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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that hyporesponsiveness to ghrelin due to reduced growth hormone (GH) contributes to the aging-related hyperinflammatory state in sepsis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Sepsis and septic shock are a serious problem, particularly in the geriatric population. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a, ie, ghrelin receptor). The decline in GH with age is directly associated with many adverse changes that occur with aging. However, the role of GH, ghrelin, and GHSR1a in the age-associated vulnerability to sepsis remains unknown. METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats (young: 3 months; aged: 24 months) were used. Plasma GH levels, ghrelin receptor expression, and neuronal activity in the parasympathostimulatory nuclei of the brain stem in normal young and aged animals were measured. Endotoxemia was induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg BW). RESULTS While LPS-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages isolated from aged rats decreased, LPS injection resulted in an in vivo hyperinflammatory state. GH levels were lower in aged rats, which was associated with lower expression of GHSR1a in the dorsal vagal complex and a decrease in parasympathostimulatory neuronal activity. GHSR1a antagonist elevated LPS-induced cytokine release in young rats. GH increased GHSR-1a expression in the dorsal vagal complex in aged rats. Coadministration of ghrelin and GH, but not ghrelin alone or GH alone, markedly reduced cytokine levels and organ injury after endotoxemia in aged rats, which was associated with significantly elevated parasympathostimulatory neuronal activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the reduced central (brain) responsiveness to ghrelin due to the decreased GH, plays a major role in producing the hyperinflammatory state, resulting in severe organ injuries and high mortality after endotoxemia in aged animals. Ghrelin and GH can be developed as a novel therapy for sepsis in the geriatric population.
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Miksa M, Das P, Zhou M, Wu R, Dong W, Ji Y, Goyert SM, Ravikumar TS, Wang P. Pivotal role of the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor in producing inflammation and organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5504. [PMID: 19430535 PMCID: PMC2677660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norepinephrine (NE) modulates the responsiveness of macrophages to proinflammatory stimuli through the activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs). Being part of the stress response, early increases of NE in sepsis sustain adverse systemic inflammatory responses. The intestine is an important source of NE release in the early stage of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats, which then stimulates TNF-α production in Kupffer cells (KCs) through the activation of the α2-AR. It is important to know which of the three α2-AR subtypes (i.e., α2A, α2B or α2C) is responsible for the upregulation of TNF-α production. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of α2A-AR in this process. Methodology/Principal Findings Adult male rats underwent CLP and KCs were isolated 2 h later. Gene expression of α2A-AR was determined. In additional experiments, cultured KCs were incubated with NE with or without BRL-44408 maleate, a specific α2A-AR antagonist, and intraportal infusion of NE for 2 h with or without BRL-44408 maleate was carried out in normal animals. Finally, the impact of α2A-AR activation by NE was investigated under inflammatory conditions (i.e., endotoxemia and CLP). Gene expression of the α2A-AR subtype was significantly upregulated after CLP. NE increased the release of TNF-α in cultured KCs, which was specifically inhibited by the α2A-AR antagonist BRL-44408. Equally, intraportal NE infusion increased TNF-α gene expression in KCs and plasma TNF-α which was also abrogated by co-administration of BRL-44408. NE also potentiated LPS-induced TNF-α release via the α2A-AR in vitro and in vivo. This potentiation of TNF-α release by NE was mediated through the α2A-AR coupled Gαi protein and the activation of the p38 MAP kinase. Treatment of septic animals with BRL-44408 suppressed TNF-α, prevented multiple organ injury and significantly improved survival from 45% to 75%. Conclusions/Significance Our novel finding is that hyperresponsiveness to α2-AR stimulation observed in sepsis is primarily due to an increase in α2A-AR expression in KCs. This appears to be in part responsible for the increased proinflammatory response and ensuing organ injury in sepsis. These findings provide important feasibility information for further developing the α2A-AR antagonist as a new therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Miksa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Padmalaya Das
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mian Zhou
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Rongqian Wu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Weifeng Dong
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Youxin Ji
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanna M. Goyert
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Thanjavur S. Ravikumar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Campos J, Alende R, Gonzalez-Quintela A. Abnormalities in aminotransferase levels during acute pyelonephritis. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:e53-6. [PMID: 19393479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver abnormalities are common in septic patients. The study was aimed at investigating the alterations in aminotransferase levels during acute pyelonephritis in adults. Serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT) were determined in 421 patients (aged 16-90 years, 79.8% females) admitted to the hospital because of acute pyelonephritis. Abnormally high aminotransferase (sAST or sALT) levels were present in 21.4% (95% CI 17.6-25.9%) of patients without pre-existing liver disease (n=401). Aminotransferase abnormality was moderate in the majority of cases. After adjusting for confounders, aminotransferase abnormality was associated with age and with signs of sepsis (particularly, high body temperature and low blood pressure). Aminotransferase levels tended to normalize during convalescence. In conclusion, the management of patients with pyelonephritis should take into account that moderate and self-limited abnormalities in aminotransferase levels are frequent during the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zhou M, Jacob A, Ho N, Miksa M, Wu R, Maitra SR, Wang P. Downregulation of protein disulfide isomerase in sepsis and its role in tumor necrosis factor-alpha release. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:R100. [PMID: 18680601 PMCID: PMC2575589 DOI: 10.1186/cc6977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important factor for the protein modification step in the post-translational event. PDI plays an essential role in cell survival under various stress conditions. It has been reported that PDI can serve as a negative regulator of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and that it can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Thus, PDI may be an intracellular anti-inflammatory molecule. Although we have previously shown that Kupffer cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines cause liver injury in sepsis, the effect of sepsis on PDI expression as well as the effect of PDI inhibition on cytokine production have not been investigated. We therefore hypothesized that sepsis downregulates PDI expression and that the inhibition of PDI promotes proinflammatory cytokine production. Method Adult male rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or endotoxemia (continuous infusion of 1 μg/kg body weight LPS by an osmotic pump) for 20 hours. Hepatic tissues were collected and PDI gene expression was determined. In additional experiments, cells from a macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7, were treated with 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 hours and protein expressions were measured. RAW 264.7 cells were also treated with bacitracin, a specific PDI inhibitor, for 24 hours, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and protein expression as well as its release in the cell supernatant were determined. To further confirm the beneficial effect of PDI in sepsis, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with PDI short interfering RNA (siRNA) and PDI gene expression and TNF-α release were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results PDI gene expression was significantly decreased by 28% and 69% at 20 hours after CLP or LPS infusion, respectively. LPS also decreased PDI protein expression by 33% in RAW 264.7 cells. Incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with bacitracin significantly increased TNF-α gene expression and TNF-α release as well as its cellular levels in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with PDI siRNA produced an average 36.8% inhibition of the PDI gene expression. This downregulation was correlated with a 3.19-fold increase in TNF-α release into the cell supernatant. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that downregulation of PDI by sepsis significantly increases proinflammatory cytokine production. Thus, prevention of PDI downregulation in sepsis may be a novel approach to attenuate hyperinflammation and to reduce tissue injury under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver is an early target organ in sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock, contributing to multiple organ failure, and both lipopolysaccharide and gut-derived catecholamines are implicated in the occurrence of hepatocellular dysfunction. Treatment of septic shock involves administration of vasoactive agents such as exogenous catecholamines or vasopressin in order to reestablish blood pressure. As a prelude to clinical application, we tested the hypothesis that catecholamines could modulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and function in human liver. DESIGN An in vitro human cell culture study. SETTING Research laboratory of an academic institution. SUBJECTS Primary human hepatocytes and human hepatoma HepaRG cells. INTERVENTIONS Primary human hepatocytes and human hepatoma HepaRG cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide to evaluate effects of epinephrine and several other compounds (norepinephrine, dobutamine, dopamine, dopexamine, phenylephrine, clonidine, salbutamol, and vasopressin). Markers of inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein) and drug metabolism (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 3A4, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor) were analyzed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Transcripts of C-reactive protein and CYP3A4 were strongly increased and depressed respectively after a 24-hr treatment with 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide. Co-treatment with either of the catecholamines failed to reverse lipopolysaccharide effects, whereas when added alone, epinephrine, and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, salbutamol, and dobutamine, mimicked lipopolysaccharide effects. Suppression of CYP3A4 implicated beta-adrenergic receptors and was mediated through overproduction of interleukin-6. By contrast, vasopressin did not elicit an inflammatory response or modify CYP3A4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Some catecholamines can induce an inflammatory response and exacerbate the hepatic dysfunction observed during sepsis, favoring the idea that catecholamines could alter the biotransformation of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and that alternative vasoactive agents, such as vasopressin, merit further investigation in septic shock patients.
