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Vugmeyster Y, Glas R, Pérarnau B, Lemonnier FA, Eisen H, Ploegh H. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I KbDb -/- deficient mice possess functional CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12492-7. [PMID: 9770513 PMCID: PMC22858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained mice deficient for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules encoded by the H-2K and H-2D genes. H-2 KbDb -/- mice express no detectable classical MHC class I-region associated (Ia) heavy chains, although beta2-microglobulin and the nonclassical class Ib proteins examined are expressed normally. KbDb -/- mice have greatly reduced numbers of mature CD8+ T cells, indicating that selection of the vast majority (>90%) of CD8+ T cells cannot be compensated for by beta2-microglobulin-associated molecules other than classical H-2K and D locus products. In accord with the greatly reduced number of CD8+ T cells, spleen cells from KbDb -/- mice do not generate cytotoxic responses in primary mixed-lymphocyte cultures against MHC-disparate (allogeneic) cells. However, in vivo priming of KbDb -/- mice with allogeneic cells resulted in strong CD8+ MHC class Ia-specific allogeneic responses. Thus, a minor population of functionally competent peripheral CD8+ T cells capable of strong cytotoxic activity arises in the complete absence of classical MHC class Ia molecules. KbDb -/- animals also have natural killer cells that retain their cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vugmeyster
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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52
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Sykulev Y, Vugmeyster Y, Brunmark A, Ploegh HL, Eisen HN. Peptide antagonism and T cell receptor interactions with peptide-MHC complexes. Immunity 1998; 9:475-83. [PMID: 9806634 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe antagonist peptides that specifically inhibit cytolytic activity of T cell clones and lines that express the antigen-specific receptor of CD8+ T lymphocyte clone 2C, which recognizes peptides in association with syngeneic (Kb) and allogeneic (Ld) MHC proteins. Addition of an antagonist peptide that can bind to Kb on 2C cells decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3 zeta chains elicited by prior exposure of the cells to an agonist peptide-Kb complex. Contrary to previous agonist-antagonist comparisons, the 2C T cell receptor had higher affinity for an antagonist peptide-Kb complex than for a weak agonist peptide-Kb complex. This difference is considered in light of evidence that antigen-specific receptor affinity values can be substantially higher when determined with the receptor on live cells than with the receptor in cell-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sykulev
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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53
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Utting O, Teh SJ, Teh HS. T Cells Expressing Receptors of Different Affinity for Antigen Ligands Reveal a Unique Role for p59 fyn in T Cell Development and Optimal Stimulation of T Cells by Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Signaling from the TCR involves the protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn (Fyn). Previous studies have shown that T cell development occurs normally in Fyn−/− mice. In this study, we investigated the requirement for Fyn in the development and function of T cells expressing either the transgenic 2C TCR, with high affinity for its Ag ligand, or the transgenic H-Y TCR, representative of a low affinity TCR. Although Fyn was not essential for positive selection of thymocytes expressing either the 2C or the H-Y TCR, it facilitated the down-regulation of the heat-stable Ag in positively selected CD4−CD8+ thymocytes in both 2C and H-Y mice. Negative selection of thymocytes expressing the H-Y TCR also occurs efficiently in Fyn−/− mice. However, in Fyn−/− mice, there was a preferential survival of thymocytes that expressed higher levels of the CD8 coreceptor and the transgenic TCR. Positively selected CD4−CD8+ thymocytes and peripheral T cells expressing either the 2C or the H-Y TCR differed in their requirement of Fyn for optimal proliferation responses to stimulation by antigenic ligands. Whereas 2C Fyn−/− or 2C Fyn+/+ thymocytes and peripheral T cells responded optimally to stimulation by the specific Ag, H-Y Fyn−/− thymocytes and peripheral T cells were hyporesponsive compared with Fyn+/+ cells. Significantly, in response to a defined low affinity ligand, both 2C Fyn−/− thymocytes and peripheral T cells required Fyn for optimal response to Ag stimulation. Thus, Fyn plays a role during thymocyte development and is required for optimal responses to low affinity/avidity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Utting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Soo-Jeet Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hung-Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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54
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Motyka B, Teh HS. Naturally Occurring Low Affinity Peptide/MHC Class I Ligands Can Mediate Negative Selection and T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The affinity/avidity model for T cell development postulates that ligands with high affinity for the TCR are efficient in negative selection, whereas those with lower affinity/avidity favor positive selection. Using the 2C TCR transgenic model, we evaluated the efficacy of ligands with widely differing affinity for the TCR (3 × 103 to 2 × 106 M−1) in mediating thymocyte deletion. The relative affinities of the 2C TCR for the p2Ca/Ld, dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb ligands are approximately 1000:50:10:1, respectively. Here we show, using an in vitro assay, that the deletion of 2C CD4+CD8+ thymocytes is mediated not only by p2Ca/Ld, but also by the lower affinity ligands dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb, albeit at relatively higher peptide concentrations. Deletion mediated by low affinity ligands required CD8, whereas high affinity ligand-mediated deletion was CD8 independent. The p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands are naturally occurring in H-2b mice, and others have shown that p2Ca/Kb can induce the maturation of CD4−CD8+2C-TCRhigh thymocytes in fetal thymic organ culture. In this study we showed that in addition to deletion, the p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands, in the presence of exogenous IL-2, induced mature 2C T cell proliferation, albeit at a lower level than that induced by the high affinity p2Ca/Ld ligand. Thus, the same low affinity ligands that can effect negative selection and, in the case of p2Ca/Kb, the maturation of CD8 single-positive thymocytes can also induce the activation of mature CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Motyka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hung-Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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55
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Sadovnikova E, Jopling LA, Soo KS, Stauss HJ. Generation of human tumor-reactive cytotoxic T cells against peptides presented by non-self HLA class I molecules. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:193-200. [PMID: 9485199 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199801)28:01<193::aid-immu193>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-D1 protein, which was found to be overexpressed in various human tumors, promotes cell cycle progression from the G1 into the S phase. It is normally expressed at low levels in several tissues and is likely to induce immunological tolerance. We have recently shown in a murine system that T cell tolerance to a widely expressed protein was circumvented by raising cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from MHC-mismatched donors. In this study, we tested whether it is possible to raise human allo-restricted CTL against the cyclin-D1 protein. The human cell line T2 is deficient in the genes encoding the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), resulting in inefficient loading of HLA-A2 class I molecules with endogenous peptides. Thus, a large number of A2 molecules can bind exogenously supplied synthetic peptides. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A2-negative donors were stimulated with T2 cells presenting cyclin-D1-derived synthetic peptides. Cloning of bulk cultures revealed that a large proportion of CTL clones were peptide specific. One peptide induced CTL which lysed cyclin-D1-expressing breast cancer cells, but not control Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphoid cells. The results show that HLA-A2-negative donors can be used to isolate tumor-reactive CTL specific for cyclin-D1 peptides presented by HLA-A2 class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sadovnikova
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, GB
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56
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Osborn CK, Grigoriev V, Crew MD. Modulation of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen cell-surface stability by transmembrane domain length variation. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:771-80. [PMID: 9444976 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface localization of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins is conferred to a large extent by their transmembrane domains (TMs) which exhibit allelic, inter-locus and inter-species variation in both amino acid composition and length. Here, the consequences of TM length variation on trafficking and cell-surface stability were examined using the human MHC class I protein HLA-A2. Transformed B lymphocytes (CIR cells) transfected with an HLA-A2 gene encoding an additional 12 hydrophobic amino acids in the TM exhibited a marked decrease in steady-state cell-surface levels of the HLA-A2 protein relative to cells transfected with the wild-type HLA-A2 gene. Diminished surface expression was observed regardless of the presence or absence of the cytoplasmic domain and could not be accounted for by altered association with beta2-microglobulin. While intracellular trafficking rates were affected by TM length enlargement and/or the absence of cytoplasmic domains, this, as well, could not completely explain the TM length-dependent differential cell-surface levels. Studies using brefeldin A to block transport of HLA-A2 proteins to the cell surface suggested that the diminished cell-surface levels of TM enlarged HLA-A2 proteins was a result of decreased cell-surface stability. A significant negative correlation between cell-surface stability and TM length was observed in a comparison of four HLA-A2 proteins differing only in TM length. Similar studies employing an HLA-A2 protein with the TM of HLA-B27 (which is the same length as the HLA-A2 TM but is only 72% identical) suggested that MHC class I TM length variation, independent of amino acid composition and the cytoplasmic domain, may appreciably affect cell-surface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Osborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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57
