51
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Autologous neural stem cell transplantation: A new treatment option for Parkinson’s disease? Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:757-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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52
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Farin A, Liu CY, Langmoen IA, Apuzzo ML. BIOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION. Neurosurgery 2009; 65:831-59; discussion 859. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000351721.81175.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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53
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Sareen D, McMillan E, Ebert AD, Shelley BC, Johnson JA, Meisner LF, Svendsen CN. Chromosome 7 and 19 trisomy in cultured human neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7630. [PMID: 19898616 PMCID: PMC2765070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell expansion and differentiation is the foundation of emerging cell therapy technologies. The potential applications of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) are wide ranging, but a normal cytogenetic profile is important to avoid the risk of tumor formation in clinical trials. FDA approved clinical trials are being planned and conducted for hNPC transplantation into the brain or spinal cord for various neurodegenerative disorders. Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known to show recurrent chromosomal abnormalities involving 12 and 17, no studies have revealed chromosomal abnormalities in cultured hNPCs. Therefore, we investigated frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities in 21 independent fetal-derived hNPC lines and the possible mechanisms triggering such aberrations. Methods and Findings While most hNPC lines were karyotypically normal, G-band karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed the emergence of trisomy 7 (hNPC+7) and trisomy 19 (hNPC+19), in 24% and 5% of the lines, respectively. Once detected, subsequent passaging revealed emerging dominance of trisomy hNPCs. DNA microarray and immunoblotting analyses demonstrate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression in hNPC+7 and hNPC+19 cells. We observed greater levels of telomerase (hTERT), increased proliferation (Ki67), survival (TUNEL), and neurogenesis (βIII-tubulin) in hNPC+7 and hNPC+19, using respective immunocytochemical markers. However, the trisomy lines underwent replicative senescence after 50–60 population doublings and never showed neoplastic changes. Although hNPC+7 and hNPC+19 survived better after xenotransplantation into the rat striatum, they did not form malignant tumors. Finally, EGF deprivation triggered a selection of trisomy 7 cells in a diploid hNPC line. Conclusions We report that hNPCs are susceptible to accumulation of chromosome 7 and 19 trisomy in long-term cell culture. These results suggest that micro-environmental cues are powerful factors in the selection of specific hNPC aneuploidies, with trisomy of chromosome 7 being the most common. Given that a number of stem cell based clinical trials are being conducted or planned in USA and a recent report in PLoS Medicine showing the dangers of grafting an inordinate number of cells, these data substantiate the need for careful cytogenetic evaluation of hNPCs (fetal or hESC-derived) before their use in clinical or basic science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Sareen
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin McMillan
- The Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon C. Shelley
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Cell Line Genetics, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Doncel-Pérez E, Caballero-Chacón S, Nieto-Sampedro M. Neurosphere cell differentiation to aldynoglia promoted by olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned medium. Glia 2009; 57:1393-409. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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55
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Maciaczyk J, Singec I, Maciaczyk D, Klein A, Nikkhah G. Restricted Spontaneous In Vitro Differentiation and Region-Specific Migration of Long-Term Expanded Fetal Human Neural Precursor Cells After Transplantation Into the Adult Rat Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1043-58. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilyas Singec
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, California
| | - Donata Maciaczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Klein
- The Brain Research Group, School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Nikkhah
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from the Embryonic Dorsal Telencephalon of D6/GFP Mice Differentiate Primarily into Neurons After Transplantation into a Cortical Lesion. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:199-218. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tanvig M, Blaabjerg M, Andersen RK, Villa A, Rosager AM, Poulsen FR, Martinez-Serrano A, Zimmer J, Meyer M. A brain slice culture model for studies of endogenous and exogenous precursor cell migration in the rostral migratory stream. Brain Res 2009; 1295:1-12. [PMID: 19646977 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the main pathway by which newly born subventricular zone (SVZ) cells reach the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents. This migration has been well studied in vivo, but an organotypic in vitro model would facilitate more experimental investigations. Here we introduce a slice culture preparation of the rat forebrain including en suite the rostral part of the lateral ventricle, the RMS and the OB. The preparation was validated with regard to endogenous cell proliferation and migration by tracking bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labelled cells in newly established and 3 and 6 week old cultures. For testing the migratory abilities of exogenous precursor cells, rat SVZ neurospheres and human neural (HNS1 cells) and mesenchymal (hMSC-TERT) stem cell lines were micrografted to the rostral SVZ of 1 and 7 day old cultures. Two weeks later graft derivatives were identified by immunohistochemical staining for human nuclei (HNS1/hMSC-TERT cells) and BrdU (HNS1 cells/neurospheres). Numerous HNS1 cells and BrdU-positive neurosphere cells were found in the RMS. Having reached the OB, subpopulations of the cells expressed the astroglial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein/hAM and the neuronal markers NeuN/tyrosine hydroxylase. Interestingly, the hMSC-TERT cells remained at the implantation site, demonstrating a diversity in migratory capability of different precursor cells. In conclusion, the RMS in rat forebrain slice cultures retains its ability to support migration of endogenous and exogenous neural precursors, making the cultures highly feasible for studies of conditions and factors regulating cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Tanvig
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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58
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Endovascular transplantation of stem cells to the injured rat CNS. Neuroradiology 2009; 51:661-7. [PMID: 19562330 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-009-0551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transplantation procedures using intraparenchymal injection of stem cells result in tissue injury in addition to associated surgical risks. Intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells gives engraftment to lesions, but the method has low efficiency and specificity. In traumatic brain injuries (TBI), there is a transient breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and an inflammatory response, which increase migration of cells from blood to parenchyma. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the effect of intra-arterial administration on cellular engraftment. METHODS Experimental TBI was produced in a rat model. Endovascular technique was used to administer human mesenchymal stem cells in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Evaluation of engraftment and side effects were performed by immunohistochemical analysis of the brain and several other organs. The results were compared to intravenous administration of stem cells. RESULTS Intra-arterial transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells resulted in central nervous system (CNS) engraftment without thromboembolic ischemia. We observed a significantly higher number of transplanted cells in the injured hemisphere after intra-arterial compared to intravenous administration both 1 day (p < 0.01) and 5 days (p < 0.05) after the transplantation. Some cells were also detected in the spleen but not in the other organs analyzed. CONCLUSION Selective intra-arterial administration of mesenchymal stem cells to the injured CNS is a minimally invasive method for transplantation. The method is significantly more efficient than the intravenous route and causes no side effects in the current model. The technique can potentially be used for repeated transplantation to the CNS after TBI and in other diseases.
