51
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Ekman DR, Keteles K, Beihoffer J, Cavallin JE, Dahlin K, Davis JM, Jastrow A, Lazorchak JM, Mills MA, Murphy M, Nguyen D, Vajda AM, Villeneuve DL, Winkelman DL, Collette TW. Evaluation of targeted and untargeted effects-based monitoring tools to assess impacts of contaminants of emerging concern on fish in the South Platte River, CO. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:706-713. [PMID: 29715690 PMCID: PMC6147041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rivers in the arid Western United States face increasing influences from anthropogenic contaminants due to population growth, urbanization, and drought. To better understand and more effectively track the impacts of these contaminants, biologically-based monitoring tools are increasingly being used to complement routine chemical monitoring. This study was initiated to assess the ability of both targeted and untargeted biologically-based monitoring tools to discriminate impacts of two adjacent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on Colorado's South Platte River. A cell-based estrogen assay (in vitro, targeted) determined that water samples collected downstream of the larger of the two WWTPs displayed considerable estrogenic activity in its two separate effluent streams. Hepatic vitellogenin mRNA expression (in vivo, targeted) and NMR-based metabolomic analyses (in vivo, untargeted) from caged male fathead minnows also suggested estrogenic activity downstream of the larger WWTP, but detected significant differences in responses from its two effluent streams. The metabolomic results suggested that these differences were associated with oxidative stress levels. Finally, partial least squares regression was used to explore linkages between the metabolomics responses and the chemical contaminants that were detected at the sites. This analysis, along with univariate statistical approaches, identified significant covariance between the biological endpoints and estrone concentrations, suggesting the importance of this contaminant and recommending increased focus on its presence in the environment. These results underscore the benefits of a combined targeted and untargeted biologically-based monitoring strategy when used alongside contaminant monitoring to more effectively assess ecological impacts of exposures to complex mixtures in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Ekman
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Kristen Keteles
- U.S. EPA, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver Federal Center Building 25, E-3, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
| | - Jon Beihoffer
- U.S. EPA, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver Federal Center Building 25, E-3, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
| | | | - Kenneth Dahlin
- U.S. EPA, Region 8, 1595 Wynkoop St., Denver, CO 80202, USA.
| | - John M Davis
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Aaron Jastrow
- U.S. EPA, Region 5, Ralph Metcalfe Federal Building, 77 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
| | - James M Lazorchak
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 Martin Luther King Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Marc A Mills
- U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 Martin Luther King Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Mark Murphy
- U.S. EPA, Region 8, 1595 Wynkoop St., Denver, CO 80202, USA.
| | - David Nguyen
- U.S. EPA, Region 8, 1595 Wynkoop St., Denver, CO 80202, USA.
| | - Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Integrative Biology, Campus Box 171, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Dana L Winkelman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, 201 J.V.K. Wagar Building, 1484 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Timothy W Collette
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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52
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Cox MK, Peterson KN, Tan D, Novak PJ, Schoenfuss HL, Ward JL. Temperature modulates estrone degradation and biological effects of exposure in fathead minnows. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1591-1600. [PMID: 29054667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, including estrogens, are widespread in aquatic environments frequently as a result of treated wastewater effluent discharged. Exposure to estrogens has been correlated with disruption of the normal physiological and reproductive function in aquatic organisms, which could impair the sustainability of exposed populations. However, assessing the effects of estrogen exposure on individuals is complicated by the fact that rates of chemical uptake and environmental degradation are temperature dependent. Because annual temperature regimes often coincide with critical periods of biological activity, temperature-dependent changes in estrogen degradation efficacy during wastewater treatment could modulate biological effects. We examined the interactions between ambient water temperature and degradation of estrone (E1) during wastewater treatment. In addition, we exposed mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to three environmentally relevant concentrations of E1 at four different water temperatures (15°C, 18°C, 21°C, and 24°C) to reflect natural seasonal variation. E1 degradation occurred with and without the support of robust nitrification at all temperatures; however, the onset of E1 degradation was delayed at cooler water temperatures. In addition, we observed significant interactive effects between temperature and E1 exposure. Female morphometric endpoints were more susceptible to temperature-modulating effects while physiological endpoints were more strongly affected in males. Collectively, the data demonstrate that natural seasonal fluctuations in temperature are sufficient to affect E1 degradation during wastewater treatment and induce sex-dependent physiological and anatomical changes in exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Cox
- Department of Biology, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - K N Peterson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - D Tan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - P J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - H L Schoenfuss
- Department of Biology, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States.
| | - J L Ward
- Department of Biology, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
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53
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Ali JM, D'Souza DL, Schwarz K, Allmon LG, Singh RP, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Kolok AS. Response and recovery of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following early life exposure to water and sediment found within agricultural runoff from the Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1371-1381. [PMID: 29054649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural runoff is a non-point source of chemical contaminants that are seasonally detected in surface water and sediments. Agrichemicals found within seasonal runoff can elicit endocrine disrupting effects in organisms as adults, juveniles and larvae. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine if exposure to water, sediment or the water-sediment combination collected from an agricultural runoff event was responsible for changes in endocrine-responsive gene expression and development in fathead minnow larvae, and (2) whether such early life exposure leads to adverse effects as adults. Larvae were exposed during the first month post-hatch to water and sediment collected from the Elkhorn River and then allowed to depurate in filtered water until reaching sexual maturity, exemplifying a best-case recovery scenario. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the water and sediment samples detected 12 pesticides including atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor and dimethenamid. In minnow larvae, exposure to river water upregulated androgen receptor gene expression whereas exposure to the sediment downregulated estrogen receptor α expression. Adult males previously exposed to both water and sediment were feminized through the induction of an ovipositor structure whereas no impacts were observed in other reproductive or sex characteristic endpoints for either sex based on exposure history. Results from this study indicate that both water and sediments found in agricultural runoff elicit responses from minnow larvae, and larvae can recover following early life exposure under a best-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Del L D'Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Kendall Schwarz
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Luke G Allmon
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Rajeev P Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States; Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States; Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3002, United States.
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54
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Niemuth NJ, Klaper RD. Low-dose metformin exposure causes changes in expression of endocrine disruption-associated genes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:33-40. [PMID: 29248761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of intersex fish in watersheds around the world is a warning of the presence of anthropogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) being deposited into the aquatic environment. The anti-diabetic drug metformin is among the most prevalent and ubiquitous of the myriad pharmaceuticals found in wastewater effluent and watersheds worldwide. In addition to its prescription for type-2 diabetes, metformin is indicated as a treatment in cancers and the endocrine disorder polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Our previous research found evidence of endocrine-disruption following Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) exposure to metformin at an environmentally relevant concentration. However, the mechanism of action leading to these impacts is unknown. Although metformin does not structurally resemble classical EDCs, there's an increasing recognition that endocrine disruption may occur by mechanisms other than classical endocrine receptor binding, and metformin's off-label use for treating endocrine-related disorders such as PCOS indicates its potential interaction with the endocrine system. To further explore metformin's mechanism of action as an EDC, we measured expression of numerous endocrine-related genes in male fathead minnows exposed to metformin at a low-dose similar to that found in wastewater effluent and the environment (40 μg L-1) for a full year (early development to adulthood) and discovered significant upregulation of the AR (3.6 ± 0.9-fold), 3β-HSD (3.9 ± 0.8-fold), 17β-HSD (17 ± 4-fold), CYP19A1 (40 ± 20-fold), and SULT2A1 (2.3 ± 0.4-fold) genes in exposed male gonad. We also found a significant correlation between expression of 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, and CYP19A1 in testis of metformin-treated male fish and the degree of intersex occurring in their gonads. These results provide additional evidence of the endocrine disrupting impact of the drug metformin and insight into the potential mechanisms by which metformin may influence the endocrine system in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Niemuth
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States.
| | - Rebecca D Klaper
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States.