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Bresnahan PA, Barber LD, Brodsky FM. Localization of class I histocompatibility molecule assembly by subfractionation of the early secretory pathway. Hum Immunol 1997; 53:129-39. [PMID: 9129970 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(97)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex bind peptides derived from cytosolic proteins and display them on the cell surface. This function alerts cytotoxic T cells to the presence of intracellular pathogens. Class I molecule assembly requires the association of the heavy chain with beta 2-microglobulin, accompanied by peptide loading via specific transporters. This study localizes where these assembly steps take place, using monoclonal antibodies recognizing class I molecules in different assembly states to analyze subcellular fractions of the early secretory pathway. The distribution of peptide-loaded class I molecules was more localized than the distribution of the total pool of class I molecules in the early secretory pathway. Loaded molecules colocalized with the peptide transporter, free heavy chains, and the chaperone calnexin in high density rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. These data suggest that subunit assembly and peptide acquisition occur at the same intracellular site. Class I molecules also localized to less dense subfractions of the early secretory pathway, which contained comparatively less peptide-loaded molecules than the high density RER fractions, at steady state. Following a 15 degrees C temperature block, class I molecules accumulated in these less dense membrane fractions, indicating that these fractions represent the intermediate compartment where empty class I molecules are trapped in mutant cells. In the presence of cycloheximide, a pool of class I molecules recycling to the RER was detected suggesting empty molecules recycle to acquire peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bresnahan
- G. W. Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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58
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Frelinger JA, McMillan M. The role of peptide specificity in MHC class I-restricted allogeneic responses. Immunol Rev 1996; 154:45-58. [PMID: 9034863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Frelinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7290, USA
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59
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Sadovnikova E, Stauss HJ. Peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes restricted by nonself major histocompatibility complex class I molecules: reagents for tumor immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:13114-8. [PMID: 8917553 PMCID: PMC24055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.23.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in melanoma patients have revealed that self proteins can function as targets for tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). One group of self proteins MAGE, BAGE, and GAGE are normally only expressed in testis and placenta, whilst another group of CTL recognized proteins are melanocyte-specific differentiation antigens. In this study we have investigated whether CTL can be raised against a ubiquitously expressed self protein, mdm-2, which is frequently overexpressed in tumors. The observation that T-cell tolerance is self major histocompatibility complex-restricted was exploited to generate CTL specific for an mdm-2 derived peptide presented by nonself major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Thus, the allo-restricted T-cell repertoire of H-2d mice was used to isolate CTL specific for the mdm100 peptide presented by allogeneic H-2Kb class I molecules. In vitro, these CTL discriminated between transformed and normal cells, killing specifically Kb-positive melanoma and lymphoma tumors but not Kb-expressing dendritic cells. In vivo, the CTL showed antitumor activity and delayed the growth of melanoma as well as lymphoma tumors in H-2b recipient mice. These experiments show that it is possible to circumvent T-cell tolerance to ubiquitously expressed self antigens, and to target CTL responses against tumors expressing elevated levels of structurally unaltered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sadovnikova
- Department of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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60
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Schodin BA, Tsomides TJ, Kranz DM. Correlation between the number of T cell receptors required for T cell activation and TCR-ligand affinity. Immunity 1996; 5:137-46. [PMID: 8769477 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of T cell receptors on CTL clone 2C that are required for recognition of various peptide-MHC or superantigen-MHC ligands were measured as a function of both the ligand density on target cells and the binding affinity of the TCR. Quantitative inverse correlations were determined between the number of TCRs required for recognition and the number of ligands on target cells, and the number of TCR required and the Ka of the TCR for the ligand. We propose and test predictive uses of these relationships to determine the number of endogenous peptide-MHC complexes on a target cell (when TCR affinity is known) or to determine the affinity of the TCR (when the number of ligands is known).
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Schodin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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61
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Manning TC, Schodin BA, Kranz DM. A strategy for the synthesis and screening of thiol-modified peptide variants recognized by T cells. J Immunol Methods 1996; 192:125-32. [PMID: 8699007 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present a strategy for the identification of novel peptide conjugates which may be used to understand the molecular details of the recognition process or to potentially regulate T cell-mediated responses. The approach involves the incorporation of cysteine into a known peptide at a position of interest and subsequent chemical conjugation using thiol-specific agents. Conjugates derived from the nonapeptide QL9 that is recognized by CTL 2C had either enhanced or reduced activity compared to the original cys-peptides. Different classes of thiol-reactive agents (alkyl halides, alkylthiolsulfonates, and disulfides) were tested with increases in activity of over 100-fold. As with standard peptide analogs, the activity depended on the position of the cysteine within the peptide and the nature of the chemically linked functional group. Use of this approach in a cysteine 'scan' of all positions of the original peptide is cost effective and with the availability of many different thiol-specific functional groups will allow the screening of considerably larger libraries of chemically modified peptides than have been used to date. Additionally, these findings may provide insight into the pathogenesis of thiol agents involved in contact sensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Manning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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62
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Schodin BA, Schlueter CJ, Kranz DM. Binding properties and solubility of single-chain T cell receptors expressed in E. coli. Mol Immunol 1996; 33:819-29. [PMID: 8811077 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(96)00038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and domain structure of alpha beta T cell receptors (TCR) are similar to immunoglobulins based on sequence homologies, but the three-dimensional structure of the alpha beta-heterodimer has not been solved. To begin structure/function studies, we have compared the properties of a soluble single-chain V alpha V beta TCR (scTCR) expressed in three E. coli systems. The V alpha and V beta regions were expressed with pelB or ompA signal sequences or as a thioredoxin fusion protein. The scTCRs were detected only in the insoluble fraction of the cells and could be solubilized in guanidine and renatured to obtain properly folded scTCR from each system. Only a small fraction (1-5%) of the ompA and pelB scTCRs folded properly. In contrast, the thioredoxin fusion protein exhibited high total yields and a solubility that was ten times higher than the other scTCRs. The thioredoxin fusion protein also bound specifically to the peptide/MHC ligand with a KD of approximately 0.7 microM, as shown by a competitive inhibition assay with Fab fragments that recognize the MHC complex. Furthermore, estimates from saturation binding with antibodies that react with the native TCR indicated that up to 80% of the thioredoxin fusion protein was in the properly folded form. The improved yield, solubility, and binding activity of the thioredoxin-scTCR should make it useful for various structure/ function studies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/chemistry
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Solubility
- Thioredoxins/chemistry
- Thioredoxins/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Schodin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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63
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Sykulev Y, Joo M, Vturina I, Tsomides TJ, Eisen HN. Evidence that a single peptide-MHC complex on a target cell can elicit a cytolytic T cell response. Immunity 1996; 4:565-71. [PMID: 8673703 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a chemically homogeneous radiolabeled peptide of high specific activity (125I-QLSPYPFDL, 3.5 x 10(18) cpm per mole) we show that at a peptide concentration (5 pM) causing half-maximal lysis of target cells by a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone that recognizes the peptide in association with Ld, a class I MHC protein, only 3 peptide molecules on average are bound by Ld per target cell. From the distribution of Ld on the target cells, we suggest that a single peptide-MHC complex per target cell can trigger activation of the T cell cytolytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sykulev
