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Okamoto H, Kimura M, Watanabe N, Ogihara M. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2-mediated DNA synthesis and proliferation in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes: The involvement of endogenous transforming growth factor-alpha. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 604:12-9. [PMID: 19100731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on DNA synthesis and proliferation, and its signal transduction pathways in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. TNF-alpha induced time- and dose-dependent increases in hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation. The hepatocyte proliferation stimulated by 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha was significantly inhibited by anti-TNF receptor 2 antibody, but not by anti-TNF receptor 1 antibody. TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation were blocked by AG1478 (10(-7) M), PD98059 (10(-6) M), LY 294002 (10(-7) M), and rapamycin (100 ng/ml). TNF-alpha at 30 ng/ml significantly increased phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinase (175 kDa) and p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. This data suggests that the proliferative signal for primary cultured hepatocytes induced by TNF-alpha is mediated by TNF receptor 2 and the receptor tyrosine kinase/MAP kinase pathway. In addition, TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte mitogenesis was significantly blocked by somatostatin (10(-6) M), adenylate cyclase inhibitor dideoxyadenosine (10(-7) M), protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (10(-7) M), and neutralizing antibody to transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in culture. Indeed, 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha was found to rapidly stimulate secretion of TGF-alpha, and this secretion was also blocked by anti-TNF receptor 2 antibody. Moreover, TGF-alpha secretion induced by TNF-alpha was suppressed by dideoxyadenosine, H-89, and somatostatin. Together, these results indicate that stimulation of TNF receptor 2 by 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha induces autocrine secretion of TGF-alpha via the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A pathway, after which TGF-alpha induces hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation through the TGF-alpha receptor-linked tyrosine kinase (175 kDa)/MAP kinase signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University. 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado City, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Xu SQ, Li YH, Hu SH, Chen K, Dong LY. Effects of Wy14643 on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6936-42. [PMID: 19058328 PMCID: PMC2773856 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of Wy14643 on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.
METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g were randomly divided into five experimental groups: sham group (G1, n = 6): a sham operation was performed (except for liver I/R); I/R-untreated group (G2, n = 6): rats underwent liver ischemia for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 4 h; and I/R + Wy14643 groups (G3, G4, G5; n = 6): after the same surgical procedure as in group 2, animals were pretreated with Wy14643 at the dose of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg 1 h before ischemia, respectively. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was induced by clamping blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of the liver for 90 min, and atraumatic clamp was removed for 4 h reperfusion. Blood samples and liver tissues were obtained at the end of reperfusion to assess serum and hepatic tissue homogenate aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), myeloperoxidase (MPO), serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hepatic tissue homogenate.
RESULTS: Hepatic I/R induced a significant increase in the serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO, as well as the levels of ALT, AST and MDA in the liver tissue homogenate, which were reduced by pretreatment with Wy14643 at the dose of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The activity of SOD in the liver tissue homogenate was decreased after hepatic I/R, which was enhanced by Wy14643 pretreatment. In addition, serum and liver tissue homogenate ALT and AST in the Wy14643 10 mg/kg group were lower than in the Wy14643 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg groups, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Wy14643 pretreatment exerts significant protection against hepatic I/R injury in rats. The protective effects are possibly associated with enhancement of anti-oxidant and inhibition inflammation response.
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Adi-Bessalem S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F. Pathophysiological effects of Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom: tissue damages and inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:373-80. [PMID: 18519162 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of sublethal dose of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom on the enzymatic activities (creatine phospho-kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and histopathological changes of heart and lungs' organs were determined 24h following envenoming NMRI mice. The effects of Aah venom on the lytic activity of the complement system, plasma cytokine rates (IL1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10) and the peripheral blood cell infiltration were also studied. Microscopically, treated animals showed severe myocardial edema, hemorrhages and necroses and severe acute bronchopneumonia with alveolar edema and hemorrhages. High serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase correlate to the tissue lesions. The results showed fast kinetics of production of pro-inflammatory (IL1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines at 30min in blood sera. An increase in serum lytic activity of envenomed animals and leucocytosis in peripheral blood with predominance of mononuclear and neutrophil cells were also observed. In conclusion, the results reported in the present study suggest that pathophysiological manifestations of Aah envenomation may be mediated sequentially or simultaneously by cytokines and the complement system, which in turn activate leukocyte to produce tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Adi-Bessalem
- Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédienne Bab Ezzouar, 16111, BP 63, El Alia, Alger, Algeria
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Aalbers AGJ, ten Kate M, van Grevenstein WMU, Hofland LJ, Wiemer EAC, Jeekel J, van Eijck CHJ. A small mammal model of tumour implantation, dissemination and growth factor expression after partial hepatectomy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2008; 34:469-75. [PMID: 17442529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection remains the most effective therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer confined to the liver, although the extrahepatic recurrence rate is high. AIM OF THE STUDY To develop a mammal model in order to investigate by which mechanisms liver surgery affects distant tumour recurrence. METHODS In this animal study the effect of partial hepatectomy (phX) on the development of tumour noduli in the lungs was evaluated. CC531 rat colon carcinoma cells were inoculated i.v. 24h before, during or 24h after surgery. Rat serum was obtained at different time-points after phX and added to in vitro CC531 cell cultures. Finally, phX was compared with an ileum resection (ilX). RESULTS phX leads to increased tumour noduli in the lungs, compared to Sham operation (p=0.002), but only when performed directly before the injection of tumour cells and not when performed 24h before or after the inoculation. Comparable results were obtained for ilX. No growth stimulation of tumour cells after incubation with rat serum, obtained at different time-points after phX, could be detected in vitro. CONCLUSION Not only phX, but also surgery, in general promotes distant tumour recurrence exerting the effect during the early phase of tumour cell adhesion and not during tumour outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G J Aalbers
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cholestasis is a common complication of bacterial infections and sepsis. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms of sepsis-associated cholestasis and jaundice, their clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic management.