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59
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Buchet D, Baron-Van Evercooren A. In search of human oligodendroglia for myelin repair. Neurosci Lett 2009; 456:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Brunet JF, Redmond DE, Bloch J. Primate adult brain cell autotransplantation, a pilot study in asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:787-99. [PMID: 19500480 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x470847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous brain cell transplantation might be useful for repairing lesions and restoring function of the central nervous system. We have demonstrated that adult monkey brain cells, obtained from cortical biopsy and kept in culture for a few weeks, exhibit neural progenitor characteristics that make them useful for brain repair. Following MPTP treatment, primates were dopamine depleted but asymptomatic. Autologous cultured cells were reimplanted into the right caudate nucleus of the donor monkey. Four months after reimplantation, histological analysis by stereology and TH immunolabeling showed that the reimplanted cells successfully survived, bilaterally migrated in the whole striatum, and seemed to have a neuroprotection effect over time. These results may add a new strategy to the field of brain neuroprotection or regeneration and could possibly lead to future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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61
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Pluripotent stem cells as new drugs? The example of Parkinson's disease. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:113-21. [PMID: 19782880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a widely discussed novel concept of medical treatment. The increased knowledge in the stem cell field, particularly pluripotent stem cells, potentially provides powerful tools for this therapeutic concept. A large number of disease characterized by the loss of functional cells are potential candidates for cell replacement therapy and, in this regards, Parkinson's disease is of particular interest. It is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Pharmacological therapies are valuable but suffer from the progressive decline of efficacy as the disease progresses. Cell therapy application has emerged about two decades ago as a valid therapeutic alternative and recent advances in stem cell research suggest that pluripotent stem cell transplantation may be a promising approach to replace degenerated neurons in Parkinson's disease. Various sources of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) currently tested in animal models of Parkinson's disease have proven their efficacy in relieving symptoms and restoring damaged brain function. This review summarizes and discusses the important challenges that actually must be solved before the first studies of PSC transplantation can be undertaken into humans.
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62
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Behrstock S, Ebert AD, Klein S, Schmitt M, Moore JM, Svendsen CN. Lesion-induced increase in survival and migration of human neural progenitor cells releasing GDNF. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:753-62. [PMID: 19044202 DOI: 10.3727/096368908786516819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human neural progenitor cells (hNPC) has been proposed to provide neuronal replacement or astrocytes delivering growth factors for brain disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Success in such studies likely requires migration from the site of transplantation and integration into host tissue in the face of ongoing damage. In the current study, hNPC modified to release glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hNPCGDNF) were transplanted into either intact or lesioned animals. GDNF release itself had no effect on the survival, migration, or differentiation of the cells. The most robust migration and survival was found using a direct lesion of striatum (Huntington's model) with indirect lesions of the dopamine system (Parkinson's model) or intact animals showing successively less migration and survival. No lesion affected differentiation patterns. We conclude that the type of brain injury dictates migration and integration of hNPC, which has important consequences when considering transplantation of these cells as a therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshana Behrstock
- The Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA
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63
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Delcroix GJR, Jacquart M, Lemaire L, Sindji L, Franconi F, Le Jeune JJ, Montero-Menei CN. Mesenchymal and neural stem cells labeled with HEDP-coated SPIO nanoparticles: in vitro characterization and migration potential in rat brain. Brain Res 2008; 1255:18-31. [PMID: 19103182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may transdifferentiate into neural cells in vitro under the influence of matrix molecules and growth factors present in neurogenic niches. However, further experiments on the behavior of such stem cells remain to be done in vivo. In this study, rat MSC (rMSC) have been grafted in a neurogenic environment of the rat brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ), in order to detect and follow their migration using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. We sought to characterize the potential effect of iron loading on the behavior of rMSC as well as to address the potential of rMSC to migrate when exposed to the adequate brain microenvironment. 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonic acid (HEDP)-coated SPIO nanoparticles efficiently labeled rMSC without significant adverse effects on cell viability and on the in vitro differentiation potential. In opposition to iron-labeled rat neural stem cells (rNSC), used as a positive control, iron-labeled rMSC did not respond to the SVZ microenvironment in vivo and did not migrate, unless a mechanical lesion of the olfactory bulb was performed. This confirmed the known potential of iron-labeled rMSC to migrate toward lesions and, as far as we know, this is the first study describing such a long distance migration from the SVZ toward the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream (RMS).
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64
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Bohl D, Liu S, Blanchard S, Hocquemiller M, Haase G, Heard JM. Directed evolution of motor neurons from genetically engineered neural precursors. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2564-75. [PMID: 18635866 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies hold therapeutic promise for degenerative motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and for spinal cord injury. Fetal neural progenitors present less risk of tumor formation than embryonic stem cells but inefficiently differentiate into motor neurons, in line with their low expression of motor neuron-specific transcription factors and poor response to soluble external factors. To overcome this limitation, we genetically engineered fetal rat spinal cord neurospheres to express the transcription factors HB9, Nkx6.1, and Neurogenin2. Enforced expression of the three factors rendered neural precursors responsive to Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid and directed their differentiation into cholinergic motor neurons that projected axons and formed contacts with cocultured myotubes. When transplanted in the injured adult rat spinal cord, a model of acute motor neuron degeneration, the engineered precursors transiently proliferated, colonized the ventral horn, expressed motor neuron-specific differentiation markers, and projected cholinergic axons in the ventral root. We conclude that genetic engineering can drive the differentiation of fetal neural precursors into motor neurons that efficiently engraft in the spinal cord. The strategy thus holds promise for cell replacement in motor neuron and related diseases. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bohl
- Département Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U622, Unité Rétrovirus et Transfert Génétique, Paris, France.
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65
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Pax6 promotes neurogenesis in human neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:616-28. [PMID: 18595732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain embryogenesis, transcription factors drive stem cells towards neuronal fate. Here we show that the transcription factor Pax6 increased in vitro generation of neurons from striatal but not cortical neural stem cells (NSCs), derived from 6 to 9 weeks old human fetuses, without affecting survival and proliferation. Overexpression of mouse Pax6 produced increased numbers of GABA+ and DARPP-32+ (characteristic of striatum) but not glutamate+ neurons (characteristic of cortex). Pax6-overexpressing cells survived and migrated to the same extent as control cells at 1 month after intrastriatal transplantation into newborn rats and generated more neuroblasts. Overexpression of mouse Pax6 in human NSCs also leads to altered levels of lineage-appropriate genes as revealed by Q-PCR. Our data suggest that Pax6 function is conserved between species since its overexpression activates similar genes in mouse and human NSCs. Also, that Pax6 overexpression in striatal NSCs increases the number of neurons but their region-specificity is maintained.