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55
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Du SNN, McCallum ES, Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Choi JA, Warriner TR, Balshine S, Scott GR. Metabolic Costs of Exposure to Wastewater Effluent Lead to Compensatory Adjustments in Respiratory Physiology in Bluegill Sunfish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:801-811. [PMID: 29211964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluent is a major source of aquatic pollution and has potential to impact cellular energy metabolism. However, it is poorly understood whether wastewater exposure impacts whole-animal metabolism and whether this can be accommodated with adjustments in respiratory physiology. We caged bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) for 21 days at two sites downstream (either 50 or 830 m) from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Survival was reduced in fish caged at both downstream sites compared to an uncontaminated reference site. Standard rates of O2 consumption increased in fish at contaminated sites, reflecting a metabolic cost of wastewater exposure. Several physiological adjustments accompanied this metabolic cost, including an expansion of the gill surface area available for gas exchange (reduced interlamellar cell mass), a decreased blood-O2 affinity (which likely facilitates O2 unloading at respiring tissues), increased respiratory capacities for oxidative phosphorylation in isolated liver mitochondria (supported by increased succinate dehydrogenase, but not citrate synthase, activity), and decreased mitochondrial emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We conclude that exposure to wastewater effluent invokes a metabolic cost that leads to compensatory respiratory improvements in O2 uptake, delivery, and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry N N Du
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Erin S McCallum
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jasmine A Choi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Theresa R Warriner
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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56
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Ali JM, Palandri MT, Kallenbach AT, Chavez E, Ramirez J, Onanong S, Snow DD, Kolok AS. Estrogenic effects following larval exposure to the putative anti-estrogen, fulvestrant, in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 204:26-35. [PMID: 29122702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the consequences of early-life exposure to fulvestrant on estrogenic gene expression in fathead minnow larvae. To address this objective, fathead minnow larvae were exposed to fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) during the window of sexual differentiation between 0 to 30 days post-hatch (dph). The four treatment groups in this study included: filtered water controls (never exposed), solvent controls (ethanol 0.01%), and nominally low (0.10μg/L) and high (10.0μg/L) doses of fulvestrant. Following 30 d exposure to their respective treatment, larvae were transferred to filtered water aquaria and assessed for alterations in endocrine-responsive gene expression (i.e., RT-qPCR), body size and survival. The remaining fish depurated in filtered water until reaching sexual maturity (180dph) for assessment of persistent effects on sex characteristics, reproductive performance and sex ratio. Following the 30-d early life exposure, larvae showed upregulations of the endocrine-responsive genes ar, erβ and vtg in response to both low and high doses of fulvestrant, but showed no differences in survival or body mass. Upon reaching sexual maturity under depuration conditions, male minnows previously exposed to fulvestrant as larvae showed reductions in gonad mass along with the feminization of secondary sex characteristics with no observed effects in females. Exposure to fulvestrant had no effects on gonadal histology, reproductive performance or final sex ratio as adults. Results from this study demonstrate that aqueous exposure to fulvestrant is estrogenic in fathead minnow larvae and is capable of feminizing male fish as adults following early life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States.
| | - Michael T Palandri
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Alex T Kallenbach
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Edwin Chavez
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Jonathan Ramirez
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Sathaporn Onanong
- Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States; Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States; Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3002, United States
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57
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Kellock KA, Moore AP, Bringolf RB. Chronic nitrate exposure alters reproductive physiology in fathead minnows. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:322-328. [PMID: 28986080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is a ubiquitous aquatic pollutant that is commonly associated with eutrophication and dead zones in estuaries around the world. At high concentrations nitrate is toxic to aquatic life but at environmental concentrations it has also been purported as an endocrine disruptor in fish. To investigate the potential for nitrate to cause endocrine disruption in fish, we conducted a lifecycle study with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to nitrate (0, 11.3, and 56.5 mg/L (total nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)) from <24 h post hatch to sexual maturity (209 days). Body mass, condition factor, gonadal somatic index (GSI), incidence of intersex, and vitellogenin induction were determined in mature male and female fish and plasma 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) was measured in males only. In nitrate-exposed males both 11-KT and vitellogenin were significantly induced when compared with controls. No significant differences occurred for body mass, condition factor, or GSI among males and intersex was not observed in any of the nitrate treatments. Nitrate-exposed females also had significant increases in vitellogenin compared to controls but no significant differences for mass, condition factor, or GSI were observed in nitrate exposed groups. Estradiol was used as a positive control for vitellogenin induction. Our findings suggest that environmentally relevant nitrate levels may disrupt steroid hormone synthesis and/or metabolism in male and female fish and may have implications for fish reproduction, watershed management, and regulation of nutrient pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Kellock
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adrian P Moore
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert B Bringolf
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA, USA.
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Destrieux D, Laurent F, Budzinski H, Pedelucq J, Vervier P, Gerino M. Drug residues in urban water: A database for ecotoxicological risk management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:927-941. [PMID: 28783905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human-use drug residues (DR) are only partially eliminated by waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), so that residual amounts can reach natural waters and cause environmental hazards. In order to properly manage these hazards in the aquatic environment, a database is made available that integrates the concentration ranges for DR, which cause adverse effects for aquatic organisms, and the temporal variations of the ecotoxicological risks. To implement this database for the ecotoxicological risk assessment (ERA database), the required information for each DR is the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs), along with the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). The risk assessment is based on the ratio between the PNECs and the PECs. Adverse effect data or PNECs have been found in the publicly available literature for 45 substances. These ecotoxicity test data have been extracted from 125 different sources. This ERA database contains 1157 adverse effect data and 287 PNECs. The efficiency of this ERA database was tested with a data set coming from a simultaneous survey of WWTPs and the natural environment. In this data set, 26 DR were searched for in two WWTPs and in the river. On five sampling dates, concentrations measured in the river for 10 DR could pose environmental problems of which 7 were measured only downstream of WWTP outlets. From scientific literature and measurements, data implementation with unit homogenisation in a single database facilitates the actual ecotoxicological risk assessment, and may be useful for further risk coming from data arising from the future field survey. Moreover, the accumulation of a large ecotoxicity data set in a single database should not only improve knowledge of higher risk molecules but also supply an objective tool to help the rapid and efficient evaluation of the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Destrieux
- Acceptables Avenirs, 20 rue Hermés, 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France.
| | - François Laurent
- National Institute of the Agronomic Research (INRA), Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Oceanic and Continental Environment and Paleoenvironment Laboratory (EPOC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Pedelucq
- Oceanic and Continental Environment and Paleoenvironment Laboratory (EPOC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Vervier
- Acceptables Avenirs, 20 rue Hermés, 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France
| | - Magali Gerino
- Functional Ecology and Environment Laboratory (EcoLab), Toulouse, France
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59
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Zaccaroni M, Massolo A, Della Seta D, Farabollini F, Giannelli G, Fusani L, Dessì-Fulgheri F. Developmental Exposure to Low Levels of Ethinylestradiol Affects Play Behavior in Juvenile Female Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:876-886. [PMID: 29260494 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile social play contributes to the development of adult social and emotional skills in humans and non-human animals, and is therefore a useful endpoint to study the effects of endocrine disrupters on behavior in animal models. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a widely produced, powerful synthetic estrogen that is widespread in the environment mainly because is a component of the contraceptive pill. In addition, fetuses may be exposed to EE2 when pregnancy is undetected during contraceptive treatment. To understand whether exposure to EE2 during gestation or lactation affects social play, we exposed 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats to EE2 or vehicle either during gestation (gestation day (GD) 5 through GD 20) or during lactation (from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND 21). Two doses of EE2 were used to treat the dams: a lower dose in the range of possible environmental exposure (4 ng/kg/day) and a higher dose equivalent to that received during contraceptive treatment (400 ng/kg/day). Behavioral testing was carried out between PND 40 and 45. A principal component analysis of frequencies of behavioral items observed during play sessions identified three main components: defensive-like play, aggressive-like play, and exploration. Aggressive-like play was significantly increased by both doses of EE2, and the gestational administration was in general more effective than the lactational one. Defensive-like play and exploration were not significantly affected by treatment. This research showed that low and very low doses of EE2 that mimic clinical or environmental exposure during development can affect important aspects of social behavior even during restricted time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaroni
- Department di Biology, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, and Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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60
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Díaz N, Piferrer F. Estrogen exposure overrides the masculinizing effect of elevated temperature by a downregulation of the key genes implicated in sexual differentiation in a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:973. [PMID: 29254503 PMCID: PMC5735924 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Díaz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim, 37-49, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim, 37-49, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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61
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Wilkinson J, Hooda PS, Barker J, Barton S, Swinden J. Occurrence, fate and transformation of emerging contaminants in water: An overarching review of the field. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:954-970. [PMID: 28888213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many of the products and drugs used commonly contain chemical components which may persist through sewage treatment works (STW) and eventually enter the aquatic environment as parent compounds, metabolites, or transformation products. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and other emerging contaminants (ECs) have been detected in waters (typically ng/L) as well as more recently bound to sediment and plastic particles (typically ng/g). Despite significant advancement of knowledge since the late 1990s, the fate of these contaminants/transformation products once introduced into the aquatic environment remains relatively unresolved. This review provides a unique focus on the fate of seven major groups of PPCPs/ECs in the aquatic environment, which is frequently not found in similar works which are often compound or topic-specific and limited in background knowledge. Key findings include: a) some replacements for regulation precluded/banned chemicals may be similarly persistent in the environment as those they replace, b) the adsorption of potentially bioactive chemicals to micro- and nanoplastics is a significant topic with risks to aquatic organisms potentially greater than previously thought, and c) micro-/nanoplastics are likely to remain of significant concern for centuries after regulatory limitations on their use become active due to the slow degradation of macro-plastics into smaller components. An interdisciplinary perspective on recent advances in the field is presented here in a unique way which highlights both the principle science and direction of research needed to elucidate the fate and transport patterns of aquatic PPCPs/ECs. Unlike similar reviews, which are often topic-specific, here we aim to present an overarching review of the field with focus on the occurrence, transformation and fate of emerging contaminants. Environmental presence of seven major classes of contaminants (analygesics, antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, perfluorinated compounds, personal care products and plasticisers), factors affecting contaminant fate, association with plastic micro-/nanoparticles and photochemical transformation are comprehensively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wilkinson
- Kingston University London, School of Natural and Built Environments, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey, UK; University of York, Environment Department, York, UK.