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56
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Immunoparalysis in Liver Disease. Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-35096-9_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Prusty BK, Hedau S, Singh A, Kar P, Das BC. Selective suppression of NF-kBp65 in hepatitis virus-infected pregnant women manifesting severe liver damage and high mortality. Mol Med 2007; 13:518-26. [PMID: 17660862 PMCID: PMC1933259 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00055.prusty] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulminant hepatitis in Asian pregnant women is generally caused by hepatitis E virus infection, and extremely high mortality is most common in them. Decreased cell-mediated immunity is considered a major cause of death in these cases, but what exactly influences decreased immunity and high mortality specifically during pregnancy is not known. We used electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis to study the expression and DNA binding activity of NF-kB p50 and NF-kB p65 in pregnant fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) patients and compared them with their nonpregnant counterparts. In both PBMC and postmortem liver biopsy specimens the DNA-binding activity of NF-kB was very high in samples from pregnant FHF patients compared with those from nonpregnant women as well as pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis (AVH) without FHF. Further dissection of the NF-kB complex in supershift assays demonstrated complete absence of p65 in the NF-kB complex, which is formed by homodimerization of the p50 component in pregnant FHF patients. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of p50 and p65 proteins both showed higher levels of p50 expression and a complete absence or a minimal expression of p65, indicating its nonparticipation in NF-kB-dependent transactivation in pregnant FHF patients. We suggest that the exclusion of p65 from the NF-kB transactivation complex seems to be a crucial step that may cause deregulated immunity and severe liver damage, leading to the death of the patient. Our findings provide a molecular basis, for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh K Prusty
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India
| | - Suresh Hedau
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Medicine, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College Campus, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Premasis Kar
- Department of Medicine, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College Campus, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bhudev C Das, Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICMR), I-7, Sector 39, Noida 201301, India. Tel: + 91-120-2575838; Fax: + 91-120-2579437; E-mail:
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Higuchi N, Kato M, Kotoh K, Kohjima M, Aishima S, Nakamuta M, Fukui Y, Takayanagi R, Enjoji M. Methylprednisolone injection via the portal vein suppresses inflammation in acute liver failure induced in rats by lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine. Liver Int 2007; 27:1342-8. [PMID: 17900243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported that hepatic arterial steroid injection is an effective therapy to rescue patients from fulminant or severe acute hepatic failure. We speculate that a high concentration of steroid suppresses inflammatory processes in the liver directly by restraining activated inflammatory cells, including macrophages. To analyse the detailed mechanism, steroid injection via the portal vein was performed in an experimental model of liver damage. METHODS Rats subjected to lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine injection were treated with a methylprednisolone injection via the tail vein or the portal vein. The survival rate, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic cell counts in the liver were analysed. RESULTS The survival rate was significantly improved by steroid injection, especially via the portal vein. Serum values of alanine aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma were reduced in the treated groups, especially the group given portal venous injections. Apoptotic cell counts in the liver were significantly lower in the group injected with steroid via the portal vein. CONCLUSION In the model rats, high concentrations of steroid in the liver acted on inflammatory cells and suppressed inflammatory cytokines and liver cell death. The mechanism is suggested to be the same for arterial steroid injection therapy in patients with acute hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobito Higuchi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lienenlüke B, Christ B. Impact of interleukin-6 on the glucose metabolic capacity in rat liver. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:371-7. [PMID: 17805558 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase reaction mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine IL6 initiates a number of metabolic changes in the liver, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the septic shock during prolonged exposition. Here, the impact of IL6 on the hepatic glucose providing capacity was studied by monitoring glycogen degradation and the expression of the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) in rat livers during the daily feeding rhythm. Eight hours after i.p. injection of IL6, mRNA levels of alpha2-macroglobulin, a prominent acute phase reactant in rat liver, were elevated as shown by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization (ISH). PCK1 mRNA levels were decreased by IL6 to 50% of levels in untreated animals due to the reduction of PCK1 mRNA in the periportal zone of the liver as shown by ISH. PCK1 enzyme activity was not affected by IL6. Glycogen degradation was accelerated by IL6, which led to nearly complete depletion of glycogen pools in periportal areas 8 h after IL6 injection. This was very likely due to inhibition of glycogen pool replenishment. Thus, the depletion of glycogen stores in the liver might contribute to the impairment of hepatic glucose production during prolonged acute phase challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Lienenlüke
- First Department of Medicine, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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García-Galiano D, Sánchez-Garrido MA, Espejo I, Montero JL, Costán G, Marchal T, Membrives A, Gallardo-Valverde JM, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Arévalo E, De la Mata M, Muntané J. IL-6 and IGF-1 are Independent Prognostic Factors of Liver Steatosis and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients. Obes Surg 2007; 17:493-503. [PMID: 17608262 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid accumulation and other histological liver markers characterize patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The identification of non-invasive prognostic factors of liver steatosis and NASH are relevant for the unravelling of the mechanisms of this disease, as well as for the clinical diagnoses of these patients. METHODS 36 patients with morbid obesity and 12 healthy subjects were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study to determine the serological parameters associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis and NASH. Clinical, biochemical and histologic variables were examined in blood and liver biopsies by descriptive, univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS The patients were distributed as non-NASH (14), probably-NASH (13) and NASH (9), according to the Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Activity Score (NAS). The study identified remarkable differences in liver steatosis, and glucose, insulin, IL-6 and IGF-1 concentrations in blood among patients with morbid obesity. IL-6 was correlated with the degree of liver steatosis until the morbidly obese patients fulfil the criteria of NASH. The patients with NASH reduced IL-6 concentration in blood. IGF-1 decreased throughout the progression of NASH. TNF-alpha concentration was not related to liver steatosis or NASH in morbidly obese patients. The multivariate regression analysis identified glucose >110 mg/dL, IL-6 >4.81 pg/mL and IGF-1 <130 ng/mL, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) >4.5 and IGF-1 <110 ng/mL as independent predictors of hepatic steatosis and NASH, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of glucose, insulin, IL-6 and IGF-1 in blood are useful markers for the selection of patients with liver steatosis or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Galiano
- Liver Research Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, CIBER HEPAD, Cordoba, Spain
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Atabek ME, Pirgon O. Unusual cardiac features in cholestatic hepatitis A in an adolescent: Improvement with corticosteroid treatment. J Infect 2007; 54:e91-3. [PMID: 16769122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is one of the most frequent infectious liver diseases affecting children worldwide. Extra-hepatic manifestations of acute hepatitis A virus are rare in pediatric age group. We report a case of a 16-year-old, otherwise healthy adolescent who had viral hepatitis A with cardiac manifestations. The patient is the first pediatric case of hepatitis A with a combination of hypotension, persistent bradycardia and progressive cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Atabek
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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González-Reimers E, García-Valdecasas-Campelo E, Santolaria-Fernández F, de la Vega-Prieto MJ, Ros-Vilamajó R, Martínez-Riera A, Castellano-Higuera A, Rodríguez-Gaspar M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in stable chronic alcoholics: relationship with fat and lean mass. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:904-9. [PMID: 17210215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are mediators of the inflammatory response, secreted by many tissues, including adipocytes. Chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis are associated with elevated serum cytokine levels which yield prognostic value in this situation. Most studies have been performed in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis. However, cytokine alterations in stable alcoholics have been less studied, as is also the case for the relationship between cytokines and fat and lean mass in these patients. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationships between some proinflammatory serum cytokine levels and lean mass, fat mass, nutritional status, and liver function parameters in stable alcoholic patients. We determined serum TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and TNF receptor 2 (TNFr2) in 77 male alcoholic patients in a stable phase (before hospital discharge). In all patients we performed a total-body composition analysis (Hologic DEXA), nutritional assessment including body mass index, triceps skinfold, brachial perimeter, and assessment of liver function. Forty-two healthy volunteer health workers served as controls. IL-8, TNF-alpha and TNFr2 were significantly higher in patients than in controls. No differences were observed between patients and controls regarding fat mass, but alcoholics showed significantly decreased lean mass than controls. Only IL-6 was significantly related with body fat in patients with elevated IL-6 levels. Poor relationships were observed between lean mass and cytokines; some nutritional parameters showed inverse relationships with serum TNF, whereas TNF and IL-8 were inversely related with albumin and prothrombin activity. Thus, cytokine levels were elevated in stable alcoholic patients, and IL-6 levels showed significant correlation with body fat mass, raising the possibility that adipose tissue contributes to the persistence of high levels of cytokines in stable alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio González-Reimers
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Shinoda M, Tilles AW, Kobayashi N, Wakabayashi G, Takayanagi A, Totsugawa T, Harada H, Obara H, Suganuma K, Berthiaume F, Shimazu M, Shimizu N, Tanaka N, Kitajima M, Tompkins RG, Toner M, Yarmush ML. A bioartificial liver device secreting interleukin-1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of hepatic failure in rats. J Surg Res 2006; 137:130-40. [PMID: 17081566 PMCID: PMC3201777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for many patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). A major limitation of this treatment is the lack of available donors. An optimally functioning bio-artificial liver (BAL) device has the potential to provide critical hepatic support to patients with FHF. In this study, we examined the efficacy of combining interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor blockade with the synthetic function of hepatocytes in a BAL device for the treatment of FHF. MATERIALS AND METHODS We injected an adenoviral vector encoding human IL-1 receptor antagonist (AdIL-1Ra) into the liver of D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxicated rats via the portal vein. We also transfected primary rat hepatocytes and reversibly immortalized human hepatocytes (TTNT cells) with AdIL-1Ra, and incorporated these transfected hepatocytes into our flat-plate BAL device and evaluated their efficacy in our GalN-induced FHF rat model after 10 h of extracorporeal perfusion. RESULTS Rats injected with AdIL-1Ra showed significant reductions in the plasma levels of hepatic enzymes. Primary rat hepatocytes transfected with AdIL-1Ra secreted IL-1Ra without losing their original synthetic function. Incorporating these cells into the BAL device and testing in a GalN-induced FHF rat model resulted in significant reductions in plasma IL-6 levels and significantly improved animal survival. Incorporating the AdIL-1Ra transfected TTNT cells in the BAL device and testing in the GalN-induced FHF rat model resulted in significantly reduced plasma IL-6 levels, and a trend toward improved survival was seen. CONCLUSION Hepatocytes producing IL-1Ra are a promising cell source for BAL devices in the treatment of GalN-induced FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shinoda
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arno W. Tilles
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Go Wakabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Totsugawa
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Harada
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Obara
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suganuma
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - François Berthiaume
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Motohide Shimazu
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kitajima
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ronald G. Tompkins
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114.