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Croner RS, Hohenberger W, Jeschke MG. Hepatic gene expression during endotoxemia. J Surg Res 2008; 154:126-34. [PMID: 18952238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During the course of sepsis, endotoxins and cytokines activate Kupffer cells, induce the liberation and synthesis of adhesion molecules, and damage hepatocytes, which leads to septic liver failure. The interaction of the different hepatic cell types during these processes is not completely understood and may be clarified by microarray technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven Sprague Dawley rats received either an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 3 mg/kg body weight (n = 4) or sodium chloride (SC) 0.9% (n = 3). Animals were sacrificed 24 h after LPS or SC injection. RNA from liver tissue was isolated and hybridized on GeneChips (RAE 230A; Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Expression of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was controlled by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of liver tissue was performed. RESULTS We detected 508 differentially expressed genes between LPS and SC. Two hundred forty-eight genes were up-regulated and 260 genes were down-regulated in the LPS versus the SC group. Mainly genes involved in immune response and receptor activity were up-regulated in the LPS group. Genes enrolled in catalytic, transferase activity, and metabolisms were down-regulated in the LPS group. The microarray findings could be verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS The contemporaneous differential regulation of genes involved in metabolism, hepatocellular synthesis, and immune response reflect the liver's central role as immune organ during the course of sepsis. A switch from metabolic to immunological activity is obvious, which aggravates the hepatic damage. The functional interaction of the single genes identified during this process must be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Ikeda O, Ozaki M, Murata S, Matsuo R, Nakano Y, Watanabe M, Hisakura K, Myronovych A, Kawasaki T, Kohno K, Ohkohchi N. Autonomic regulation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Surg Res 2008; 152:218-23. [PMID: 18621395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The autonomic vagus nerve is thought to play an essential role in liver regeneration since hepatic vagotomy delays hepatic DNA synthesis. However, how the parasympathetic vagus nerve is involved in liver regeneration remains obscure. Kupffer cells are located in liver sinusoids adjacent to hepatocytes and might regulate liver regeneration by releasing interleukin-6 (IL-6). The present study examines the role of the vagus nerve and how Kupffer cells are involved in parasympathetic nerve-mediated liver regeneration in mice. METHODS We performed surgical vagotomy of the hepatic branch and then partial hepatectomy (PH); some mice received acetylcholine (ACh) agonist/antagonist before PH. We then evaluated liver regeneration and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) activation. We also investigated whether ACh stimulates IL-6 release from Kupffer cells. RESULTS Surgical vagotomy impaired liver regeneration. STAT3, which is activated by IL-6 after hepatectomy and plays a pivotal role in liver regeneration, was less activated in vagotomized mice after PH. Post-PH STAT3 activation was recovered by administering vagotomized mice with an ACh agonist. Furthermore, ACh stimulated IL-6 release in Kupffer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION The parasympathetic system (vagus nerve) contributes to liver regeneration after hepatectomy by stimulating IL-6 release from Kupffer cells followed by STAT3 activation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Zhou M, Maitra SR, Wang P. Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 protect endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in sepsis. Mol Med 2007; 13:488-94. [PMID: 17932560 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00113.zhou] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of vascular endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) contributes to the vascular hyporesponsiveness in sepsis. Although coadministration of the potent vasodilatory peptide adrenomedulin (AM) and the newly discovered AM binding protein (AMBP-1) maintains cardiovascular stability and reduces mortality in sepsis, it remains unknown whether AM/AMBP-1 prevents endothelial cell dysfunction. To investigate this possibility, we subjected adult male rats to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with or without subsequent intravenous administration of the combination of AM (12 microg/kg) and AMBP-1 (40 microg/kg). Thoracic aortae were harvested 20 h after CLP (i.e., the late stage of sepsis) and endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation was determined by the addition of acetylcholine (ACh) in an organ bath system. In addition, ecNOS gene and protein expression was assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results indicate that ACh-induced (i.e., endothelium-dependent) vascular relaxation was significantly reduced 20 h after CLP. Administration of AM/AMBP-1 prevented the reduction of vascular relaxation. In addition, ecNOS gene expression in aortic and pulmonary tissues was downregulated 20 h after CLP and AM/AMBP-1 attenuated such a reduction. Moreover, the decreased ecNOS staining in thoracic aortae of septic animals was prevented by the treatment with AM/AMBP-1. These results, taken together, indicate that AM/AMBP-1 preserves ecNOS and prevents reduced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation (i.e., endothelial cell dysfunction) in sepsis. In light of our recent finding that AM/AMBP-1 improves organ function and reduces mortality in sepsis, it is most likely that the protective effect of these compounds on ecNOS is a mechanism responsible for the salutary effect of AM/AMBP-1 in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, and The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Zhou M, Wu R, Dong W, Jacob A, Wang P. Endotoxin downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma via the increase in TNF-alpha release. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 294:R84-92. [PMID: 17989144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is anti-inflammatory in a cell-based system and in animal models of endotoxemia. We have shown that PPAR-gamma gene expression is downregulated in macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, it remains unknown whether hepatic PPAR-gamma is altered in sepsis and, if so, whether LPS directly downregulates PPAR-gamma. To study this, rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Hepatic tissues were harvested at 5, 10, and 20 h after CLP. PPAR-gamma gene expression and protein levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that PPAR-gamma gene expression decreased at 10 and 20 h and that its proteins levels were reduced at 20 h after CLP. PPAR-gamma levels were also decreased in animals that were administered LPS. To determine the direct effects of LPS on PPAR-gamma downregulation, LPS binding agent polymyxin B (PMB) was administered intramuscularly after CLP. The administration of PMB significantly reduced plasma levels of endotoxin, but it did not prevent the downregulation of PPAR-gamma expression. We found that circulating levels of TNF-alpha still remained significantly elevated in PMB-treated septic animals. We, therefore, hypothesize that the decrease of PPAR-gamma expression is TNF-alpha dependent. To investigate this, Kupffer cells (KCs) were isolated from normal rats and stimulated with LPS or TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha significantly attenuated PPAR-gamma gene expression in KCs. Although LPS decreased PPAR-gamma in KCs, the downregulatory effect of LPS was blocked by the addition of TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the administration of TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibodies to animals before the onset of sepsis prevented the downregulation of PPAR-gamma in sepsis. We, therefore, conclude that LPS downregulates PPAR-gamma expression during sepsis via an increase in TNF-alpha release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center and The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Yokoyama Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y. Which Gender is Better Positioned in the Process of Liver Surgery? Male or Female? Surg Today 2007; 37:823-30. [PMID: 17879030 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-007-3508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver surgery is a process which induces various types of stress on the liver including the total occlusion of the blood inflow, hemorrhage, massive volume reduction, and postoperative infection. Animal studies have shown a gender dimorphic response of the liver for various stresses such as ischemia/reperfusion, hemorrhage/resuscitation, hepatectomy, portal branch ligation, and endotoxemia. Most of these studies demonstrated the female liver to be more tolerant under stressful conditions than the male liver. Estrogen, which is a representative female sex hormone, may be one of the responsible factors for this gender dimorphism. The mechanism of estrogen's salutary effect includes circulatory improvement, a reduced inflammatory response, a reduced oxygen radical production, and an improved hepatic regeneration. However, the clinical evidence that supports the results of these experimental studies is still insufficient. A well-controlled prospective clinical study is necessary to clarify the role of gender or sex hormone in the process of liver surgery. This may not only lead to a deeper understanding of the liver pathophysiology, but also to the possibility of hepatoprotective therapy using sex hormone modulators. This review summarizes the current understanding of gender dimorphism in the tolerance of the liver to various hepatic stresses, which occur during the process of major liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Csóka B, Németh ZH, Selmeczy Z, Koscsó B, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Deitch EA, Haskó G. Role of A(2A) adenosine receptors in regulation of opsonized E. coli-induced macrophage function. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:447-52. [PMID: 18404457 PMCID: PMC2072923 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a biologically active molecule that is formed at sites of metabolic stress associated with trauma and inflammation, and its systemic level reaches high concentrations in sepsis. We have recently shown that inactivation of A(2A) adenosine receptors decreases bacterial burden as well as IL-10, IL-6, and MIP-2 production in mice that were made septic by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Macrophages are important in both elimination of pathogens and cytokine production in sepsis. Therefore, in the present study, we questioned whether macrophages are responsible for the decreased bacterial load and cytokine production in A(2A) receptor-inactivated septic mice. We showed that A(2A) KO and WT peritoneal macrophages obtained from septic animals were equally effective in phagocytosing opsonized E. coli. IL-10 production induced by opsonized E. coli was decreased in macrophages obtained from septic A(2A) KO mice as compared to WT counterparts. In contrast, the release of IL-6 and MIP-2 induced by opsonized E. coli was higher in septic A(2A) KO macrophages than WT macrophages. These results suggest that peritoneal macrophages are not responsible for the decreased bacterial load and diminished MIP-2 and IL-6 production that are observed in septic A(2A) KO mice. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages may contribute to the suppressive effect of A(2A) receptor inactivation on IL-10 production during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Zoltán H. Németh
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Zsolt Selmeczy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary
| | - Balázs Koscsó
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary
| | - Pál Pacher
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 12420 Parklawn Dr., MSC-8115, Bethesda, MD 20892-8115 USA
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary
| | - Edwin A. Deitch
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary
