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Kakimoto T, Okada K, Hirohashi Y, Relator R, Kawai M, Iguchi T, Fujitaka K, Nishio M, Kato T, Fukunari A, Utsumi H. Automated image analysis of a glomerular injury marker desmin in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats treated with losartan. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:43-51. [PMID: 24781258 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication in diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Glomerular podocytes are functionally and structurally injured early in diabetic nephropathy. A non-obese type 2 diabetes model, the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rat, is of increasing preclinical interest because of its pathophysiological similarities to human type 2 diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy. However, podocyte injury in SDT rat glomeruli and the effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment in the early stage have not been reported in detail. Therefore, we have evaluated early stages of glomerular podocyte damage and the beneficial effect of early treatment with losartan in SDT rats using desmin as a sensitive podocyte injury marker. Moreover, we have developed an automated, computational glomerulus recognition method and illustrated its specific application for quantitatively studying glomerular desmin immunoreactivity. This state-of-the-art method enabled automatic recognition and quantification of glomerular desmin-positive areas, eliminating the need to laboriously trace glomerulus borders by hand. The image analysis method not only enabled assessment of a large number of glomeruli, but also clearly demonstrated that glomerular injury was more severe in the juxtamedullary region than in the superficial cortex region. This applied not only in SDT rat diabetic nephropathy but also in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephropathy, which was also studied. The proposed glomerulus image analysis method combined with desmin immunohistochemistry should facilitate evaluations in preclinical drug efficacy studies as well as elucidation of the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kakimoto
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Kinya Okada
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirohashi
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Raissa Relator
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Mizue Kawai
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Taku Iguchi
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujitaka
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishio
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunari
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Utsumi
- Safety Research LaboratoriesAdvanced Medical Research LaboratoriesResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, JapanFaculty of Science and EngineeringGunma University, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, JapanPharmacology Research Laboratories IIResearch Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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Zou J, Yue XY, Zheng SC, Zhang G, Chang H, Liao YC, Zhang Y, Xue MQ, Qi Z. Cholesterol modulates function of connexin 43 gap junction channel via PKC pathway in H9c2 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2019-25. [PMID: 24780378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that cholesterol modulates activity of protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC phosphorylates connexin 43 (Cx43) to regulate its function, respectively. However, it is not known whether cholesterol modulates function of Cx43 through regulating activity of PKC. In the present study, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment reduced the dye transfer ability of Cx43 in cultured H9c2 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that cholesterol enrichment enhanced the phosphorylated state of Cx43. Immunofluorescent images showed that cholesterol enrichment made the Cx43 distribution from condensed to diffused manner in the interface between the cells. In cholesterol enriched cells, PKC antagonists partially restored the dye transfer ability among the cells, downregulated the phosphorylation of Cx43 and redistributed Cx43 from the diffused manner to the condensed manner in the cell interface. In addition, reduction of cholesterol level suppressed PKC activity to phosphorylate Cx43 and restored Cx43 function in PKC agonist-treated cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment upregulated the phosphorylated state of Cx43 at Ser368, while PKC antagonists reversed the effect. Taken together, cholesterol level in the cells plays important roles in regulating Cx43 function through activation of the PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Zheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China; Xiamen Heart Center, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - He Chang
- Xiamen Heart Center, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yan-Chun Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mao-Qiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Zhang W, Zhang L, Chen YX, Xie YY, Zou YF, Zhang MJ, Gao YH, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Huang QH, Chen N. Identification of nestin as a urinary biomarker for acute kidney injury. Am J Nephrol 2014; 39:110-21. [PMID: 24503548 DOI: 10.1159/000358260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients and the incidence of AKI is rapidly increasing. Despite the advances in treatment of AKI, many patients still progress to end-stage renal disease and depend on dialysis. Therefore, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of AKI could improve prognosis. METHODS We established rat models of AKI induced by cisplatin nephrotoxicity and renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Urine samples were collected, labeled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification agents, and then subjected to nano-LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis. Results of the proteomic study were confirmed by Western blot. We also performed RNAi to silence nestin and investigate its role in renal I/R injury. We then validated its clinical application by studying urine nestin levels in AKI patients with cardiovascular surgeries. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis showed that fetuin-A, nestin, hamartin and T-kininogen were differentially expressed in the urine samples of rats after cisplatin or I/R treatment. Western blot confirmed the differential expression of these proteins in animal models and ELISA confirmed the differential expression of nestin in human urine samples. To explore the expression of nestin in the development of AKI, our results showed that nestin was primarily detected in the glomeruli and barely detected in tubular cells but increased in tubular cells during I/R- and cisplatin-induced AKI. The urine nestin-to-creatinine ratio increased earlier than serum creatinine in AKI patients with postcardiovascular surgeries. The role of nestin in AKI might be related to the p53 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results demonstrated that urinary nestin could be a urinary biomarker for patients with AKI and its role in AKI might be related to the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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May CJ, Saleem M, Welsh GI. Podocyte dedifferentiation: a specialized process for a specialized cell. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 25324828 PMCID: PMC4181233 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte is one of the two cell types that contribute to the formation of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). It is a highly specialized cell with a unique structure. The key feature of the podocyte is its foot processes that regularly interdigitate. A structure known as the slit diaphragm can be found bridging the interdigitations. This molecular sieve comprises the final layer of the GFB. It is well accepted that the podocyte is the target cell in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, the GFB no longer restricts the passage of macromolecules and protein is lost into the urine. A number of phenotypic and morphological changes are seen in the diseased podocyte and in the literature these have been described as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, there is a growing appreciation that this term does not accurately describe the changes that are seen. Definitions of type-2 EMT are based on typical epithelial cells. While the podocyte is known as a visceral epithelial cell, it is not a typical epithelial cell. Moreover, podocytes have several features that are more consistent with mesenchymal cells. Therefore, we suggest that the term podocyte disease transformation is more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl James May
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Carl James May, Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK e-mail:
| | - Moin Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Omran OM. Effects of Thymoquinone on STZ-induced Diabetic Nephropathy: An Immunohistochemical Study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 38:26-33. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.830166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Miura K, Kurihara H, Horita S, Chikamoto H, Hattori M, Harita Y, Tsurumi H, Kajiho Y, Sawada Y, Sasaki S, Igarashi T, Kunishima S, Sekine T. Podocyte expression of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-IIA decreases in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, especially in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2993-3003. [PMID: 24042022 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified significant associations between the development of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and MYH9 encoding nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-IIA (NMMHC-IIA). However, these studies focused only on the linkage of MYH9 polymorphisms and development of FSGS. There have been no reports on pathological changes of NMMHC-IIA in human glomerular diseases. Here we report on the precise localization of NMMHC-IIA in podocytes and changes in NMMHC-IIA expression in pathological states in rats and humans. METHODS Immunocytochemical (immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy) studies were performed to determine the precise localization of NMMHC-IIA. Expression levels of NMMHC-IIA were investigated in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated rats; and expression levels of NMMHC-IIA and other podocyte-related proteins were investigated in glomeruli of patients with idiopathic FSGS and other heavy proteinuric glomerular diseases. RESULTS NMMHC-IIA was located primarily at the cell body and primary processes of podocytes; this localization is distinct from other podocyte-related molecules causing hereditary FSGS. In PAN-treated rat kidneys, expression levels of NMMHC-IIA in podocytes decreased. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that expression levels of NMMHC-IIA markedly decreased in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, especially FSGS, whereas it did not change in other chronic glomerulonephritis showing apparent proteinuria. Changes in NMMHC-IIA expression were observed in glomeruli where expression of nephrin and synaptopodin was maintained. CONCLUSIONS Considering previous genome-wide association studies and development of FSGS in patients with MYH9 mutations, the characteristic localization of NMMHC-IIA and the specific decrease in NMMHC-IIA expression in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, especially FSGS, suggest the important role of NMMHC-IIA in the development of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi I, Onoda N, Saito T, Myojo K, Imaizumi M, Takada C, Kimoto N, Takaba K, Yamate J. Differential renal glomerular changes induced by 5/6 nephrectomization between common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) and rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:667-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsotakos NE, Sagnou M, Kotsopoulou ES, Tsilibary EC, Drossopoulou GI. Glucose-induced gradual phenotypic modulation of cultured human glomerular epithelial cells may be independent of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1). BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 23768159 PMCID: PMC3686613 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal podocytes form the main filtration barrier possessing a unique phenotype maintained by proteins including podocalyxin and nephrin, the expression of which is