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Markiewski MM, DeAngelis RA, Lambris JD. Liver inflammation and regeneration: two distinct biological phenomena or parallel pathophysiologic processes? Mol Immunol 2006; 43:45-56. [PMID: 16002143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anatomic localization and unique vasculature of the liver, along with its cell properties, make this organ an efficient line of defense against blood-borne infections, either systemic or arising in the abdomen. Liver cells can modify the host immune response by releasing immunomodulatory molecules, interacting with cells of the immune system and acting as scavengers for inflammatory mediators. However, these defensive functions do not protect the liver itself from the severe injury that may be caused by pathogens, toxins or pollutant xenobiotics. Therefore, the mammalian liver has developed a unique adaptation in the form of an astonishing regenerative capability. The complexity of regeneration requires a well-orchestrated system to control this process. Growing evidence suggest the importance of immune mechanisms as a part of this system. It seems likely that the mechanisms that serve to eliminate infections (and may simultaneously cause liver injury) are also active in restoring the structural and functional integrity of the damaged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, 401C Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Owen-Ashley NT, Turner M, Hahn TP, Wingfield JC. Hormonal, behavioral, and thermoregulatory responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in captive and free-living white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). Horm Behav 2006; 49:15-29. [PMID: 15967447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposing vertebrates to pathogenic organisms or inflammatory stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activates the immune system and triggers the acute phase response. This response involves fever, alterations in neuroendocrine circuits, such as hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) axes, and stereotypical sickness behaviors that include lethargy, anorexia, adipsia, and a disinterest in social activities. We investigated the hormonal, behavioral, and thermoregulatory effects of acute LPS treatment in a seasonally breeding songbird, the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) using laboratory and field experiments. Captive male and female sparrows were housed on short (8L:16D) or long (20L:4D) day lengths and injected subcutaneously with LPS or saline (control). LPS treatment activated the HPA axis, causing a rapid increase in plasma corticosterone titers over 24 h compared to controls. Suppression of the HPG axis occurred in long-day LPS birds as measured by a decline in luteinizing hormone levels. Instead of a rise in body temperature, LPS-injected birds experienced short-term hypothermia compared to controls. Birds treated with LPS decreased activity and reduced food and water intake, resulting in weight loss. LPS males on long days experienced more weight loss than LPS males on short days, but this seasonal effect was not observed in females. These results paralleled seasonal differences in body condition, suggesting that modulation of the acute phase response is linked to energy reserves. In free-living males, LPS treatment decreased song and several measures of territorial aggression. These studies highlight immune-endocrine-behavior interrelationships that may proximately mediate life-history tradeoffs between reproduction and defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Owen-Ashley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-1800, USA.
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66
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Kihara K, Ueno S, Sakoda M, Aikou T. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen exposure on experimental hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: relationship between its timing and neutrophil sequestration. Liver Transpl 2005; 11:1574-80. [PMID: 16315298 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) reduces neutrophil endothelial adherence in venules and also blocks the progressive arteriolar vasoconstriction associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in the extremities and the brain. In order to elucidate the effects of HBOT after I-R in digestive organs, particularly in the liver, we evaluated the following: 1) the relationship between timing of HBOT and tissue damage; and 2) HBOT's effects on neutrophil sequestration. Using a hepatic I-R (45 minute) model in male rats, survival rate, liver tissue damage, and neutrophil accumulation within the sinusoids in the HBOT-treated group (Group H) were compared to those in the nontreated group (Group C). For the HBOT-treated group, HBOT was administered as 100% oxygen, at 2.5 atm absolute, for 60 minutes. When HBOT was given 30 minute after I-R, the survival rate was much better in Group H than in Group C. HBOT performed within 3 hours of I-R markedly suppressed increases in the malondialdehyde level in tissues of the liver and lessened the congestion in the sinusoids. In addition, HBOT just after I-R caused decreased number of cells stained by the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase infiltrating into the sinusoids. HBOT 3 hours after reperfusion, however, showed no clear effects upon neutrophil sequestration compared to Group C. These results indicate that HBOT performed within 3 hours of I-R alleviates hepatic dysfunction and improves the survival rate after I-R. Herein, we propose 1 possible mechanism for these beneficial effects: early HBOT given before neutrophil-mediated injury phase may suppress the accumulation of neutrophils after I-R. In conclusion, we believe that the present study should lead to an improved understanding of HBOT's potential role in hepatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890, Japan
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67
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Shitrit D, Izbicki G, Shitrit ABG, Raz M, Sulkes J, Kramer MR. Normal D-dimer levels in patients with latent tuberculosis infection. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16:85-7. [PMID: 15650552 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200501000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated a link between acute pulmonary tuberculosis and a hypercoagulable state, but there are no data on the coagulation state of patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTI). The present prospective observational study was designed to help fill this gap. The sample included 84 patients (high school students and adults) with suspected LTI referred for the purified protein derivative (PPD) test. Results were read according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society. Blood samples were collected at admission and assayed for D-dimer, the marker of the coagulation state, with the quantitative Miniquant test. D-dimer values were correlated with the PPD status and clinical parameters. Fifty-seven patients tested positive for LTI and 27 tested negative. There was no significant difference in D-dimer level between these groups (341 +/- 106 and 360 +/- 60 microg/ml, respectively). No significant correlation was found between D-dimer level and PPD status, patient age or occupation (health care worker or not), or clinical indication for the tuberculin test. The normal D-dimer levels in this series suggest that low-level inflammations such as LTI do not lead to a hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shitrit
- Pulmonary Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqwa 49100, Israel
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68
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Martínez-Flórez S, Gutiérrez-Fernández B, Sánchez-Campos S, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Quercetin attenuates nuclear factor-kappaB activation and nitric oxide production in interleukin-1beta-activated rat hepatocytes. J Nutr 2005; 135:1359-65. [PMID: 15930438 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether different concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin ameliorate nitric oxide production and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation in interleukin (IL)-1beta-activated rat hepatocytes. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were treated with IL-1beta alone or with quercetin in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 micromol/L. The generation of reactive oxygen species, assessed by flow cytometry using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was significantly reduced, and the oxidized:reduced glutathione ratio decreased in cultures treated with 50 and 100 micromol/L of quercetin. Quercetin at 100 micromol/L significantly prevented the IL-1beta-induced release of nitrite into the culture medium. Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated that increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in hepatocytes stimulated by IL-1beta were prevented by 50 micromol/L and 100 micromol/L of quercetin. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and Western blots indicated that quercetin blocked the activation of NF-kappaB and decreased the inhibitor kappaB protein levels induced by IL-1beta. In summary, quercetin, a natural flavonol widely distributed in the human diet, inhibits NO production in IL-1beta-stimulated hepatocytes through the inhibition of iNOS expression. Although the mode of action remains to be clarified, our findings support the view that the mechanism of action is via inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation.
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69
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Palmes D, Skawran S, Stratmann U, Armann B, Minin E, Herbst H, Spiegel HU. Amelioration of microcirculatory damage by an endothelin A receptor antagonist in a rat model of reversible acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2005; 42:350-7. [PMID: 15710217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatocellular damage in acute liver failure (ALF) is aggravated by proinflammatory and cytotoxic mediators released from sinusoidal-lining cells. We studied a selective endothelin A receptor (ETAR) antagonist for its potential influence on the microcirculation in the setting of ALF. METHODS Seventy Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (I) induction of ALF by a 70% liver resection combined with injection of 400 microg/kg endotoxin, (II) ALF treated with the ETAR antagonist LU 135252 (1 mg/kg b.w. i.v.), (III) sham operation, (IV) injection of endotoxin, (V) 70% liver resection. Liver microcirculation was measured by intravital microscopy. Parenchymal injury, growth fractions, endothelin (ET)-1 and ETAR were studied by histology and immunohistology. Survival, liver function, and morphology were followed up to 14 days. RESULTS 100% mortality, impaired liver function, widespread endothelial lesions, highest ET-1 and ETAR levels, a decreased perfusion rate, reduced sinusoidal diameter, as well as an increase in both leukocyte-endothelium interactions and sinusoidal blood flow were observed after induction of ALF. ETAR antagonist-treated rats showed decreased ET-1 and ETAR levels as well as improved microcirculatory function, morphology, liver function, and 85% survival. CONCLUSIONS Microcirculatory disturbances correlate with liver dysfunction in ALF. ETAR blockade represents a new therapeutic approach to ALF by reducing microcirculatory lesions and their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Palmes
- Surgical Research, Department of General Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Waldeyerstr. 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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70
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Chu CJ, Hsiao CC, Wang TF, Chan CY, Lee FY, Chang FY, Chen YC, Huang HC, Wang SS, Lee SD. Prostacyclin inhibition by indomethacin aggravates hepatic damage and encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:232-6. [PMID: 15633222 PMCID: PMC4205408 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i2.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic form of hepatic encephalopathy. Prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO) are important contributors to hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertensive states. Our previous study showed that chronic inhibition of NO had detrimental effects on the severity of encephalopathy in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated rats due to aggravation of liver damage. To date, there are no detailed data concerning the effects of PGI2 inhibition on the severity of hepatic encephalopathy during fulminant hepatic failure.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g were used. Fulminant hepatic failure was induced by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (350 mg/(kg.d) for 3 d. Rats were divided into two groups to receive intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin (5 mg/(kg.d), n = 20) or normal saline (N/S, n = 20) for 5 d, starting 2 d before TAA administration. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the counts of motor activity measured with Opto-Varimex animal activity meter. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, an index of liver injury) and 6-keto-PGF1α (a metabolite of PGI2) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS: As compared with N/S-treated rats, the mortality rate was significantly higher in rats receiving indomethacin (20% vs 5%, P<0.01). Inhibition of PGI2 created detrimental effects on total movement counts (indomethacin vs N/S: 438±102 vs 841±145 counts/30 min, P<0.05). Rats treated with indomethacin had significant higher plasma levels of TNF-α (indomethacin vs N/S: 22±5 vs 10±1 pg/mL, P<0.05) and lower plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF1α (P<0.001), but not total bilirubin or creatinine (P>0.05), as compared with rats treated with N/S.