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66
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Sondhi D, Peterson DA, Edelstein AM, del Fierro K, Hackett NR, Crystal RG. Survival advantage of neonatal CNS gene transfer for late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:18-27. [PMID: 18639872 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL), a fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder of childhood, is caused by mutations in the CLN2 gene, resulting in deficiency of the protein tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I). We have previously shown that direct CNS administration of AAVrh.10hCLN2 to adult CLN2 knockout mice, a serotype rh.10 adeno-associated virus expressing the wild-type CLN2 cDNA, will partially improve neurological function and survival. In this study, we explore the hypothesis that administration of AAVrh.10hCLN2 to the neonatal brain will significantly improve the results of AAVrh.10hCLN2 therapy. To assess this concept, AAVrh.10hCLN2 vector was administered directly to the CNS of CLN2 knockout mice at 2 days, 3 wk and 7 wk of age. While all treatment groups show a marked increase in total TPP-I activity over wild-type mice, neonatally treated mice displayed high levels of TPP-I activity in the CNS 1 yr after administration which was spread throughout the brain. Using behavioral markers, 2 day-treated mice demonstrate marked improvement over 3 wk, 7 wk or untreated mice. Finally, neonatal administration of AAVrh.10hCLN2 was associated with markedly enhanced survival, with a median time of death 376 days for neonatal treated mice, 277 days for 3 wk-treated mice, 168 days for 7 wk-treated mice, and 121 days for untreated mice. These data suggest that neonatal treatment offers many unique advantages, and that early detection and treatment may be essential for maximal gene therapy for childhood lysosomal storage disorders affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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67
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Harting MT, Baumgartner JE, Worth LL, Ewing-Cobbs L, Gee AP, Day MC, Cox CS. Cell therapies for traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E18. [PMID: 18341394 DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary discoveries of the efficacy of cell therapy are currently being translated to clinical trials. Whereas a significant amount of work has been focused on cell therapy applications for a wide array of diseases, including cardiac disease, bone disease, hepatic disease, and cancer, there continues to be extraordinary anticipation that stem cells will advance the current therapeutic regimen for acute neurological disease. Traumatic brain injury is a devastating event for which current therapies are limited. In this report the authors discuss the current status of using adult stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury, including the basic cell types and potential mechanisms of action, preclinical data, and the initiation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Stem cells, although difficult to define, hold great promise as tools for understanding development and as therapeutic agents. However, as with any new field, uncritical enthusiasm can outstrip reality. In this review, we have listed nine common myths that we believe affect our approach to evaluating stem cells for therapy. We suggest that careful consideration needs to be given to each of these issues when evaluating a particular cell for its use in therapy. Data need to be collected and reported for failed as well as successful experiments and a rigorous scientific approach taken to evaluate the undeniable promise of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Magnus
- Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH333 Cassell Drive, Room 406A, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH333 Cassell Drive, Room 406A, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Graham C Parker
- Children's Research Center of Michigan, The Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of MichiganDetroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mahendra S Rao
- Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH333 Cassell Drive, Room 406A, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Corporate Research Laboratories, Invitrogen Corporation1620 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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69
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Abstract
Vision research involving stem cells is a rapidly evolving field. Animal experiments have shown that in response to environmental cues, stem cells can repopulate damaged retinas, regrow neuronal axons, repair higher cortical pathways, and restore pupil reflexes, light responses and basic pattern recognition. Viable corneas have been grown from stem cells and transplanted into humans. Similarly, human trials to repair damaged retinas in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration patients have produced preliminary successes. This review attempts to place the collective contributions toward stem cell/vision research into a broader clinical model of how stem cells might ultimately be used to restore the entire visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Mooney
- Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
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Mukhida K, Baghbaderani BA, Hong M, Lewington M, Phillips T, McLeod M, Sen A, Behie LA, Mendez I. Survival, differentiation, and migration of bioreactor-expanded human neural precursor cells in a model of Parkinson disease in rats. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E8. [DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Object
Fetal tissue transplantation for Parkinson disease (PD) has demonstrated promising results in experimental and clinical studies. However, the widespread clinical application of this therapeutic approach is limited by a lack of fetal tissue. Human neural precursor cells (HNPCs) are attractive candidates for transplantation because of their long-term proliferation activity. Furthermore, these cells can be reproducibly expanded in a standardized fashion in suspension bioreactors. In this study the authors sought to determine whether the survival, differentiation, and migration of HNPCs after transplantation depended on the region of precursor cell origin, intracerebral site of transplantation, and duration of their expansion.
Methods
Human neural precursor cells were isolated from the telencephalon, brainstem, ventral mesencephalon, and spinal cord of human fetuses 8–10 weeks of gestational age, and their differentiation potential characterized in vitro. After expansion in suspension bioreactors, the HNPCs were transplanted into the striatum and substantia nigra of parkinsonian rats. Histological analyses were performed 7 weeks posttransplantation.
Results
The HNPCs isolated from various regions of the neuraxis demonstrated diverse propensities to differentiate into astrocytes and neurons and could all successfully expand under standardized conditions in suspension bioreactors. At 7 weeks posttransplantation, survival and migration were significantly greater for HNPCs obtained from the more rostral brain regions. The HNPCs differentiated predominantly into astrocytes after transplantation into the striatum or substantia nigra regions, and thus no behavioral improvement was observed.
Conclusions
Understanding the regional differences in HNPC properties is prerequisite to their application for PD cell restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mukhida
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
| | - Behnam A. Baghbaderani
- 2Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray Hong
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
| | - Matthew Lewington
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
| | - Timothy Phillips
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
| | - Marcus McLeod
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
| | - Arindom Sen
- 2Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leo A. Behie
- 2Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ivar Mendez
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cell Restoration Laboratory, Dalhousie Medical School; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
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71
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the fundamental features of the neurosphere assay (NSA), which was initially described in 1992, and has since been used not only to detect the presence of stem cells in embryonic and adult mammalian neural tissues, but also to study their characteristics in vitro. Implicit in this review is a detailed examination of the limitations of the NSA, and how this assay is most accurately and appropriately used. Finally we will point out criteria that should be challenged to design alternative ways to overcome the limits of this assay. METHODS NSA is used to isolate putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the central nervous system (CNS) and to demonstrate the critical stem cell attributes of proliferation, extensive self-renewal and the ability to give rise to a large number of differentiated and functional progeny. Nevertheless, the capability of neural progenitor cells to form neurospheres precludes its utilisation to accurately quantify bona fide stem cell frequency based simply on neurosphere numbers. New culture conditions are needed to be able to distinguish the activity of progenitor cells from stem cells. CONCLUSION A commonly used, and arguably misused, methodology, the NSA has provided a wealth of information on precursor activity of cells derived from the embryonic through to the aged CNS. Importantly, the NSA has contributed to the demise of the 'no new neurogenesis' dogma, and the beginning of a new era of CNS regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the interpretations arising from the utilisation of the NSA need to take into consideration its limits, so as not to be used beyond its specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic P Deleyrolle
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney L Rietze
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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72
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Webber DJ, Compston A, Chandran S. Minimally manipulated oligodendrocyte precursor cells retain exclusive commitment to the oligodendrocyte lineage following transplantation into intact and injured hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:1791-800. [PMID: 17897393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are widely regarded as the best characterized cell population in the mammalian CNS and until recently were believed to be a lineage-restricted precursor terminally differentiating to postmitotic oligodendrocytes. Recent evidence has suggested that OPCs may have in vitro and in vivo neuronal potential. In this report we examine the differentiation potential of cortical OPC populations following transplantation into the neurogenic environment of the intact neonatal and adult hippocampus. Donor OPCs were minimally manipulated and not subjected to long-term ex vivo manipulation such as expansion or treatment with mitogens. Minimally manipulated OPCs did not exhibit any intrinsic neuronal potential in vitro prior to transplantation. Following transplantation of GFP-OPCs into intact neonatal and adult hippocampus, cells were able to survive and integrate for at least 14 weeks but did not exhibit neuronal differentiation. Induction of a focal neurotoxic lesion also did not result in neuronal differentiation of graft-derived OPCs. These findings show that unselected and unmanipulated populations of cortical OPCs remain as precursor cells, commit to the oligodendrocyte lineage and fail to respond to the extrinsic cues of a neurogenic or injured environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Webber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK.