suppressed in pathological conditions. We used an in vitro model of human glomerular epithelial cells (HGEC) to investigate the role of high glucose in dysregulating the podocytic epithelial phenotype and determined the time needed for this change to occur. Results In our in vitro podocyte system changes indicating podocyte dedifferentiation in the prolonged presence of high glucose included loss of podocalyxin, nephrin and CD10/CALLA concomitant with upregulation of mesenchymal vimentin. Our study demonstrates for the first time that podocyte-specific markers undergo changes of expression at different time intervals, since glucose-mediated podocalyxin downregulation is a progressive process that precedes downregulation of nephrin expression. Finally we demonstrate that high glucose permanently impaired WT1 binding to the podocalyxin gene promoter region but did not affect WT1 binding on the nephrin gene promoter region. Conclusion The presence of high glucose induced a phenotypic conversion of podocytes resembling partial dedifferentiation. Our study demonstrates that dysregulation of the normal podocytic phenotype is an event differentially affecting the expression of function-specific podocytic markers, exhibiting downregulation of the epithelial marker CD10/CALLA and PC first, followed by stably downregulated nephrin. Furthermore, it is herein suggested that WT1 may not be directly involved with upregulation of previously reduced PC and nephrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E Tsotakos
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
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The Expression of Intermediate Filament Protein Nestin and Its Association With Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 in the Glomeruli of Rats With Diabetic Nephropathy. Am J Med Sci 2013; 345:470-7. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182648459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li K, Wang J, Yin X, Zhai X, Li Z. Alteration of podocyte protein expression and localization in the early stage of various hemodynamic conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5998-6011. [PMID: 23502465 PMCID: PMC3634401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that podocalyxin (PCX) and nestin play important roles in podocyte morphogenesis and the maintenance of structural integrity, we examined whether the expression and localization of these two podocyte proteins were influenced in the early stage of various hemodynamic conditions. Mice kidney tissues were prepared by in vivo cryotechnique (IVCT). The distribution of glomeruli and podocyte proteins was visualized with DAB staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. The mRNA levels were examined by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed the following: Under the normal condition, PCX stained intensely along glomerular epithelial cells, whereas nestin was clearly staining in the endothelial cells and appeared only weakly in the podocytes. Under the acute hypertensive and cardiac arrest conditions, PCX and nestin staining was not clear, with a disarranged distribution, but the colocalization of PCX and nestin was apparent under this condition. In addition, under the acute hypertensive and cardiac arrest conditions, the mRNA levels of PCX and nestin were significantly decreased. Collectively, the abnormal redistribution and decreased mRNA expressions of PCX and nestin are important molecular events at the early stage of podocyte injury during hemodynamic disorders. IVCT may have more advantages for morphological analysis when researching renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mail:
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaohui Yin
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zilong Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (X.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-24-8328-2733
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Topaloglu R, Orhan D, Bilginer Y, Karabulut E, Ozaltin F, Duzova A, Kale G, Besbas N. Clinicopathological and immunohistological features in childhood IgA nephropathy: a single-centre experience. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6:169-175. [PMID: 24175085 PMCID: PMC3811980 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IgA nephropathy is a glomerular disease diagnosed by renal biopsy and is characterized by a highly variable course ranging from a completely benign condition to rapidly progressive renal failure. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, histopathological and inflammatory characteristics of children with IgA nephropathy. Methods Data of 37 patients with IgA nephropathy diagnosed between the years 1980 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 24 patients. Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β, TNF-α and the newly proposed tubulointerstitial fibrosis marker nestin were evaluated. Results The median age at diagnosis was 10 years. Recurrent macroscopic haematuria (66%) was the most common clinical manifestation, and 35% of the patients had synpharyngitic presentation. A significant correlation was found between proteinuria and increase in mesangial matrix (r = 0.406, P = 0.013). The presence of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages were also significantly associated with proteinuria >1 g/day. While cytokines IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were mainly expressed in tubular epithelial cells, TGF-β was evident in glomeruli but they had no correlation to clinical features and severity of the disease. Nestin was detected at the tubules in almost half of the patients with no correlation to proteinuria and tubulointersititial fibrosis. Conclusions We found a correlation between proteinuria and mesangial matrix expansion. The presence of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages were also significantly associated with proteinuria >1 g/day. Although there are many evidences, for immunological basis of IgA nephropathy, the immunological markers were not fully expressed in children to evaluate glomerular and tubulointerstitial inflammation, and progression of the disease. Further studies with the extended number of children are needed to shed light on the immunological basis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology , Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Menendez-Castro C, Hilgers KF, Amann K, Daniel C, Cordasic N, Wachtveitl R, Fahlbusch F, Plank C, Dötsch J, Rascher W, Hartner A. Intrauterine growth restriction leads to a dysregulation of Wilms' tumour supressor gene 1 (WT1) and to early podocyte alterations. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1407-17. [PMID: 23229934 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to low nephron number and higher incidence of renal disease. We hypothesized that IUGR induces early podocyte alterations based on a dysregulation of Wilms' tumour suppressor gene 1 (WT1), a key player of nephrogenesis and mediator of podocyte integrity. METHODS IUGR was induced in rats by maternal protein restriction during pregnancy. Kidneys were harvested from male offspring at Days 1 and 70 of life. qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed in renal tissue. Albuminuria was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS At Day 70 of life, higher albuminuria and overt alterations of podocyte ultrastructure were detected in IUGR animals in spite of normal blood pressure. Moreover, we found increased glomerular immunoreactivity and expression of desmin, while synaptopodin and nephrin were decreased. Glomerular immunoreactivity and expression of WT1 were increased in IUGR animals at this time point with an altered expressional ratio of WT1 +KTS and -KTS isoforms. These changes of WT1 expression were already present at the time of birth. CONCLUSIONS IUGR results in early podocyte damage possibly due to a dysregulation of WT1. We suggest that an imbalance of WT1 isoforms to the disadvantage of -KTS affects nephrogenesis in IUGR rats and that persistent dysregulation of WT1 results in a reduced ability to maintain podocyte integrity, rendering IUGR rats more susceptible for renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Steenhard BM, Vanacore R, Friedman D, Zelenchuk A, Stroganova L, Isom K, St. John PL, Hudson BG, Abrahamson DR. Upregulated expression of integrin α1 in mesangial cells and integrin α3 and vimentin in podocytes of Col4a3-null (Alport) mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50745. [PMID: 23236390 PMCID: PMC3517557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alport disease in humans, which usually results in proteinuria and kidney failure, is caused by mutations to the COL4A3, COL4A4, or COL4A5 genes, and absence of collagen α3α4α5(IV) networks found in mature kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The Alport mouse harbors a deletion of the Col4a3 gene, which also results in the lack of GBM collagen α3α4α5(IV). This animal model shares many features with human Alport patients, including the retention of collagen α1α2α1(IV) in GBMs, effacement of podocyte foot processes, gradual loss of glomerular barrier properties, and progression to renal failure. To learn more about the pathogenesis of Alport disease, we undertook a discovery proteomics approach to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in glomeruli purified from Alport and wild-type mouse kidneys. Pairs of cy3- and cy5-labeled extracts from 5-week old Alport and wild-type glomeruli, respectively, underwent 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins were digested with trypsin and prepared for mass spectrometry, peptide ion mapping/fingerprinting, and protein identification through database searching. The intermediate filament protein, vimentin, was upregulated ∼2.5 fold in Alport glomeruli compared to wild-type. Upregulation was confirmed by quantitative real time RT-PCR of isolated Alport glomeruli (5.4 fold over wild-type), and quantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy localized over-expressed vimentin specifically to Alport podocytes. We next hypothesized that increases in vimentin abundance might affect the basement membrane protein receptors, integrins, and screened Alport and wild-type glomeruli for expression of integrins likely to be the main receptors for GBM type IV collagen and laminin. Quantitative immunofluorescence showed an increase in integrin α1 expression in Alport mesangial cells and an increase in integrin α3 in Alport podocytes. We conclude that overexpression of mesangial integrin α1 and podocyte vimentin and integrin α3 may be important features of glomerular Alport disease, possibly affecting cell-signaling, cell shape and cellular adhesion to the GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Steenhard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Roberto Vanacore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Adrian Zelenchuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Larysa Stroganova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Isom
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. St. John
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Billy G. Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dale R. Abrahamson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boini KM, Xia M, Xiong J, Li C, Payne LP, Li PL. Implication of CD38 gene in podocyte epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and glomerular sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1674-85. [PMID: 21992601 PMCID: PMC3270217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional protein involving in a number of signalling pathways. Given that the lack of CD38 is considered as a dedifferentiation marker of lymphocytes and other cells, we hypothesized that CD38 and its signalling pathway may participate in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of podocytes and thereby regulates the integrity of glomerular structure and function. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR demonstrated that renal tissue CD38 expression was lacking in CD38(-/-) mice or substantially reduced in renal CD38 shRNA-transfected WT (CD38-shRNA) mice compared to CD38(+/+) littermates. Confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrated the reduced expression of epithelial markers (P-Cadherin, ZO-1 and podocin) and increased expression of mesenchymal markers (FSP-1, α-SMA and desmin) in the glomeruli of CD38(-/-) and CD38-shRNA mice compared to CD38(+/+) mice. Morphological examinations showed profound injury in the glomeruli of CD38(-/-) or CD38-shRNA mice compared to CD38(+/+) mice. This enhanced glomerular injury in CD38(-/-) or CD38-shRNA mice was accompanied by increased albuminuria and proteinuria. DOCA/high salt treatment further decreased the expression of epithelial markers and increased the abundance of mesenchymal markers, which were accompanied by more increased glomerular damage index and mean arterial pressure in CD38(-/-) and CD38-shRNA mice than CD38(+/+) mice. In vitro studies showed that inhibition of CD38 enhances the EMT in podocytes. In conclusion, our observations reveal that the normal expression of CD38 importantly contributes to the differentiation and function of podocytes and the defect of this gene expression may be a critical mechanism inducing EMT and consequently resulting in glomerular injury and sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Liu S, Shi W, Xiao H, Liang X, Deng C, Ye Z, Mei P, Wang S, Liu X, Shan Z, Liang Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Liu Y, Xu L, Xia Y, Ma J, Li Z. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB and podocytes: towards a function of a novel receptor-ligand pair in the survival response of podocyte injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41331. [PMID: 22848465 PMCID: PMC3405116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerulosclerosis correlates with reduction in podocyte number that occurs through mechanisms which include apoptosis. Podocyte injury or podocyte loss in the renal glomerulus has been proposed as the crucial mechanism in the development of glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanism by which podocytes respond to injury is poorly understood. TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies are important in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and apoptosis. The ligand of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANKL) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) are members of the TNF and receptor superfamilies. We investigated whether RANK-RANKL is a receptor-ligand complex for podocytes responding to injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, RANKL and RANK were examined in human podocyte diseases and a rat model of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN). Compared with controls, RANK and RANKL were increased in both human podocyte diseases and the rat PAN model; double immunofluorescence staining revealed that RANK protein expression was mainly attributed to podocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that RANK was localized predominantly at the top of the foot process membrane and the cytoplasm of rat podocyte. In addition, RANK was upregulated in mouse podocytes in vitro after injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PA). Knockdown of RANK expression by small interference RNA (siRNA) exacerbated podocyte apoptosis induced by PA. However, RANKL inhibited significantly the apoptosis of podocytes induced by PA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the increase in RANK-RANKL expression is a response to podocyte injury, and RANK-RANKL may be a novel receptor-ligand complex for the survival response during podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Houqin Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyu Deng
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Mei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixin Shan
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfeng Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yadav A, Kumar D, Salhan D, Rattanavich R, Maheshwari S, Adabala M, Ding G, Singhal PC. Sirolimus modulates HIVAN phenotype through inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:173-81. [PMID: 22579465 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is characterized by proliferative phenotype in the form of collapsing glomerulopathy and microcystic dilatation of tubules. Recently, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal cells has been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative HIVAN phenotype. We hypothesized that sirolimus would modulate HIVAN phenotype by attenuating renal cell EMT. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of sirolimus on the development of renal cell EMT as well as on display of HIVAN phenotype in a mouse model of HIVAN (Tg26). Tg26 mice receiving normal saline (TgNS) showed enhanced proliferation of both glomerular and tubular cells when compared to control mice-receiving normal saline (CNS); on the other hand, Tg26 mice receiving sirolimus (TgS) showed attenuated renal cell proliferation when compared with TgNS. TgNS also showed increased number of α-SMA-, vimentin-, and FSP1-positive cells (glomerular as well as tubular) when compared with CNS; however, TgS showed reduced number of SMA, vimentin, and FSP1+ve renal cells when compared to TgNS. Interestingly, sirolimus preserved renal epithelial cell expression of E-cadherin in TgS. Since sirolimus attenuated renal cell ZEB expression (a repressor of E-cadherin transcription), it appears that sirolimus may be attenuating renal cell EMT by preserving epithelial cell E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Yadav
- Immunology Center, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
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Magara J, Nozawa-Inoue K, Suzuki A, Kawano Y, Ono K, Nomura S, Maeda T. Alterations in intermediate filaments expression in disc cells from the rat temporomandibular joint following exposure to continuous compressive force. J Anat 2012; 220:612-21. [PMID: 22458657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular disc in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that serves in load relief and stabilizing in jaw movements is a dense collagenous tissue consisting of extracellular matrices and disc cells. The various morphological configurations of the disc cells have given us diverse names, such as fibroblasts, chondrocyte-like cells and fibrochondrocytes; however, the characteristics of these cells have remained to be elucidated in detail. The disc cells have been reported to exhibit heterogeneous immunoreaction patterns for intermediate filaments including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin and vimentin in the adult rat TMJ. Because these intermediate filaments accumulate in the disc cells as tooth eruption proceeds during postnatal development, it might be surmised that the expression of these intermediate filaments in the disc cells closely relates to mechanical stress. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the effect of a continuous compressive force on the immunoexpression of these intermediate filaments and an additional intermediate filament - muscle-specific desmin - in the disc cells of the TMJ disc using a rat experimental model. The rats wore an appliance that exerts a continuous compressive load on the TMJ. The experimental period with the appliance was 5 days as determined by previous studies, after which some experimental animals were allowed to survive another 5 days after removal of the appliance. Histological observations demonstrated that the compressive force provoked a remarkable acellular region and a decrease in the thickness of the condylar cartilage of the mandible, and a sparse collagen fiber distribution in the articular disc. The articular disc showed a significant increase in the number of desmin-positive cells as compared with the controls. In contrast, immunopositive cells for GFAP, nestin and vimentin remained unchanged in number as well as intensity. At 5 days after removal of the appliance, both the disc and cartilage exhibited immunohistological and histological features in a recovery process. These findings indicate that the mature articular cells are capable of producing desmin instead of the other intermediate filaments against mechanical stress. The desmin-positive disc cells lacked α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in this study, even though desmin usually co-exists with α-SMA in the vascular smooth muscle cells or pericytes. Because the precursor of a pericyte has such an immunoexpression pattern during angiogenesis, there is a further possibility that the formation of new vessels commenced in response to the extraordinary compressive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Magara
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Herrmann A, Tozzo E, Funk J. Semi-automated quantitative image analysis of podocyte desmin immunoreactivity as a sensitive marker for acute glomerular damage in the rat puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the common final outcome of almost all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis is also a reliable predictor of prognosis and a major determinant of renal insufficiency. Irrespective of the initial causes, renal fibrogenesis is a dynamic and converging process that consists of four overlapping phases: priming, activation, execution and progression. Nonresolving inflammation after a sustained injury sets up the fibrogenic stage (priming) and triggers the activation and expansion of matrix-producing cells from multiple sources through diverse mechanisms, including activation of interstitial fibroblasts and pericytes, phenotypic conversion of tubular epithelial and endothelial cells and recruitment of circulating fibrocytes. Upon activation, matrix-producing cells assemble a multicomponent, integrin-associated protein complex that integrates input from various fibrogenic signals and orchestrates the production of matrix components and their extracellular assembly. Multiple cellular and molecular events, such as tubular atrophy, microvascular rarefaction and tissue hypoxia, promote scar formation and ensure a vicious progression to end-stage kidney failure. This Review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis, which could offer novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Increased expression of nestin in the major pelvic ganglion following cavernous nerve injury. Int J Impot Res 2011; 24:84-90. [PMID: 21993267 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify neuronal repair mechanisms of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG), we evaluated changes in the expression of nestin, an intermediate filament protein and neural stem cell marker following cavernous nerve crush injury (CNI). We utilized two groups of Sprague Dawley rats: (i) sham and (ii) bilateral CNI. Erectile responses to cavernous nerve stimulation (CNS) were determined at 48 h in a subset of rats. The MPG was isolated and removed at 48 h after CNI, and nestin immunolocalization, protein levels and RNA expression were evaluated. At 48 h, erectile responses to CNS in CNI rats were substantially reduced (P<0.05; ∼70% decrease in intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure) compared with sham surgery controls. This coincided with a dramatic 10-fold increase (P<0.05) in nestin messenger RNA expression and protein levels in the MPG of rats with CNI. Immunoflourescence microscopy demonstrated that nestin upregulation after CNI occurred within the ganglion cell bodies and nerve fibers of the MPG. In conclusion, CNI induces nestin in the MPG. These data suggest that nestin may be involved in the regenerative process of the cavernous nerve following crush injury.
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Hyder CL, Isoniemi KO, Torvaldson ES, Eriksson JE. Insights into intermediate filament regulation from development to ageing. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1363-72. [PMID: 21502133 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.041244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins comprise a large family with more than 70 members. Initially, IFs were assumed to provide only structural reinforcement for the cell. However, IFs are now known to be dynamic structures that are involved in a wide range of cellular processes during all stages of life, from development to ageing, and during homeostasis and stress. This Commentary discusses some lesser-known functional and regulatory aspects of IFs. We specifically address the emerging roles of nestin in myogenesis and cancer cell migration, and examine exciting evidence on the regulation of nestin and lamin A by the notch signalling pathway, which could have repercussions for our understanding of the roles of IF proteins in development and ageing. In addition, we discuss the modulation of the post-translational modifications of neuronally expressed IFs and their protein-protein interactions, as well as IF glycosylation, which not only has a role in stress and ageing, but might also regulate IFs during development. Although many of these recent findings are still preliminary, they nevertheless open new doors to explore the functionality of the IF family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hyder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Wen D, You L, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Gu Y, Hao CM, Chen J. Upregulation of nestin protects podocytes from apoptosis induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:423-34. [PMID: 21952051 DOI: 10.1159/000331701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin is an intermediate filament protein widely used as a marker of stem cells or progenitor cells. Nestin is also highly expressed in the glomerular podocyte, a type of terminally differentiated epithelial cell. Little is known about the significance of nestin in podocytes. METHODS Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) was injected into the rats to produce a PAN nephrosis model. Transmission electronic microscopy and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay were used to examine the podocyte foot process (FP) effacement and apoptosis, respectively. A mouse podocyte cell line was cultured and incubated with PAN. Immunoblot was used to examine the level of nestin expression both in vivo and in vitro. Enhanced green fluorescence protein-tagged plasmids containing nestin shRNA were transfected into the cultured podocytes to silence nestin expression. F-actin arrangement within cultured podocytes was investigated by immunofluorescence, while the apoptosis rate was examined by both Hoechst stain and flow cytometry. RESULTS In the PAN-induced rat nephrosis model, podocyte nestin expression was increased in the absence of apparent podocyte apoptosis, even though the FP was significantly effaced. In the cultured mouse podocytes, PAN upregulated nestin expression in a time-dependent manner within 24 h of treatment. Notably, no significant apoptosis occurred, however knocking down nestin expression resulted in a remarkable derangement of actin cytoskeleton and an increase in apoptosis in the cultured podocytes 24 h after being incubated with PAN. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of nestin expression during PAN nephrosis could protect podocytes from apoptosis and that this process is mediated by maintaining the regular arrangement of actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Connective tissue growth factor modulates podocyte actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix synthesis and is induced in podocytes upon injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:301-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Miyako H, Suzuki A, Nozawa-Inoue K, Magara J, Kawano Y, Ono K, Maeda T. Phenotypes of articular disc cells in the rat temporomandibular joint as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for nestin and GFAP. J Anat 2011; 219:472-80. [PMID: 21679183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular disc is a dense collagenous tissue containing disc cells that are phenotypically described as chondrocyte-like cells or fibrochondrocytes. Despite the possible existence of these phenotypes in systemic joints, little is known about the detailed classification of the articular disc cells in the temporomandibular joint. In this immunocytochemical study we examined the localization and distribution patterns of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the articular disc of the rat temporomandibular joint at postnatal day 1, and weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8, based on the status of tooth eruption and occlusion. Nestin and GFAP are intermediate filament proteins whose expression patterns are closely related to cell differentiation and cell migration. Both types of immunopositive cell greatly increased postnatally to a stable level after postnatal week 4, but they showed different distribution patterns and cell morphologies. Nestin-reactive disc cells, which were characterized by a meagre cytoplasm and thin cytoplasmic processes, were scattered in the articular disc, whereas GFAP-positive cells, characterized by broader processes, existed exclusively in the deeper area. In mature discs, the major proportion of articular disc cells exhibited GFAP immunoreactivity. Furthermore, a double-immunostaining demonstrated that the nestin-negative cells, consisting of GFAP-positive and -negative cells, exhibited immunoreactions for heat shock protein 25. These findings indicate that the articular disc cells comprise at least three types in the rat temporomandibular joint and suggest that their expressions closely relate to mechanical loading forces within the joint, including occlusal force, as observed through postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Miyako
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in podocytes mediated by activation of NADPH oxidase in hyperhomocysteinemia. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462:455-67. [PMID: 21647593 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) induces podocytes to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox). It was found that increased homocysteine (Hcys) level suppressed the expression of slit diaphragm-associated proteins, P-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), in conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes, indicating the loss of their epithelial features. Meanwhile, Hcys remarkably increased the abundance of mesenchymal markers, such as fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). These phenotype changes in podocytes induced by Hcys were accompanied by enhanced superoxide (O⁻₂) production, which was substantially suppressed by inhibition of Nox activity. Functionally, Hcys significantly enhanced the permeability of the podocyte monolayer coupled with increased EMT, and this EMT-related increase in cell permeability could be restored by Nox inhibitors. In mice lacking gp91( phox ) (gp91(-/-)), an essential Nox subunit gene, hHcys-enhanced podocyte EMT and consequent glomerular injury were examined. In wild-type (gp91(+/+)) mice, hHcys induced by a folate-free diet markedly enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers (FSP-1 and α-SMA) but decreased expression of epithelial markers of podocytes in glomeruli, which were not observed in gp91(-/-) mouse glomeruli. Podocyte injury, glomerular sclerotic pathology, and marked albuminuria observed in gp91(+/+) mice with hHcys were all significantly attenuated in gp91(-/-) mice. These results suggest that hHcys induces EMT of podocytes through activation of Nox, which represents a novel mechanism of hHcys-associated podocyte injury.