CONCLUSION: Chronic indomethacin administration has detrimental effects on the severity of encephalopathy in TAA-treated rats and this phenomenon may be attributed to the aggravation of liver injury. This study suggests that PGI2 may provide a protective role in the development of fulminant hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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71
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Lee SH, Park SG, Lim SO, Jung G. The hepatitis B virus X protein up-regulates lymphotoxin alpha expression in hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1741:75-84. [PMID: 15955450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 09/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is involved in intrahepatic inflammatory processes by inducing several pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been suggested that these inflammatory processes play an important role in causing hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of HBx in the expression of lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) in hepatoma cells such as Huh-7 and Chang. Our experiments showed that (i) transient HBx expression in Huh-7 cells up-regulated LTalpha mRNA expression; (ii) this up-regulation was predominantly affected by HBx-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. In addition, the HBx-induced NF-kappaB activation was decreased by the treatment of LTalpha neutralizing antibodies in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that HBx up-regulates LTalpha expression at the transcriptional level through an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism and, therefore, the up-regulated LTalpha may be secreted and involved in the HBx-induced NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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72
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Assenat E, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Larrey D, Saric J, Fabre JM, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ, Pascussi JM. Interleukin 1beta inhibits CAR-induced expression of hepatic genes involved in drug and bilirubin clearance. Hepatology 2004; 40:951-60. [PMID: 15382119 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
During the inflammatory response, intrahepatic cholestasis and decreased drug metabolism are frequently observed. At the hepatic level, the orphan nuclear constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (NR1I3) controls phase I (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2B and CYP3A), phase II (UGT1A1), and transporter (SLC21A6, MRP2) genes involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance in response to xenobiotics such as phenobarbital or endobiotics such as bilirubin. We investigated the negative regulation of CAR, a glucocorticoid-responsive gene, via proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in human hepatocytes. We show that IL-1beta decreases CAR expression and decreases phenobarbital- or bilirubin-mediated induction of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, GSTA1, GSTA2, and SLC21A6 messenger RNA. This occurs via nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 activation, which interferes with the enhancer function of the distal glucocorticoid response element that we have identified recently in the CAR promoter. We demonstrate that: (1) LPSs, IL-1beta, or overexpression of p65RelA inhibit glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated CAR transactivation; (2) these suppressive effects can be blocked both by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, or by overexpression of SRIkBalpha, a NF-kappaB repressor; and (3) the GR agonist dexamethasone induces histone H4 acetylation at the proximal CAR promoter region, whereas LPSs and IL-1beta inhibit this acetylation as assessed via chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In conclusion, GR/NF-kappaB interaction affects CAR gene transcription through chromatin remodeling and provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-standing observation that inflammation and sepsis inhibit drug metabolism while inducing intrahepatic cholestasis or hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Assenat
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
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73
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Skawran S, Palmes D, Budny T, Bahde R, Stratmann U, Spiegel HU. Development and evaluation of an experimental model for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of acute liver failure. Transplant Proc 2004; 35:3142-6. [PMID: 14697999 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Because of the various etiologies of acute liver failure (ALF) a clinically relevant model must fulfill four criteria--reversibility, reproducibility, ALF-induced death, and a sufficient time interval for diagnosis and therapy between induction and death. In this study an experimental model was evaluated for these criteria. A total of 49 rats were randomized into seven groups: First, a pilot study was performed regarding the survival rate after different treatments: In group I, animals underwent a 70% liver resection. In group II, 70% liver resection was combined with ascending doses of postoperative endotoxin administration up to 400 microg/kg (group IIc). In group III, animals only underwent liver mobilization. In group IV, ALF was induced according to the protocol of group IIc, but with additional treatment of an endothelin-A-receptor (ETAR) antagonist. Animals in group V received only 400 microg endotoxin. After induction of ALF, all animals died within the first day, showing significantly elevated bilirubin and ammonium levels and severe damage to hepatocellular integrity. Application of the ETAR antagonist resulted in the survival of 6/7 animals until the 14th day; the biochemical and histomorphological changes were reversible. All other animals survived to the 14th day. A clinically relevant model of ALF in rats can be created by the combination of 70% liver resection and endotoxin application to produce an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skawran
- Department of Surgery, Münster University Hospital, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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74
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Lim S, Kang KW, Park SY, Kim SI, Choi YS, Kim ND, Lee KU, Lee HK, Pak YK. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by a novel compound, mercaptopyrazine, through suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB binding to DNA. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:719-28. [PMID: 15276079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage cells in response to cytokines and endotoxins produced a large amount of nitric oxide (NO) by expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting in acute or chronic inflammatory disorders including septic hypotension and atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect and the mechanism of mercaptopyrazine (MP) in the induction of iNOS and NO production as a culminating factor for several inflammatory disorders. Pretreatment of MP alleviated the mortality of endotoxemic mice receiving a lethal bolus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was associated with the reduced levels of serum nitrite/nitrate and IL-1beta. In RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells, MP (300microM) inhibited both protein and mRNA levels of iNOS stimulated by LPS/interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) up to 50%. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)-driven transactivation was also suppressed by MP to the same degree. Treatment of MP reduced the binding of NF-kappaB to the oligonucleotides containing NF-kappaB consensus sequence, while it did not affect the translocation of NF-kappaB to nuclear. Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by MP was completely reversed by a reducing agent, dithiothreitol, implying that MP might oxidize the sulfhydryl group(s) of DNA binding domain of NF-kappaB. In conclusion, MP would be one of interesting candidates or chemical moieties of iNOS expression inhibitor via specific suppression of NF-kappaB binding to DNA, and be useful as a chemopreventive agent or a therapeutic against iNOS-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Lim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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75
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Carey AL, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 and insulin sensitivity: friend or foe? Diabetologia 2004; 47:1135-1142. [PMID: 15241593 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A L Carey
- The Skeletal Muscle Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - M A Febbraio
- The Skeletal Muscle Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
The development of T helper 1 versus T helper 2 cells is a major branch point in the immune response and is an important determinant of the body’s response to an infectious pathogen, leading to protection of the host or dissemination of the disease. Resent studies have shown that there exist macrophage activation states in parallel to the T helper cell type 1/2 paradigm, and the T helper 1 development process is governed to a great degree by cytokine IL-12 provided mainly by antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. A model in patients with hepatitis is proposed that links the pathogen, macrophage activation and T helper cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ling Sun
- Department of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an 271000, Shangdong Province, China.