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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64
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Luescher IF, Romero P, Kuznetsov D, Rimoldi D, Coulie P, Cerottini JC, Jongeneel CV. HLA photoaffinity labeling reveals overlapping binding of homologous melanoma-associated gene peptides by HLA-A1, HLA-A29, and HLA-B44. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:12463-71. [PMID: 8647853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.21.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated genes (MAGEs) encode tumor-specific antigens that can be recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To investigate the interaction of the HLA-A1-restricted MAGE-1 peptide 161-169 (EADPT-GHSY) with HLA class I molecules, photoreactive derivatives were prepared by single amino acid substitution with N beta-[iodo-4-azidosalicyloyl]-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid. These derivatives were tested for their ability to bind to, and to photoaffinity-label, HLA-A1 on C1R.A1 cells. Only the derivatives containing the photoreactive amino acid in position 1 or 7 fulfilled both criteria. Testing the former derivative on 14 lymphoid cell lines expressing over 44 different HLA class I molecules indicated that it efficiently photoaffinity-labeled not only HLA-A1, but possibility also HLA-A29 and HLA-B44. MAGE peptide binding by HLA-A29 and HLA-B44 was confirmed by photoaffinity labeling with photoreactive MAGE-3 peptide derivatives on C1R.A29 and C1R.B44 cells, respectively. The different photoaffinity labeling systems were used to access the ability of the homologous peptides derived from MAGE-1, -2, -3, -4a, -4b, -6, and -12 to bind to HLA-A1, HLA-A29, and HLA-B44. All but the MAGE-2 and MAGE-12 nonapeptides efficiently inhibited photoaffinity labeling of HLA-A1, which is in agreement with the known HLA-A1 peptide-binding motif (acidic residue in P3 and C-terminal tyrosine). In contrast, photoaffinity labeling of HLA-A29 was efficiently inhibited by these as well as by the MAGE-3 and MAGE-6 nonapeptides. Finally, the HLA-B44 photoaffinity labeling, unlike the HLA-A1 and HLA-A29 labeling, was inhibited more efficiently by the corresponding MAGE decapeptides, which is consistent with the reported HLA-B44 peptide-binding motif (glutamic acid in P2, and C-terminal tyrosine or phenylalanine). The overlapping binding of homologous MAGE peptides by HLA-A1, A29, and B44 is based on different binding principles and may have implications for immunotherapy of MAGE-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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65
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Elliott T, Bodmer H, Townsend A. Recognition of out-of-frame major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitopes in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1175-9. [PMID: 8647184 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the course of constructing a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) gene preceded by the hemagglutinin leader sequence, we isolated a single base-pair deletion mutant which gave rise to L+NP(1-159) in which only the first 159 amino acids were in frame. Despite this, when we infected target cells, we found that the point mutant was able to sensitize them for lysis not only by cytotoxic T cells recognizing residues 50-58 (the in-frame portion), but also by CTL to epitopes which are downstream of the mutation (366-374 and 378-386). Furthermore, normal C57BL/6 mice can be primed with the frameshift NP to recognize the immunodominant Db-restricted epitope 366-374 (which is out of frame). Experiments in which the mutant gene product was processed in the endoplasmic reticulum of target cells suggested that the apparent suppression occurred during polypeptide extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elliott
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Great Britain.
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66
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Pawlowski TJ, Singleton MD, Loh DY, Berg R, Staerz UD. Permissive recognition during positive selection. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:851-7. [PMID: 8625978 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the periphery alpha beta T lymphocytes recognize antigens in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In the thymus immature T cells are positively selected on MHC molecules in the apparent absence of cognate peptides. Thus, at different developmental stages a T cell responds to different epitopes, yet uses the identical alpha beta T cell antigen receptor (TcR). To explain this paradox it has been hypothesized that during positive selection immature T cells see peptides/ligands unique to the thymus, are selected by specific antagonists related to their cognate peptides, or are driven by lowered affinity thresholds of their TcR. Though different in detail, these theories rely on defined peptides uniquely matched to select certain TcR. However, we find that in a TcR-transgenic (TcR(trans +)) mouse severely limiting the diversity of peptides does not impair positive selection. We show that many unrelated peptides, including some naturally occurring on the cell surface, induce maturation of CD4-CD8+TcR(high) thymocytes. The same peptides when presented in conjunction with the selecting MHC molecule, are not recognized by peripheral T cells expressing the same TcR(trans). Therefore, these findings point to a promiscuous rather than discriminate recognition mode used by immature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Pawlowski
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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67
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Sykulev Y, Cohen RJ, Eisen HN. The law of mass action governs antigen-stimulated cytolytic activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:11990-2. [PMID: 8618829 PMCID: PMC40281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.11990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the initial antigen-recognition step in the destruction of target cells by CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) shows that a relationship in the form of the law of mass action can be used to describe interactions between antigen-specific receptors on T cells (TCRs) and their natural ligands on target cells (peptide-major histocompatibility protein complexes, termed pepMHC complexes), even though these reactants are confined to their respective cell membranes. For a designated level of lysis and receptor affinities below about 5 X 10(6) M-1, the product of the required number of pepMHC complexes per target cell ("epitope density") and TCR affinity for pepMHC complexes is constant; therefore, over this range TCR affinities can be predicted from epitope densities (or vice versa). At higher receptor affinities ("affinity ceiling") the epitope density required for half-maximal lysis reaches a lower limit of less than 10 complexes per target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sykulev
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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68
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Abdel-Motal UM, Berg L, Bengtsson M, Dahmén J, Kihlberg J, Magnusson G, Nilsson U, Jondal M. Major histocompatibility complex class I binding glycopeptides for the estimation of 'empty' class I molecules. J Immunol Methods 1995; 188:21-31. [PMID: 8551035 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)82888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Different forms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains are known to be expressed on the cell surface, including molecules which are functionally 'empty'. Direct peptide binding to cells is obvious during sensitization of target cells in vitro for cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing and 'empty' MHC-I molecules are comparatively abundant on TAP-1/2 peptide transporter mutant cells. In the present work we have estimated the fraction of 'empty' MHC class I molecules using glycosylated peptides and cellular staining with carbohydrate specific monoclonal antibodies. Synthetic Db and Kb binding peptides were coupled at different positions with different di- or trisaccharides, using different spacing between the carbohydrate and the peptide backbone. Binding of sugar specific mAbs was compared in ELISA and cellular assays. An optimal Db binding glycopeptide was used for comparative staining with anti-Db and anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies to estimate fractions of 'empty' molecules on different T lymphoid cells. On activated normal T cells, a large fraction of Db molecules were found to be 'empty'. The functional role of such 'empty' MHC class I molecules on T cells is presently unclear. However, on antigen presenting cells they might participate in the antigen presentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Abdel-Motal
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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69
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Raposo G, van Santen HM, Leijendekker R, Geuze HJ, Ploegh HL. Misfolded major histocompatibility complex class I molecules accumulate in an expanded ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. J Cell Biol 1995; 131:1403-19. [PMID: 8522600 PMCID: PMC2120650 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.131.6.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded membrane proteins are rapidly degraded, often shortly after their synthesis and insertion in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the exact location and mechanisms of breakdown remain unclear. We have exploited the requirement of MHC class I molecules for peptide to achieve their correct conformation: peptide can be withheld by introducing a null mutation for the MHC-encoded peptide transporter, TAP. By withholding TAP-dependent peptides, the vast majority of newly synthesized class I molecules fails to leave the endoplasmic reticulum and is degraded. We used mice transgenic for HLA-B27 on a TAP1-deficient background to allow visualization by immunoelectron microscopy of misfolded HLA-B27 molecules in thymic epithelial cells. In such HLA transgenic animals, the TAP mutation can be considered a genetic switch that allows control over the extent of folding of the protein of interest, HLA-B27, while the rate of synthesis of the constituent subunits remains unaltered. In TAP1-deficient, HLA-B27 transgenic animals, HLA-B27 molecules fail to assemble correctly, and do not undergo carbohydrate modifications associated with the Golgi apparatus, such as conversion to Endoglycosidase H resistance, and acquisition of sialic acids. We show that such molecules accumulate in an expanded network of tubular and fenestrated membranes. This compartment has its counterpart in normal thymic epithelial cells, and is identified as an ER-Golgi intermediate. We detect the presence of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in association with this compartment, suggesting a nonlysosomal mode of degradation of its contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raposo