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Wu R, Dong W, Cui X, Zhou M, Simms HH, Ravikumar TS, Wang P. Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve. Ann Surg 2007; 245:480-6. [PMID: 17435556 PMCID: PMC1877017 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000251614.42290.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that administration of ghrelin attenuates inflammatory responses in sepsis through vagal nerve stimulation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Ghrelin has been demonstrated to possess multiple functions, including stimulation of the vagus nerve. Our recent study has shown that plasma levels of ghrelin were significantly reduced in sepsis; and ghrelin administration improved organ perfusion and function. However, it remained unknown whether ghrelin also decreases proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis and, if so, whether the down-regulatory effect of ghrelin is mediated by activation of the vagus nerve. METHODS Male rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 5 hours after CLP, a bolus intravenous injection of 2 nmol ghrelin was followed by a continuous infusion of 12 nmol ghrelin via a primed 200-microL Alzet mini-pump for 15 hours. At 20 hours after CLP, plasma and peritoneal fluid levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were determined. The direct effect of ghrelin on cytokine production was studied using cultured normal rat Kupffer cells or peritoneal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In additional animals, vagotomy or sham vagotomy was performed in sham and septic animals immediately prior to ghrelin administration and cytokine levels were then measured. RESULTS Ghrelin significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in sepsis. In contrast, ghrelin did not inhibit TNF-alpha and IL-6 release from LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells or peritoneal macrophages. However, vagotomy, but not sham vagotomy, prevented ghrelin's down-regulatory effect on TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve. Pharmacologic stimulation of the vagus nerve may offer a novel approach of anti-sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqian Wu
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Hsieh YC, Frink M, Kawasaki T, Thobe BM, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Downregulation of TLR4-dependent ATP production is critical for estrogen-mediated immunoprotection in Kupffer cells following trauma-hemorrhage. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:364-70. [PMID: 17219405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and biogenic responses. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) is an essential regulator for mtDNA transcription and ATP production. Increased ATP levels were associated with normalization of immune function following trauma-hemorrhage. Moreover, administration of 17beta-estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage upregulates cardiac Tfam and ATP levels. We therefore hypothesized that the salutary effect of 17beta-estradiol on Kupffer cell function following trauma-hemorrhage is mediated via negative regulation of TLR4, which downregulates iNOS, upregulates Tfam and mtDNA-encoded gene cytochrome c oxidase I (mtCOI), and consequently increases cellular ATP levels. Male C3H/HeN, C3H/HeOuJ (intact TLR4), and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 mutant) mice were subjected to trauma-hemorrhage (mean BP 35 +/- 5 mmHg approximately 90 min, then resuscitation) or sham operation. At the beginning of resuscitation, mice received 17beta-estradiol (25 microg/25 g) or vehicle intravenously and were sacrificed 2 h thereafter. Kupffer cell TLR4, iNOS, IL-6 and TNF-alpha production capacities were increased, and ATP, Tfam, and mtCOI levels were decreased following trauma-hemorrhage. Administration of 17beta-estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage prevented the increase in Kupffer cell TLR4, iNOS, and cytokine production. This was accompanied by normalized ATP, Tfam, and mtCOI levels. Furthermore, the decreased Kupffer cell ATP and mtCOI levels were not observed in TLR4 mutant mice following trauma-hemorrhage. Taken together, these findings suggest that downregulation of TLR4-dependent ATP production is critical to 17beta-estradiol-mediated immunoprotection in Kupffer cells following trauma-hemorrhage.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Femoral Artery/surgery
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- High Mobility Group Proteins/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/drug effects
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/immunology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/metabolism
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/prevention & control
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Carrizo GJ, Wu R, Cui X, Dwivedi AJ, Simms HH, Wang P. Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin-binding protein-1 downregulate inflammatory cytokines and attenuate tissue injury after gut ischemia-reperfusion. Surgery 2007; 141:245-53. [PMID: 17263982 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that adrenomedullin (AM) and AM-binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) possess anti-inflammatory properties in sepsis. We hypothesized that administration of AM/AMBP-1 after gut ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) downregulates inflammatory cytokines and attenuates tissue injury. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-325 g) were used. Gut ischemia was induced by placing a microvascular clip across the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 90 minutes. Upon release of the SMA clamp, the animals were treated by AM (12 microg per kilogram of body weight) and AMBP-1 (40 microg per kilogram of body weight) in combination, or vehicle (1 mL 0.9% NaCl) over 30 minutes via a femoral vein catheter. The animals undergoing sham operation or ischemia for 90 minutes only, did not receive AM/AMBP-1 treatment. At 60 minutes after the completion of the treatment (ie, 90 minutes after reperfusion), blood samples were collected. Plasma AM and AMBP-1 were measured by radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis, respectively. Serum levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, transaminases (ie, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase), lactate, and creatinine were determined with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and other standard methods. In additional groups of animals, the 10-day survival rate was recorded after gut I/R. RESULTS Ischemia alone was sufficient to downregulate both AM and AMBP-1. Unlike AMBP-1 that remained decreased, AM levels increased significantly after reperfusion. I/R but not ischemia alone significantly increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, I/R-induced tissue injury was evidenced by increased levels of transaminases, lactate, and creatinine. Administration of AM/AMBP-1 after ischemia, however, markedly reduced cytokine levels, attenuated tissue injury, and improved survival. CONCLUSIONS AM/AMBP-1 may be a novel treatment to attenuate the reperfusion injury after gut ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo J Carrizo
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA
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65
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Frink M, Hsieh YC, Thobe BM, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. TLR4 regulates Kupffer cell chemokine production, systemic inflammation and lung neutrophil infiltration following trauma-hemorrhage. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2625-30. [PMID: 17239439 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize not only microbial products, but also danger signals released from damaged tissues. Although we have previously shown that TLR4 is upregulated following trauma hemorrhage, the exact role of TLR4 in the posttraumatic immune response is unclear. To study this, C3H/HeOuJ (functional TLR4) or C3H/HeJ (TLR4 mutant) mice were subjected to laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with 4x the shed blood volume in the form of Ringer's lactate. Sham operated mice underwent same surgical procedure, but neither hemorrhage nor resuscitation was performed. Four hours after resuscitation, the mice were sacrificed, plasma and lungs were collected and Kupffer cells were isolated. Plasma chemokine (MCP-1 and KC) levels, Kupffer cell chemokine production, and lung chemokine content were determined. Lung neutrophil infiltration was assessed by tissue content of myeloperoxidase. The chemokine levels in plasma, Kupffer cell supernatants and lung tissue were elevated in C3H/HeOuJ mice subjected to trauma hemorrhage compared to shams. No such changes were observed in C3H/HeJ mice undergoing trauma hemorrhage. Mice with functional TLR4 expression showed elevated lung neutrophil infiltration following trauma hemorrhage, which was not observed in TLR4 mutant mice. These findings suggest that functional TLR4 signaling is critical in mediating the inflammatory response following trauma hemorrhage. Thus, modulation of the TLR4 after injury may serve as a future therapeutic target in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frink
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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66
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Hsieh YC, Frink M, Thobe BM, Hsu JT, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. 17Beta-estradiol downregulates Kupffer cell TLR4-dependent p38 MAPK pathway and normalizes inflammatory cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2165-72. [PMID: 17182102 PMCID: PMC2366161 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol (estradiol) normalized Kupffer cell function following trauma-hemorrhage, the mechanism by which E2 maintains immune function remains unclear. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates an inflammatory cascade, involving activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). This leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we hypothesized that the salutary effects of estradiol on Kupffer cell function following trauma-hemorrhage are mediated via negative regulation of TLR4-dependent p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) and wild type (C3H/HeOuJ) mice were subjected to trauma-hemorrhage (mean BP 35+/-5 mmHg approximately 90 min, then resuscitation) or sham operation. Administration of estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage in wild type mice decreased Kupffer cell TLR4 expression as well as prevented the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. This was accompanied by normalization of Kupffer cell production capacities of IL-6, TNF-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and MIP-2 and the decrease in plasma cytokine levels. In contrast, TLR4 mutant mice did not exhibit the increase in Kupffer cell p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activation, cytokine production, or the increase in circulating cytokine levels following trauma-hemorrhage. No difference was observed in activation of PI3K among groups. These results suggest that the protective effect of estradiol on Kupffer cell function is mediated via downregulation of TLR4-dependent p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling following trauma-hemorrhage, which prevents the systemic release of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Michael Frink
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bjoern M. Thobe
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jun-Te Hsu
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Martin G. Schwacha
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kirby I. Bland
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Irshad H. Chaudry
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294
- * Corresponding author: Tel: +1 205 975 2195, Fax: +1 205 975 9719, E-mail:
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67
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Croner RS, Hoerer E, Kulu Y, Hackert T, Gebhard MM, Herfarth C, Klar E. Hepatic platelet and leukocyte adherence during endotoxemia. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2006; 10:R15. [PMID: 16420661 PMCID: PMC1550823 DOI: 10.1186/cc3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver microcirculation disturbances are a cause of hepatic failure in sepsis. Increased leukocyte-endothelial interaction, platelet adherence and impaired microperfusion cause hepatocellular damage. The time course and reciprocal influences of ongoing microcirculatory events during endotoxemia have not been clarified. METHODS Male Wistar rats (232 +/- 17 g) underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Intravital microscopy (IVM) was performed 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 hours after CLP. Mean erythrocyte velocity, leukocyte and platelet rolling in postsinusoidal venules and sticking of leukocytes and platelets in postsinusoidal venules and hepatic sinusoids were determined. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and portal venous blood flow (PBF) were measured. Blood count and investigation of hepatic enzyme release was performed after each IVM time point. RESULTS Hepatic platelet-endothelial adherence in liver sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules occurred one hour after the induction of endotoxemia. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction started three to five hours after CLP. A decrease of hepatic microperfusion could be observed at three hours in sinusoids and ten hours in postsinusoidal venules after CLP, although PBF was reduced one hour after CLP. HR remained stable and MAP decreased ten hours after CLP. Hepatic enzymes in blood were significantly elevated ten hours after CLP. CONCLUSION Hepatic platelet-endothelial interaction is an early event during endotoxemia. Leukocyte adherence occurs later, which underlines the probable involvement of platelets in leukocyte recruitment. Although PBF is reduced immediately after CLP, the later onset of hepatic microperfusion decrease makes the existence of autoregulatory liver mechanisms likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany.