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77
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Souza V, Escobar Md MDC, Gómez-Quiroz L, Bucio L, Hernández E, Cossio EC, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC. Acute cadmium exposure enhances AP-1 DNA binding and induces cytokines expression and heat shock protein 70 in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2004; 197:213-28. [PMID: 15033544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been regarded as one of the inflammation-related xenobiotics. Cd has been extensively studied in many cellular systems, but a lot of parameters have been evaluated in different experimental conditions. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of low cadmium concentrations in HepG2 cells in the oxidative stress produced, the IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and IL-8 expression, production of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and the activation of nuclear factors activation protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-kappaB under the same experimental conditions. Also, the participation of TNF-alpha and oxidative stress in AP-1 activation was evaluated. Lipid peroxidation damage increased 1.5 times after the first hour of Cd treatment and increased 1.9 times after 2h. Similar values were maintained until 6h. Reduced glutathione (GSH) diminished 65% after 6h CdCl(2) treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment increased 332% GSH in Cd-treated cells. RNA was isolated from HepG2 cells after 0.5, 1, 3, or 6h incubation with 1, 5, or 10 microM CdCl(2). TNF-alpha and IL-1beta presented a maximum response after 1h treatment, while IL-6 and IL-8 maximum response was after 3h treatment. The Hsp70, determined by Western blot, was constitutively produced, and it increased after 3h Cd treatment. NF-kappaB activation, determined by EMSA, was not increased as a result of Cd treatment. DNA binding of AP-1 was detected and increased, with time up to 4h with an increment of 24 times control value with 5 microM CdCl(2). The HepG2 cells were pretreated with anti-TNF-alpha antibody or 1mM N-acetylcysteine 1h before Cd treatment. Anti-TNF-alpha treatment reduced 67% AP-1 activation, while NAC 47.5%. These data indicate that, Cd-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, that probably, activate AP-1 transcription factor and IL-6 and IL-8 were induced. Anti-TNF-alpha and NAC partially inhibited AP-1 activation. All imply that, a number of factors participate in AP-1 cadmium-induced activation. The Hsp70 is produced by the HepG2 cells after cadmium treatment, and probably has a role in the non-participation of NF-kappaB in the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Souza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Colonia La Vicentina, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
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78
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Scivoletto G, Fuoco U, Morganti B, Cosentino E, Molinari M. Pressure sores and blood and serum dysmetabolism in spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord 2004; 42:473-6. [PMID: 15111999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with pressure sores were studied before and after surgical intervention for ulcer healing and compared with matched SCI patients without sores and with patients with pressure sores and other diseases. OBJECTIVE To analyse the relationship between pressure sores and anaemia and serum protein alteration in SCI patients. To study the pathogenesis of these alterations and suggest appropriate therapy. SETTING Spinal cord unit in Rome, Italy. SUBJECTS A total of 13 SCI patients with pressure sores, 13 comparable patients without pressure sores and four patients with other diseases and pressure sores. MAIN MEASURES Haematochemical parameters. RESULTS Patients with pressure sore showed significant decreased red cells, decreased haemoglobin and haematocrit, increased white cells and ferritin and decreased transferrin and transferrin saturation; total hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia with increased Alfa-1 and gamma globulins increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were also present. The alterations returned to normal after surgical intervention for pressure sore healing. CONCLUSIONS Patients with pressure sores suffer from anaemia and serum protein alteration that fells within the range of metabolic alteration of chronic disorders and neoplastic diseases. The alterations depend on a decreased utilisation of iron stores in the reticuloendothelial system and on inhibition of the hepatic synthesis of albumin. With regard to treatment, iron treatment should be avoided because of the risk of haemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scivoletto
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione S Lucia, Rome, Italy
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79
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Zhang T, Guo CJ, Li Y, Douglas SD, Qi XX, Song L, Ho WZ. Interleukin-1beta induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression in human hepatocytes. Cell Immunol 2004; 226:45-53. [PMID: 14746807 PMCID: PMC4016814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of factors that regulate expression of CC-chemokines, the important mediators in immune responses and inflammation processes, has an important significance in understanding the immunopathogenesis of liver diseases. We examined the role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a multifunctional cytokine, in regulating the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta in human hepatocytes (Huh7 and HepG2). IL-1beta significantly enhanced MIP-1beta expression in these cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Cytokine-enriched supernatants from monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) cultures also induced MIP-1beta expression. IL-1beta is responsible for MDM supernatant-mediated up-regulation of MIP-1beta since the antibody to IL-1beta abolished MDM supernatant action. Investigation of the mechanism involved in MIP-1beta induction by IL-1beta showed that IL-1beta activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) promoter in Huh7 cells. In addition, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a specific inhibitor of the activation of NF-kappaB, not only abolished IL-1beta-mediated NF-kappaB promoter activation, but also blocked IL-1beta-induced MIP-1beta expression. These observations suggest that IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of MIP-1beta production in the hepatic cells may contribute a critical mechanism for continuous recruitment of inflammatory cell to liver and maintenance of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Guo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven D. Douglas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao-Xue Qi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Song
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Strokes Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: 1-215-590-2025. (W.-Z. Ho)
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80
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Aref SE, Mahmoud LA, El Refie MF, Abdel Wahab M, Abou Samara N. Assessment of neutrophil apoptosis ex vivo in hepatosplenic patients with neutropenia pre and post splenectomy. Hematology 2003; 8:265-72. [PMID: 12911946 DOI: 10.1080/1024533031000135676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathophysiology of neutropenia seen in patients with schistosomiasis or hepatitis C infection that complicates the course of liver disease is poorly understood. We evaluated the neutrophil apoptosis before and after splenectomy to clarify the role of apoptosis and splenomegaly in the occurrence of neutropenia. Neutrophils were isolated from 23 hepato-splenic patients with neutropenia, 8 hepatosplenic patients with normal neutrophil counts, 7 patients who were post splenectomy, and a further ten normal control subjects. These were cultured for 24 h and the time course of neutrophil apoptosis was assessed by determination of Annexin V and propidium iodide binding by flow cytometry. Fas and Bcl2 expression were determined on fresh neutrophils using flow cytometry. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 3, and gamma interferon were evaluated using an immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil apoptosis was minimal in the fresh neutrophils, however, cultured neutrophils exhibited significantly greater apoptosis in neutropenic patients when compared to non-neutropenic patients (P=0.01 at 4 h and P<0.05 at 24 h) and control group (P<0.01 at 4 h and 24 h). After splenectomy, the percentage of neutrophil apoptosis declined to the normal control levels (P>0.05). Fas and Bcl2 expression on neutrophil were significantly higher in the neutropenic group as compared to normal controls (P<0.05, P=0.01 respectively). Serum TNF alpha, IL-3, and IFN gamma levels were not significantly different in all studied groups. IN CONCLUSION Neutrophils from neutropenic hepatosplenic patients exhibit markedly accelerated apoptosis, which is normalized after splenectomy. Thus increased neutrophil apoptosis may in part be responsible for the occurrence of neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah E Aref
- Hematology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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81
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Febbraio MA, Ott P, Nielsen HB, Steensberg A, Keller C, Krustrup P, Secher NH, Pedersen BK. Hepatosplanchnic clearance of interleukin-6 in humans during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E397-402. [PMID: 12857677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 can increase markedly in the circulation during exercise, but whether the liver is a source of this increase is unknown. The aim of this study was to measure IL-6 flux across the hepatosplanchnic tissues in humans. To elevate systemic concentrations of IL-6, six healthy male subjects performed 120 min of semirecumbent cycling, and blood samples were simultaneously obtained from a brachial artery and the hepatic vein before and during exercise for the analysis of IL-6. Hepatosplanchnic blood flow (HBF) was measured using the indocyanine green infusion technique. Net hepatosplanchnic IL-6 balance was calculated from these measures. HBF was 1.3 +/- 0.1 l/min at rest and was not reduced throughout exercise, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.2 l/min. Arterial plasma IL-6 markedly increased (P < 0.05) from 1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/l at rest to 14.3 +/- 3.2 ng/l after 120 min of exercise. The hepatosplanchnic viscera did not contribute to this increase, since there was a net hepatosplanchnic IL-6 uptake (0.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.5 +/- 1.9 ng/min, rest vs. 120 min; P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the hepatosplanchnic viscera remove IL-6 from the circulation in humans. This removal may constitute a mechanism limiting the negative chronic metabolic action of chronically elevated circulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Skeletal Muscle Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT Univ., Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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82