- Universiteit Utrecht, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands
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70
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Rossio JL, Bess J, Henderson LE, Cresswell P, Arthur LO. HLA class II on HIV particles is functional in superantigen presentation to human T cells: implications for HIV pathogenesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1433-9. [PMID: 8679286 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of immune suppression by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1, are more complex than simple helper T cell deletion via infection and viral-induced lysis. Since the recent description of cellular proteins associated with HIV suggests that these proteins may be active in viral pathogenesis, the nature of HLA class II gene product carried on HIV, one of the most abundant of the human components carried with the virus, was examined. HIV bearing HLA-DR was shown to act with bacterial superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), to stimulate highly purified human T lymphocytes. T cell stimulation by wild-type HIV was shown by both induction of proliferation and by production of the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2). In contrast, HIV produced from mutant cells lacking class II genes were unable to cooperate with SEA to activate T cells. Neither whole HIV nor several proteins purified from HIV (gp120, gp41, p24, p7, and p6) exhibited superantigen-like activity in this system. HLA-DR-bearing HIV could, in the continued presence of SEA, induce T cell apoptosis, as detected by nuclear fragmentation and morphological criteria. These data indicate that human cellular proteins associated with HIV may be biologically active, and these proteins should be considered in mechanisms of viral pathogenicity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rossio
- National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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71
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Cho BK, Schodin BA, Kranz DM. Characterization of a single-chain antibody to the beta-chain of the T cell receptor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:25819-26. [PMID: 7592766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report the VH and VL genes of the anti-T cell receptor (TCR) antibody KJ16, which recognizes the TCR V beta 8.1 and V beta 8.2 regions in mice, were cloned and expressed as a single-chain antibody (scFv) in Escherichia coli. A 29-kDa protein was obtained after renaturation from inclusion bodies. The KJ16 scFv had a relative affinity for the native TCR that was slightly higher than KJ16 Fab fragments. The scFv and Fab fragments of the KJ16 antibody, together with monovalent forms of two other anti-TCR antibodies, were evaluated as antagonists of the T cell-mediated recognition of a peptide-class I complex or of a superantigen, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) bound to a class II product. Each of the anti-TCR antibodies was efficient at inhibiting the recognition of the SEB-class II complex. In contrast, only the clonotypic antibody, which binds to epitopes on both V beta and V alpha regions, inhibited the recognition of peptide-class I complex. We conclude that the TCR binding site for the SEB-class II ligand encompasses a larger surface area than the TCR binding site for the peptide-class I ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801-3792, USA
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72
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Elliott T, Willis A, Cerundolo V, Townsend A. Processing of major histocompatibility class I-restricted antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1481-91. [PMID: 7699331 PMCID: PMC2191966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.4.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have introduced long precursor peptides directly into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a mutant cell line (T2-Db) that lacks the ability to transport peptides from the cytosol to the ER in a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) dependent way. This was done by expressing various influenza A-derived peptides containing the naturally processed epitope ASNENMDAM (366-374) preceded by the influenza hemagglutinin ER translocation sequence. Peptides derived from these minigenes that became associated with Db were isolated and identified by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Our results establish that NH2-terminal extensions of at least 40 residues can be trimmed from peptides entering the ER, but that proteolysis of larger proteins may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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73
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Holcombe HR, Castaño AR, Cheroutre H, Teitell M, Maher JK, Peterson PA, Kronenberg M. Nonclassical behavior of the thymus leukemia antigen: peptide transporter-independent expression of a nonclassical class I molecule. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1433-43. [PMID: 7699328 PMCID: PMC2191972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.4.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus leukemia (TL) antigen is a major histocompatibility complex-encoded nonclassical class I molecule. Here we present data demonstrating that expression of the TL antigen, unlike other class I molecules, is completely independent of the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). The TL antigen is expressed by transfected TAP-2-deficient RMA-S cells when these cells are grown at 37 degrees C. In transfected RMA cells, the kinetics of arrival of TL antigen on the cell surface are similar to those of a classical class I molecule. The kinetics are not altered in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells, demonstrating that surface TL expression in TAP-deficient cells is not due to the stable expression of a few molecules that leak out by a TAP-independent pathway. Soluble TL molecules produced by Drosophila melanogaster cells are highly resistant to thermal denaturation, unlike peptide-free classical class I molecules synthesized by these insect cells. In addition, these soluble TL molecules are devoid of detectable bound peptides. The results demonstrate that the TL antigen is capable of reaching the surface without bound peptide, although acquisition of peptide or some other ligand through a TAP-independent pathway cannot be formally excluded. We speculate that the ability of the TL antigen to reach the cell surface, under conditions in which other class I molecules do not, may be related to a specialized function of the TL molecule in the mucosal immune system, and possibly in the stimulation of intestinal gamma delta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Actins/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genetic Vectors
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Metallothionein/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Denaturation
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Holcombe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90024, USA
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74
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Rodgers JR, Mehta V, Cook RG. Surface expression of beta 2-microglobulin-associated thymus-leukemia antigen is independent of TAP2. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1001-7. [PMID: 7737270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mouse thymus-leukemia antigen (TL), like other major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-b antigens, displays signs of a specialized function. It is normally expressed at high levels on immature thymocytes and at moderate levels on gut epithelium and activated mature T cells. A promoter/enhancer region unique among class I genes accounts for this narrow range of tissue distribution. Like most other class I molecules, TL is dependent upon endogenous beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) for transport to the surface. However, here we show that unlike most other MHC class I molecules, TL is expressed efficiently in the absence of functional transporter associated with antigen processing subunit 2 (TAP2). A putative fourth TLa gene cloned from A.SL1 cells was expressed in RMA and RMA-S cells. In bulk transformants, TL expression is higher in TAP2-RMA-S cells than in wild-type RMA cells, and is not elevated by incubation at reduced temperatures or exposure to exogenous beta 2m. Analysis of immunoprecipitated molecules by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that TL is processed normally in RMA-S cells and is associated with beta 2m both intracellularly and at the cell surface. However, TL heavy chains expressed on the cell surface in the absence of TAP2 are cleaved to a predominant 38 kDa fragment, presumably the result of an altered conformation that renders TL more susceptible to proteolysis. These results suggest that while TL may normally acquire TAP2-dependent peptides, this class I-b molecule does not require them for efficient export to, and stable expression at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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75