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68
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Hildebrand F, Hubbard WJ, Choudhry MA, Frink M, Pape HC, Kunkel SL, Chaudry IH. Kupffer cells and their mediators: the culprits in producing distant organ damage after trauma-hemorrhage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:784-94. [PMID: 16936255 PMCID: PMC1698811 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic activation of macrophages enhances development of systemic inflammation/immunosuppression and organ dysfunction. We hypothesized that Kupffer cells are the main source of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production after trauma-hemorrhage, that administration of 17beta-estradiol (E2) after trauma-hemorrhage modulates MCP-1 release and reduces remote organ damage, and that salutary effects of E2 are mediated via estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha. To test these hypotheses, female B57BL/J6 mice received E2 (50 microg/25 g) or vehicle after trauma-hemorrhage and female 129 Sve ER-beta-/- transgenic mice and ovariectomized wild-type mice received E2 or ER-alpha agonist propyl pyrazole triol (50 microg/25 g) after trauma-hemorrhage. Systemic MCP-1 and interleukin-6 and their release by liver, spleen, and lung macrophages were determined by flow cytometry 4 hours after trauma-hemorrhage. Prior Kupffer cell depletion with gadolinium chloride significantly decreased systemic MCP-1 and interleukin-6 after trauma-hemorrhage and was associated with decreased edema/neutrophil infiltration in lung and liver. Kupffer cells were the only macrophages showing significant MCP-1 release, which was markedly reduced by E2 or propyl pyrazole triol in wild-type and in ER-beta-/- mice. Pretreatment of mice with anti-MCP-1 antiserum prevented an increase in myeloperoxidase and edema in lung and liver. These findings suggest that Kupffer cell-derived MCP-1 plays a major role in remote organ dysfunction after trauma-hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hildebrand
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall G094, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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69
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Wang YY, Dahle MK, Agren J, Myhre AE, Reinholt FP, Foster SJ, Collins JL, Thiemermann C, Aasen AO, Wang JE. Activation of the liver X receptor protects against hepatic injury in endotoxemia by suppressing Kupffer cell activation. Shock 2006; 25:141-6. [PMID: 16525352 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000191377.78144.d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that liver X receptors (LXRs) of the nuclear receptor family have anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages. Here we examine whether activation of LXR by the synthetic agonist GW3965 can ameliorate the liver injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxins in the rat. Male Wistar rats received GW3965 (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle (50% dimethyl sulfoxide) 30 min before coadministration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg i.v.) and peptidoglycan (1 mg/kg i.v.). Treatment with GW3965 attenuated the increase in the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin (markers of liver injury/dysfunction) as well as the focal hepatocyte necrosis (histology) caused by coadministration of LPS and peptidoglycan. This protective effect of GW3965 treatment was associated with reduced infiltration of mast cells in the liver (histopathology) and reduced gene expression of the chemokines eotaxins 1 and 2, whereas MIP-2 mRNA levels were not affected. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandin E2 were significantly attenuated by GW3965, whereas plasma interleukins 6 and 10 were not altered. High expression of LXRalpha mRNA was observed in Kupffer cell cultures, suggesting that Kupffer cells are targets of GW3965. Subsequent in vitro studies in Kupffer cells demonstrated that exposure to GW3965 attenuated the LPS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandin E2 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that activation of LXR by GW3965 protects against liver injury and dysfunction in a rat model of endotoxemia, in part by exerting an anti-inflammatory effect on Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yong Wang
- University of Oslo, Faculty Division Rikshospitalet, Institute for Surgical Research, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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70
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Muftuoglu MAT, Aktekin A, Ozdemir NC, Saglam A. Liver Injury in Sepsis and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Rats. Surg Today 2006; 36:519-24. [PMID: 16715421 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-006-3196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the extent of liver injury after the onset of sepsis and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in rats. METHODS We divided 60 rats into four groups of 15. Group 1 was the sham group. In group 2, sepsis was induced by cecal puncture and ligation; in group 3, ACS was created by placing a catheter in the abdominal cavity; and in group 4, both sepsis and ACS were induced simultaneously. Liver sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin were assessed pathologically, and liver injury was defined by the following five pathological patterns: spotty necrosis, capsular inflammation, portal inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and steatosis of the liver. We revised a new scoring system, called "Hepatic Injury Severity Scoring" (HISS), to evaluate the liver injury in sepsis, ACS, and sepsis plus ACS. Blood was collected for liver function tests. RESULTS The total scores of groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 18, 92, 86, and 123, respectively. There were significant differences in histopathologic grade between group 1 and groups 2, 3, and 4 (P < 0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels were significantly higher in group 4 than in the other three groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study showed that liver function severely affected the onset of ACS and sepsis. The liver injury resulting from sepsis plus ACS is more severe than that resulting from either one independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tolga Muftuoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
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71
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Dahle MK, Myhre AE, Aasen AO, Wang JE. Effects of forskolin on Kupffer cell production of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha differ from those of endogenous adenylyl cyclase activators: possible role for adenylyl cyclase 9. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7290-6. [PMID: 16239525 PMCID: PMC1273915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7290-7296.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) that are released from Kupffer cells may trigger liver inflammation and damage. Hence, endogenous mechanisms for limiting TNF-alpha expression are crucial for avoiding the development of sepsis. Such mechanisms include the anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-10 (IL-10) as well as signaling induced by the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). Kupffer cells express several receptors that activate cAMP synthesis, including E-prostanoid receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors. The expression and role of specific adenylyl cyclases in the inhibition of Kupffer cell activation have so far not been subject to study. Pretreatment of rat Kupffer cell cultures with cAMP analogues [8-(4-chlorophenyl)-thio-cAMP], adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin), or ligands for G-coupled receptors (isoproterenol or prostaglandin E2) 30 min before the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 microg/ml) caused attenuated TNF-alpha levels in culture medium (forskolin/isoproterenol, P < or = 0.05; prostaglandin E2, P < or = 0.01). Forskolin also reduced IL-10 mRNA and protein (P < or = 0.05), which was not observed with the other cAMP-inducing agents. Furthermore, we found that rat Kupffer cells express high levels of the forskolin-insensitive adenylyl cyclase 9 compared to whole liver and that this expression is down-regulated by LPS (P < or = 0.05). We conclude that regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in Kupffer cells depends on the mechanism by which cAMP is elevated. Forskolin and prostaglandin E2 differ in their effects, which suggests a possible role of forskolin-insensitive adenylyl cyclases like adenylyl cyclase 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Dahle
- University of Oslo, Faculty Division Rikshospitalet, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo N-0027, Norway.
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72
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Overland G, Stuestøl JF, Dahle MK, Myhre AE, Netea MG, Verweij P, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Kullberg BJ, Warris A, Wang JE, Aasen AO. Cytokine responses to fungal pathogens in Kupffer Cells are Toll-like receptor 4 independent and mediated by tyrosine kinases. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:148-54. [PMID: 16101821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated fungal infections are increasing. However, the interactions between the body's largest population of tissue macrophages, the Kupffer cells and the fungal pathogens are scarcely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling in cytokine production, using primary cultures of rat and murine Kupffer cells exposed to Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans hyphae and conidia. All fungal components induced the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but with delayed kinetics compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Candida albicans was the most potent inducer of TNF-alpha protein and mRNA and the only inducer of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in rat Kupffer cells. All fungal components induced enhanced mRNA levels of macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2) in the cells, similar to LPS. Inhibitors of Src tyrosine kinases added to cells prior to stimulation led to attenuation in the release of both TNF-alpha (60%, P < 0.05) and IL-10 (70%, P < 0.05) induced by C. albicans conidia but did not influence the LPS-mediated cytokine release. Murine Kupffer cells (C57BL/10J) also released TNF-alpha as well as the chemokines keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and MIP-2 in response to fungal component. Surprisingly, Kupffer cells from TLR4-deficient C57BL/ScCr mice exhibited significantly enhanced production of KC and MIP-2 upon stimulation by fungal components compared with control littermates (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrates that Aspergillus and Candida components induce cytokine production in rat Kupffer cells and that the response to C. albicans conidia involves Src tyrosine kinases. The experiments with TLR4-deficient Kupffer cells suggest that the cytokine response in these cells to fungal component is not mediated by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Overland
- University of Oslo, Institute for Surgical Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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73
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Stefanovic L, Brenner DA, Stefanovic B. Direct hepatotoxic effect of KC chemokine in the liver without infiltration of neutrophils. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:573-86. [PMID: 16118408 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KC is a mouse homolog of human chemokine gro-alpha (CXCL1), expression of which is increased in liver diseases. We show that activated, but not quiescent, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) express KC. Hepatic stellate cells constitutively express the KC receptor, CXCR2. Addition of recombinant KC to HSCs undergoing activation in culture increases secretion and processing of Type I collagen. Overexpression of endogenous KC in the mouse liver could be achieved by an intraperitoneal injection of CCl(4), followed after 24 hrs by an injection of recombinant KC into circulation. This protocol resulted in about a 14-fold increase in concentration of KC protein in the liver. Overexpression of KC was associated with upregulation of the mRNA for CXCR2 and MIP-2 and with necrosis and increased synthesis of Type I collagen. This suggests that KC has a direct hepatotoxic effect, which led to a massive liver necrosis after 48 hrs. No accumulation of neutrophils was seen in the livers as judged by histology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of myeloperoxidase mRNA. Autostimulation of KC and CXCR2 expression by recombinant KC protein in the mice with preexisting liver injury indicates a positive feedback regulation. Such regulation and direct hepatotoxicity of KC with increased collagen synthesis represent novel findings about the role of KC/ gro-alpha in liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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74
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Keller SA, Paxian M, Lee SM, Clemens MG, Huynh T. Kupffer cell ablation attenuates cyclooxygenase-2 expression after trauma and sepsis. J Surg Res 2005; 124:126-33. [PMID: 15734490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins, synthesized by cyclooxygenase (COX), play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation. Severe injuries result in immunosuppression, mediated, in part, by maladaptive changes in macrophages. Herein, we assessed Kupffer cell-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression on liver function and damage after trauma and sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS To ablate Kupffer cells, Sprague Dawley rats were treated with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) 48 and 24 h before experimentation. Animals then underwent femur fracture (FFx) followed 48 h later by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Controls received sham operations. After 24 h, liver samples were obtained, and mRNA and protein expression were determined by PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Indocyanine-Green (ICG) clearance and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined to assess liver function and damage, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to assess statistical significance. RESULTS After CLP alone, FFx+CLP, and GdCl3+FFx+CLP, clearance of ICG decreased. Plasma ALT levels increased in parallel with severity of injury. Kupffer cell depletion attenuated the increased ALT levels after FFx+CLP. Femur fracture alone did not alter COX-2 protein compared with sham. By contrast, COX-2 protein increased after CLP and was potentiated by sequential stress. Again, Kupffer cell depletion abrogated the increase in COX-2 after sequential stress. Immunohistochemical data confirmed COX-2 positive cells to be Kupffer cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, sequential stress increased hepatic COX-2 protein. Depletion of Kupffer cells reduced COX-2 and attenuated hepatocellular injuries. Our data suggest that Kupffer cell-dependent pathways may contribute to the inflammatory response leading to increased mortality after sequential stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Keller
- The F.H. "Sammy" Ross Jr. Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232-2861, USA