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73
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In vitro hypoxic preconditioning of embryonic stem cells as a strategy of promoting cell survival and functional benefits after transplantation into the ischemic rat brain. Exp Neurol 2008; 210:656-70. [PMID: 18279854 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 11/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) and stem cell transplantation have been extensively studied as individual therapies for ischemic stroke. The present investigation is an initial effort to combine these methods to achieve increased therapeutic effects after brain ischemia. Sublethal in vitro hypoxia pretreatment significantly enhanced the tolerance of neurally-differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells and primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) to apoptotic cell death (40-50% reduction in cell death and caspase-3 activation). The HP protective effects on cultured cells lasted for at least 6 days. HP increased secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) and upregulated expression of bcl-2, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha), erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), neurofilament (NF), and synaptophysin in ES cell-derived neural progenitor cells (ES-NPCs). The HP cytoprotective effect was diminished by blocking EPOR, while pretreatment of ES-NPCs with recombinant human EPO mimicked the HP effect. HP-primed ES-NPCs survived better 3 days after transplantation into the ischemic brain (30-40% reduction in cell death and caspase-3 activation). Finally, transplanted HP-primed ES-NPCs exhibited extensive neuronal differentiation in the ischemic brain, accelerated and enhanced recovery of sensorimotor function when compared to transplantation of non-HP-treated ES-NPCs. The cell-priming strategy aimed to promote transplanted cell survival and their tissue repair capability provides a simple yet effective way of optimizing cell transplantation therapy.
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74
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Schaefer AW, Juliano SL. Migration of transplanted neural progenitor cells in a ferret model of cortical dysplasia. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:67-82. [PMID: 18061166 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although altered gene expression clearly causes failure of the neocortex to form properly, many causes of neocortical dysplasia arise from environmental or unknown factors. Our lab studies a model of cortical dysplasia induced by injection of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) into pregnant ferrets on embryonic day 33 (E33), which shares many features of neocortical dysplasia in humans. E33 MAM treatment results in characteristic deficits that include dramatic reduction of layer 4 in somatosensory cortex, widespread termination of thalamic afferents, and altered distribution of GABAergic elements. We determined the ability of immature cells to migrate into MAM-treated cortex using ferret neural progenitor cells obtained at E27 and E33 and mouse neural progenitor cells obtained at E14. When these cells were transplanted into organotypic cultures obtained from normal and E33 MAM-treated ferret cortex prepared on postnatal day 0 (P0), all progenitor cells migrated similarly in both hosts, preferentially residing in the upper cortical plate. The site of transplantation was significant, however, so that injections into the ventricular zone were more likely to reach the cortical plate than transplants into the intermediate zone. When similar cells were transplanted into ferret kits, approximately P7-P9, and allowed to survive for 2-4 weeks, the donor cells migrated differently and also reached distinct destinations in normal and MAM-treated hosts. MAM-treated cortex was more permissive to invasion by donor cells as they migrated to widespread aspects of the cortex, whereas transplants in normal host cortex were more restricted. E27 neural progenitor cells populated more cortical layers than later born E33 neural progenitor cells, suggesting that the fate of transplanted cells is governed by a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
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75
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Darsalia V, Kallur T, Kokaia Z. Survival, migration and neuronal differentiation of human fetal striatal and cortical neural stem cells grafted in stroke-damaged rat striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:605-14. [PMID: 17686040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of disability in adult humans. Treatments to support efficient recovery in stroke patients are lacking. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of grafted neural stem cells (NSCs) to partly improve impaired neurological functions in stroke-subjected animals. Recently, we reported that NSCs from human fetal striatum and cortex exhibit region-specific differentiation in vitro, but survive, migrate and form neurons to a similar extent after intrastriatal transplantation in newborn rats. Here, we have transplanted the same cells into the stroke-damaged striatum of adult rats. The two types of NSCs exhibited a similar robust survival (30%) at 1 month after transplantation, and migrated throughout the damaged striatum. Striatal NSCs migrated farther and occupied a larger volume of striatum. In the transplantation core, cells were undifferentiated and expressed nestin and, to a lesser extent, also GFAP, betaIII-tubulin, DCX and calretinin, markers of immature neural lineage. Immunocytochemistry using markers of proliferation (p-H3 and Ki67) revealed a very low content of proliferating cells (<1%) in the grafts. Human cells outside the transplantation core differentiated, exhibited mature neuronal morphology and expressed mature neuronal markers such as HuD, calbindin and parvalbumin. Interestingly, striatal NSCs generated a greater number of parvalbumin+ and calbindin+ neurons. Virtually none of the grafted cells differentiated into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Based on these data, human fetal striatum- and cortex-derived NSCs could be considered potentially safe and viable for transplantation, with strong neurogenic potential, for further exploration in animal models of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimer Darsalia
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology, Section of Restorative Neurology, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, University Hospital BMC B10, Klinikgatan 26, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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76
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Vawda R, Woodbury J, Covey M, Levison SW, Mehmet H. Stem cell therapies for perinatal brain injuries. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 12:259-72. [PMID: 17553762 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews four groups of paediatric brain injury. The pathophysiology of these injuries is discussed to establish which cells are damaged and therefore which cells represent targets for cell replacement. Next, we review potential sources of cellular replacements, including embryonic stem cells, fetal and neonatal neural stem cells and a variety of mesenchymal stem cells. The advantages and disadvantages of each source are discussed. We review published studies to illustrate where stem cell therapies have been evaluated for therapeutic gain and discuss the hurdles that will need to be overcome to achieve therapeutic benefit. Overall, we conclude that children with paediatric brain injuries or inherited genetic disorders that affect the brain are worthy candidates for stem cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reaz Vawda
- RY80Y-215, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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77
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Anderson L, Caldwell MA. Human neural progenitor cell transplants into the subthalamic nucleus lead to functional recovery in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27:133-40. [PMID: 17587588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of foetal nigral transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, supply limitations of tissue means that alternative sources must be found. Transplantation of human neural progenitor cells (HNPCs) may offer a solution, however few studies have shown functional recovery in animal models of PD without cell modification. Here we show that unmodified HNPC grafted into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) show excellent survival of up to 5 months and induce significant functional recovery following amphetamine-induced rotations within 4 weeks. For the first time we also show that HNPCs, which remain in an immature nestin-positive state, produce VEGF in vivo allowing further modification of the host brain. This suggests that even in the absence of cell replacement strategies utilising immature progenitor cells could be of real therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Anderson
- Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK
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78