| | - Peter S Hooda
- Kingston University London, School of Natural and Built Environments, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - James Barker
- Kingston University London, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephen Barton
- Kingston University London, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Julian Swinden
- Kingston University London, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
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62
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Hamilton PB, Rolshausen G, Uren Webster TM, Tyler CR. Adaptive capabilities and fitness consequences associated with pollution exposure in fish. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0042. [PMID: 27920387 PMCID: PMC5182438 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fish populations are exposed to harmful levels of chemical pollution and selection pressures associated with these exposures have led to the evolution of tolerance. Our understanding of the physiological basis for these adaptations is limited, but they are likely to include processes involved with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or excretion of the target chemical. Other potential adaptive mechanisms include enhancements in antioxidant responses, an increased capacity for DNA and/or tissue repair and alterations to the life cycle of fish that enable earlier reproduction. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism frequencies has shown that tolerance to hydrocarbon pollutants in both marine and estuarine fish species involves alteration in the expression of the xenobiotic metabolism enzyme CYP1A. In this review, we present novel data showing also that variants of the CYP1A gene have been under selection in guppies living in Trinidadian rivers heavily polluted with crude oil. Potential costs associated with these adaptations could reduce fitness in unpolluted water conditions. Integrating knowledge of local adaptation to pollution is an important future consideration in conservation practices such as for successful restocking, and improving connectivity within river systems.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gregor Rolshausen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamsyn M Uren Webster
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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63
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Philippe C, Grégoir AF, Janssens L, Pinceel T, De Boeck G, Brendonck L. Acute and chronic sensitivity to copper of a promising ecotoxicological model species, the annual killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:26-35. [PMID: 28599128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nothobranchius furzeri is a promising model for ecotoxicological research due to the species' short life cycle and the production of drought-resistant eggs. Although the species is an emerging vertebrate fish model for several fundamental as well as applied research domains, its potential for ecotoxicological research has not yet been tested. The aim of this study was to characterise the acute and chronic sensitivity of this species to copper as compared to other model organisms. Effects of both acute and chronic copper exposure were tested on survival, life history and physiological traits. We report a 24h-LC50 of 53.93µg Cu/L, which is situated within the sensitivity range of other model species such as Brook Trout, Fathead Minnow and Rainbow Trout. Moreover, in the full life cycle exposure, we show that an exposure concentration of 10.27µg/L did not cause acute adverse effects (96h), but did cause mortality after prolonged exposure (3-4 weeks). Also chronic, sublethal effects were observed, such as a reduction in growth rate, delayed maturation and postponed reproduction. Based on our results, we define the NOEC at 6.68µg Cu/L, making N. furzeri more sensitive to copper as compared to Brook Trout and Fathead Minnow. We found stimulatory effects on peak fecundity at subinhibitory levels of copper concentrations (hormesis). Finally, we found indications for detoxifying and copper-excreting mechanisms, demonstrating the ability of the fish to cope with this essential metal, even when exposed to stressful amounts. The successful application of current ecotoxicological protocols on N. furzeri and its sensitivity range comparable to that of other model organisms forms the basis to exploit this species in further ecotoxicological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Philippe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Arnout F Grégoir
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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64
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Feswick A, Isaacs M, Biales A, Flick RW, Bencic DC, Wang RL, Vulpe C, Brown-Augustine M, Loguinov A, Falciani F, Antczak P, Herbert J, Brown L, Denslow ND, Kroll KJ, Lavelle C, Dang V, Escalon L, Garcia-Reyero N, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. How consistent are we? Interlaboratory comparison study in fathead minnows using the model estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol to develop recommendations for environmental transcriptomics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2614-2623. [PMID: 28316117 PMCID: PMC6145073 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental questions remain about the application of omics in environmental risk assessments, such as the consistency of data across laboratories. The objective of the present study was to determine the congruence of transcript data across 6 independent laboratories. Male fathead minnows were exposed to a measured concentration of 15.8 ng/L 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for 96 h. Livers were divided equally and sent to the participating laboratories for transcriptomic analysis using the same fathead minnow microarray. Each laboratory was free to apply bioinformatics pipelines of its choice. There were 12 491 transcripts that were identified by one or more of the laboratories as responsive to EE2. Of these, 587 transcripts (4.7%) were detected by all laboratories. Mean overlap for differentially expressed genes among laboratories was approximately 50%, which improved to approximately 59.0% using a standardized analysis pipeline. The dynamic range of fold change estimates was variable between laboratories, but ranking transcripts by their relative fold difference resulted in a positive relationship for comparisons between any 2 laboratories (mean R2 > 0.9, p < 0.001). Ten estrogen-responsive genes encompassing a fold change range from dramatic (>20-fold; e.g., vitellogenin) to subtle (∼2-fold; i.e., block of proliferation 1) were identified as differentially expressed, suggesting that laboratories can consistently identify transcripts that are known a priori to be perturbed by a chemical stressor. Thus, attention should turn toward identifying core transcriptional networks using focused arrays for specific chemicals. In addition, agreed-on bioinformatics pipelines and the ranking of genes based on fold change (as opposed to p value) should be considered in environmental risk assessment. These recommendations are expected to improve comparisons across laboratories and advance the use of omics in regulations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2593-2601. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Feswick
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Meghan Isaacs
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Adam Biales
- Molecular Indicators Research Branch, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert W Flick
- Molecular Indicators Research Branch, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David C Bencic
- Molecular Indicators Research Branch, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rong-Lin Wang
- Molecular Indicators Research Branch, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chris Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marianna Brown-Augustine
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Francesco Falciani
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Antczak
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Herbert
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Brown
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Candice Lavelle
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Viet Dang
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lynn Escalon
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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65
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Mintram KS, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Thorbek P, Tyler CR. Capturing ecology in modeling approaches applied to environmental risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:109-120. [PMID: 28929839 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1367756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) are widespread in freshwater environments and both laboratory and field based studies have shown reproductive effects in fish at environmentally relevant exposures. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) seeks to protect wildlife populations and prospective assessments rely on extrapolation from individual-level effects established for laboratory fish species to populations of wild fish using arbitrary safety factors. Population susceptibility to chemical effects, however, depends on exposure risk, physiological susceptibility, and population resilience, each of which can differ widely between fish species. Population models have significant potential to address these shortfalls and to include individual variability relating to life-history traits, demographic and density-dependent vital rates, and behaviors which arise from inter-organism and organism-environment interactions. Confidence in population models has recently resulted in the EU Commission stating that results derived from reliable models may be considered when assessing the relevance of adverse effects of EACs at the population level. This review critically assesses the potential risks posed by EACs for fish populations, considers the ecological factors influencing these risks and explores the benefits and challenges of applying population modeling (including individual-based modeling) in ERA for EACs in fish. We conclude that population modeling offers a way forward for incorporating greater environmental relevance in assessing the risks of EACs for fishes and for identifying key risk factors through sensitivity analysis. Individual-based models (IBMs) allow for the incorporation of physiological and behavioral endpoints relevant to EAC exposure effects, thus capturing both direct and indirect population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Mintram
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - A Ross Brown
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Pernille Thorbek
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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66
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Tierney KB, Welsh PO, Mills M, Nason S, Barreda DR, Paszkowski CA. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and wastewater ponds, Part II: Developmental, physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of ingestion of secondary clarified effluent water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:336-343. [PMID: 28434758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rather than migrating, mallard ducks may choose to overwinter in northern cities on open-water thermal refuges, such as municipal wastewater treatment ponds, which in Edmonton, Canada, stay ≥10°C during frigid winter months. Refuging mallards spend appreciable time daily on these ponds and hydrate using secondary clarified municipal wastewater (SCEW). We aimed to determine if SCEW ingestion affected mallard health. To this end, we gavaged newly hatched mallards (domesticated Pekin strain) over their first month with SCEW, as well as water representing negative and positive controls (municipal tap water, and the primary active ingredient from birth control pills, 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), respectively). The gavage of SCEW did not affect mass of the body, liver, spleen or heart, but was associated with small increases in beak and wing chord length. In the positive control, EE2 gavage caused similar responses, but also increased tarsus and phallus length. The increases likely owed to the stimulatory effects of estrogenic substances on bone and phallus development. For the biotransformation enzyme CYP2H1, gene expression was numerically increased by both SCEW and EE2. In terms of behavior, SCEW and EE2 gavage reduced two infrequently detected behaviours, pecking and resting alone. Our results suggest that SCEW ingestion would be unlikely to cause any overt health effects in adults, but may evoke subtle, covert effects nevertheless.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.