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Tada S, Nakamoto N, Kameyama K, Tsunematsu S, Kumagai N, Saito H, Ishii H. Clinical usefulness of edaravone for acute liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:851-7. [PMID: 12795759 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone, a newly synthesized radical scavenger, has shown an excellent effect on treating stroke patients. The effect of edaravone on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury was examined. METHODS Six rats were injected with CCl4 alone and six rats were intravenously injected with edaravone immediately after and 3 h after injection of CCl4. Another six rats were injected with olive oil alone. The animals were killed at 24 h after the CCl4 injection. RESULTS Injection of CCl4 was followed by a marked increase in serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT) level (CCl4, 1630.6 +/- 606.8 IU/L; olive oil, 21.0 +/- 2.6 IU/L; P < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (CCl4, 5068.0 +/- 2956.4 IU/L; olive oil, 203.6 +/- 30.5 IU/L; P < 0.005), and total bilirubin (TB) level (CCl4, 0.88 +/- 0.48 mg/dL; olive oil, 0.37 +/- 0.05 mg/dL; P < 0.01), whereas in the edaravone-treated rats, the ALT (119.4 +/- 113.5 IU/L, P < 0.001), LDH (369.7 +/- 288.2 IU/L, P < 0.005), and TB values (0.29 +/- 0.16 mg/dL, P < 0.01) were significantly decreased. Histological examination of the liver by hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining showed a marked reduction of steatosis in the CCl4 and edaravone-treated rats compared with the CCl4-injected rats. Significant inhibition of hepatocytic apoptosis was demonstrated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method in the edaravone-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that edaravone has a marked preventive effect on oxidative stress-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinchiro Tada
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University and Center for Liver Diseases, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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83
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Abstract
Shock liver describes a collecting pool of critically ill patients in whom the elevation of liver function tests or overt hepatic dysfunction is apparent. Different grades of shock liver affect about 50% of all intensive-care patients, varying from a mild elevation of serum aminotransferase and bilirubin levels in septic patients to an acute onset of high serum aminotransferases after haemodynamic shock. Abnormalities can subside within days or progressively deteriorate when persistent hepatic microcirculatory failure is present. Although hepatic injury in critically ill patients influences mortality rates it is underdiagnosed. The underlying pathophysiology involves changes in the portal and arterial blood supply as well as in microcirculation. Cross-talk between hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and endothelial cells, leading to an inflammatory response mediated primarily by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), is central to shock liver. The liver is a victim of shock inducers, and can also be the orchestrator of the inflammatory response syndrome (IRS). Hepatic injury by TNF-alpha is modulated by the prevalent pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediator profile elaborated by Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells additionally participate in the clearance of endotoxin, bacteria and inflammatory mediators and are thereby capable of preventing IRS. The hepatocyte undergoes dramatic alterations in synthetic activity, biliary transport, bile flow and glucose metabolism. Although standard determinations of aminotransferases, coagulation studies, glucose, lactate and bilirubin can detect hepatic injury they only partially reflect the cellular mechanisms driving shock liver. The management of shock liver is focused on the prevention of precipitating causes by controlling sepsis, circulation parameters and metabolism in addition to the cautious monitoring of therapeutic measures that can increase hepatic injury, which include intravenous nutrition, mechanical ventilation and catecholamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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84
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Riordan SM, Skinner N, Nagree A, McCallum H, McIver CJ, Kurtovic J, Hamilton JA, Bengmark S, Williams R, Visvanathan K. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of toll-like receptors and relation to cytokine levels in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37:1154-64. [PMID: 12717397 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of macrophages by endotoxin is assumed responsible for increased circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) levels in cirrhosis. Relevant to this is expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2, which is critically involved in production of TNF-alpha in response to endotoxin and Gram-positive microbial stimuli, respectively. The first studies on this in cirrhosis are reported here. In 36 cirrhotic patients and 32 controls, we measured (1) circulating endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and sTNFR levels; (2) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of TLR4 and TLR2, and (3) in vitro TNF-alpha production by PBMCs stimulated with endotoxin or Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). PBMC expression of TLR2, circulating TNF-alpha levels, and in vitro TNF-alpha production were reassessed after supplementation with a synbiotic regimen known to increase intestinal levels of Gram-positive bacteria. Endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and sTNFR levels were significantly increased in cirrhosis. Endotoxin levels did not correlate significantly with other parameters. PBMC expression of TLR2 but not TLR4 was significantly up-regulated in cirrhosis and correlated significantly with serum TNF-alpha and sTNFR levels. In vitro TNF-alpha production by PBMCs stimulated by SEB was significantly blunted. Supplementation with the synbiotic regimen resulted in significant up-regulation of PBMC expression of TLR2. Serum TNF-alpha levels were further increased and in vitro TNF-alpha production further reduced in most patients. In conclusion, up-regulation of PBMC expression of TLR2 but not TLR4 occurs in cirrhosis, which implies, contrary to previous assumptions, an important stimulatory role for Gram-positive microbial components but not endotoxin. TLR2 likely contributes to increased circulating TNF-alpha and sTNFR levels in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, The Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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85
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86
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Pessini AC, de Souza AM, Faccioli LH, Gregório ZMO, Arantes EC. Time course of acute-phase response induced by Tityus serrulatus venom and TsTX-I in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:765-74. [PMID: 12757745 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal venom can induce systemic alterations similar to those observed in acute-phase inflammatory response. In the present study, we report the systemic (circulatory) and local (peritoneal cavity) effects induced by Tityus serrulatus venom and its major toxin TsTX-I (Ts1) in mice over various time periods. Both the venom and TsTX-I elicited quite similar responses in most assays. Responses included reduction of albumin, increased C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. Local and systemic leucocytosis, with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells, was also observed. These effects show that a systemic inflammation-like syndrome is triggered during the severe envenomation caused by the T. serrulatus sting. The initial increases of albumin and total protein were probably consequences of the dehydration that occurs at the beginning of envenomation. Time-course analysis of these effects shows that responses are most pronounced on the first day after poisoning. However, leucocytosis and changes in acute-phase protein concentrations can be observed up to 7 days after envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C Pessini
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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87
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Albillos A, de la Hera A, González M, Moya JL, Calleja JL, Monserrat J, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Alvarez-Mon M. Increased lipopolysaccharide binding protein in cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangement. Hepatology 2003; 37:208-17. [PMID: 12500206 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and translocation, both common in cirrhosis with ascites, may lead to the activation of monocytes and lymphocytes, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced synthesis of nitric oxide present in cirrhosis. Bacterial endotoxin promotes the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), and forms a LPS-LBP complex that binds to CD14. This study was designed to evaluate LBP levels and their correlation to the immune response and the hemodynamic status in cirrhotic patients. Plasma LBP, endotoxin, soluble CD14 (sCD14), cytokines, renin, nitrites, and systemic vascular resistance were determined before and 4 weeks after norfloxacin or placebo in 102 cirrhotic patients and 30 controls. LBP was elevated in 42% of ascitic cirrhotic patients (15.7 +/- 0.7 versus 6.06 +/- 0.5 microg/mL, P <.01). In 60% of high LBP patients, endotoxin was within normal range. Among ascitic patients, those with high LBP showed greater (P <.05) levels of sCD14, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), nitrites + nitrates (NOx)/creatinine, and renin, and lower vascular resistance. In the cirrhotic patients with high LBP, norfloxacin normalized (P <.01) LBP (from 16.6 +/- 0.5 to 5.82 +/- 0.8 microg/mL) and sCD14; reduced the level of cytokines, NOx/creatinine, and renin; and increased vascular resistance; but lacked effect in patients with normal LBP. Portal pressure was unchanged after norfloxacin in another group of 18 cirrhotic patients with high and 19 with normal LBP. In conclusion, the subset of ascitic cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangement is identified by increased LBP levels. Amelioration of these abnormalities by norfloxacin suggests the involvement of enteric bacteria or their products in the triggering of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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88
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Medina J, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. Review article: immunopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:1-16. [PMID: 12492728 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic, progressive liver disease that responds well to immunosuppressive therapy, but has a poor prognosis if untreated. Possible triggering factors include viruses, other autoimmune disorders and drugs. The molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis include: reactions of autoantibodies against their corresponding autoantigens; aberrant expression of histocompatibility antigen class I and II molecules, cell adhesion molecules and cytokines; increased oxidative stress; and the occurrence of angiogenesis. The prevalence of the disease is highest in Caucasians, Europeans and women. The natural history of autoimmune hepatitis shows a poor prognosis, with frequent progression to cirrhosis and hepatic insufficiency in untreated patients. The occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is rare and is found only in long-standing cirrhosis. Corticosteroids as monotherapy or in combination with azathioprine are the treatments of choice; different therapeutic schedules and particularities of treatment for pregnant women and children have been established. To avoid treatment-associated adverse effects, alternative therapies have been proposed, including ciclosporin, budesonide, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, ursodeoxycholic acid, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mercaptopurine and free radical scavengers. Liver transplantation is indicated for patients refractory to or intolerant of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Medina