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Steinle A, Reinhardt C, Jantzer P, Schendel DJ. In vivo expansion of HLA-B35 alloreactive T cells sharing homologous T cell receptors: evidence for maintenance of an oligoclonally dominated allospecificity by persistent stimulation with an autologous MHC/peptide complex. J Exp Med 1995; 181:503-13. [PMID: 7836907 PMCID: PMC2191865 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of alloantigens seen by T lymphocytes, in particular the role of peptides in allorecognition, has been studied intensively whereas knowledge about the in vivo emergence, diversity, and the structural basis of specificity of alloreactive T cells is very limited. Here we describe human T cell clones that recognize HLA-B35 alloantigens in a peptide-dependent manner. TCR sequence analysis revealed that several of these allospecific clones utilize homologous TCR: they all express TCRAV2S3J36C1 and TCRBV4S1J2S7C2 chains with highly related CDR3 sequences. Thus peptide-specific alloreactivity is reflected in homologous CDR3 sequences in a manner similar to that described for T cells that recognize nominal peptide/self-MHC complexes. The in vivo frequency of this TCR specificity was studied in unstimulated PBL of the responding cell donor who was not sensitized against HLA-B35. The vast majority (approximately 75%) of the VA2S3J36 junctional regions obtained from two samples of PBL, isolated at a 9-yr interval, encode CDR3 identical or homologous to those of the functionally characterized HLA-B35 allospecific T cells. These data are most easily explained by a model of alloreactivity in which persistent or recurrent exposure to a foreign peptide/self-MHC complex led to the in vivo expansion and long-term maintenance of specific T cells that show fortuitous crossrecognition of an HLA-B35/peptide complex and dominate the alloresponse against HLA-B35.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinle
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
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76
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Martien van Santen H, Woolsey A, Rickardt PG, Van Kaer L, Baas EJ, Berns A, Tonegawa S, Ploegh HL. Increase in positive selection of CD8+ T cells in TAP1-mutant mice by human beta 2-microglobulin transgene. J Exp Med 1995; 181:787-92. [PMID: 7836931 PMCID: PMC2191882 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.2.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice harboring a deletion of the gene encoding the transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP1) are impaired in providing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with peptides of cytosolic origin and lack stable MHC class I cell surface expression. They consequently have a strongly reduced number of CD8+ T cells. To examine whether selection of CD8+ T cells is dependent on TAP-dependent peptides, we partially restored MHC class I cell surface expression in TAP1-deficient mice by introduction of human beta 2-microglobulin. We show that selection of functional CD8+ T cells can be augmented in vivo in the absence of TAP1-dependent peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Martien van Santen
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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77
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Nössner E, Parham P. Species-specific differences in chaperone interaction of human and mouse major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. J Exp Med 1995; 181:327-37. [PMID: 7807012 PMCID: PMC2191818 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.1.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that immature mouse class I molecules transiently associate with a resident endoplasmic reticulum protein of 88 kD that has been proposed to act as a chaperone for class I assembly. Subsequently, this protein was demonstrated to be identical to calnexin and to associate with immature forms of the T cell receptor complex, immunoglobulin, and human class I HLA heavy chains. In this paper we define further the interaction of human class I HLA heavy chains with chaperone proteins and find key differences with the complexes observed in the mouse system. First, calnexin and immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP) both associate with immature HLA class I heavy chains. The two chaperones are not found within the same molecular complex, suggesting that calnexin and BiP do not interact simultaneously with the same HLA class I heavy chain. Second, only free HLA class I heavy chains, and not beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m)-associated heavy chains are found associated with the chaperones. Indeed, addition of free beta 2m in vitro induces dissociation of chaperone-class I HLA heavy chain complexes. The kinetics for dissociation of the class I HLA heavy chain-chaperone complexes and for formation of the class I HLA heavy chain-beta 2m complex display a reciprocity that suggests the interactions with chaperone and beta 2m are mutually exclusive. Mouse class I heavy chains expressed in human cells exhibit the mouse pattern of interaction with human chaperones and human beta 2m and not the human pattern, showing the difference in behavior is purely a function of the class I heavy chain sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nössner
- Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University, California 94305
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78
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Connolly JM. The peptide p2Ca is immunodominant in allorecognition of Ld by beta chain variable region V beta 8+ but not V beta 8- strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11482-6. [PMID: 7972088 PMCID: PMC45255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An explanation for the vigorous allograft rejection that results from the recognition by CD8+ T cells of allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules has long eluded immunologists. Recent evidence has demonstrated that alloreactivity involves recognition of both the allogeneic MHC molecule and its associated peptide ligand, suggesting the current theory that the strength of the allogeneic response results from the participation of numerous peptides. However, I report here that a single peptide, p2Ca, is immunodominant in allorecognition of the murine MHC class I molecule H-2Ld. The majority of Ld-alloreactive T-cell clones are specific for Ld-p2Ca and this immunodominance is not due to peptide cross-reactivity. Generation of Ld-alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a strain tolerant to p2Ca did not affect the peptide immunodominance, demonstrating that tolerance to p2Ca is MHC-restricted. The p2Ca-specific clones express beta chain variable region V beta 8 T-cell receptors, however, Ld-alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in V beta 8- mice are not dominated by recognition of p2Ca, suggesting that the T-cell receptor repertoire is a factor in determining peptide immunodominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Connolly
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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79
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Sykulev Y, Brunmark A, Tsomides TJ, Kageyama S, Jackson M, Peterson PA, Eisen HN. High-affinity reactions between antigen-specific T-cell receptors and peptides associated with allogeneic and syngeneic major histocompatibility complex class I proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11487-91. [PMID: 7972089 PMCID: PMC45256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that the intrinsic affinities of the antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) of two unrelated CD8+ T-cell clones for their respective peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands are higher than the values generally thought to prevail for TCR. The TCR of one clone (2C) binds an allogeneic class I MHC protein (Ld) in association with an alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase nonapeptide (QLSPFPFDL, termed QL9) with an intrinsic affinity (intrinsic equilibrium association constant) of 1-2 x 10(7) M-1. The TCR of the other clone (4G3) binds a syngeneic class I MHC protein (Kb) in association with an ovalbumin octapeptide (SIINFEKL, termed pOV8) with an intrinsic affinity of 1.5 x 10(6) M-1. A comparison of the two clones, combined with current views of T-cell repertoire selection in the thymus, leads us to propose that TCR affinities are generally likely to be higher for allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes than for syngeneic MHC-peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sykulev
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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80
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Fleischhauer K, Avila D, Vilbois F, Traversari C, Bordignon C, Wallny HJ. Characterization of natural peptide ligands for HLA-B*4402 and -B*4403: implications for peptide involvement in allorecognition of a single amino acid change in the HLA-B44 heavy chain. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1994; 44:311-7. [PMID: 7878657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the characterization of endogenous peptides associated with the two major subtypes of HLA-B44. The two subtypes differ for a single amino acid substitution from Asp (HLA-B*4402) to Leu (HLA-B*4403) in position 156 of the alpha 2 domain, causing strong alloreactivity in vivo. In order to study the involvement of peptides in this phenomenon, the peptide motifs of the two subtypes were determined from natural peptide pools using Edman degradation. The motif was found to be essentially identical for HLA-B*4402 and -B*4403, with a strong predominance for Glu at position 2, Tyr or Phe at positions 9 and 10 and hydrophobic residues, especially Met, at position 3. Two individual naturally processed ligands of HLA-B*4403 were sequenced and shown to be derived from intracellularly expressed proteins found in protein sequence databases. The sequence of these natural peptide ligands conform well to the determined motif. These data will allow the prediction of HLA-B44 restricted peptide epitopes from viral and tumor antigens of known amino acid sequences. Moreover, they indicate that the peptide repertoire presented by HLA-B*4402 and -B*4403 is very similar, suggesting that the strong alloresponse between these two subtypes is not due to presentation of a different set of self peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fleischhauer
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology (DIBIT), Istituto Scientifico H.S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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81