| | - P O Welsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - M Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - S Nason
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - D R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - C A Paszkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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67
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Dong XX, Yuan LP, Liu YX, Wu MF, Liu B, Sun YM, Shen YD, Xu ZL. Development of a progesterone immunosensor based on thionine-graphene oxide composites platforms: Improvement by biotin-streptavidin-amplified system. Talanta 2017; 170:502-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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68
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Ward JL, Cox MK, Schoenfuss H. Thermal modulation of anthropogenic estrogen exposure on a freshwater fish at two life stages. Horm Behav 2017; 94:21-32. [PMID: 28571937 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human-mediated environmental change can induce changes in the expression of complex behaviors within individuals and alter the outcomes of interactions between individuals. Although the independent effects of numerous stressors on aquatic biota are well documented (e.g., exposure to environmental contaminants), fewer studies have examined how natural variation in the ambient environment modulates these effects. In this study, we exposed reproductively mature and larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to three environmentally relevant concentrations (14, 22, and 65ng/L) of a common environmental estrogen, estrone (E1), at four water temperatures (15, 18, 21, and 24°C) reflecting natural spring and summer variation. We then conducted a series of behavioral experiments to assess the independent and interactive effects of temperature and estrogen exposure on intra- and interspecific interactions in three contexts with important fitness consequences; reproduction, foraging, and predator evasion. Our data demonstrated significant independent effects of temperature and/or estrogen exposure on the physiology, survival, and behavior of larval and adult fish. We also found evidence suggesting that thermal regime can modulate the effects of exposure on larval survival and predator-prey interactions, even within a relatively narrow range of seasonally fluctuating temperatures. These findings improve our understanding of the outcomes of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and natural abiotic environmental factors, and suggest that such interactions can have ecological and evolutionary implications for freshwater populations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ward
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Cooper Life Science Building, Muncie, IN 47306, United States.
| | - M K Cox
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - H Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
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69
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Parrott JL, Balakrishnan VK. Life-cycle exposure of fathead minnows to environmentally relevant concentrations of the β-blocker drug propranolol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1644-1651. [PMID: 27925269 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Propranolol is a human pharmaceutical β-blocker that has been detected in municipal wastewater effluents at ng/L to low μg/L. To assess the potential of this compound to affect fish, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for a life cycle in a flow-through system to nominal propranolol concentrations of 0.87 ng/L, 8.7 ng/L, 87 ng/L, 870 ng/L, and 8700 ng/L. Measured propranolol concentrations were below detection for the 2 lowest exposure concentrations, and were 76 ng/L, 580 ng/L, and 7800 ng/L for the 3 highest exposure concentrations. During the 162-d to 165-d exposure, no significant changes in weights or lengths were seen in fathead minnows, although the highest concentration of propranolol did cause a 15% decrease in survival of larval and juvenile stage fish compared with controls. At maturity, there were no significant changes in condition factor, liver-somatic index, or secondary sex characteristics in propranolol-exposed male or female fish. Female gonadosomatic index was significantly decreased in fish exposed to the highest concentrations of propranolol, probably because of increased egg-laying. Fathead minnows from all propranolol exposures produced more eggs than control fish, with fish exposed to 7800 ng/L propranolol producing 70% more eggs per female (p = 0.060), and having significantly increased clutch size (p = 0.008). Egg quality, % fertilization, % hatching, and % deformities in F1 fry were unaffected by propranolol exposure of fish. Propranolol exposure caused no effects in fathead minnows, except at the highest exposure concentration (7800 ng/L), where there were slight decreases in survival of juvenile minnows, and indications of increased reproduction. The present study is important because it is the first to assess the potential for effects in fish exposed to propranolol for a life cycle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1644-1651. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Hammett KM, Mullin EJ, Aga DS, Felton GK, Fisher DJ, Yonkos LT. In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Aqueously Extractable Estrogens in Poultry Manure after Pilot-scale Composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:614-622. [PMID: 28724088 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.01.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poultry manure contains free and conjugated forms of the natural estrogens 17β-estradiol and estrone, which can be transported to receiving waters via runoff when land-applied. Previous studies have demonstrated estrogens in runoff from poultry manure-amended fields but have not tracked changes in estrogenicity within this water over time. Microbial conversion of conjugated estrogens (a major portion of water-extractable estrogens) to parent forms may result in temporary increases in estrogenicity in natural water bodies. The present study created 80-L batches of simulated poultry manure runoff, which were investigated over 10 d for estrogenicity by bioluminescent yeast estrogen screen assay and fathead minnow () vitellogenin induction model. The efficacy of different compost conditions (in-vessel aeration ± turning, and piling) on reduction/elimination of aqueously extractable estrogens in poultry manure was also investigated. Results indicate 3- to 10-fold increases in estrogenicity in various poultry manure mixtures during 10-d observations. Estrogenicity returned to low levels in postcompost treatments but remained elevated in the precompost treatment. Aerated compost resulted in >75% reductions in initial, peak, and 10-d mean estrogenicity in aqueous mixtures (0.3, 0.8, and 0.5 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents [EEQ] L, respectively) compared with the precompost mixture (1.4, 4.8, and 2.1 ng EEQ L, respectively). Estrogenicity was significantly higher in the aqueous extract from the piled treatment than the aerated treatment, and 10-d exposure of male fish to the piled treatment resulted in statistically significant vitellogenin induction. Collectively, our results suggest a need to investigate estrogenicity in surface waters for several days after receiving manure-influenced runoff.
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71
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Parrott JL, Bjerregaard P, Brugger KE, Gray LE, Iguchi T, Kadlec SM, Weltje L, Wheeler JR. Uncertainties in biological responses that influence hazard and risk approaches to the regulation of endocrine active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:293-301. [PMID: 27862884 PMCID: PMC8215718 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS) may have certain biological effects including delayed effects, multigenerational effects, and may display nonmonotonic dose-response (NMDR) relationships that require careful consideration when determining environmental hazards. Endocrine disrupting substances can have specific and profound effects when exposure occurs during sensitive windows of the life cycle (development, reproduction). This creates the potential for delayed effects that manifest when exposure has ceased, possibly in a different life stage. This potential underscores the need for testing in appropriate (sensitive) life stages and full life cycle designs. Such tests are available in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tool box and should be used to derive endpoints that can be considered protective of all life stages. Similarly, the potential for effects to be manifest in subsequent generations (multigenerational effects) has also been raised as a potential issue in the derivation of appropriate endpoints for EDS. However, multigenerational studies showing increasing sensitivity of successive generations are uncommon. Indeed this is reflected in the design of new higher tier tests to assess endocrine active substances (EAS) that move to extended one-generation designs and away from multi-generational studies. The occurrence of NMDRs is also considered a limiting factor for reliable risk assessment of EDS. Evidence to date indicates NMDRs are more prevalent in in vitro and mechanistic data, not often translating to adverse apical endpoints that would be used in risk assessment. A series of steps to evaluate NMDRs in the context of endocrine hazard and risk assessment procedures is presented. If careful consideration of delayed, multigenerational effects and NMDRs is made, it is feasible to assess environmental endocrine hazards and derive robust apical endpoints for risk assessment procedures ensuring a high level of environmental protection. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:293-301. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to
| | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristin E Brugger
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - L Earl Gray
- USEPA, Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sarah M Kadlec
- University of Minnesota, Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Crop Protection-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
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72
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Voisin AS, Fellous A, Earley RL, Silvestre F. Delayed impacts of developmental exposure to 17-α-ethinylestradiol in the self-fertilizing fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:247-257. [PMID: 27750118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is one of the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds found in the aquatic environments, and is known to strongly alter fish reproduction and fitness. While the effects of direct exposure to EE2 are well studied in adults, there is an increasing need to assess the impacts of exposure during early life stages. Sensitivity to pollutants during this critical window can potentially affect the phenotype later in life or in subsequent generations. This study investigated phenotypic outcome of early-life exposure to 17-α-ethinylestradiol during development and in adults of the mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Being one of the only two known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates, this fish makes it possible to work with genetically identical individuals. Therefore, using rivulus makes it possible to examine, explicitly, the phenotypic effects of environmental variance while eliminating the effects of genetic variance. Genetically identical rivulus were exposed for the first 28days post hatching (dph) to 0, 4 or 120ng/L of EE2, and then were reared in uncontaminated water until 168dph. Growth, egg laying and steroid hormone levels (estradiol, cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, testosterone) were measured throughout development. Exposed fish showed a reduction in standard length directly after exposure (28dph), which was more pronounced in the 120ng/L group. This was followed by compensatory growth when reared in clean water: all fish recovered a similar size as controls by 91dph. There was no difference in the age at maturity and the proportions of mature, non-mature and male individuals at 168dph. At 4ng/L, fish layed significantly fewer eggs than controls, while, surprisingly, reproduction was not affected at 120ng/L. Despite a decrease in fecundity at 4ng/L, there were no changes in hormones levels at the lower concentration. In addition, there were no significant differences among treatments immediately after exposure. However, 120ng/L exposed fish exhibited significantly higher levels of testosterone at 91 and 168dph and 11-ketotestosterone at 168dph, up to 140days after exposure. These results indicate that early-life exposure to EE2 had both immediate and delayed impacts on the adult's phenotype. While fish growth was impaired during exposure, compensatory growth, reduced fecundity and modification of the endocrine status were observed after exposure ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Voisin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Alexandre Fellous
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000 Namur, Belgium.