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Laurens M, Defamie V, Scozzari G, Schmid-Alliana A, Gugenheim J, Crenesse D. Hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced chemokine transcription is not prevented by preconditioning or intermittent hypoxia, in mice hepatocytes. Transpl Int 2005; 18:444-52. [PMID: 15773965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged ischemia used in liver surgery and/or transplantation causes cellular damage resulting in apoptosis and necrosis. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) led Kupffer cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1] which involve chemokines secretion by hepatocytes. These chemokines have neutrophil chemotactic properties and neutrophils are involved in the development of I/R-induced necrosis. The aim of this study was to specify the consequence of partial oxygen pressure variation on hepatocyte chemokines synthesis and to verify if intermittent hypoxia and/or preconditioning could decrease it. It was performed on primary cultured mice hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, subjected to continuous, intermittent hypoxia or preconditioning phases, mimicking surgical processes. The chemokine secretion was evaluated by RNase protection assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Only monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) mRNA formation were observed, especially after 1-h hypoxia followed by 10-h (for MCP-1) or 24-h reoxygenation (for MIP-2). In conclusion, TNF-alpha and coculture with Kupffer cells increased hepatocyte chemokines mRNA transcription, whereas surgical split up protocols (intermittent hypoxia and preconditioning) had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Laurens
- Laboratoire de Recherches Chirurgicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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76
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Keller SA, Paxian M, Ashburn JH, Clemens MG, Huynh T. Kupffer Cell Ablation Improves Hepatic Microcirculation after Trauma and Sepsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 58:740-9; discussion 749-51. [PMID: 15824650 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000158246.74816.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages undergo maladaptive alterations after trauma. In this study, we assessed the role of Kupffer cells in hepatic microcirculatory response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) after femur fracture (FFx) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300 g) underwent sham, FFx, CLP, or FFx + CLP. To ablate Kupffer cells, group 1 animals were treated with gadolinium chloride, and group 2 animals received saline. Hepatic microcirculation was assessed by intravital microscopy. Liver mitochondrial redox state and tissue oxygen (tPo2) were determined by NADH and ruthenium fluorescence, respectively. Liver damage was estimated by alanine aminotransferase levels. Differences were assessed using analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. RESULTS After 10 minutes of ET-1, CLP and FFx + CLP caused significant reduction in hepatic perfusion index (2.5-fold and 5-fold vs. sham, p < 0.05, respectively), redox state (36% and 45% vs. sham, p < 0.01, respectively), tPo2 (10% and 12% vs. sham, p < 0.05, respectively), and more liver damage compared with sham and FFx-treated animals. Kupffer cell depletion restored microcirculation, redox state, and tPo2 and abrogated hepatocellular damage. CONCLUSION Kupffer cells contribute directly to hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction and liver injury after inflammatory stress. Furthermore, Kupffer cell depletion ameliorates the microcirculatory perturbations of trauma and sepsis. Thus, modulation of Kupffer cell response may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Keller
- F.H. "Sammy" Ross Jr. Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Croner RS, Kulu Y, Hoerer E, Peters V, Schmidt-Mader B, Schemmer P, Herfarth C, Klar E. Intravenous glycine after cecal ligation and puncture has no effect on impaired hepatic microperfusion, leukocyte adhesion, and mortality in septic rats. Microvasc Res 2005; 69:71-8. [PMID: 15797263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that prefeeding of a glycine supplemented diet reduces the hepatic inflammatory response and liver damage in sepsis. We investigated the effect of a glycine-enriched infusion on hepatic microcirculatory disturbances and mortality in a rat model of sepsis after the onset of the disease. Male Wistar rats (240 +/- 13 g) underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or laparotomy (LAP). A glycine (CLP + Gly, n = 24), valine (CLP + Val, n = 24), or sodium chlorid (CLP + Sc, n = 24) infusion was started 2 h after CLP. The LAP group received sodium chloride intravenously (LAP + Sc, n = 18 ). Five hours, 10 h, and 20 h after CLP or LAP intravital microscopy (IVM) was performed to investigate leukocyte-endothelial interaction (LEI) and mean erythrocyte velocity in liver sinusoids (sMEV) and postsinosoidal venules (vMEV). The portal blood flow (PBF), hepatic enzyme liberation, and glycine values in blood were measured. Immunohistochemical staining for ICAM-1 in liver tissue was performed and survival was observed. Glycine values were significantly elevated in the CLP + Gly vs. the CLP + Val and the CLP + Sc group at every timepoint of investigation. Glycine infusion had no beneficial effects on sMEV, vMEV, LEI, hepatic enzyme liberation, and survival. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure remained stable but PBF decreased significantly in all groups 20 h after CLP. Although glycine reduces the hepatic inflammatory response and liver damage in pretreatment of septic rats, there was no effect of intravenous glycine after the onset of sepsis in our experiments. Our animal model does not support the use of glycine in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen, Germany.
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78
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Sturm E, Havinga R, Baller JFW, Wolters H, van Rooijen N, Kamps JAAM, Verkade HJ, Karpen SJ, Kuipers F. Kupffer cell depletion with liposomal clodronate prevents suppression of Ntcp expression in endotoxin-treated rats. J Hepatol 2005; 42:102-9. [PMID: 15629514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In sepsis-associated cholestasis, expression of many genes involved in bile acid transport, including Ntcp, is suppressed by cytokines. Kupffer cells (KC) are an important source of cytokines in sepsis. To assess the consequences of KC depletion on hepatic Ntcp expression in endotoxemic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received liposomal clodronate (CLO) or vehicle (PBS) to deplete KC prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Plasma and liver samples were taken 1 and 16 h after LPS exposure. RESULTS Complete CLO-depletion of KC by was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic gene expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha as well as TNFalpha plasma levels in CLO/LPS-injected animals were significantly reduced to a mean of 41, 36 and 23% of controls injected with LPS only. Ntcp RNA- and protein expression was significantly higher whereas plasma bile salt concentration was lower in CLO/LPS animals vs. animals injected with LPS only. Binding activity of transcription factors RXR:RAR and HNF1alpha was decreased in LPS only controls but preserved in CLO/LPS treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Clodronate-depletion of KC blocks cytokine-mediated Ntcp suppression upon endotoxin exposure. KC may represent pharmacological targets for treatment of sepsis-associated cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Sturm
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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79
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Croner RS, Lehmann TG, Fallsehr C, Herfarth C, Klar E, Kirschfink M. C1-inhibitor reduces hepatic leukocyte-endothelial interaction and the expression of VCAM-1 in LPS-induced sepsis in the rat. Microvasc Res 2004; 67:182-91. [PMID: 15020209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased leukocyte-endothelial interaction (LEI) leading to hepatic microperfusion disorders is proposed as major contributor for hepatic failure during sepsis. Recently it has been demonstrated that complement inhibition by C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) is an effective treatment against microcirculatory disturbances in various diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of C1-INH on microcirculation and LEI in the liver in a rat model of sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli intravenously. Controls received Ringer solution only. Ninety minutes after LPS infusion some animals were treated with C1-INH intravenously (LPS + C1-INH). Others (LPS + SC) and controls (Ringer + SC) received sodium chloride (SC). Hepatic LEI and mean erythrocyte velocity (MEV) were quantified by intravital microscopy (IVM) 90 min after LPS or Ringer infusion (0) and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following treatment. VCAM-1 m-RNA in hepatic tissue, C3a, TNF-alpha and hepatic enzyme liberation in blood was analysed. RESULTS Leukocyte sticking to the endothelial wall in postsinusoidal venules was significantly reduced in the LPS + C1-INH vs. the LPS + SC group 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after treatment. VCAM-1 m-RNA expression in the hepatic tissue was markedly and C3a levels in plasma were significantly reduced in the LPS + C1-INH vs. the LPS + SC group. No differences in TNF-alpha levels were detected between these two groups. MEV was improved in the LPS + C1-INH vs. the LPS + SC group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that even upon delayed treatment hepatic adhesion molecule expression and LEI can be reduced by C1-INH. The multifunctional regulator may reduce hepatic microcirculatory disturbances during sepsis under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelburg, Germany.
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80
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Dahle MK, Øverland G, Myhre AE, Stuestøl JF, Hartung T, Krohn CD, Mathiesen Ø, Wang JE, Aasen AO. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway is activated by lipoteichoic acid and plays a role in Kupffer cell production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5704-11. [PMID: 15385469 PMCID: PMC517537 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5704-5711.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis caused by gram-positive bacteria lacking lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has become a major and increasing cause of mortality in intensive-care units. We have recently demonstrated that the gram-positive-specific bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines in Kupffer cells in culture. In the present study, we have started to assess the signal transduction events by which LTA induces the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in rat Kupffer cells. LTA was found to trigger phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (p38 MAPK and ERK 1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB). Compared to LPS, LTA was more potent in inducing PKB phosphorylation after 40 min, although we found that the cytokine responses were similar. For both bacterial molecules, blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K; Ly294002) or Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2; AG490) particularly affected the induction of IL-6 and IL-10 release, whereas TNF-alpha levels were strongly reduced by inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinases (PP2). All three cytokines were reduced by inhibition of p38 MAPK (SB202190) or the broad-range tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, whereas IL-6 release was particularly blocked by inhibition of ERK 1/2 (PD98059). Divergences in the regulatory pathways controlling TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-6 production in Kupffer cells following LPS or LTA stimulation may create a basis for understanding how the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is regulated in the liver following infections by gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Dahle
- Institute for Surgical Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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81
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Lee WY, Lee SM. Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 isozyme mRNAs and proteins by femur fracture trauma. Arch Pharm Res 2004; 26:1079-86. [PMID: 14723344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02994762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of trauma on cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene expression and to determine the role of Kupffer cells in trauma-induced alteration of CYP isozymes. Rats underwent closed femur fracture (FFx) with associated soft-tissue injury under anesthesia. To deplete Kupffer cells in vivo, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) was intravenously injected at 7.5 mg/kg body wt., 1 and 2 days prior to FFx surgery. At 72 h of FFx, liver tissues were isolated to determine the mRNA and protein expression of CYP isozymes and NADPH-P450 reductase by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblotting, respectively. In addition, the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were evaluated. FFx increased the mRNA level of CYP1A1; an increase that was not prevented by GdCl3. There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of CYP1A2, 2B1 and 2E1 among any of the experimental groups. The protein levels of CYP2B1 and 2E1 were significantly decreased by FFx; a decrease that was not prevented by GdCl3 treatment. The gene expression of NADPH-P450 reductase was unchanged by FFx. FFx significantly increased the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA; an increase that was attenuated by GdCl3. The mRNA expression of HO-1 was increased by FFx, but not by GdCl3. Our findings suggest that FFx differentially regulates the expression of CYP isozyme through Kupffer cell-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
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82
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Yokoyama Y, Kitchens WC, Toth B, Schwacha MG, Rue LW, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Role of IL-10 in regulating proinflammatory cytokine release by Kupffer cells following trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G942-6. [PMID: 14715528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00502.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 and TNF-alpha production by Kupffer cells is markedly stimulated following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Because IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, the aim of this study was to determine whether IL-10 regulates Kupffer cell proinflammatory cytokine release following T-H. To study this, we subjected adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to sham operation or T-H. The procedure involved a 5-cm midline laparotomy and approximately 90 min of hemorrhagic shock (35 mmHg), followed by resuscitation with four times the shed blood volume in the form of Ringer's lactate. At 2 h after the end of resuscitation, livers were perfused in vitro and perfusate was collected. In separate studies, Kupffer cells were isolated and incubated with different concentrations of anti-IL-10 MAb. IgG was used as control. After 16 h of incubation, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were measured by ELISA. Plasma IL-10 levels increased significantly following T-H. IL-10 levels in the perfusate and IL-10 production by cultured Kupffer cells were also significantly higher in the T-H group. When Kupffer cells were incubated with 10 microg/ml of anti-IL-10 MAb, IL-6 and TNF-alpha production were significantly increased in both sham and T-H groups compared with those not treated with anti-IL-10 MAb. However, these changes were not observed when the cells were incubated with irrelevant (control) IgG. These results indicate that IL-10 production by Kupffer cells early after T-H may play a pivotal role in attenuating the proinflammatory cytokine environment, possibly in an autocrine/paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0019, USA
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83