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Hedley ML, Urban RG, Strominger JL. Assembly and peptide binding of major histocompatibility complex class II heterodimers in an in vitro translation system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:10479-83. [PMID: 7937979 PMCID: PMC45044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro transcription/translation of HLA-DR1 cDNAs in the presence of microsomal membranes was used to study the association of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules with peptide and invariant chain (Ii) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). HLA-DR alpha and HLA-DR beta subunits assembled into SDS-unstable heterodimers in the absence of exogenous peptide. The inclusion of synthetic peptides during the alpha/beta assembly process promoted their conversion to SDS-resistant heterodimers. Addition of Ii RNA during the translation of HLA-DR alpha and HLA-DR beta RNAs resulted in the formation of alpha/beta/Ii complexes. Peptide binding by class II molecules was detected even when excess Ii was present during alpha/beta assembly. These findings indicate that peptides can bind alpha/beta heterodimers in the ER microenvironment and suggest that peptides derived from cytosolic proteins that are presented by class II molecules at the cell surface may have bound to HLA-DR in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hedley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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82
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Phosphatase inhibitors block in vivo binding of peptides to class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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83
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Dutz JP, Tsomides TJ, Kageyama S, Rasmussen MH, Eisen HN. A cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone can recognize the same naturally occurring self peptide in association with a self and nonself class I MHC protein. Mol Immunol 1994; 31:967-75. [PMID: 8084337 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The alloreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone 2C was previously shown to recognize complexes made up of the class I MHC (MHC-I) molecule Ld and an octapeptide (LSPFPFDL, termed p2Ca) isolated from tissues of H-2d mice. Because peptide p2Ca has also been found in BALB.B (H-2b) mice, the strain from which clone 2C originated, the question arises as to whether these T cells can recognize peptide p2Ca in association with a self MHC protein of the H-2b haplotype. Here we show that 2C CTL do indeed recognize peptide p2Ca in association with Kb on the surface of H-2b cells or on transfected cells expressing Kb, but that an approximately 1000-fold higher concentration of this peptide is required to sensitize Kb+ than Ld+ target cells for lysis by 2C cells. However, the peptide's binding to Kb was not much weaker than to Ld, with only an approximately 10-fold difference in the respective equilibrium constants. These results predict that the T cell receptor (TcR) of clone 2C has a much lower intrinsic affinity for p2Ca-Kb complexes than for p2Ca-Ld complexes, and they provide some quantitative limits on the requirements for triggering T cell-mediated autoimmune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dutz
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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84
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Zhou X, Momburg F, Liu T, Abdel Motal UM, Jondal M, Hämmerling GJ, Ljunggren HG. Presentation of viral antigens restricted by H-2Kb, Db or Kd in proteasome subunit LMP2- and LMP7-deficient cells. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1863-8. [PMID: 8056044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC(, four genes implicated in MHC class I-mediated antigen processing have been described. Two genes (TAP1 and TAP2) code for multimembrane-spanning ATP-binding transporter proteins and two genes (LMP2 and LMP7) code for subunits of the proteasome. While TAP1 and TAP2 have been shown to transport antigenic peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum, where the peptides associate with MHC class I molecules, the role of LMP2/7 in antigen presentation is less clear. Using antigen processing mutant T2 cells that lack TAP1/2 and LMP2/7 genes, it was recently shown that expression of TAP1/2 alone was sufficient for processing and presentation of the influenza matrix protein M1 as well as the minor histocompatibility antigen HA-2 by HLA-A2. To understand if presentation of a broader range of viral antigens occurs in the absence of LMP2/7, we transfected T2 cells with TAP1, TAP2 and either of the H-2Kb, Db or Kd genes and tested their ability to present vesicular stomatitis vires and influenza virus antigens to virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We found that T2 cells, expressing TAP1/2 gene products, presented all tested viral antigens restricted through either the H-2Kb, Db or Kd class I molecules. We conclude that the proteasome subunits LMP2/7 as well as other gene products in the MHC class II region, except from TAP1/2, are not generally necessary for presentation of a broader panel of viral antigens to cytotoxic T cells. However, the present results do not exclude that LMP2/7 in a more subtle way may, or in rare cases completely, affect processing of antigen for presentation by MHC class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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85
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Knall C, Ingold A, Potter TA. Analysis of coreceptor versus accessory molecule function of CD8 as a correlate of exogenous peptide concentration. Mol Immunol 1994; 31:875-83. [PMID: 8065371 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Substitution in the alpha 3 domain of class I molecules can ablate the recognition of target cells by CD8 dependent cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This effect has been attributed to a destruction of the CD8 alpha binding site on the class I molecule, a hypothesis which is consistent with results obtained in conjugate binding assays. To assess the relative contribution to CTL activation of CD8 functioning as either a coreceptor or an accessory molecule, we have compared the ability of H-2Kb ovalbumin reactive CTL to lyse M12.C3 or T2 cells transfected with an H-2Kb gene encoding a wild type or mutant (CD8 nonbinding) alpha 3 domain. To establish that the substitution in the alpha 3 domain does not alter the ability of the H-2Kb molecule to bind the antigenic peptide, we have compared the binding of the ovalbumin derived H-2Kb restricted peptide (SIINFEKL) to T2 cells expressing either the CD8 binding or the CD8 nonbinding form of H-2Kb. This peptide conjugated with FITC bound equally well to T2 cells expressing either form of H-2Kb. Upon binding of this peptide, both forms of the H-2Kb molecule underwent the same conformational change as revealed by increases in the expression of particular serological epitopes. Furthermore, inhibition of the binding of the SIINFEKL peptide to both the wild type and mutant H-2Kb was observed following pretreatment of the cells with similar amounts of other H-2Kb restricted peptides derived from Sendai and Vesicular Stomatitis viruses. When the transfected M12 cells were tested for their ability to serve as targets for an anti-H-2Kb ovalbumin CTL clone, cells expressing the mutant H-2Kb molecule required the addition of 100-fold more exogenous peptide than did cells expressing the wild type molecule in order to obtain significant lysis. These data strengthen the previous hypothesis that CD8 functions much more efficiently as a coreceptor than as an accessory molecule for T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Knall
- Division of Basic Immunology, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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86
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Ortmann B, Androlewicz MJ, Cresswell P. MHC class I/beta 2-microglobulin complexes associate with TAP transporters before peptide binding. Nature 1994; 368:864-7. [PMID: 8159247 DOI: 10.1038/368864a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules bind antigenic peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transport them to the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The peptides are predominantly generated from cytoplasmic proteins, probably by the action of the multicatalytic proteinase complex, or proteasome. They are transported into the ER by the transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP), a complex formed from two subunits, TAP.1 and TAP.2 (refs 3-5). Here we show that the TAP molecules are intimately involved in the assembly of the class I/beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) peptide complex. Free class I heavy chains are associated in the ER with the chaperone calnexin. In human B-cell lines, however, class I/beta 2m dimers in the ER are physically associated with TAP molecules rather than calnexin. Our results suggest that calnexin mediates class I/beta 2m dimerization, and subsequent binding of the dimers to TAP molecules facilitates their association with TAP-transported peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ortmann
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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87
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Sykulev Y, Brunmark A, Jackson M, Cohen RJ, Peterson PA, Eisen HN. Kinetics and affinity of reactions between an antigen-specific T cell receptor and peptide-MHC complexes. Immunity 1994; 1:15-22. [PMID: 7889394 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We show here that the net rate of accumulation of complexes formed by the antigen-specific receptor of T cells (TCR) of a T cell clone with its natural ligand, an octapeptide in association with Ld, a class I protein of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), approaches the maximal value determined by the affinity of the TCR for this peptide-MHC ligand in 1-2 min, which is well within the lifetime of transient T cell-target cell conjugates. Consistent with this finding, we also found that the widely divergent affinity values (equilibrium constants) of this TCR for six related peptide-MHC complexes correlate well with the extent of specific lysis of target cells bearing various level of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sykulev
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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88