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Marutle A, Ohmitsu M, Nilbratt M, Greig NH, Nordberg A, Sugaya K. Modulation of human neural stem cell differentiation in Alzheimer (APP23) transgenic mice by phenserine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12506-11. [PMID: 17640880 PMCID: PMC1941499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705346104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that human neural stem cells (HNSCs) exposed to high concentrations of secreted amyloid-precursor protein (sAPP) in vitro differentiated into mainly astrocytes, suggesting that pathological alterations in APP processing during neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) may prevent neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Thus, successful neuroplacement therapy for AD may require regulating APP expression to favorable levels to enhance neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Phenserine, a recently developed cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI), has been reported to reduce APP levels in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found reductions of APP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the hippocampus of APP23 mice after 14 days treatment with (+)-phenserine (25 mg/kg) lacking ChEI activity. No significant change in APP gene expression was detected, suggesting that (+)-phenserine decreases APP levels and reactive astrocytes by posttranscription regulation. HNSCs transplanted into (+)-phenserine-treated APP23 mice followed by an additional 7 days of treatment with (+)-phenserine migrated and differentiated into neurons in the hippocampus and cortex after 6 weeks. Moreover, (+)-phenserine significantly increased neuronal differentiation of implanted HNSCs in hippocampal and cortical regions of APP23 mice and in the CA1 region of control mice. These results indicate that (+)-phenserine reduces APP protein in vivo and increases neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Combination use of HNSC transplantation and treatment with drugs such as (+)-phenserine that modulate APP levels in the brain may be a useful tool for understanding mechanisms regulating stem cell migration and differentiation during neurodegenerative conditions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Marutle
- Biomolecular Sciences Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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79
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Hovakimyan M, Haas SJP, Schmitt O, Gerber B, Wree A, Andressen C. Mesencephalic human neural progenitor cells transplanted into the neonatal hemiparkinsonian rat striatum differentiate into neurons and improve motor behaviour. J Anat 2007; 209:721-32. [PMID: 17118060 PMCID: PMC2049002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To evaluate the differentiation potential of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) as a prerequisite for clinical trials, we intracerebrally transplanted in vitro expanded fetal mesencephalic hNPCs into hemiparkinsonian rats. On postnatal day one (P1), 17 animals underwent a unilateral intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right lateral ventricle. At P3, animals (n = 10) received about 100,000 hNPCs (1 microL) in the right striatum. Five weeks after birth, animals underwent behaviour tests prior to fixation, followed by immunohistochemistry on brain slices for human nuclei, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100beta, neuronal nuclei antigen, neuron-specific enolase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Compared with the apomorphine-induced rotations in the lesioned-only group (7.4 +/- 0.5 min(-1)), lesioned and successfully transplanted animals (0.3 +/- 0.1 min(-1)) showed a significant therapeutic improvement. Additionally, in the cylinder test, the lesioned-only animals preferred to use the ipsilateral forepaw. Conversely, the lesioned and transplanted animals showed no significant side bias similar to untreated control animals. Transplanted human nuclei-immunoreactive cells were found to survive and migrate up to 2000 microm into the host parenchyma, many containing the pan-neuronal markers neuronal nuclei antigen and neuron-specific enolase. In the striatum, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive somata were also found, indicating a dopaminergic differentiation capacity of transplanted hNPCs in vivo. However, the relative number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in vivo seemed to be lower than in corresponding in vitro differentiation. To minimize donor tissue necessary for transplantation, further investigations will aim to enhance dopaminergic differentiation of transplanted cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Hovakimyan
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Germany
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80
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McLeod M, Hong M, Sen A, Sadi D, Ulalia R, Behie LA, Mendez I. Transplantation of bioreactor-produced neural stem cells into the rodent brain. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:689-97. [PMID: 17269440 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783464426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new cell replacement strategies using neural stem cells (NSC) may provide an alternative and unlimited cell source for clinical neural transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. The clinical application of neural transplantation using NSC will therefore depend upon the availability of clinical grade NSC that are generated in unlimited quantities in a standardized manner. In order to investigate the utility of NSC in clinical neural transplantation, undifferentiated murine NSC were first expanded for an extended period of time in suspension bioreactors containing a serum-free medium. Following expansion in suspension bioreactors, NSC were still able to differentiate in vitro into both astrocytes and neurons after exposure to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suggesting that bioreactor expansion does not alter cell lineage potentiality. Undifferentiated bioreactor-expanded NSC were then transplanted into the rodent striatum. Immunohistochemical examination revealed undifferentiated bioreactor-expanded NSC survived transplantation for up to 8 weeks and expressed the astrocytic immunohistochemical marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suggesting that the host striatal environment influences NSC cell fate upon transplantation. Moreover, no tumor formation was observed within the graft site, indicating that NSC expanded in suspension bioreactors for an extended period of time are a safe source of tissue for transplantation. Future studies should focus on predifferentiating NSC towards specific neuronal phenotypes prior to transplantation in order to restore behavioral function in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McLeod
- Cell Restoration Laboratory, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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81
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Kallur T, Darsalia V, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human fetal cortical and striatal neural stem cells generate region-specific neurons in vitro and differentiate extensively to neurons after intrastriatal transplantation in neonatal rats. J Neurosci Res 2007; 84:1630-44. [PMID: 17044030 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human fetal brain is a potential source of neural stem cells (NSCs) for cell replacement therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. We explored whether NSCs isolated from cortex and striatum of human fetuses, aged 6-9 weeks post-conception, maintain their regional identity and differentiate into specific neuron types in culture and after intrastriatal transplantation in neonatal rats. We observed no differences between cortex- and striatum-derived NSCs expanded as neurospheres in proliferative capacity, growth rate, secondary sphere formation, and expression of neural markers. After 4 weeks of differentiation in vitro, cortical and striatal NSCs gave rise to similar numbers of GABAergic and VMAT2- and parvalbumin-containing neurons. However, whereas cortical NSCs produced higher number of glutamatergic and tyrosine hydroxylase- and calretinin-positive neurons, several-fold more neurons expressing the striatal projection neuron marker, DARPP-32, were observed in cultures of striatal NSCs. Human cortical and striatal NSCs survived and migrated equally well after transplantation. The two NSC types also generated similar numbers of mature NeuN-positive neurons, which were several-fold higher at 4 months as compared to at 1 month after grafting. At 4 months, the grafts contained cells with morphologic characteristics of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Many of neurons were expressing parvalbumin. Our data show that NSCs derived from human fetal cortex and striatum exhibit region-specific differentiation in vitro, and survive, migrate, and form mature neurons to the same extent after intrastriatal transplantation in newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therése Kallur
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology, Section of Restorative Neurology, Stem Cell Institute, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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82
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Barraud P, Stott S, Møllgård K, Parmar M, Björklund A. In vitro characterization of a human neural progenitor cell coexpressing SSEA4 and CD133. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:250-9. [PMID: 17131412 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is commonly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluripotent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Immunohistochemistry on human embryonic central nervous system revealed that SSEA4 is detectable in the early neuroepithelium, and its expression decreases as development proceeds. Flow cytometry analysis of forebrain-derived cells demonstrated that the SSEA4-expressing cells are enriched in the neural stem/progenitor cell fraction (CD133(+)), but are rarely codetected with the neural stem cell (NSC) marker CD15. Using a sphere-forming assay, we showed that both subfractions CD133(+)/SSEA4(+) and CD133(+)/CD15(+) isolated from the embryonic forebrain are enriched in neurosphere-initiating cells. In addition CD133, SSEA4, and CD15 expression is sustained in the expanded neurosphere cells and also mark subfractions of neurosphere-initiating cells. Therefore, we propose that SSEA4 associated with CD133 can be used for both the positive selection and the enrichment of neural stem/progenitor cells from human embryonic forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Barraud
- Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, BMC A11, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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83
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Anderson L, Burnstein RM, He X, Luce R, Furlong R, Foltynie T, Sykacek P, Menon DK, Caldwell MA. Gene expression changes in long term expanded human neural progenitor cells passaged by chopping lead to loss of neurogenic potential in vivo. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:512-24. [PMID: 17306795 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cell culture protocols have been described for the proliferation of multipotent human neural progenitor cells (HNPCs). The mitogen combinations used to expand HNPCs vary, and it is not clear to what extent this may affect the subsequent differentiation of these cells. In this study human foetal cortical tissue was cultured in the presence of either EGF, or FGF-2, or a combination of both using a unique chopping method in which cell to cell contact is maintained. The differentiation potential of neurospheres following mitogen withdrawal was assessed at early (8 weeks) and late (20 weeks) times of expansion, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, changes in gene expression with time were analysed by microarray experiments. Results show that the presence of FGF-2 was highly predictive of neuronal differentiation after short term culture both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, time in culture had a significant effect on transplant size and neural constituents suggesting that cells have a limited life span and restricted lineage potential. Array analysis confirms that following extensive time in culture cells are entering growth arrest with fundamental expression changes in genes associated with cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Anderson
- Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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84
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Sakariassen PØ, Prestegarden L, Wang J, Skaftnesmo KO, Mahesparan R, Molthoff C, Sminia P, Sundlisæter E, Misra A, Tysnes BB, Chekenya M, Peters H, Lende G, Kalland KH, Øyan AM, Petersen K, Jonassen I, van der Kogel A, Feuerstein BG, Terzis AJA, Bjerkvig R, Enger PØ. Subepithelial myofibroblasts are novel nonprofessional APCs in the human colonic mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16466-71. [PMID: 17056721 PMCID: PMC1618812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607668103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to a diverse normal microflora and dietary Ags and is a common site of entry for pathogens. The mucosal immune system must respond to these diverse signals with either the initiation of immunity or tolerance. APCs are important accessory cells that modulate T cell responses which initiate and maintain adaptive immunity. The ability of APCs to communicate with CD4+ T cells is largely dependent on the expression of class II MHC molecules by the APCs. Using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that alpha-smooth muscle actin(+), CD90+ subepithelial myofibroblasts (stromal cells) constitutively express class II MHC molecules in normal colonic mucosa and that they are distinct from professional APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Primary isolates of human colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) cultured in vitro were able to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. This process was dependent on class II MHC and CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression by the myofibroblasts. We also demonstrate that CMFs, engineered to express a specific DR4 allele, can process and present human serum albumin to a human serum albumin-specific and DR4 allele-restricted T cell hybridoma. These studies characterize a novel cell phenotype which, due to its strategic location and class II MHC expression, may be involved in capture of Ags that cross the epithelial barrier and present them to lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Thus, human CMFs may be important in regulating local immunity in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ø. Sakariassen
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jian Wang
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai-Ove Skaftnesmo
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rupavathana Mahesparan
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Carla Molthoff
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography Center and
| | - Peter Sminia
- Radiation Oncology, Section Radiobiology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eirik Sundlisæter
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Berit Bølge Tysnes
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Chekenya
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karl Henning Kalland
- Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne M. Øyan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Inge Jonassen
- Bergen Center for Computational Science, Unifob A/S and
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5021 Norway; and
| | - Albert van der Kogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - A. Jorge A. Terzis
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Centre Recherche de Public Santé, L-1150 Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Centre Recherche de Public Santé, L-1150 Luxembourg
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Biomedicine/SAC, University of Bergen, Jonas Lie's Vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway. E-mail:
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85
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Watson DJ, Walton RM, Magnitsky SG, Bulte JWM, Poptani H, Wolfe JH. Structure-specific patterns of neural stem cell engraftment after transplantation in the adult mouse brain. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:693-704. [PMID: 16839269 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) may be useful for delivering exogenous gene products to the diseased CNS. When NSCs are transplanted into the developing mouse brain, they can migrate extensively and differentiate into cells appropriate to the sites of engraftment, in response to the normal signals directing endogenous cells to their appropriate fates. Much of the prior work on NSC migration in the adult brain has examined directed migration within or toward focal areas of injury such as ischemia, brain tumors, or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. However, treatment of many genetic disorders that affect the CNS will require widespread dissemination of the donor cells in the postnatal brain, because the lesions are typically distributed globally. We therefore tested the ability of NSCs to migrate in the unlesioned adult mouse brain after stereotaxic transplantation into several structures including the cortex and hippocampus. NSC engraftment was monitored in live animals by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling of cells. Histological studies demonstrated that the cells engrafted in significantly different patterns within different regions of the brain. In the cerebral cortex, donor cells migrated in all directions from the injection site. The cells maintained an immature phenotype and cortical migration was enhanced by trypsin treatment of the cells, indicating a role for cell surface proteins. In the hippocampus, overall cell survival and migration were lower but there was evidence of neuronal differentiation. In the thalamus, the transplanted cells remained in a consolidated mass at the site of injection. These variations in pattern of engraftment should be taken into account when designing treatment approaches in nonlesion models of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Watson
- W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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86
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Zietlow R, Pekarik V, Armstrong RJE, Tyers P, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. The survival of neural precursor cell grafts is influenced by in vitro expansion. J Anat 2006; 207:227-40. [PMID: 16185247 PMCID: PMC1571534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neural precursor cells (ENPs) provide a potential alternative for transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases, as they can be expanded in culture, avoiding many of the practical obstacles that limit the application of transplanting primary neurones. However, grafts of ENPs into animal models show variable survival and limited differentiation into neurones. The effect of expansion time on their ability to survive and differentiate may be an important factor in this and has not been examined directly. In these experiments, murine and human ENPs were expanded for short (4 weeks) and long (20 weeks) periods before transplantation into the adult rat striatum. Whereas grafts of both short- and long-term expanded human ENPs survived for 4 weeks following transplantation, by 20 weeks all long-term expanded grafts had disappeared. Murine ENPs behaved similarly: only grafts of short-term expanded ENPs survived at 12 weeks following transplantation. RT-PCR analysis of ENP cultures after 4 and 20 weeks of expansion demonstrated changes in expression of a number of different groups of genes. We conclude that long-term expansion of ENPs profoundly impairs their ability to survive long-term after transplantation into the adult brain. This has implications for the potential use of these cells for neural transplantation strategies.