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73
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Fuzzen MLM, Bragg LM, Tetreault GR, Bahamonde PA, Tanna RN, Bennett CJ, McMaster ME, Servos MR. An Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Biological Responses to Municipal Wastewater Effluent in Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) Collected along an Urban Gradient. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164879. [PMID: 27776151 PMCID: PMC5077097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) and its constituents, such as chemicals of emerging concern, pose a potential threat to the sustainability of fish populations by disrupting key endocrine functions in aquatic organisms. While studies have demonstrated changes in biological markers of exposure of aquatic organisms to groups of chemicals of emerging concern, the variability of these markers over time has not been sufficiently described in wild fish species. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal variability of biological markers in response to MWWE exposure and to test the consistency of these responses between seasons and among years. Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) were collected in spring and fall seasons over a 5-year period in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada. In addition to surface water chemistry (nutrients and selected pharmaceuticals), measures were taken across levels of biological organization in rainbow darter. The measurements of hormone production, gonad development, and intersex severity were temporally consistent and suggested impaired reproduction in male fish collected downstream of MWWE outfalls. In contrast, ovarian development and hormone production in females appeared to be influenced more by urbanization than MWWE. Measures of gene expression and somatic indices were highly variable between sites and years, respectively, and were inconclusive in terms of the impacts of MWWE overall. Robust biomonitoring programs must consider these factors in both the design and interpretation of results, especially when spatial and temporal sampling of biological endpoints is limited. Assessing the effects of contaminants and other stressors on fish in watersheds would be greatly enhanced by an approach that considers natural variability in the endpoints being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. M. Fuzzen
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Leslie M. Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald R. Tetreault
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulina A. Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Rajiv N. Tanna
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles J. Bennett
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark E. McMaster
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R. Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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74
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Salierno JD, Lopes M, Rivera M. Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:695-702. [PMID: 27333258 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1191908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L-1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Salierno
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Melissa Lopes
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Michelle Rivera
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
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75
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Henriksen PG, Beedholm K, Baatrup E. Differences in Reproductive Behavior between Spawning and Non-Spawning Zebrafish Pairs and the Effects of 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2). TOXICS 2016; 4:E22. [PMID: 29051425 PMCID: PMC5606659 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive success manifested by spawning and fertilization, in most fish, depends partly on an appropriate courtship behavior by both sexes. The zebrafish reproductive behavior can be resolved in some of its constituent elements by a computerized vision system and described in unbiased quantitative terms. Pairs of adult male and female zebrafish were monitored with automatic video tracking at 16 Hz for 45 min in a tank with a spawning area in one corner. Subsequently, spawning, if any, was registered and the swimming behavior and mutual interactions of the two fish were quantified. Further, temporal and frequency distributions of average velocity and turning rate were produced. It is demonstrated that the courtship behavior in spawning pairs differs markedly from non-spawning pairs with differences in both male and female behavior. EE2 (17α-ethinylestradiol), a contraceptive hormone found in aquatic environments, has only a slight effect on these behavior differences between spawning and non-spawning pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per G Henriksen
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, C.F. Moellers Alle 3, Aarhus University, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, C.F. Moellers Alle 3, Aarhus University, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Erik Baatrup
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, C.F. Moellers Alle 3, Aarhus University, building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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76
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Osachoff HL, Brown LL, Tirrul L, van Aggelen GC, Brinkman FS, Kennedy CJ. Time course of hepatic gene expression and plasma vitellogenin protein concentrations in estrone-exposed juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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77
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Svensson J, Mustafa A, Fick J, Schmitz M, Brunström B. Developmental exposure to progestins causes male bias and precocious puberty in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:316-323. [PMID: 27348263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progestins are aquatic contaminants that in low concentrations can impair fish reproduction. The mechanisms are likely multiple since different progestins interact with other steroid receptors in addition to progesterone receptors. Puberty is the process when animals first acquire the capability to reproduce and it comprises maturation of sperm and eggs. In zebrafish, puberty is initiated around 45days post fertilization (dpf) in females and around 53-55 dpf in males, and is marked by increased production of pituitary gonadotropins. We exposed juvenile zebrafish from 20 to 80 dpf to the androgenic progestin levonorgestrel at concentrations of 5.5, 79 and 834ngL(-1) and to the non-androgenic progestin progesterone at concentrations of 3.7, 77 and 1122ngL(-1), during sexual differentiation and puberty. Levonorgestrel exposure caused 100% males even at the lowest concentration tested whereas progesterone did not affect the sex ratio. Transcript levels of the gonadal genes amh, CYP11B and CYP19a1a indicated that the masculinizing effect of levonorgestrel occurred very rapidly. Transcript concentrations of gonadotropins in pituitaries were low in control fish at 44 dpf, but high at 55 dpf and onward. In fish exposed to levonorgestrel or progesterone gonadotropin transcript concentrations were high already at 44 dpf, indicating that both progestins caused precocious puberty. Gonad histology at 50 dpf confirmed a well advanced sexual maturation, but only in males. Our results show that progestins can affect sexual development in fish and that the androgenic progestin levonorgestrel induces a male phenotype at concentrations similar to those detected in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Svensson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Arshi Mustafa
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå, SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Monika Schmitz
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236, Uppsala, Sweden
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78
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Puckowski A, Mioduszewska K, Łukaszewicz P, Borecka M, Caban M, Maszkowska J, Stepnowski P. Bioaccumulation and analytics of pharmaceutical residues in the environment: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:232-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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79
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Dang Z. Interpretation of fish biomarker data for identification, classification, risk assessment and testing of endocrine disrupting chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:422-441. [PMID: 27155823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical induced changes in fish biomarkers vitellogenin (VTG), secondary sex characteristics (SSC), and sex ratio indicate modes/mechanisms of action (MOAs) of EAS (estrogen, androgen and steroidogenesis) pathways. These biomarkers could be used for defining MOAs and the causal link between MOAs and adverse effects in fish for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This paper compiled data sets of 150 chemicals for VTG, 57 chemicals for SSC and 38 chemicals for sex ratio in fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish. It showed 1) changes in fish biomarkers can indicate the MOAs as anticipated; 2) in addition to EAS pathways, chemicals with non-EAS pathways induced changes in fish biomarkers; 3) responses of fish biomarkers did not always follow the anticipated patterns of EAS pathways. These responses may result from the interaction of chemical-induced multiple MOAs and confounding factors like fish diet, infection, culture conditions, general toxicity and stress response. The complex response of fish biomarkers to a chemical of interest requires EDC testing at multiple biological levels. Interpretation of fish biomarker data should be combined with relevant information at different biological levels, which is critical for defining chemical specific MOAs. The utility of fish biomarker data for identification, classification, PBT assessment, risk assessment, and testing of EDCs in the regulatory context was discussed. This paper emphasizes the importance of fish biomarker data in the regulatory context, a weight of evidence approach for the interpretation of fish biomarker data and the need for defining levels of evidence for the identification of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiChao Dang
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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80
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Fritts MW, Deboer JA, Fritts AK, Kellock KA, Bringolf RB, Casper AF. Survey of Intersex Occurrence in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) from the Upper Illinois River Waterway. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-176.1.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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81
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Zaccaroni M, Seta DD, Farabollini F, Fusani L, Dessì-Fulgheri F. Developmental Exposure to Very Low Levels of Ethynilestradiol Affects Anxiety in a Novelty Place Preference Test of Juvenile Rats. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:553-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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82
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Bosker T, Munkittrick KR, Lister A, MacLatchy DL. Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) continue to successfully produce eggs after exposure to high levels of 17α-ethinylestradiol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1107-1112. [PMID: 27089445 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a potent estrogen used in birth-control pills. Previous laboratory and field studies have shown negative impacts in a variety of fish species after exposure to low levels of EE2, most notably a nearly complete shutdown of egg production. The present study demonstrates that mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), a small-bodied estuarine species, is able to continue to produce eggs after exposure for 28 d to 100 ng of EE2/L. No effect of EE2 on egg production was observed, whereas a >35-fold increase in vitellogenin (vtg 1) gene expression in males was found. The lack of response in egg production in fish exposed to high levels of EE2 warrants further investigations on species-specific responses to estrogens and endocrine disruptors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Bosker
- Department of Biology and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Department of Biology and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Andrea Lister