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Pedersen LO, Hansen AS, Olsen AC, Gerwien J, Nissen MH, Buus S. The interaction between beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and purified class-I major histocompatibility (MHC) antigen. Scand J Immunol 1994; 39:64-72. [PMID: 8290894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The function of MHC class-I molecules is to sample peptides from the intracellular environment and present them to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To understand the molecular details of the assembly (and disassembly) of peptide-beta 2m-class-I complexes a biochemical peptide-class-I binding assay has been generated recently and this paper reports on a similar assay for the interaction between beta 2m and class I. As a model system human beta 2m binding to mouse class I was used. The assay is strictly biochemical using purified reagents which interact in solution and complex formation is determined by size separation. It is specific and highly sensitive. The observed affinity of the interaction, KD, is close to 0.4 nM. The rate of association at 37 degrees C is very fast (the ka is around 5 x 10(4)/M/s) whereas the dissociation is slow (the kd is around 8 x 10(-6)/s); the ratio of dissociation to association yields a calculated KD close to the observed value. At 37 degrees C almost all of the purified class I participates in binding of the exogenously offered beta 2m showing that a considerable exchange of the endogenous beta 2m occurs. Finally, it was demonstrated that exogenous beta 2m enhances binding to MHC class-I of short perfectly-matching peptides as well as longer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Pedersen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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89
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Hogquist KA, Grandea AG, Bevan MJ. Peptide variants reveal how antibodies recognize major histocompatibility complex class I. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:3028-36. [PMID: 8223880 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TcR) on CD8+ T lymphocytes recognizes a complex which consists of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chain, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), and peptide on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Mutational analyses have suggested that the TcR recognizes both the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of the heavy chain as well as the peptide. In light of this, it is of interest to know to what extent the heavy chain domains take on distinct conformations when bound to individual peptides. It has recently been shown that antibodies which recognize the Kb MHC complex are sensitive to which peptides are bound in the groove. We have extended this analysis to include eight Kb-specific antibodies, seven of which are peptide sensitive. These antibodies, all of which are allo-antibodies, recognize Kb-bearing cells which, it is now appreciated, have a highly heterogeneous mix of self peptides presented in their grooves. We show that these self peptides also can affect antibody binding. It has been suggested that peptides alter the conformation of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of the heavy chain and that this in turn affects the recognition of Kb by antibody. An alternative hypothesis is that solvent-exposed peptide side chains may prevent the antibody from binding the complex. Using a panel of 128 single-amino acid variants of a Kb-binding antigenic peptide from ovalbumin we show that for most Kb-specific antibodies, the second idea is more likely. Those variants which prevent antibody binding are at solvent exposed positions, and in general, the bulkier the side chain, the greater the inhibition of antibody binding. However, in the case of two antibodies, 100.30 and 34.4.20, the peptide residues which affect antibody recognition are buried, suggesting that these antibodies see an alternate conformation of the peptide/MHC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hogquist
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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90
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Franksson L, Petersson M, Kiessling R, Kärre K. Immunization against tumor and minor histocompatibility antigens by eluted cellular peptides loaded on antigen processing defective cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2606-13. [PMID: 8405061 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Material eluted from RMA lymphoma or B6 spleen cells under acid conditions was fractionated by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and tested for ability to restore the sensitivity to cytotoxic T lymphocytes of the processing/presentation defective mutant line RMA-S. This allowed identification of three fractions (termed M1, M2 and M3) carrying B6 antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) elicited across the minor histocompatibility barrier A.BY anti-B6 (both H-2b) and one fraction (termed T1) carrying a tumor antigen recognized by B6 anti-RMA CTL. By parallel runs of material from cell lysates over major histocompatibility complex class I affinity columns, the M2 and M3 antigens were defined as Kb restricted, and M1 and T1 as Db restricted. Isolated fractions loaded onto RMA-S cells could be used to prime anti-minor histocompatibility antigen and tumor CTL in vivo. They could also be used for in vitro restimulation of spleen cells from mice that had been primed either by antigen-loaded RMA-S, or by wild-type RMA tumor cells and B6 splenocytes. The CTL generated by these methods were specific for the loading antigen, and they also recognized the antigen on the "physiological" target, i.e. RMA or B6 lymphoblasts. This system based on RMA-S as an immunization and target antigen reporter cell may be used for dissection of complex CTL responses, e.g. in studies of clonal composition and epitope dominance, or for studies of tumors that are poor stimulators of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franksson
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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91
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Androlewicz MJ, Anderson KS, Cresswell P. Evidence that transporters associated with antigen processing translocate a major histocompatibility complex class I-binding peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum in an ATP-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:9130-4. [PMID: 8415666 PMCID: PMC47515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the putative peptide transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP) by using a permeabilized-cell system. The main objective was to determine whether these molecules, which bear homology to the ATP-binding cassette family of transporters, translocate antigenic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane for assembly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and beta 2-microglobulin light chain. The pore-forming toxin streptolysin O was used to generate permeabilized cells, and peptide translocation was determined by measuring the amount of added radiolabeled peptide bound to endogenous class I molecules. No radiolabeled peptide was associated with MHC class I glycoproteins from unpermeabilized cells. We found that efficient peptide binding to MHC class I molecules in permeabilized cells is both transporter dependent and ATP dependent. In antigen-processing mutant cells lacking a functional transporter, uptake occurs only through a less-efficient transporter and ATP-independent pathway. In addition, short peptides (8-10 amino acids) known to bind MHC class I molecules compete efficiently with a radiolabeled peptide for TAP-dependent translocation, whereas longer peptides and a peptide derived from an endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence do not compete efficiently. This result indicates that the optimal substrates for TAP possess the characteristics of MHC-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Androlewicz
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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92
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Zhou X, Glas R, Liu T, Ljunggren HG, Jondal M. Antigen processing mutant T2 cells present viral antigen restricted through H-2Kb. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1802-8. [PMID: 8393799 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize foreign antigens as short peptides presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). T2 cells are profoundly defective in the presentation of endogenously synthesized antigens to CTL due to a deletion of MHC class II-encoded genes for transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP1/TAP2). Surprisingly, we here demonstrate that T2 cells, after infection with Sendai virus, are readily killed by H-2Kb restricted CD8+ T cells. In contrast to classical class I-mediated antigen presentation, the presentation of Sendai virus antigen in T2Kb cells is brefeldin A (BFA) insensitive. The present findings may suggest the presence of an alternative pathway for MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation in T2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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93
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Bijlmakers MJ, Neefjes JJ, Wojcik-Jacobs EH, Ploegh HL. The assembly of H2-Kb class I molecules translated in vitro requires oxidized glutathione and peptide. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1305-13. [PMID: 8500526 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Association of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain H2-Kb with mouse beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) was studied in an in vitro translation system. Formation of stable class I complexes was found to be dependent on the presence of presentable peptides and oxidized glutathione, which promotes the formation of disulfide bridges. Translocation of peptides into microsomes was demonstrated by showing that a radioiodinated peptide containing an N-glycosylation acceptor site became glycosylated. Class I complex formation was observed only when heavy chains and beta 2m were translated simultaneously, and thus occurs in the microsomes and not after their solubilization. However, peptide binding takes place only after solubilization of the microsomes. The class I complexes translated in vitro show the same specificity and length preference for peptides as their counterparts in RMA-S cells. Assembly of in vitro translated class I complexes was found to occur also in the absence of peptides, resulting in the formation of unstable molecules that are stabilized by incubation with peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bijlmakers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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94