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87
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Behrstock S, Ebert A, McHugh J, Vosberg S, Moore J, Schneider B, Capowski E, Hei D, Kordower J, Aebischer P, Svendsen CN. Human neural progenitors deliver glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor to parkinsonian rodents and aged primates. Gene Ther 2006; 13:379-88. [PMID: 16355116 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to increase the survival and functioning of dopamine neurons in a variety of animal models and some recent human trials. However, delivery of any protein to the brain remains a challenge due to the blood/brain barrier. Here we show that human neural progenitor cells (hNPC) can be genetically modified to release glycosylated GDNF in vitro under an inducible promoter system. hNPC-GDNF were transplanted into the striatum of rats 10 days following a partial lesion of the dopamine system. At 2 weeks following transplantation, the cells had migrated within the striatum and were releasing physiologically relevant levels of GDNF. This was sufficient to increase host dopamine neuron survival and fiber outgrowth. At 5 weeks following grafting there was a strong trend towards functional improvement in transplanted animals and at 8 weeks the cells had migrated to fill most of the striatum and continued to release GDNF with transport to the substantia nigra. These cells could also survive and release GDNF 3 months following transplantation into the aged monkey brain. No tumors were found in any animal. hNPC can be genetically modified, and thereby represent a safe and powerful option for delivering growth factors to specific targets within the central nervous system for diseases such as Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Behrstock
- Waisman Center and Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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88
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Watson DJ, Walton RM, Magnitsky SG, Bulte JW, Poptani H, Wolfe JH. Structure-Specific Patterns of Neural Stem Cell Engraftment After Transplantation in the Adult Mouse Brain. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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89
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Muraoka K, Shingo T, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Yuan W, Hayase H, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Date I. The high integration and differentiation potential of autologous neural stem cell transplantation compared with allogeneic transplantation in adult rat hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2006; 199:311-27. [PMID: 16529744 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is thought to have a central role in restorative therapy, which aims to restore function to the damaged nervous system. The purpose of this study was to establish an autologous neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation model using adult rats and to compare survival, migration, and differentiation between this system and allogeneic NSC transplantation. Furthermore, we compared the immunologic response of the host tissue between autologous and allogeneic transplantation. NSCs were removed from the subventricular zone of adult Fischer 344 rats using stereotactic methods. NSCs were expanded and microinjected into normal hippocampus in the autologous brain. Allogeneic NSC (derived from adult Wistar rats) transplantation was performed using the same procedure, and hippocampal sections were analyzed immunohistologically 3 weeks post-transplantation. The cell survival and migration rate were higher for autologous transplantation than for allogeneic transplantation, and the neuronal differentiation rate in the autologous transplanted cells far exceeded that of allogeneic transplantation. Furthermore, there was less astrocyte and microglia reactivity in the host tissue of the autologous transplantation compared with allogeneic transplantation. These findings demonstrate that immunoreactivity of the host tissue strongly influences cell transplantation in the CNS as the autologous transplantation did not induce host tissue immunoreactivity; the microenvironment was essentially maintained in an optimal condition for the transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muraoka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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90
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An Y, Tsang KKS, Zhang H. Potential of stem cell based therapy and tissue engineering in the regeneration of the central nervous system. Biomed Mater 2006; 1:R38-44. [PMID: 18460755 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/1/2/r02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The insufficiency of self-repair and regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to difficulty of rehabilitation of the injured brain. In the past few decades, the significant progress in cell therapy and tissue engineering has contributed to the functional recovery of the CNS to a great extent. The present review focuses on the potential role of stem cell based therapy and tissue engineering in the regeneration of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua An
- Department of Neural Stem Cell, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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91
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Kim HT, Kim IS, Lee IS, Lee JP, Snyder EY, Park KI. Human neurospheres derived from the fetal central nervous system are regionally and temporally specified but are not committed. Exp Neurol 2006; 199:222-35. [PMID: 16714017 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating single cells were isolated from various CNS regions (telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla, and spinal cord) of human fetal cadavers at 13 weeks of gestation and grown as neurospheres in long-term cultures. We investigated whether neural stem cells (NSCs) or progenitors within spheres have specific regional or temporal characteristics with regard to growth, differentiation, and region-specific gene expression, and whether these molecular specifications are reversible. Regardless of regional origin, all of the neurospheres were found to contain cells of different subtypes, which suggests that multipotent NSCs, progenitors or radial glial cells co-exist with restricted neuronal or glial progenitors within the neurospheres. Neurospheres from the forebrain grew faster and gave rise to significantly more neurons than did those from either the midbrain or hindbrain, and regional differences in neuronal differentiation appeared to be sustained during long-term passage of neurospheres in culture. There was also a trend towards a reduction in neuronal emergence from the respective neurospheres over time in culture, although the percentages of neurons generated from cerebellum-derived neurospheres increased dramatically. These results suggest that differences in neuronal differentiation for the various neurospheres are spatially and temporally determined. In addition, the properties of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-, glutamate-, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing cells derived from neurospheres of the respective CNS regions appear to be regionally and temporally different. Isolated human neurospheres from different CNS compartments expressed distinctive molecular markers of regional identity and maintained these patterns of region-specific gene expression during long-term passage in vitro. To determine the potential of human neurospheres for regional fate plasticity, single spheres from the respective regions were co-cultured with embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5 d) mouse brain slices. Specific cues from the developing mouse brain tissues induced the human neurospheres to express different marker genes of regional identity and to suppress the expression of their original marker genes. Thus, even the early regional identities of human neurospheres may not be irreversible and may be altered by local inductive cues. These findings have important implications for understanding the characteristics of growth, differentiation, and molecular specification of human neurospheres derived from the developing CNS, as well as the therapeutic potential for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Tai Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seodaemoon-Ku Shinchon-Dong 134, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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92
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Navarro-Galve B, Martinez-Serrano A. “Is there any need to argue…” about the nature and genetic signature of in vitro neural stem cells? Exp Neurol 2006; 199:20-5. [PMID: 16740262 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Navarro-Galve
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa", Laboratory CX-450, Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish Council for Research [UAM-CSIC], Campus Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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93
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Horváth EM, Lacza Z, Csordás A, Szabó C, Kollai M, Busija DW. Graft derived cells with double nuclei in the penumbral region of experimental brain trauma. Neurosci Lett 2006; 396:182-6. [PMID: 16377084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies showed that stem cells might fuse with mature cells or each other; however, there is no in vivo evidence for this phenomenon in the cerebral cortex. Our goal was to find evidence for cell fusion in a model of traumatic brain injury followed by grafting of embryonic cortical cells. Cold lesion protocol was applied to induce lesion of the motor cortex in adult male rats. Six days later we grafted a suspension of freshly isolated rat brain cortical cells of early embryonic stage (E14) into the penumbra area of the lesion. The grafted cell nuclei were labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU). Six days after transplantation 4,328 BrDU positive cells were observed in nine animals. 89.5% of these cells had cytoplasmic staining probably representing dead or phagocyted grafted cells. Ten percent of surviving BrDU positive cells had only one BrDU positive nucleus and negative cytoplasm, while 0.5% had two distinct nuclei, one was unlabelled and one was BrDU positive. These cells were similar in appearance and size to the astrocytes in the vicinity and expressed the astocyte specific glial fibrillaly acidic protein. Thus, these cells showed a possible sign of cell fusion in the penumbral region of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter M Horváth
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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94
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Zhou H, Aziza J, Sol JC, Courtade-Saïdi M, Chatelin S, Evra C, Parant O, Lazorthes Y, Jozan S. Cell therapy of pain: Characterization of human fetal chromaffin cells at early adrenal medulla development. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:370-81. [PMID: 16443224 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult adrenal chromaffin cells are being utilized for therapeutic transplantation. With the prospect of using fetal chromaffin cells in pain therapy, we studied their phenotype, proliferative power, function, and growth in vitro and in situ in order to determine the optimal time for implantation. Between 7 and 10 gestational weeks (GW), we isolated, in vitro, two types of chromaffin cells with a noradrenergic phenotype akin to that observed, in situ. Among the adherent chromaffin cells first observed in vitro, only a few samples expressed met-enkephalin, whereas almost all the neurosphere-like colonies, which appeared later, expressed it. However, neither of the two types of populations expressed an adrenergic phenotype in line with that observed in situ. At the upper limits of the voluntary abortion period authorized in France, this phenotype (12 GW) and met-enkephalin expression (13 GW) were evidenced in situ. For the first time in man, we demonstrate the secretion of noradrenaline in vitro by the two populations of cells. Consistent with this result, we also noted dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbetaH) mRNA expression in vitro and in situ within this period. These observations on the expression of these biological factors indicate that 9-10 GW would be the best stage for sampling these cells for preclinical transplantation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Laboratory of Pain and Cell Therapy, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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95