- Liver Unit, Hospital de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Diego de León 62, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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89
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Engelen MPKJ, Schols AMWJ. Altered amino acid metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new therapeutic perspective? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:73-8. [PMID: 12496683 DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200301000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Wasting of muscle mass, commonly present in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a complex process involving changes in the control of intermediary metabolism as well as in muscle cell status. Although research exploring intermediary metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is still in its infancy, there is an increased interest in a potential role for amino acids in modulating muscle anabolism. This review aims at summarizing and critically evaluating the available clinical studies examining alterations in amino acid profile in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RECENT FINDINGS All studies show pronounced alterations in plasma and muscle amino acid status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but no consistent "disease specific" pattern for most amino acids. Variability is likely influenced by the heterogeneity of the disease with respect to lung function and nutritional state. Nevertheless, general consistency exists in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with respect to (1) a reduced plasma branched-chain amino acid level, and (2) a decreased muscle glutamate concentration. Alterations in branched-chain amino acid metabolism appear to be influenced by the degree of muscle wasting, while the reduction in muscle glutamate is related to the diffusing capacity as a hallmark of emphysema. The reduction in glutamate status is associated with reduced muscle glutathione levels and appears to be linked to enhanced glycolysis as evidenced from an accelerated increase in plasma lactate during exercise. SUMMARY Underlying mechanisms of the observed alterations in amino acid profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the influences of disease associated mediators such as chronic low-grade inflammation and (chronic and intermittent) hypoxia are speculative and need to be explored in experimental study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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90
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Tsutsumi T, Suzuki T, Moriya K, Yotsuyanagi H, Shintani Y, Fujie H, Matsuura Y, Kimura S, Koike K, Miyamura T. Alteration of intrahepatic cytokine expression and AP-1 activation in transgenic mice expressing hepatitis C virus core protein. Virology 2002; 304:415-24. [PMID: 12504580 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its molecular mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. Previously, transgenic mice constitutively expressing HCV core protein have been shown to develop HCC, suggesting a pivotal role of the core protein in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we analyzed the expression of cytokines associated with a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, in the mouse model for HCV-associated HCC to define the molecular events prior to oncogenesis. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta was increased at both protein and mRNA levels. In addition, the activities of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and activator protein-1 (AP-1), downstream effectors, were enhanced, while IkappaB kinase or nuclear factor-kappaB activities were not enhanced. Thus, the altered in vivo expression of cytokines with AP-1 activation in consequence to the core protein expression may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis in persistent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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91
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Lin SY, Wang YY, Sheu WHH. Increased serum leptin concentrations correlate with soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor levels in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 57:805-11. [PMID: 12460331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several reports have documented the involvement of hyerleptinaemia in malnutrition associated with liver cirrhosis. However, the mechanisms of elevated leptin levels remains unclear. Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and two soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII) are increased in patients with liver cirrhosis. In rodents, administration of TNF-alpha has been shown to stimulate plasma leptin concentration, suggesting that a cytokine-leptin link may mediate anorexia and weight loss during chronic inflammation. In this study, we investigate the potential interaction of the TNF-alpha system with leptin in the development of malnutrition in liver cirrhosis. STUDY DESIGN A total of 26 male patients with liver cirrhosis and 25 healthy people were recruited at an outpatient clinic at the Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan. Serum biochemistry and anthropometric measurement by bioelectrical impedance analysis were used to assess nutrition status, and immunoassay was used to determine serum leptin, TNF-alpha sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII concentrations. RESULTS In cirrhotic patients, the body fat mass (FM) and serum albumin levels were both lower than control subjects [15.8 (13.2-19.5) kg vs. 18.9 (16.2-20.1) kg; 35 (33-41) g/l vs. 43 (41-45) g/l, respectively; P < 0.05]. Serum TNF-alpha sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII were significantly elevated in cirrhotic patients compared to healthy controls [9.8 (7.2-13.5) ng/l vs. 4.3 (3.4-7.3) ng/l; 1682.1 (1344.8-2179.4) ng/l vs. 1319.6 (1037.7-1632.1) ng/l; 4462.2 (3748.5-5159.4) ng/l vs. 3559.8 (2506.9-3988.9 ng/l, respectively; P < 0.01] and correlated with disease severity (graded by Pugh-Child's scores). An inverse correlation was observed between circulating sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII to serum albumin levels (r =-0.42, r = -0.398; P < 0.05). The serum leptin levels in cirrhotic patients were significantly higher [6.0 (3.6-7.7) (g/l vs. 3.4 (2.9-4.3) (g/l; P < 0.01) and correlated with body FM (r = 0.52; P < 0.01]. Using a multiple linear regression analysis with leptin as dependent variable and FM and TNF-alpha, sTNF-R as independent variables, FM and serum sTNF-RI concentrations were found to predict independently the leptin levels in cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that serum levels of TNF-alpha, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII and leptin were all elevated in cirrhotic patients. The severity of liver cirrhosis was an important factor for the activation of TNF-alpha system. The activated TNF-alpha system conjointly with hyperleptinaemia might mediate malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University,Taiwan.
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92
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Spahr L, Rubbia-Brandt L, Frossard JL, Giostra E, Rougemont AL, Pugin J, Fischer M, Egger H, Hadengue A. Combination of steroids with infliximab or placebo in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Hepatol 2002; 37:448-55. [PMID: 12217597 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the tolerance and effects of infliximab combined with steroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH). METHODS Twenty patients with biopsy-proven severe AH (Maddrey's score>32) received prednisone 40 mg/day for 28 days and either infliximab 5mg/kg IV (group A) or placebo (group B) at day 0. Histology, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured at baseline and at day 10. RESULTS Infliximab was well tolerated. Histology showed no significant changes. At day 28, Maddrey's score significantly improved in group A (39 (32-53) to 12 (7-52), P<0.05 vs. baseline) but not in group B (44 (33-50) to 22 (2-59), P=NS). At day 10, IL-6 and IL-8 decreased in group A (25 pg/ml (10-85 pg/ml) to 4.5 pg/ml (2-25 pg/ml); 301 pg/ml (107-1207 pg/ml) to 14 6 pg/ml (25-252 pg/ml), P<0.01, P<0.05 vs. baseline, respectively). In group B, changes were not significant (38 pg/ml (13-116 pg/ml) to 16 pg/ml (4-128); 315 pg/ml (26-1698 pg/ml) to 110 pg/ml (27-492 pg/ml)). CONCLUSIONS In severe AH, infliximab was well tolerated and associated with significant improvement in Maddrey's score at day 28. Although the size of this study does not allow comparison between groups, these promising results should encourage larger trials assessing the effects of this therapy on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Spahr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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93
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Petersen HH, Ersbøll AK, Jensen CS, Nielsen JP. Serum-haptoglobin concentration in Danish slaughter pigs of different health status. Prev Vet Med 2002; 54:325-35. [PMID: 12163249 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 617 finishing pigs aged 10-25 weeks in 11 commercial herds of different health statuses as defined by the Danish monitoring program for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds. A standard clinical examination was performed and a blood sample was obtained from each pig for determination of haptoglobin concentration in serum. Pigs aged 10-14, 15-19 and 20-25 weeks in conventional herds had higher haptoglobin concentrations than high-health SPF (SPF-x) pigs of the same age. There was no significant difference between SPF-x pigs of different ages. Conventional pigs aged 15-19 and 20-25 weeks had higher haptoglobin concentrations than conventional pigs aged 10-14 weeks. Herd influenced the haptoglobin concentration. Lame pigs and pigs with tail or ear bite had elevated haptoglobin concentrations. No significant effect of respiratory symptoms or umbilical hernia was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hagbard Petersen
- Department of Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Swine Medicine, Dyrlaegevej 88, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Kitano T, Okumura T, Nishizawa M, Liew FY, Seki T, Inoue K, Ito S. Altered response to inflammatory cytokines in hepatic energy metabolism in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. J Hepatol 2002; 36:759-65. [PMID: 12044525 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Production of nitric oxide (NO) in the liver is believed to be a critical factor for carbohydrate and energy metabolism in endotoxin shock. The present study focuses on the involvement of NO produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in glycogen synthesis and energy metabolism stimulated by insulin. METHODS Primary hepatocytes prepared from wild-type and iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice were employed. RESULTS Incubation of wild-type hepatocytes with a combination of cytokines (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (cytokines/LPS) inhibited insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) increase, and decreased the ketone body ratio (KBR) at 8-12 h, concomitant with expression of iNOS protein and NO production. While the glycogen synthesis was suppressed by cytokines/LPS, reduction of the ATP increase and a decrease in KBR by cytokines/LPS were not observed in iNOS(-/-) hepatocytes. Further, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, a NOS inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of ATP increase and decrease in KBR by cytokines/LPS, but not the inhibition of glycogen synthesis. Conversely, addition of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a NO donor, inhibited the insulin-stimulated ATP increase synthesis in iNOS(-/-) hepatocytes, but not the insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that NO mediates the suppression of insulin-stimulated energy metabolism, but not glycogen synthesis, in cytokines/LPS-treated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kitano