- Department of Biology and Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah L MacLatchy
- Department of Biology and Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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83
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Parrott JL, Bartlett AJ, Balakrishnan VK. Chronic toxicity of azo and anthracenedione dyes to embryo-larval fathead minnow. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:40-47. [PMID: 26704269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of selected azo and anthracenedione dyes was studied using chronic exposures of embryo-larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Newly fertilized fathead minnow embryos were exposed through the egg stage, past hatching, through the larval stage (until 14 days post-hatch), with dye solutions renewed daily. The anthracenedione dyes Acid Blue 80 (AB80) and Acid Blue 129 (AB129) caused no effects in larval fish at the highest measured concentrations tested of 7700 and 6700 μg/L, respectively. Both azo dyes Disperse Yellow 7 (DY7) and Sudan Red G (SRG) decreased survival of larval fish, with LC50s (based on measured concentrations of dyes in fish exposure water) of 25.4 μg/L for DY7 and 16.7 μg/L for SRG. Exposure to both azo dyes caused a delayed response, with larval fish succumbing 4-10 days after hatch. If the exposures were ended at the embryo stage or just after hatch, the potency of these two dyes would be greatly underestimated. Concentrations of dyes that we measured entering the Canadian environment were much lower than those that affected larval fish survival in the current tests. In a total of 162 samples of different municipal wastewater effluents from across Canada assessed for these dyes, all were below detection limits. The similarities of the structures and larval fish responses for the two azo and two anthracenedione dyes in this study support the use of read-across data for risk assessment of these classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
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84
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Armstrong BM, Lazorchak JM, Jensen KM, Haring HJ, Smith ME, Flick RW, Bencic DC, Biales AD. Reproductive effects in fathead minnows (Pimphales promelas) following a 21 d exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:366-373. [PMID: 26383263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen that is an active ingredient in oral contraception and hormone replacement therapy. Surveys of wastewater treatment plant effluents and surface waters throughout the world have reported EE2 concentrations in the ng/L range, and these low levels can cause significant reproductive effects in fish. This study tested the effects of three environmentally relevant EE2 concentrations: 0.47, 1.54 and 3.92 ng/L using a 21 d short-term reproductive assay to investigate the effects of EE2 on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reproduction. The two highest EE2 concentrations tested in this study caused significant liver gene expression and induction of vitellogenin plasma protein in male fathead minnows. Exposure to 3.92 ng EE2/L increased the production of plasma vitellogenin in the females. Plasma estradiol concentrations were significantly reduced in females exposed to 1.54 and 3.92 ng EE2/L. All three tested concentrations significantly reduced fathead minnow egg production after a 21 d exposure to EE2. The results of this study indicate that the previously reported no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) for EE2 on fathead minnow egg production (1.0 ng/L) may be too high. Because all three treatments resulted in significantly reduced egg production, the lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) for EE2 on fathead minnow egg production is 0.47 ng EE2/L. This research estimates a NOAEC for fathead minnow reproduction at 0.24 ng EE2/L following a 21 d exposure. Additionally, induction of vitellogenin is a sensitive indicator of estrogen exposure but does not appear to be predictive of fathead minnow egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Armstrong
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James M Lazorchak
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Jensen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Herman J Haring
- The McConnell Group c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Mark E Smith
- The McConnell Group c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Robert W Flick
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - David C Bencic
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Adam D Biales
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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85
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Correia B, Freitas R, Figueira E, Soares AMVM, Nunes B. Oxidative effects of the pharmaceutical drug paracetamol on the edible clam Ruditapes philippinarum under different salinities. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 179:116-24. [PMID: 26409706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol, a drug with analgesic and antipyretic properties, is one of the most used substances in human therapeutics, being also frequently detected in aquatic environments. Recent studies report its toxicity towards aquatic species, but the overall amount of data concerning its effects is still scarce. Global changes, likely alterations in abiotic conditions, including salinity, can modulate the interactions of contaminants with biota, conditioning the toxicological responses elicited also by pharmaceuticals. The present article describes the oxidative toxic effects posed by paracetamol on the clam species Ruditapes philippinarum under different salinity conditions. The results demonstrated the establishment of an oxidative-based effect, with significant alteration of several parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Water salinity influenced the response of clams exposed to different paracetamol concentrations, showing the importance of studying physiological traits under realistic test conditions, which are likely to vary in great extent as a result of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Correia
- Department of Biology, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Department of Biology, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Portugal.
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86
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Cunha DLD, Silva SMCD, Bila DM, Oliveira JLDM, Sarcinelli PDN, Larentis AL. Regulamentação do estrogênio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol em matrizes aquáticas na Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 32:e00056715. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00056715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O estrogênio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol, principal componente utilizado em formulações de contraceptivos orais, tem sido apontado como um dos principais compostos responsáveis por provocar efeitos adversos no sistema endócrino de várias espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o estado da arte dos dispositivos legais e normativos referentes ao controle desse estrogênio sintético nas águas da Europa e dos Estados Unidos, e traçar um paralelo com a realidade brasileira. No geral, os países têm buscado ampliar a regulamentação e monitoramento de alguns micropoluentes emergentes que antes não eram objeto de atenção por parte dos dispositivos legais. A Europa está mais avançada no que tange à qualidade dos corpos hídricos, enquanto que nos Estados Unidos esta substância é alvo de regulamentação apenas para a água destinada ao consumo humano. No Brasil, ainda não há nenhum dispositivo legal ou normativo que aborde esse estrogênio, o que pode ser associado a uma baixa maturidade do sistema brasileiro quanto ao controle de poluentes hídricos.
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87
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Baldigo BP, George SD, Phillips PJ, Hemming JDC, Denslow ND, Kroll KJ. Potential estrogenic effects of wastewaters on gene expression in Pimephales promelas and fish assemblages in streams of southeastern New York. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2803-2815. [PMID: 26423596 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct linkages between endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from municipal and industrial wastewaters and impacts on wild fish assemblages are rare. The levels of plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) and Vtg messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to wastewater effluents and dilutions of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estrogen activity, and fish assemblages in 10 receiving streams were assessed to improve understanding of important interrelations. Results from 4-d laboratory assays indicate that EE2, plasma Vtg concentration, and Vtg gene expression in fathead minnows, and 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2Eq values) were highly related to each other (R(2) = 0.98-1.00). Concentrations of E2Eq in most effluents did not exceed 2.0 ng/L, which was possibly a short-term exposure threshold for Vtg gene expression in male fathead minnows. Plasma Vtg in fathead minnows only increased significantly (up to 1136 μg/mL) in 2 wastewater effluents. Fish assemblages were generally unaffected at 8 of 10 study sites, yet the density and biomass of 79% to 89% of species populations were reduced (63-68% were reduced significantly) in the downstream reach of 1 receiving stream. These results, and moderate to high E2Eq concentrations (up to 16.1 ng/L) observed in effluents during a companion study, suggest that estrogenic wastewaters can potentially affect individual fish, their populations, and entire fish communities in comparable systems across New York, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry P Baldigo
- New York Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Scott D George
- New York Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Patrick J Phillips
- New York Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Troy, New York, USA
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88
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Luo Y, Shan D, Zhong H, Zhou Y, Chen W, Cao J, Guo Z, Xiao J, He F, Huang Y, Li J, Huang H, Xu P. Subchronic effects of cadmium on the gonads, expressions of steroid hormones and sex-related genes in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:2213-2223. [PMID: 26471182 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem which affects fish health and aquaculture. In the present study, we examined the bioaccumulation of Cd in the gonads of tilapia via dissolved and dietary routes. We evaluated the subchronic effects of Cd on the histology of gonads, steroid hormone levels and sex-related gene expressions in tilapia. In addition, we also studied maternal transfer of Cd. Our results indicated that Cd was accumulated significantly in both ovary and testis from both exposure routes. Histopathological analysis showed that Cd induced ovary and testis injuries. Estradiol levels were significantly increased in dissolved Cd exposed female fish. In addition, the Cd exposure displayed different effects on gene expressions in gonads. In females, the estrogen receptor (ERα) was stimulated in dissolved Cd-exposed fish at 70.32 and 143.78 μg/L for 30 days and in fish at 143.78 μg/L for 60 days. Vitellogenin expression was significantly down-regulated in the ovary of dissolved Cd-exposed fish. In testis, GR expression was elevated after 60 days of dissolved Cd and dietary exposure. Furthermore, Cd level was significantly higher in the eggs than that in the fry. Our results demonstrated that both dissolved and dietary Cd exposures affected gonad development by altering steroid hormone levels and sex-related gene expressions in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Luo
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Faculty of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Faculty of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- Faculty of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongbao Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fulin He
- Faculty of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Guangxi Autonomous Region Center for Analysis and Test Research, Nanning, 530022, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Li
- Guangxi Autonomous Region Center for Analysis and Test Research, Nanning, 530022, Guangxi, China
| | - Heming Huang
- Guangxi Autonomous Region Center for Analysis and Test Research, Nanning, 530022, Guangxi, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China.
