. METHODS A total of 371 hypertensive patients were enrolled during their first visit to the Hypertension Outpatient Unit. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Brief-COPE, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered. Patients with other sleep disorders or with incomplete data (n = 41) were excluded. RESULTS Data from 330 hypertensive patients were analyzed (males 51%, mean age 57 ± 13 years). Those with insomnia symptoms (n = 70, 21%) were older (p = 0.02), more frequently females (p = 0.01), and presented with higher PSS (p < 0.001), BDI (p < 0.0001), SAS (p = 0.0003), and STAI (p < 0.0001) scores than those without insomnia symptoms. In a linear regression trait, anxiety (p < 0.0001) and depressive symptoms (p < 0.05) were independent predictors of high PSS. Patients with insomnia symptoms showed lower scores in coping strategies, such as positive reframing (p = 0.03) and emotional support (p = 0.04), and an increased score in behavioral disengagement (p = 0.03). Trait anxiety and insomnia severity were independent predictors of less effective coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS People with hypertension and insomnia symptoms showed higher perceived stress and less effective coping strategies than non-insomniacs; psychological factors such as trait anxiety and depressive symptoms may play a modulating role in these relationships. Prevention and treatment of insomnia symptoms and psychological factors should receive high attention for people with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Philip Cheng
- Sleep Disorders Center Henry Ford Health System, Novi, MI, USA
| | - Mauro Mauri
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Hypertension Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ghiadoni
- Sleep Disorders Center Henry Ford Health System, Novi, MI, USA; Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Hypertension Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Charles M Morin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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100
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Ota A, Yatsuya H, Mase J, Ono Y. Psychological job strain, social support at work and daytime secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in healthy female employees: cross-sectional analyses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15844. [PMID: 26552586 PMCID: PMC4639848 DOI: 10.1038/srep15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is limited concerning the influences of high psychological job strain and low social support at work on daytime secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which demonstrates anti-cortisol effects. We carried out a cross-sectional study to examine the associations of job strain and social support with daytime secretion amounts of DHEA and cortisol and daytime variation of the cortisol-to-DHEA ratio (C/D ratio) in healthy female workers. Study subjects comprised 115 healthy female nursery school teachers. Area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG) of salivary DHEA, cortisol and C/D ratio was calculated for estimation of daytime secretion and variation. Social support scores were negatively associated with daytime DHEA secretion (standardized partial regression coefficient = -0.343, P < 0.001 by multiple linear regression analysis). This association remained significant when daytime cortisol secretion was additionally adjusted. Social support was not associated with daytime variation of the C/D ratio. Significant association between social support and daytime cortisol secretion was not confirmed. Job strain was not associated with DHEA, cortisol or the C/D ratio. In summary, we found that daytime DHEA secretion was increased in healthy workers with low social support, perhaps independent of daytime cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Ota
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Junji Mase
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Division of Dentistry, Aichi Cancer Centre Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ono
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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