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Wang JE, Dahle MK, Yndestad A, Bauer I, McDonald MC, Aukrust P, Foster SJ, Bauer M, Aasen AO, Thiemermann C. Peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus causes inflammation and organ injury in the rat*. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:546-52. [PMID: 14758177 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000109775.22138.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have implicated a role of peptidoglycan in the pathophysiology of organ injury in sepsis. However, the systemic response to, and organ injury caused by, peptidoglycan have been scarcely studied in vivo. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS Fifty-seven anesthetized, male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS After surgical preparation, anaesthetized rats were administered 3 mg/kg Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (n = 9), 10 mg/kg S. aureus peptidoglycan (n = 14), or an equal volume of saline (sham, n = 12) in the jugular vein over a 10-min period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Injection of low-dose peptidoglycan (3 mg/kg) had no measurable effects on the rats. In contrast, high-dose peptidoglycan (10 mg/kg) caused increased serum values of aspartate aminotransferase (p < or =.005), alanine aminotransferase (p < or =.001), gamma-glutamyltransferase, and bilirubin (p < or =.05) (indicators of liver injury/dysfunction) as well as a moderate, but significant, increase in serum creatinine and urea (p < or =.05) (indicators of renal dysfunction). Plasma analyses showed a substantial increase in plasma values of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 (p < or =.05 for all vs. sham) at 1 and 3 hrs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). This was accompanied by accumulation of messenger RNAs for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 in both the liver and the lung (p < or =.05 for all cytokines vs. sham) (real-time polymerase chain reaction). Peptidoglycan also caused increased DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB (band-shift assays) and phosphorylation of c-Jun and Jun N-terminal kinase (Western blots). In the kidney, interleukin-6 messenger RNA was increased, whereas Toll-like receptor 4 messenger RNA was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that injection of peptidoglycan alone causes organ injury/dysfunction, organ inflammation, and systemic inflammation in the rat, involving nuclear factor-kappaB and possibly activator protein 1. These data support the contention that peptidoglycan is a contributing factor in the pathophysiology of organ injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Wang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Qeen Mary University of London, UK
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84
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Olubadewo JO, Spitzer JA. Immune response modulation in acutely ethanol-intoxicated, acutely diabetic male and female rats. Alcohol 2003; 31:137-47. [PMID: 14693262 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined how acute diabetes mellitus and acute ethanol intoxication modulate factors that mediate immune responses as a basis for explaining the increased susceptibility to infection in these two conditions. Our working hypothesis is that ethanol intoxication in diabetes compromises host defense mechanisms to a greater extent than observed in each condition alone. Male and female rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.). Forty-eight hours after administration of streptozotocin, rats either received no treatment (control group) or were treated with (1) ethanol (bolus injection of 1.75 g/kg, followed by a 3-h infusion at the rate of 300 mg/kg/h), (2) lipopolysaccharide [(LPS); 0.9 mg/kg], or (3) a combination of LPS+ethanol. At the end of 3 h, rats were killed, and the livers were digested by perfusion with collagenase-containing Hanks' balanced salt solution to isolate hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. To measure chemokine generation, hepatocytes (2.5x10(5) cells per well) and Kupffer cells (1x10(6) cells per well) were cultured for 20 h, and the supernatant was used to measure cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokines. Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells was measured by flow cytometry and expressed as mean channel fluorescence intensity (MCF). Induction of diabetes as well as treatment of nondiabetic rats with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol caused depression of MCF values of Kupffer cells. However, treatment of the diabetic male and female rats with LPS and LPS+ethanol increased the MCF values relative to those of Kupffer cells obtained from untreated diabetic rats, but administration of ethanol to diabetic rats did not have a similar effect. The induction of diabetes caused an increase in CINC generation by Kupffer cells obtained from male rats, but not from female rats. This diabetes-induced elevation of chemoattractant factor was decreased when diabetic animals were treated with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol, and the sex difference was obliterated. Thus, the induction of diabetes as well as treatment with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol in nondiabetic rats depressed the phagocytic capability of Kupffer cells, whereas the presence of endotoxemia (administration of the endotoxin LPS) or administration of LPS+ethanol reversed the diabetic effect, but ethanol intoxication did not. These findings seem to indicate a persistence of depression of host defense capacity in the ethanol-intoxicated diabetic condition. This is further reinforced by the depression of the diabetes-induced enhancement of chemotaxis when the diabetic rats became intoxicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Olubadewo
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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85
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Øverland G, Morath S, Yndestad A, Hartung T, Thiemermann C, Foster SJ, Smedsrød B, Mathisen Ø, Aukrust P, Aasen AO, Wang JE. Lipoteichoic acid is a potent inducer of cytokine production in rat and human Kupffer cells in vitro. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 4:181-91. [PMID: 12906718 DOI: 10.1089/109629603766956979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kupffer cells have been proposed to be a major cellular origin of pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis. However, the cytokine response of Kupffer cells to gram-positive bacteria and their endotoxins peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) has never previously been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultures of rat and human Kupffer cells were exposed to live Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (4.0 x 10(1) to 4.0 x 10(7) CFU/mL culture medium), as well as highly purified PepG and LTA (0-100 microg/mL). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 1 microg/mL was used for control. In parallel experiments, whole blood obtained from the same rats was stimulated in a similar manner. Accumulation of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma or culture supernatants were assessed by enzyme immuno assays. TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS PepG and LTA, as well as live S. aureus, induced the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in Kupffer cells from both species in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Whereas PepG was a more potent inducer of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in whole blood, the opposite seemed to be the case in Kupffer cells. In fact, a 100-fold lower concentration of LTA (1 microg/mL) than of PepG (100 microg/mL) was sufficient to induce a substantial production of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the Kupffer cells. TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA were induced correspondingly. CONCLUSION Our results support the contention that gram-positive bacteria may activate cytokine production in Kupffer cells during bacteremia and suggest that LTA is important in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Øverland
- Institute for Surgical Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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86
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Chen XL, Xia ZF, Wei D, Han S, Ben DF, Wang GQ. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in Kupffer cell secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines after burn trauma. Burns 2003; 29:533-9. [PMID: 12927976 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(03)00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase on Kupffer cells (KCs) secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta and hepatic injury following burn trauma. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: (1) sham burn rats given vehicle, (2) sham burn rats given the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 (10mg/kg i.v., 15min and 12h after sham burn), (3) rats given a 30% total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness burn and fluid resuscitation plus vehicle, and (4) burn rats given injury and fluid resuscitation plus SB203580. Rats from each group were killed at 24h post-burn to examine plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and KCs were isolated. The KCs secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and p38 MAP kinase activity (by Western blot analysis) were also examined. These studies showed by more significant activation of p38 MAP kinase in KCs harvested from burn rats than from shams. Burn trauma resulted in hepatic dysfunction and promoted KCs secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. SB203580 inhibited p38 MAP kinase activity, reduced KCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and alleviated burn-mediated hepatic dysfunction. These data suggest p38 MAP kinase activation is one important aspect of the signaling event that may mediate the KCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta following burn trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Lin Chen
- Burns Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 174 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, PR China
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87
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Wu R, Zhou M, Wang P. Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 downregulate TNF-alpha in macrophage cell line and rat Kupffer cells. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 112:19-26. [PMID: 12667621 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that administration of adrenomedullin (AM) and AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) maintains cardiovascular stability and reduces mortality in sepsis. However, the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of AM/AMBP-1 remains unknown. The aim of this study therefore was to determine whether AM/AMBP-1 directly reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of TNF-alpha from murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 cells and Kupffer cells isolated from normal rats. TNF-alpha release and gene expression were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The results indicated that LPS increased TNF-alpha production from RAW cells by 38-63-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although incubation with AM or AMBP-1 alone inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha release by 14-22% and 13-22%, respectively, AM and AMBP-1 in combination significantly suppressed TNF-alpha production (by 24-35%). Moreover, the upregulated TNF-alpha mRNA by LPS stimulation was significantly reduced by AM/AMBP-1, but not by AM or AMBP-1 alone. In the Kupffer cells primary culture, AM or AMBP-1 alone inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by 52% and 44%, respectively. Co-culture with AM/AMBP-1 markedly reduced TNF-alpha production (by 90%). Moreover, AM or AMBP-1 alone decreased TNF-alpha mRNA expression by 41% and 36%, respectively, whereas the combination of AM/AMBP-1 decreased its expression by 63%. These results indicate that AM and AMBP-1 in combination effectively suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression and release especially from primary cultured Kupffer cells, suggesting that the downregulatory effect of AM/AMBP-1 on proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha may represent a mechanism responsible for their beneficial effects in preventing inflammatory responses and tissue damage in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqian Wu
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center and New York University School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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88
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Lee WY, Lee SM. The roles of Kupffer cells in hepatocellular dysfunction after femur fracture trauma in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:47-52. [PMID: 12568358 DOI: 10.1007/bf03179931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trauma on alterations in cytochrome P450 (CYP 450)-dependent drug metabolizing function and to determine the role of Kupffer cells in hepatocellular dysfunction. Rats underwent closed femur fracture (FFx) with associated soft-tissue injury under anesthesia, while control animals received only anesthesia. To deplete Kupffer cells in vivo, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) was injected intravenously via the tail vein at 7.5 mg/kg body wt., 1 and 2 days prior to FFx surgery. At 72 h after FFx, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was increased, and this increase was attenuated by GdCl3 pretreatment. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lipid peroxidation levels were not changed by FFx. Hepatic microsomal CYP 450 content and aniline p-hydroxylase (CYP 2E1) activity were significantly decreased; decreases that were not prevented by GdCl3. The level of CYP 2B1 activity was decreased by Kupffer cell inactivation, but not by FFx. There were no significant differences in the activities of CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2 and NADPH-CYP 450 reductase among any of the experimental groups. Our findings suggest that FFx trauma causes mild alterations of hepatic CYP 450-dependent drug metabolism, and that Kupffer cells are not essential for the initiation of such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
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89
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Murr MM, Yang J, Fier A, Gallagher SF, Carter G, Gower WR, Norman JG. Regulation of Kupffer cell TNF gene expression during experimental acute pancreatitis: the role of p38-MAPK, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, and NF-kappaB. J Gastrointest Surg 2003; 7:20-5. [PMID: 12559181 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(02)00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that Kupffer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mediates pancreatitis-associated liver injury. The aim of this study was to determine the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular stress-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in TNF gene expression within Kupffer cells. TNF and TNF-mRNA were measured in rat livers perfused with elastase. TNF, TNF-mRNA, NF-kappaB activation, and phosphorylated p38-MAPK, SAPK/JNK, and ERK1/2 were determined in Kupffer cells treated with elastase. Elastase increased TNF and upregulated TNF-mRNA in livers (P<0.03) and Kupffer cells (P<0.001). Phosphorylated p38-MAPK, SAPK/JNK, and ERK1/2 and activated NF-kappaB were detected in Kupffer cells at 7 minutes; at 60 minutes, TNF-mRNA peaked and NF-kappaB returned to baseline, whereas all three kinases remained activated. Gadolinium inhibited elastase-induced upregulation of TNF-mRNA (P < 0.001), TNF production (P<0.001), and attenuated SAPK/JNK, as well as ERK1/2, but not p38-MAPK. Both UO126 and SB203580 significantly inhibited elastase-induced upregulation of TNF-mRNA and TNF production (P<0.001), but only UO126 inhibited activation of NF-kappaB. It was concluded that pretranscriptional regulation of TNF gene expression in Kupffer cells follows an orderly activation of p38-MAPK, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK that may not converge on NF-kappaB. The seemingly limited duration of NF-kappaB activation may be important in "switching off" the cytokine cascade during acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Murr
- Department of Surgery, James A Haley VA Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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90
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Gong JP, Wu CX, Liu CA, Li SW, Shi YJ, Yang K, Li Y, Li XH. Intestinal damage mediated by Kupffer cells in rats with endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:923-7. [PMID: 12378643 PMCID: PMC4656588 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the in vivo effects of phagocytic blockade of Kupffer cell (KC) on the release of proinflammatory cytokines in small intestinal lesion and on the integrity of intestinal tract by using gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) during early endotoxemia.
METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group A, rats were injected with endotoxin (E. coli O111:B4, a dose of 12 mg•kg⁻¹) only; Group B, rats were pretreated intravenously with 25 mg of GdCl3 per kg 24 h are given endotoxin; and Group C, sham operation only. All animals were sacrificed 4 h after endotoxin injection. In portion of the rats of three groups, bile duct was cannulated, which the bile was collected externally. Morphological changes of ileum were observed under light microscopy and electronic microscopy. The KC were isolated from rats by collagenase perfusion and in KC, expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA were determined by RT-PCR analysis. Plasma and bile TNF-α and IL-6 Levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: In group A, there were neutrophil infiltration and superficial epithelial necrosis of the ileal villi, sloughing of mucosal epithelium, and disappearance of some villi. In group B, the ileal mucosal damage was much reduced. Which in group C, no significant morphological changes were seen. GdCl3 pretreatment decreased significantly the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in group B (4.32 ± 0.47 and 4.05 ± 0.43) when compared to group A (9.46 ± 1.21 and 9.04 ± 1.09) (P < 0.05). There was no significant expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in group C (1.03 ± 0.14 and 10.4 ± 0.13). In rats of group A, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in bile and plasma were 207 ± 29 ng·L-1, 1032 ± 107 ng·L-1, 213 ± 33 ng·L-1, and 1185 ± 127 ng·L-1, respectively. In group B, they were 113 ± 18 ng·L-1, 521 ± 76 ng·L-1, 147 ± 22 ng·L-1, and 572 ± 54 ng·L-1, respectively. In group C, they were 67 ± 10 ng·L-1, 72 ± 13 ng·L-1, 109 ± 18 ng·L-1, and 118 ± 22 ng·L-1 respectively. There were significant difference between the three group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: KC release cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 causing damage to the integrity of intestinal epithelium and play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of intestinal mucosal damage during early endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
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91
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Kong F, Guo X, Noel JG, Wells DA, Lovell GJ, Ogle CK. Thermal injury-induced increases of hepatocyte SOCS3 lead to decreases in STAT3. Shock 2002; 18:374-9. [PMID: 12392283 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200210000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in this laboratory has shown an increase of both mRNA and protein for suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in rat liver after thermal injury. This study identifies which liver cell type (parenchymal or non-parenchymal) is responsible for the postburn increase in SOCS3 and how this increase is connected to the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells were isolated by Liberase digestion from postburn day 1 (PBD1) rats (including sham controls) and were analyzed for the expression of SOCS3 mRNA and protein and STAT3 and p-STAT3 protein. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR performed on the isolated cells showed a significant increase of SOCS3 in the hepatocytes, but not in the non-parenchymal cells. When isolated hepatocytes from rats and the human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, were cultured in the presence of IL-6, both showed an increase in SOCS3 mRNA expression. Anti-SOCS3, anti-STAT3, and anti-phosphorylated STAT3 labeling in both postburn rat liver and isolated hepatocyte cells that were cultured in the presence of IL-6 revealed that an increase in SOCS3 protein was accompanied by decrease in STAT3 protein. We propose that thermal injury stimulates non-parenchymal cells to produce cytokines, including IL-6, which in tum stimulate the Jak/STAT pathway in hepatocytes. The signal transduction pathway triggered by non-parenchymal cells causes an increase in SOCS3 production, which in turn induces the reduction of STAT3 protein in the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Kong
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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92
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Murr MM, Yang J, Fier A, Foulis PR, Loughorn TP, Epling-Burnette PK, Norman JG. Pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid induces hepatocyte death independent of local cytokines. J Surg Res 2002; 106:308-13. [PMID: 12175984 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kupffer-cell-derived cytokines mediate liver injury, yet macrophage pacification does not abolish hepatocyte injury. We undertook this study to examine the role of pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid (PAAF) in liver injury. METHODS Pathogen-free PAAF was perfused into healthy rat livers in situ for 60 min (n = 5, sham = 5, LPS = 5). AST, ALT, LDH, and TNF were measured in the effluent. Primary cultures of rat Kupffer cells or hepatocytes were treated with PAAF; AST, ALT, LDH, and TNF were measured and cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. A hepatocyte human cell line (CCL-13) was treated with PAAF and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Liver perfusion with PAAF induced a >15-fold increase in AST/ALT/LDH (P < 0.001 PAAF vs sham), but not in TNF. In vitro, Kupffer cell viability was sharply reduced by PAAF in a dose-dependent manner; however, 5% PAAF (50% viability) did not induce TNF production from Kupffer cells. PAAF induced a multifold increase in AST/ALT/LDH from fresh hepatocytes (P < 0.001 vs control), which was not attenuated by a protease inhibitor. The CCL-13 cell population was reduced to 15 +/- 2% of baseline by PAAF (P < 0.001 vs control), whereas elastase, trypsin, or TNF had no effect. PAAF increased the percentage of nonviable CCL-13 cells (78 +/- 4% vs 28 +/- 1%, P < 0.001 vs control). Neither protease inhibitor nor heat inactivation of PAAF altered this pattern of hepatocyte death. CONCLUSION PAAF induces direct hepatocyte injury and death by heat-stable factors other than pancreatic enzymes but not via local production of Kupffer-cell-derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Murr
- Department of Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620, USA
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93
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Murr MM, Yang J, Fier A, Kaylor P, Mastorides S, Norman JG. Pancreatic elastase induces liver injury by activating cytokine production within Kupffer cells via nuclear factor-Kappa B. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6:474-80. [PMID: 12023002 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(01)00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury is a manifestation of the systemic inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis. We have demonstrated that elastase induces macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in distant organs, thus mimicking pancreatitis-associated organ injury. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which elastase induces hepatic cytokine production. Rat livers (n = 40) were perfused with elastase +/- gadolinium (Gd) to inhibit Kupffer cells. Liver parenchymal enzymes and TNF were measured in the effluent. In vitro, rat hepatocytes or Kupffer cells were treated with elastase (1 U/ml) +/- Gd (0.5 mg/ml) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 0.5 mg/ml). TNF protein, TNF messenger RNA, and NF-kappa B activation were determined. In vivo, Gd blunted the elastase-induced TNF production and decreased AST, ALT, LDH, and nonviable cells (propidium iodide) (P < or= 0.03 vs. elastase). In vitro, elastase induced TNF production from Kupffer cells (P < 0.001 vs. control) but not from hepatocytes. Gd or PDTC significantly attenuated the elastase-induced TNF production (P < 0.001). Elastase-induced overexpression of TNF messengerRNA and activation of NF-kappa B was attenuated by Gd. Pancreatic elastase induces a pattern of liver injury similar to that seen during acute pancreatitis by activating cytokine production and gene expression within Kupffer cells via NF-kappa B. Gd exhibits a protective effect against elastase-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Murr
- Department of Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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94
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Koay MA, Gao X, Washington MK, Parman KS, Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS, Christman JW. Macrophages are necessary for maximal nuclear factor-kappa B activation in response to endotoxin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:572-8. [PMID: 11970909 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.5.4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the role of macrophages in regulating the lung's response to Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), depletion of macrophages was accomplished by administration of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate) delivered via intratracheal (i.t.) and/or intravenous (i.v.) routes. Clodronate reduced the number of macrophages in lung lavage 48 h after either i.t. or i.v. administration, but combined i.t. + i.v. clodronate achieved the most profound depletion (90%). Although i.t. clodronate alone had little effect on the evolution of lung inflammation, combined i.t. + i.v. clodronate treatment decreased neutrophilic alveolitis 4 h after exposure to aerosolized LPS by 80% compared with mice treated with empty liposomes. This decrease was associated with impaired activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in lung lavage fluid. Combined i.t. + i.v. clodronate markedly reduced lung NF-kappa B activation and the intensity of neutrophilic alveolitis after intraperitoneal (i.p.) LPS; however, i.v. clodronate alone had no effect on NF-kappa B activation in either liver or lung tissue or the development of neutrophilic alveolitis. We conclude that generalized macrophage depletion reduces NF-kappa B activation, generation of cytokines, and neutrophilic lung inflammation in response to gram negative bacterial endotoxin. These findings define the role of the macrophage as a critical component for initiation of the NF-kappa B-dependent innate immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Cell Count
- Clodronic Acid/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endotoxins/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Instillation, Drug
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/metabolism
- Pneumonia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Audrey Koay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA
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95
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Gong JP, Liu CA, Wu CX, Li SW, Shi YJ, Li XH. Nuclear factor κB activity in patients with acute severe cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:346-9. [PMID: 11925622 PMCID: PMC4658381 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the NF-κB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients with acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST) and correlate the degree of NF-κB activation with severity of biliary tract infection and clinical outcome.