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China.
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89
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Runnalls TJ, Beresford N, Kugathas S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Scholze M, Scott AP, Sumpter JP. From single chemicals to mixtures--reproductive effects of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on the fathead minnow. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:152-167. [PMID: 26551686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is polluted with thousands of chemicals. It is currently unclear which of these pose a significant threat to aquatic biota. The typical exposure scenario is now represented by a widespread blanket of contamination composed of myriads of individual pollutants-each typically present at a low concentration. The synthetic steroids, 17α-ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, have been widely reported to be present in the aquatic environment in the low ng to sub-ng/l range. They are widely used in contraceptive formulations, both individually and in combination. Our research employed the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 21 day 'pair-breeding' assay to assess reproductive output when pairs of fish were exposed to the single chemicals at low environmentally relevant concentrations, and then to a binary mixture of them. A variety of endpoints were assessed, including egg production, which was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by both the individual chemicals and the mixture. Significant, sex specific effects were also seen with both chemicals, at differing levels of biological organisation. Plasma concentrations of EE2 and levonorgestrel were predicted and in the case of levonorgestrel measured, and compared with the human therapeutic plasma concentrations (Read-Across approach) to support the interpretation of the results. A novel quantitative method was developed for the data analysis, which ensured a suitable endpoint for the comparative mixture assessment. This approach compares the reproductive performance from individual pairs of fish during chemical exposure to its pre-treatment performance. The responses from the empirical mixture study were compared to predictions derived from the single substance data. We hypothesised combined responses which were best described by the concept of concentration addition, and found no clear indications against this additivity expectation. However, the effect profiles support the current knowledge that both compounds act in different ways to reduce egg production in fish, and suggest that probably response addition (also called Independent action) is the more appropriate mixture model in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK.
| | - Nicola Beresford
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Subramaniam Kugathas
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
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90
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Beitel SC, Doering JA, Eisner BK, Hecker M. Comparison of the sensitivity of four native Canadian fish species to 17-α ethinylestradiol, using an in vitro liver explant assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20186-20197. [PMID: 26304805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental estrogens and other endocrine-active chemicals can impact reproduction of freshwater fishes. While extensive data exists regarding the effect of estrogens on standard laboratory species, little is known about the sensitivity of freshwater fishes native to North America to these compounds. Current testing strategies for the toxicological assessment of contaminants still rely heavily on studies with live animals, which poses increasing concerns from an economical and ethical perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the sensitivity of four native species, namely, northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Sander vitreus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), to an environmental estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), using an in vitro tissue explant approach. Transcript abundances of vitellogenin (VTG) as well as the estrogen receptors (ER) α and β were used as the measuring endpoints as they represent well established biomarkers previously used to assess exposure to estrogens. Transcript abundance of VTG was upregulated in a concentration-dependent manner in each species. Liver explants of male walleye were found to have the greatest sensitivity to EE2, with a lowest observable effect concentration of 300 ng/L (1.0 nM) for VTG transcript abundance, with juvenile white sturgeon having the greatest magnitude of VTG transcript upregulation in exposed tissue (15-fold relative to control). Exposure of liver explants to EE2 resulted in no alteration in transcript abundance of ERβ, whereas upregulation of ERα was observed in northern pike only. Based on in vitro expression of VTG, the species tested were among the species with greatest sensitivity to environmental estrogens tested to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Beitel
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Bryanna K Eisner
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Room 323, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada.
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91
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Hamilton PB, Lange A, Nicol E, Bickley LK, De-Bastos ESR, Jobling S, Tyler CR. Effects of Exposure to WwTW Effluents over Two Generations on Sexual Development and Breeding in Roach Rutilus rutilus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12994-13002. [PMID: 26440068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental estrogens in wastewater treatment works (WwTW) effluents induces feminized responses in male fish, including the development of eggs in male testes. However, the impacts on the offspring of exposed fish are not well understood. In this study, we examined whether roach (Rutilus rutilus) from mothers that had been exposed to an undiluted WwTW effluent from early life to sexual maturity had altered susceptibility to gonadal feminization and an impaired capacity to reproduce. For males from both WwTW effluent exposed mothers and dilution water exposed mothers, effluent exposure for up to 3 years and 9 months induced feminized male gonads, although the intersex condition was relatively mild. There was no difference in the severity of gonadal feminization in roach derived from either WwTW effluent exposed or dilution water exposed mothers. Furthermore, a breeding study revealed that roach with effluent-exposed mothers reproduced with an equal success as roach with mothers exposed to clean water. Roach exposed to the effluent for 3 years in this study were able to reproduce successfully. Our findings provide no evidence for impacts of WwTW effluent exposure on reproduction or gonadal disruption in roach down the female germ line and add to existing evidence that male roach with a mild intersex condition are able to breed competitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Nicol
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane S R De-Bastos
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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92
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Oropesa AL, Martín-Hidalgo D, Fallola C, Gil MC. Effects of exposure to 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol on sperm quality of tench (Tinca tinca). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:318-325. [PMID: 26099462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of sperm quality were studied in tench (Tinca tinca) exposed to sub-lethal doses of 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol-EE2-(50, 100 and 500μg/kg t.w) under semi-static conditions for 30 days. Thus, different biomarkers of sperm quality were assessed: concentration and volume of ejaculate, total number of spermatozoa, percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm motility and percentage of live and dead spermatozoa. Sperm motility was examined by computer-assisted image analysis and the viability of spermatozoa was assessed through flow cytometry. The most relevant alterations observed were significant reductions in the reproductive parameters such as testicular somatic index, spermatozoa concentration, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and wobble in tench exposed to 50μg/kg t.w of EE2. Our study about the effects of EE2 on the sperm quality in tench provides new evidences which strengthen the fact that this synthetic estrogen is included in the list of non-monotonic dose response compounds in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oropesa
- Toxicology Area, Animal Health Department, Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - D Martín-Hidalgo
- Animal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - C Fallola
- Aquaculture Center, Dirección General de Medio Natural, Junta de Extremadura, Villafranco del Guadiana, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - M C Gil
- Animal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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93
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Burkina V, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:430-44. [PMID: 26278678 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is an issue of concern. Current evidence indicates that the risks to fish greatly depend on the nature and concentrations of the pharmaceuticals and might be species-specific. Assessment of risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic species. In mammals and fish, pharmaceuticals are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). Thus, CYP450 activity is a crucial factor determining the detoxification abilities of organisms. Massive numbers of toxicological studies have investigated the interactions of human pharmaceuticals with detoxification systems in various fish species. In this paper, we review the effects of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments on fish hepatic CYP450. Moreover, we discuss the roles of nuclear receptors in cellular regulation and the effects of various groups of chemicals on fish, presented in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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94
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Niemuth NJ, Klaper RD. Emerging wastewater contaminant metformin causes intersex and reduced fecundity in fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:38-45. [PMID: 25898388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of intersex fish, where male reproductive tissues show evidence of feminization, have been found in freshwater systems around the world, indicating the potential for significant endocrine disruption across species in the ecosystem. Estrogens from birth control medications in wastewater treatment plant effluent have been cited as the likely cause, but research has shown that endocrine disruption is not solely predictable based on hormone receptor interactions. Many other non-hormone pharmaceuticals are found in effluent at concentrations orders of magnitude higher than estrogens, yet there is little data indicating the impacts of these other medications. The widely prescribed anti-diabetic metformin is among the most abundant of pharmaceuticals found in effluent and is structurally dissimilar from hormones. However, we show here that exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to a concentration of metformin found in wastewater effluent causes the development of intersex gonads in males, reduced size of treated male fish, and reduction in fecundity for treated pairs. Our results demonstrate that metformin acts as an endocrine disruptor at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Niemuth
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Rebecca D Klaper
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
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95
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Chamas A, Nieter A, Pham HTM, Giersberg M, Hettwer K, Uhlig S, Simon K, Baronian K, Kunze G. Development of a recombinant Arxula adeninivorans cell bioassay for the detection of molecules with progesterone activity in wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8109-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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96