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Yewdell JW, Esquivel F, Arnold D, Spies T, Eisenlohr LC, Bennink JR. Presentation of numerous viral peptides to mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T lymphocytes is mediated by the human MHC-encoded transporter or by a hybrid mouse-human transporter. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1785-90. [PMID: 8496691 PMCID: PMC2191053 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.6.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex-encoded transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is required for the efficient presentation of cytosolic antigens to class I-restricted T cells. TAP is thought to be formed by the interaction of two gene products, termed TAP1 and TAP2. We find that TAPs consisting either of human subunits, or mouse TAP1 and human TAP2, facilitate the presentation of numerous defined viral peptides to mouse class I-restricted T cells. As human and mouse TAP2 and TAP1 differ in 23 and 28% of their residues, respectively, this indicates that TAP1 and TAP2 can form a functional complex with partners considerably different from those they coevolved with. Moreover, these findings indicate that widely disparate TAPs facilitate delivery of the same peptides to class I molecules. These findings suggest that TAP polymorphism does not greatly influence the types of peptides presented to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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95
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Chen W, Carbone FR, McCluskey J. Electroporation and commercial liposomes efficiently deliver soluble protein into the MHC class I presentation pathway. Priming in vitro and in vivo for class I-restricted recognition of soluble antigen. J Immunol Methods 1993; 160:49-57. [PMID: 7680698 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90007-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated following delivery of soluble antigen mixed with commercial liposomes or by electroporation of soluble protein into target cells. Splenic antigen presenting cells (APC) and transfected L cell lines were sensitised for recognition by OVA-specific, class I-restricted T hybridomas when antigen was introduced by either method into live cells. Delivery of soluble OVA by both electroporation and commercial liposomes proved more efficient than osmotic loading in sensitising for class I presentation. OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were effectively primed in naive mice following reinjection of spleen cells pulsed with soluble OVA encapsulated by liposomes or electroporated in vitro. These CTL recognised the well defined OVA257-264 determinant in association with H-2Kb and were derived under conditions where CTL activity obtained from cross priming by soluble OVA alone was undetectable. In addition, using electroporation and commercial liposomes, the loading of APC for OVA recognition required intact MHC-linked antigen presentation genes deleted in the T2-Kb cell line. Antigen delivery to APC by electroporation and commercial liposomes provides a simple and efficient way of studying class I-restricted T cell recognition of soluble protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
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96
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Srivastava PK. Peptide-binding heat shock proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum: role in immune response to cancer and in antigen presentation. Adv Cancer Res 1993; 62:153-77. [PMID: 8109317 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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97
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Glas R, Franksson L, Ohlén C, Höglund P, Koller B, Ljunggren HG, Kärre K. Major histocompatibility complex class I-specific and -restricted killing of beta 2-microglobulin-deficient cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:11381-5. [PMID: 1454824 PMCID: PMC50554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, normally composed of a heavy chain, a beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), and peptide antigens. beta 2m is considered essential for the assembly and intracellular transport of MHC class I molecules as well as their peptide presentation to CTLs. Contrary to this dogma, we now report the generation of allospecific and restricted CD8+ and TCR alpha beta+ CTLs (where TCR is T-cell receptor) capable of killing beta 2m-deficient cells. Such CTLs were obtained by priming mice with live allogeneic beta 2m- spleen cells or mutant lymphoma cells producing MHC class I protein but no detectable beta 2m. Although both beta 2m- and beta 2m-expressing lymphoma cells were rejected in allogeneic mice, only the former were efficient inducers of CTLs recognizing beta 2m- cells. These CTLs were MHC class I (H-2Kb or Db)-specific and CD8-dependent and did not require serum as a source of external beta 2m in the culture. They could be induced across major and minor histocompatibility barriers. The H-2-restricted CTLs generated in the latter case failed to kill the antigen-processing-deficient target RMA-S cells. The results show that MHC class I heavy chains in beta 2m- cells can be transported to the cell surface and act as antigens or antigen-presenting molecules to allospecific and MHC-restricted CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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98
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Tuchscherer G, Servis C, Corradin G, Blum U, Rivier J, Mutter M. Total chemical synthesis, characterization, and immunological properties of an MHC class I model using the TASP concept for protein de novo design. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1377-86. [PMID: 1303755 PMCID: PMC2142092 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560011017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, total chemical synthesis, and immunological properties of a four-alpha-helix bundle template-assembled synthetic protein (TASP) mimicking some of the structural features of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is described. In a first approach, the native sequence 58-74 of the alpha 1 heavy chain domain of HLA-A2 was modeled in order to increase helix stability and amphiphilicity of the 17-mer peptide, preserving the residues for potential T-cell receptor (TcR) binding properties. According to the TASP concept, these helical segments were covalently attached to a cyclic template molecule designed for the induction of a four-helix-bundle topology of the assembled peptide blocks. After extensive HPLC purification, stepwise solid-phase synthesis resulted in a TASP molecule of high chemical purity as demonstrated by analytical HPLC, mass spectrometry, and amino acid analysis. CD spectroscopic investigations are consistent with the onset of a partial alpha-helical conformation in aqueous buffer as well as in TFE. Antibodies raised directly against this four-alpha-helix bundle TASP molecule (without prior conjugation to a carrier molecule) were detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry studies showed that these antibodies recognize the native MHC class I molecule on the surface of HLA-A2-positive cells. The results indicate that the TASP approach represents a versatile tool for mimicking conformational epitopes.
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99
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Cerundolo V, Elliott T, Elvin J, Bastin J, Townsend A. Association of the human invariant chain with H-2 Db class I molecules. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:2243-8. [PMID: 1516617 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe two proteins of 24 kDa and 33 kDa (p24 and p33) which associate with H-2 Kb and H-2 Db molecules, respectively, in human cells transfected with H-2 Kb and H-2 Db genes. This association is particularly clear in the mutant cell line T2, in which association of endogenous peptide with newly synthesized class I molecules may not occur (V. Cerundolo et al., Nature 1990. 345: 449). We show that p33 is the 33-kDa form of the human invariant chain which is resident in the endoplasmic reticulum of T2 cells (P. Cresswell, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989. LIV:309). The stability of the invariant chain H-2 Db complex is critically dependent upon occupation of the class I binding site by peptide ligand. In the absence of peptide, the complex is stable at 4 degrees C whereas following exposure to peptide, the invariant chain dissociates rapidly from H-2 Db molecules (half-life of 30 min at 4 degrees C). Although the interaction between the human invariant chain and murine H-2 Db is unlikely to have any functional significance, the peptide-induced dissociation of the invariant chain is consistent with a conformational change in H-2 Db on peptide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cerundolo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Headington, Oxford, GB
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Baas EJ, van Santen HM, Kleijmeer MJ, Geuze HJ, Peters PJ, Ploegh HL. Peptide-induced stabilization and intracellular localization of empty HLA class I complexes. J Exp Med 1992; 176:147-56. [PMID: 1613456 PMCID: PMC2119279 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cell line T2 has been reported to be class I assembly deficient, and accordingly expresses reduced amounts of HLA-A2 and no HLA-B5 at the cell surface. By immunoblotting we observe the steady-state class I heavy chain levels of T2 to be near normal when compared with the identical class I alleles of the wild-type cell line T1. In pulse chase experiments, formation of heavy chain beta 2-microglobulin complexes is observed for both HLA-A2 and HLA-B5. Culture at reduced temperatures (26 or 20 degrees C) does not increase the amount of class I molecules transported, unlike what has been reported for the class I assembly-deficient mouse mutant cell line RMA-S. The HLA-B5 and the HLA-A2 complexes formed by T2 are thermolabile in cell lysates, albeit to different degrees. The thermolability of HLA-B5 can be overcome by addition of HLA-B5-presentable peptides, obtained by trifluoroacetic acid extraction from an HLA-B5-positive cell line, underlining the necessity of peptide for class I stability and indicating that T2-derived class I complexes are devoid of peptide. Cytoplast fusion of T2 cells with RMA-S cells shows the defect in class I assembly of RMA-S to be similar to that of T2. Localization of class I molecules observed by immuno-electron microscopy reveals the accumulation in the T2 cell line of both HLA-B5 and HLA-A2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Class I molecules are present in all the cisternae of the Golgi complex of T2, but the ratio of HLA-A and -B locus products in the Golgi area differs significantly from that at the cell surface. We conclude that the requirement for peptide in transport of class I molecules manifests itself at a stage beyond the ER, most likely the Golgi area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Baas
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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