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Visnyei K, Tatsukawa KJ, Erickson RI, Simonian S, Oknaian N, Carmichael ST, Kornblum HI. Neural progenitor implantation restores metabolic deficits in the brain following striatal quinolinic acid lesion. Exp Neurol 2006; 197:465-74. [PMID: 16310773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor transplantation is a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). In the current study, we tested the potential of rat embryonic neural progenitors expanded in vitro as therapy in the rat quinolinic acid-lesioned striatum, a model that demonstrates some of the pathological features of HD. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to demonstrate that the intrastriatal injection of cultured rat neural progenitors results in improved metabolic function in the striatum and overlying cortex when compared to media-injected controls. Transplanted progenitors were capable of surviving, migrating long distances and differentiating into neurons and glia. The cortices of transplanted animals contained greater numbers of neurons in regions that had shown metabolic improvement. However, histological analysis revealed that only a small fraction of these increased neurons could be accounted for by engrafted cells, indicating that the metabolic sparing was likely the result of a trophic action of the transplanted cells on the host. Behavioral testing of the implanted animals did not reveal improvement in apomorphine-induced rotation. These data demonstrate that progenitor cell implantation results in enhanced metabolic function and sparing of neuron number, but that these functions do not necessarily result in the restoration of complex circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koppany Visnyei
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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96
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Thompson LH, Andersson E, Jensen JB, Barraud P, Guillemot F, Parmar M, Björklund A. Neurogenin2 identifies a transplantable dopamine neuron precursor in the developing ventral mesencephalon. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:183-98. [PMID: 16438966 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In neural transplantation studies, there is an interest in identifying and isolating mesencephalic dopamine (mesDA) neuron precursors that have the capacity to differentiate into fully mature mesDA neurons after transplantation. We report here that in the developing ventral mesencephalon (VM) the proneural gene Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) is expressed exclusively in the part of the ventricular zone that gives rise to the migrating mesDA neuroblasts, but not in the differentiated mesDA neurons. From other studies, we know that Ngn2 is involved in the generation of mesDA neurons and that the development of mesDA neurons is severely compromised in Ngn2-null mutant mice. We show here that cells isolated by FACS from the developing VM of Ngn2-GFP knock-in mice are capable of generating mesDA neurons, both in vitro and after transplantation to the striatum of neonatal rats. All mesDA neuron precursors, but not the serotonergic or GABAergic neuron precursors, are contained in the Ngn2-GFP-expressing population. Moreover, all glial cells were generated from cells contained in the GFP-negative cell fraction. The results show that surviving mesDA neurons in VM grafts are derived from early postmitotic, probably Nurr1-expressing precursors before they have acquired their fully differentiated neuronal phenotype. The Ngn2-GFP reporter construct used here thus provides a tool for the identification of mesDA neuron precursors in the VM and selective isolation of transplantable mesDA neuron precursors for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan H Thompson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, and Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, BMC A11, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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97
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Rosenqvist N, Jakobsson J, Lundberg C. Inhibition of chromatin condensation prevents transgene silencing in a neural progenitor cell line transplanted to the rat brain. Cell Transplant 2005; 14:129-38. [PMID: 15881422 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783983188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ex vivo gene therapy in the central nervous system has so far suffered from transgene downregulation. Condensation of the transgenic sequences has been proposed to be a mechanism involved in this silencing. In this study we inhibited either histone deacetylation or DNA methylation in neural progenitor cell lines, transduced with a lentiviral vector carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP), prior to grafting them into the rat striatum. The expression of GFP was significantly higher in grafts pretreated with either of the inhibitors. After 1 week in vivo we detected an 11-fold increase in the number of GFP-expressing cells due to the inhibition of DNA methylation in vitro with azadeoxycytidine and a ninefold increase when inhibiting histone deacetylation with trichostatin A. This suggests that a pretreatment paradigm could be used to increase efficacy of ex vivo delivery of a therapeutic protein locally in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rosenqvist
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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98
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Navarro-Galve B, Villa A, Bueno C, Thompson L, Johansen J, Martínez-Serrano A. Gene marking of human neural stem/precursor cells using green fluorescent proteins. J Gene Med 2005; 7:18-29. [PMID: 15508144 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo gene therapy and cell replacement in the nervous system may provide therapeutic opportunities for neurodegenerative disorders. The development of optimal gene marking procedures for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) is crucial for the success of these strategies, in order to provide a correct understanding of the biology of transplanted cells. METHODS hNSCs were modified to express various members of the green fluorescent protein family of proteins. Both DNA and retroviral expression vectors were used. Cells were analyzed for transgene expression under transient and stable expression schemes, and in the presence or absence of drug selection, by fluorescence microscopy, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Genetically marked cells were analyzed in vivo after intrastriatal transplantation in neonatal rats. RESULTS Using the same experimental procedures, we have compared Aequorea victoria enhanced green fluorescent protein (Av-eGFP) and Renilla raniformis GFP (Rh-GFP, h- from humanized) for the purpose of gene marking of hNSCs. Our findings revealed practical problems for the derivation of stable Av-eGFP-expressing hNSCs, whereas Rh-GFP could be well expressed. In a second phase of the study, stable Rh-GFP-expressing clonal hNSCs were derived. Rh-GFP did not interfere with the differentiation potential of the cells, and expression levels were identical between division and differentiation conditions. Thirdly, in vivo, we have confirmed the usefulness of Rh-GFP for the study of the transplant performance of hNSCs, and demonstrated that Rh-GFP does not interfere with multipotency and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Searching for suitable and useful reporter genes, we have found that Rh-GFP works efficiently for the purpose of stable gene marking of hNSCs, and is highly useful in vivo. The nature, properties, and possible side effects of marker genes are discussed, since these are important parameters to consider in gene marking studies involving hNSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Navarro-Galve
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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99
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Tabar V, Panagiotakos G, Greenberg ED, Chan BK, Sadelain M, Gutin PH, Studer L. Migration and differentiation of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells in the rat brain. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:601-6. [PMID: 15852001 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells provide a potentially unlimited cell source for regenerative medicine. Recently, differentiation strategies were developed to direct hES cells towards neural fates in vitro. However, the interaction of hES cell progeny with the adult brain environment remains unexplored. Here we report that hES cell-derived neural precursors differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the normal and lesioned brain of young adult rats and migrate extensively along white matter tracts. The differentiation and migration behavior of hES cell progeny was region specific. The hES cell-derived neural precursors integrated into the endogenous precursor pool in the subventricular zone, a site of persistent neurogenesis. Like adult neural stem cells, hES cell-derived precursors traveled along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb, where they contributed to neurogenesis. We found no evidence of cell fusion, suggesting that hES cell progeny are capable of responding appropriately to host cues in the subventricular zone.
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100
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Ostenfeld T, Svendsen CN. Requirement for neurogenesis to proceed through the division of neuronal progenitors following differentiation of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2-responsive human neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:798-811. [PMID: 15342944 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-5-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-responsive human neural stem cells may provide insight into mechanisms of neural development and have applications in cell-based therapeutics for neurological disease. However, their biology after expansion in vitro is currently poorly understood. Cells grown in either EGF or FGF-2 or a combination of both mitogens displayed characteristically similar levels of transcriptional activation and comparable proliferative profiles with linear cell-cycle kinetics and possessed similar neuronal differentiation capabilities. These data support the view that human neurospheres at later stages of expansion (>10 weeks) are comprised overwhelmingly of a single type of stem cell responsive to both EGF and FGF-2. After mitogen withdrawal and neurosphere plating, bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiments revealed that the stem cells did not undergo differentiation directly into neurons. Instead, most immature neurons arose via the division of emerging progenitor cells in the absence of exogenous EGF or FGF-2. Neurogenesis was abolished by application of high concentrations of either EGF/FGF-2 or the mitotic inhibitor cytosine-b-arabinofuranoside, suggesting that there is an obligatory requirement for at least one round of cell division in the absence of mitogens as a prelude to terminal neuronal differentiation. The differentiation of human neurospheres provides a useful model of human neurogenesis, and the data presented indicate that it proceeds through the division of committed neuronal progenitor cells rather than directly from the neural stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Ostenfeld
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, UK
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