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Glinka CO, Frasca S, Provatas AA, Lama T, DeGuise S, Bosker T. The effects of model androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone on mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) reproduction under different salinities. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 165:266-276. [PMID: 26141585 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting substances (EDSs) have the potential to disturb sensitive hormone pathways, particularly those involved in development and reproduction. Both fresh and estuarine water bodies receive inputs of EDSs from a variety of sources, including sewage effluent, industrial effluent and agricultural runoff. Based on current literature, freshwater species appear to respond to lower levels of EDSs than estuarine or marine species. Therefore, effects elicited by EDSs in freshwater teleosts may not be an accurate representation of how EDSs affect teleosts in estuarine and marine environments. To address this potential difference, a short-term reproductive bioassay was conducted under conditions of low and high salinity using mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), a euryhaline species that is native to the east coast of North America. The goals of this study were to determine the response of mummichog when exposed to an androgenic EDS and whether salinity affected the response. A model androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), was selected for this experiment. Impacts on reproduction were evaluated at multiple biological levels, including physiological (sex steroid levels), organismal (gonad size and gonad morphology), and functional (egg production) endpoints. Under conditions of high salinity, egg production was significantly reduced at all exposure concentrations. Under conditions of low salinity, there were no significant differences based on DHT treatment; however, egg production in all treatment groups including the control were significantly reduced relative to the high salinity control group. Other reproductive endpoints, such as sex steroid production, showed stronger correlation to fecundity in females than males. This study demonstrates that mummichog fecundity is sensitive to androgenic endocrine disruption while also underscoring the importance of how changes in salinity, an environmental variable, can impact reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea O Glinka
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anthony A Provatas
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Tanya Lama
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sylvain DeGuise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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97
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Ceccarelli I, Fiorenzani P, Della Seta D, Aloisi AM. Perinatal 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure affects formalin-induced responses in middle-aged male (but not female) rats. Horm Behav 2015; 73:116-24. [PMID: 26159286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE), the main component of the contraceptive pill, is a synthetic estrogen found in rivers of the United States and Europe as an environmental contaminant. It is one of the most studied xenoestrogens due to its possible effect on the reproductive system. In the present study we evaluated the modulation of pain responses induced by formalin injection (licking, flexing, paw-jerk) in 8-month-old male and female offspring of female rats treated with two different doses of EE (4ng/kg/day or 400ng/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation. Spontaneous behaviors and gonadal hormone levels were also determined. Both concentrations of EE induced an increase of pain behaviors in males only, i.e. higher flexing and licking of the formalin-injected paw than in OIL-exposed rats, during the second, inflammatory, phase of the formalin test. Grooming duration was increased by EE exposure in both males and females. Prenatal EE exposure (both concentrations) decreased estradiol plasma levels in the formalin-injected females but not in the males. These results underline the possibility that exposure to an environmental contaminant during the critical period of development can affect neural processes (such as those involved in pain modulation) during adulthood, indicating long-term changes in brain circuitry. However, such changes may be different in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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98
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Fort DJ, Mathis M, Fort CE, Fort HM, Bacon JP. Application of endocrine disruptor screening program fish short-term reproduction assay: Reproduction and endocrine function in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exposed to Bermuda pond sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1283-1295. [PMID: 25565366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A modified tier 1 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) 21-d fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) was used to evaluate the effects of sediment exposure from freshwater and brackish ponds in Bermuda on reproductive fecundity and endocrine function in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Reproductively active male and female fish were exposed to control sediment and sediment from 2 freshwater ponds (fathead minnow) and 2 marine ponds (killifish) contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons and metals via flow-through exposure for 21 d. Reproductive fecundity was monitored daily. At termination, the status of the reproductive endocrine system was assessed by the gonadosomatic index, gonadal histology, plasma steroids (estrogen [E2], testosterone [T], and 11-ketotestosterone [11-KT]), steroidogenic enzymes (aromatase and combined 3β/17β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [3β/17β-HSD]), and plasma vitellogenin (VTG). Decreased reproductive fecundity, lower male body weight, and altered endocrinological measures of reproductive status were observed in both species. Higher plasma T levels in female minnows and 11-KT levels in both male and female minnows and female killifish exposed to freshwater and brackish sediments, respectively. Decreased female E2 and VTG levels and gonadal cytochrome P19 (aromatase) activity were also found in sediment exposed females from both species. No effect on female 3β/17β-HSD activity was found in either species. The FSTRA provided a robust model capable of modification to evaluate reproductive effects of sediment exposure in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael Mathis
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chelsea E Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hayley M Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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99
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Overturf MD, Anderson JC, Pandelides Z, Beyger L, Holdway DA. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A critical review of the impacts on fish reproduction. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:469-91. [PMID: 25945515 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1038499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in environmental toxicology involving pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has increased greatly over the last 10-15 years. Much research has been focused on the endocrine-disrupting potential of PPCPs, as they relate to negative population impacts of aquatic organisms. This review assesses the current data on the reported effects of PPCPs on fish reproduction with an emphasis on fecundity, a predictor of population effects. Studies of both individual PPCPs and PPCP mixtures are presented. As the majority of individual PPCP studies reviewed demonstrate negative effects on fish fecundity, we relate these findings to detected surface water concentrations of these compounds. Very few studies involving PPCP mixtures have been conducted; however, the need for these types of studies is warranted as fish are most likely exposed to mixtures of PPCPs in the wild. In addition, laboratory and field assessments of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, a major source of PPCPs, are reviewed. Much of the data provided from these assessments are variable and do not generally demonstrate negative impacts on reproduction, or the studies are unable to directly associate observed effects with WWTP effluents. Finally, future research considerations are outlined to provide an avenue into understanding how wild populations of fish are affected by PPCPs. These considerations are aimed at determining the adaptation potential of fish exposed to mixtures of PPCPs over multiple generations. As global use of PPCPs continually rises, the need to discern the effects of chronic exposure to PPCPs is greatly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Overturf
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, ON , Canada
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100
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Bahamonde PA, Fuzzen ML, Bennett CJ, Tetreault GR, McMaster ME, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. Whole organism responses and intersex severity in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) following exposures to municipal wastewater in the Grand River basin, ON, Canada. Part A. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:290-301. [PMID: 25543172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs) contain anthropogenic substances that can exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity. These complex mixtures have been observed to exert adverse effects on fish. Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum, RBD) is a small benthic fish that is widespread throughout the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, and has been previously shown to be adversely affected by MWWE exposure in this watershed. The objectives of this study were to quantify biological responses in this sentinel species and intersex severity in male fish, in relation to the area of urbanization. It focused on RBD populations adjacent to wastewater outfalls in the Grand River watershed. In May 2011, nine sites across the urban gradient were selected to evaluate the impact of MWWEs. Endpoints for energy storage (i.e. condition factor, k; liversomatic index, LSI) as well as reproductive endpoints (i.e. gonadosomatic index, GSI; gonad development, hormone production), and intersex were assessed in the fish. Rainbow darter showed a high incidence of intersex downstream of the wastewater outfalls, especially below the largest treatment plant outfall at Kitchener (∼85%). We applied an intersex index (score from 0 to 7) that considers the number of eggs within the testis and the stage of maturation of the egg. RBD exposed downstream of the largest wastewater outfall at Kitchener had a score of 3.81±0.37 compared to upstream to the urban areas where there were no intersex males found other than a single individual with a score 1 (average intersex score of site 0.06±0.06). In addition, several fish associated with the Kitchener outfall had macroscopic vitellogenic eggs in the testes (intersex scores 5 and 6). The sub-population of fish located at the wastewater outfall also showed a tendency towards skewed sex ratios (greater proportion of females to male fish) compared to the population at the reference sites. Male fish inhabiting the urbanized area of the Grand River also showed reduced levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). Intersex males had the lower levels of 11KT relative to the upstream reference fish but could not be distinguished from normal males collected at the exposed sites. Despite the high levels of intersex at these sites, no relationships were evident among intersex severity and other measured endpoints such as GSI, LSI or in vitro steroid production. The effects observed appear to be associated with urbanization and exposure to treated MWWEs in the watershed. Although intersex incidence and severity was a very good indicator of wastewater exposure, intersex could not be directly linked to other effects in this wild population. The effects of MWWEs on transcriptional changes in adult RBD exposed to the effluents are reported in the corresponding report (Part B).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
| | - M L Fuzzen
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Bennett
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - G R Tetreault
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M R Servos
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Current address: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and the Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
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