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Miroguchi 570-8506, Japan
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95
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Neuman MG, Cameron RG, Haber JA, Katz GG, Blendis LM. An electron microscopic and morphometric study of ursodeoxycholic effect in primary biliary cirrhosis. LIVER 2002; 22:235-44. [PMID: 12100574 DOI: 10.1046/j.0106-9543.2002.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease that results in cholestasis and bile duct loss. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to reduce hepatocellular damage in PBC. The study attempted to quantify perisinusoidal collagenization and the number of apoptotic bodies in PBC liver biopsies from patients in a randomized control trial treated with UDCA compared to those who received placebo. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with PBC (10 cirrhotic, 18 non-cirrhotic; 13 treated with UDCA, 15 treated with placebo) were compared with 32 controls with normal hepatic histology on light microscopy. Liver biopsies were examined for degree of perisinusoidal fibrosis and apoptotic activity using electron microscopy. RESULTS The degree of perisinusoidal fibrosis and apoptotic activity was similar in pretreatment biopsies of UDCA and placebo-treated patients. After two years of placebo, patients showed a significant increase in fibrosis (P < 0.001). In contrast, there were no changes in non-cirrhotic and a decrease in fibrosis in cirrhotic patients given UDCA. At baseline, PBC patients had higher numbers (apoptotic cells/100 hepatocytes +/- SE) of apoptotic cells (7 +/- 3), than controls (2 +/- 0.5) (P < 0.05), with no difference between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients in the two groups of patients. After two years, the numbers of apoptotic cells in UDCA-treated patients decreased significantly compared to baseline (3 +/- 2) (P < 0.05); with placebo patients the number of apoptotic cells increased (12 +/- 5) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Treatment with UDCA prevents the deposition of perisinusoidal collagen and reduces the apoptotic activity in PBC patients after 2 years of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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96
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Penteado FC, Ferreira HHA, Calafatti SC, Bernascconi G, Piovesana H, Pedrazzoli J. Neutrophil migration during liver cirrhosis in rabbits. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29:285-90. [PMID: 11985537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate neutrophil chemotaxis during the induction of liver cirrhosis in rabbits. 2. Liver cirrhosis was induced in male New Zealand white rabbits. The study consisted of three experimental groups: (i) group A (n=16) served as the control and received only normal chow and all rabbits in this group were killed at 16 weeks; (ii) group B rabbits (n=8) were killed immediately after the chemotaxis assay, which was performed 24 h after CCl4 administration, at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8; and (iii) in group C rabbits (n=19), the chemotaxis assay was performed every second week on the day before CCl4 administration for 16 weeks and all animals in this group were killed at 16 weeks. 3. Four of six rabbits in group B had liver cirrhosis at week 8. In group C, liver cirrhosis occurred in seven of eight animals. All rabbits with liver cirrhosis had an inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils. In group B, there was a significant increase in polymorphonuclear cells and neutrophil chemotaxis and a significant reduction in mononuclear leucocytes at week 8. The rabbits in group C showed a significant increase in total leucocyte and polymorphonuclear numbers at week 10. A significant increase in neutrophil chemotaxis was also observed from week 2 through to week 6. 4. The presence of neutrophils in the liver of all rabbits with cirrhosis, associated with an increase in polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis during this process, supports the view that this cell type has an important role in the development of toxic liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Penteado
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Pathology, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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97
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Kobayashi M, Takeyoshi I, Yoshinari D, Matsumoto K, Morishita Y. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver. Surgery 2002; 131:344-9. [PMID: 11894041 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have implicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway in non-hepatic organ ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the role of p38 MAPK in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. This study investigated the role of p38 MAPK in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (sham, FR-only, control, and FR-treated groups). The animals in the control and FR-treated groups were subjected to 30 minutes of warm ischemia with congestion of the gut. The FR-only and FR-treated groups received FR167653 (FR), which is a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor. The serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) were measured (each, n = 6). Liver tissue blood flow was measured at pre-ischemia, end-ischemia, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after reperfusion (each, n = 4). The liver tissues in the control and FR-treated groups were excised for p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) analyses and histopathology (each, n = 4). RESULTS Serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta were significantly lower in the FR-treated group than in the control group, and liver tissue blood flow was significantly higher in the FR-treated group than in the control group. Histopathologically, tissue damage was milder in the FR-treated group than in the control group. Both p38 MAPK and JNK were markedly phosphorylated after 30 minutes of reperfusion, and FR inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK without affecting the JNK. CONCLUSIONS FR decreased serum TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels and liver injury associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK may attenuate warm ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunobu Kobayashi
- Second Department of Surgery, Gunma University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School Second Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
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98
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Neuman M, Angulo P, Malkiewicz I, Jorgensen R, Shear N, Dickson ER, Haber J, Katz G, Lindor K. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta reflect severity of liver damage in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:196-202. [PMID: 11966951 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is unknown. The role of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in modifying the cytokine environment in patients with PBC has remained largely unstudied. Our aims were to determine: (i) the relationship between serum levels of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta and the severity of PBC; and (ii) the effects of UDCA therapy on TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels in patients with PBC. METHODS We studied 90 patients who had been treated with UDCA (53 patients) or placebo (37 patients) for 2 years as part of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Patients were divided into histological stage I/II or stage III/IV disease. Serum TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. RESULTS Baseline levels of TNF-alpha were significantly greater in patients with stage III/IV compared to stage I/II disease. After 2 years of treatment with UDCA, patients showed a significantly greater decrease in TNF-alpha levels and progression risk score compared to placebo-treated patients. TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels were significantly reduced compared to baseline levels in the UDCA-treated group after 2 years, while there was no significant change in the levels of placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Serum TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels may reflect severity of disease in patients with PBC. The beneficial effects of UDCA therapy may be explained by lowering serum levels of these two cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Neuman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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99
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Arkins S, Johnson RW, Minshall C, Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Immunophysiology: The Interaction of Hormones, Lymphohemopoietic Cytokines, and the Neuroimmune Axis. Compr Physiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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100
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Spahr L, Rubbia-Brandt L, Pugin J, Giostra E, Frossard JL, Borisch B, Hadengue A. Rapid changes in alcoholic hepatitis histology under steroids: correlation with soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in hepatic venous blood. J Hepatol 2001; 35:582-9. [PMID: 11690703 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In alcoholic hepatitis (AH), enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) correlates to neutrophil infiltration and histology. In severe AH under steroids, the evolution of the hepatocyte membranous ICAM-1 expression and its soluble form (sICAM-1) is not known. METHODS Twenty-six consecutive patients with biopsy-proven severe AH had liver tissue studies for hepatocyte membranous ICAM-1 expression by immunostaining. Lobular neutrophils (mean per high power field) were counted after chloracetate esterase staining. Histological damage was assessed semiquantitatively. Circulating levels of sICAM-1 and TNFalpha in peripheral and hepatic vein were measured using immunoassays. After 8 days on steroids, 19 patients had repeat biopsy. RESULTS At baseline, hepatocyte membranous ICAM-1 correlated both to histology (r=0.55, P<0.01) and to lobular neutrophils (r=0.56, P<0.01). On steroids, sICAM-1 in hepatic vein and TNFalpha in both vascular beds decreased. Hepatocyte membranous ICAM-1 and hepatocellular damage decreased, but lobular neutrophils increased. Changes in sICAM-1 in hepatic vein correlated to histological changes (r=0.68, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In severe AH under steroids, the short term histological improvement was associated with a decrease in circulating TNFalpha, a decrease in ICAM-1 expression, and correlated to hepatic vein sICAM-1 changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Spahr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, 24, Rue Micheli-du-Crest 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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