METHODS: Twenty patients with ACST were divided into survivor group (13 cases) and nonsurvivor group (7 cases). Other ten patients undergoing elective gastrectomy or inguinal hernia repair were selected as control group. Peripheral blood samples were taken 24 h postoperatively. PBMC were separated by density gradient centrifugation, then nuclear proteins were isolated from PBMC, and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) used determined. The results were quantified by scanning densitometer of a Bio-Image Analysis System and expressed as relative optical density (ROD). The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the plasma of patients with ACST and healthy control subjects were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).
RESULTS: The NF-κB activity was 5.02 ± 1.03 in nonsurvivor group, 2.98 ± 0.51 in survivor group and 1.06 ± 0.34 in control group. There were statistical differences in three groups (P < 0.05). The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in plasma were (498 ± 53) ng·L-1 and (587 ± 64) ng·L-1 in nonsurvivor group, (284 ± 32) ng·L-1 and (318 ± 49) ng·L-1 in survivor group and (89 ± 11) ng·L-1 and (102 ± 13) ng·L-1 in control group. All patients with ACST had increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which were manyfold greater than those of control group, and there was an evidence of significantly higher levels in those of nonsurvivor group than that in survivor group (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-10 in plasma were (378 ± 32) ng·L-1, (384 ± 37) ng·L-1 and (68 ± 11) ng·L-1 in three groups, respectively. All patients had also increased levels of IL-10 when compared with control group (P < 0.05), but the IL-10 levels were not significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: NF-κB activity in PBMC in patients with ACST increases markedly and the degree of NF-κB activation is correlated with severity of biliary tract infection and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Central District, Chongqing 400010, China.
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96
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Gong JP, Wu CX, Liu CA, Li SW, Shi YJ, Li XH, Peng Y. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell injury by neutrophils in rats with acute obstructive cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:342-5. [PMID: 11925621 PMCID: PMC4658380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The objective of this study is to elucidate the potential role of poly-morphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the development of such a sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) injury during early acute obstructive cholangitis (AOC) in rats.
METHODS: Twenty one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: the AOC group, the bile duct ligated group (BDL group), and the sham operation group (SO group). The common bile duct (CBD) of rats in AOC group was dually ligated and 0.2 mL of the E. coli O111 B4 (5 × 109 cfu/mL) suspension was injected into the upper segment, in BDL group, only the CBD was ligated and in SO group, neither injection of E. coli suspension nor CBD ligation was done, but the same operative procedure. Such group consisted of seven rats, all animals were killed 6 h after the operation. Morphological changes of the liver were observed under light and electron microscope. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in hepatic tissue was determined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined with anutoanalyger and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: Neutrophils was accumulated in the hepatic sinusoids and sinusoidal endothelial cell injury existed in AOC group. In contrast, in rats of BDL group, all the features of SEC damage were greatly reduced. Expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in hepatic tissue in three groups were 7.54 ± 0.82, 2.87 ± 0.34, and 1.01 ± 0.12, respectively. There were significant differences among three groups (P < 0.05). The serum CINC levels in the three groups were 188 ± 21 ng•L⁻¹, 94 ± 11 ng•L⁻¹, and 57 ± 8 ng•L⁻¹, respectively. There were also significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05). Activity of the serum ALT was 917 ± 167 nkat•L⁻¹, 901 ± 171 nkat•L⁻¹, and 908 ± 164 nkat•L⁻¹, respectively, (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Hepatic SEC injury occurs earlier than hepatic parenchymal cells during AOC. Recruitments of circulating neutrophils in the hepatic sinusoidal space might mediate the SEC injury, and ICAM-1 in the liver may modulate the PMN of accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
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97
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Koleva M, Schlaf G, Landmann R, Götze O, Jungermann K, Schieferdecker HL. Induction of anaphylatoxin C5a receptors in rat hepatocytes by lipopolysaccharide in vivo: mediation by interleukin-6 from Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:697-708. [PMID: 11875003 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.31883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In normal rat liver, anaphylatoxin C5a induces glucose output from hepatocytes indirectly via prostanoids released from Kupffer cells. Correspondingly, it was found that hepatocytes, in contrast to Kupffer cells, did not express C5a receptors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported to enhance C5a receptor expression in murine livers. This might be the result of de novo expression in hepatocytes. METHODS C5a receptor expression was investigated in hepatocytes after in vivo treatment of rats with LPS and in vitro stimulation of isolated cells with LPS and proinflammatory cytokines on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level, and functionally in isolated hepatocytes and perfused liver. RESULTS In vivo treatment of rats with LPS induced C5a receptor mRNA and protein in hepatocytes with a maximum after 8-10 hours. At this time-point, C5a directly activated glycogen phosphorylase in isolated hepatocytes and enhanced glucose output in perfused livers without the involvement of prostanoids. LPS failed to induce C5a receptors in cultured hepatocytes in vitro, whereas interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1beta, which are known to be released from Kupffer cells on stimulation with LPS, did so. In cocultures of hepatocytes with Kupffer cells, LPS induced C5a receptors in hepatocytes in an IL-6-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Thus, IL-6 from Kupffer cells appears to be the main mediator of LPS-induced de novo expression of C5a receptors in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Koleva
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
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98
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Yang S, Zhou M, Chaudry IH, Wang P. Norepinephrine-induced hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis is mediated by activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1014-21. [PMID: 11557522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.4.g1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut-derived norepinephrine (NE) has been shown to play a critical role in producing hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis, but it is not known whether alpha2-adrenoceptor activation mediates this dysfunction. We infused normal male adult rats with NE, NE plus the specific alpha2-adrenergic antagonist rauwolscine (RW), or vehicle (normal saline) for 2 h. Hepatocellular function was determined by in vivo indocyanine green (ICG) clearance. An isolated perfused liver preparation was also used to assess hepatocellular function by in vitro ICG clearance; NE alone or with RW was added to the perfusate. Rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 1 h after CLP, RW was infused for 15 min. At 5 h after CLP, we measured hepatocellular function and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels. Intraportal NE infusion in normal rats produced hepatocellular dysfunction, which was prevented by RW and NE infusion. This is confirmed by findings with the isolated perfused liver preparation. RW administration in early sepsis maintained hepatocellular function and downregulated TNF-alpha production at 5 h after CLP. These results suggest that NE-induced hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis is mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptor activation, which appears to upregulate TNF-alpha production. Modulation of hepatic responsiveness to NE by alpha2-adrenergic antagonists should provide a novel approach for maintaining cell and organ functions during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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99
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Mosher B, Dean R, Harkema J, Remick D, Palma J, Crockett E. Inhibition of Kupffer cells reduced CXC chemokine production and liver injury. J Surg Res 2001; 99:201-10. [PMID: 11469888 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine production is a critical component of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. In the liver, Kupffer cells produce cytokines and chemokines (i.e., cytokines with chemoattractant properties) that are important mediators in neutrophil recruitment and subsequent hepatocellular injury. Therefore, the role of Kupffer cells in chemokine production in hepatic IR injury was investigated. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by various reperfusion times (i.e., 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 h). Gadolinium chloride (GC), which inhibits Kupffer cell activity, was administered to mice 48 and 24 h prior to ischemia. The control group received a corresponding volume of normal saline. Plasma levels of the cytokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), KC, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and liver mRNA were measured. Liver injury was assessed by plasma level of alanine transaminase (ALT) and histopathology. RESULTS A reperfusion time-dependent liver injury occurred as indicated by increased levels of plasma ALT and histopathology. The injury was associated with increased plasma TNF-alpha, MIP-2, and KC and their hepatic mRNA expression and neutrophil infiltration into ischemic lobes of the liver. GC treatment significantly reduced the number of Kupffer cells as determined by the immunostained liver tissue sections. The extent of liver injury significantly decreased in GC-treated mice that were associated with decreased levels of plasma ALT, TNF-alpha, MIP-2, and KC and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Kupffer cells are major contributors to cytokine production in hepatic IR and their modulation may serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mosher
- Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1315, USA
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Zhou M, Yang S, Koo DJ, Ornan DA, Chaudry IH, Wang P. The role of Kupffer cell alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in norepinephrine-induced TNF-alpha production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1537:49-57. [PMID: 11476962 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated that plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increase during early sepsis, the precise mechanism responsible for its upregulation remains to be elucidated. Since recent studies have shown that the gut is an important source of norepinephrine (NE) release during early sepsis and enterectomy prior to the onset of sepsis attenuates TNF-alpha production, we hypothesized that gut-derived NE plays a major role in upregulating TNF-alpha via the activation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors on Kupffer cells. To confirm that NE increases TNF-alpha synthesis and release, Kupffer cells were isolated from normal rats and incubated with NE (20 or 50 nM) or another alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist clonidine (50 nM) without addition of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Supernatant levels of TNF-alpha were then measured. In additional animals, intraportal infusion of NE (20 microM) with or without the specific alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (1 mM) at a rate of 13 microl/min was carried out for 2 h. Plasma and Kupffer cell levels of TNF-alpha were assayed thereafter. Moreover, the effects of NE and yohimbine on TNF-alpha production was further examined using an isolated perfused liver preparation. The results indicate that both NE and clonidine increased TNF-alpha release by approximately 4-7-fold in the isolated cultured Kupffer cells. Similarly, intraportal infusion of NE in vivo or in isolated livers increased TNF-alpha synthesis and release which was inhibited by co-infusion of yohimbine. Furthermore, the increased cellular levels of TNF-alpha in Kupffer cells after in vivo administration of NE was also blocked by yohimbine. These results, taken together, suggest that gut-derived NE upregulates TNF-alpha production in Kupffer cells through an alpha(2)-adrenergic pathway, which appears to be responsible at least in part for the increased levels of circulating TNF-alpha observed during early sepsis as well as other pathophysiologic conditions such as trauma, hemorrhagic shock, or gut ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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