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Effects of angiotensin receptor blocker on phenotypic alterations of podocytes in early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341:207-14. [PMID: 21326079 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182010da9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that podocyte injury is a crucial event in the stage of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a process in which angiotensin II is implicated. In this study, the authors investigated the influence of irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, on the phenotypic alterations of podocytes in experimental DN. METHODS DN was induced by combination of high-sucrose, high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Diabetic rats were treated with irbesartan (50 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 8 weeks. Nondiabetic normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, which have the same genetic background as spontaneously hypertensive rat, were used as controls. The renal histological changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial marker of nephrin and mesenchymal marker of desmin were detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with controls, diabetic rats were associated with mesangial matrix deposition, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria, loss of podocytes and effacement of foot processes. Furthermore, the expression of nephrin was significantly reduced whereas desmin was increased. Irbesartan treatment not only lowered blood pressure and albuminuria but also attenuated podocyte loss, maintenance of nephrin expression and inhibition of desmin expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that early irbesartan intervention attenuates the podocyte damage and ameliorates phenotypic alterations of podocytes, which provides a novel insight for the early application of angiotensin receptor blocker to prevent the development of DN.
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Okada S, Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Kawaba Y, Hayashi A, Oite T, Satoh K, Kanzaki S. Effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol in type 2 diabetic rat nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:219-30. [PMID: 20834179 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to clarify the effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (CHLFA) on the alterations of type 2 diabetes-induced nephropathy. Forty-week-old male Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 6 to 8 animals. Group A consisted of eight Wistar rats and served as an age-matched control group. Group B (7 GK rats) received no treatment and served as a diabetic group. Group C (6 GK rats) was treated daily with low-dose CHLFA (2 mg/ kg/body weight, subcutaneously) for 30 weeks, and Group D (6 GK rats) with high-dose CHLFA (8 mg/kg/body weight) for 30 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, urinary protein excretion, blood chemistry, renal histological, and immunohistological analyses were conducted. Although CHLFA administration did not influence serum glucose or insulin levels, it reversed diabetes-induced increases in urinary protein excretion and serum creatinine. Light microscopically, CHLFA treatment ameliorated the otherwise elevated glomerular sclerotic scores in the diabetic group.Immunohistochemically, increased expression of desmin and decreased expression of rat endothelial cell antigen-1 in the group with untreated diabetes both showed a reversal to control levels in the high-dose CHLFA treatment group. In conclusion, CHLFA may ameliorate type 2 diabetes-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Okada
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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Tomioka M, Hiromura K, Sakairi T, Takeuchi S, Maeshima A, Kaneko Y, Kuroiwa T, Takeuchi T, Nojima Y. Nestin is a novel marker for renal tubulointerstitial injury in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010; 15:568-74. [PMID: 20649878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nestin, an intermediate filament originally identified as a marker of neural progenitor cells, is transiently expressed in endothelial cells and tubuloepithelial cells during kidney development. However, in adult kidneys, podocytes are the only cells that express nestin. In this study, we examined tubulointerstitial nestin expression in human glomerulonephritis. METHODS Renal biopsy specimens obtained from 41 adult patients with immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy were studied. Nestin expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining and estimated by digital image analysis. To identify the phenotype of nestin-positive cells, a double immunofluorescent study was performed for nestin and CD34 (a marker for endothelial cells) or alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA, a marker for myofibroblasts). RESULTS In normal kidney, nestin expression was restricted to the podocytes and was not detected in tubular cells and tubulointerstitial cells. In contrast, increased nestin expression was observed at tubulointerstitial areas of IgA nephropathy. The degree of tubulointerstitial nestin expression was positively correlated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis (r = 0.546, P < 0.001). The double immunofluorescent study showed that most nestin-positive cells in the interstitium were co-stained with CD34 or alpha-SMA, suggesting that peritubular endothelial cells and tubulointerstitial myofibroblasts express nestin during the progression of tubulointerstitial injury. In addition, strong nestin expression was associated with deterioration of renal function. CONCLUSION Nestin expression is associated with tubulointerstitial injury and predicts renal prognosis in IgA nephropathy. Nestin could be a new marker for peritubular endothelial cell injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tomioka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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79
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A comparative proteomic study of nephrogenesis in intrauterine growth restriction. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:1063-72. [PMID: 20130919 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenesis requires a fine balance of many factors that can be disturbed by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), leading to a low nephron endowment. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that IUGR affects expression of key proteins that regulate nephrogenesis, by a comparative proteomic approach. IUGR was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by isocaloric protein restriction in pregnant dams. A series of methods, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), silver staining, mass spectrometry and database searching was used. After silver staining, 2-DE image analysis detected an average 730 + or - 58 spots in the IUGR group and 711 + or - 73 spots in the control group. The average matched rate was 86% and 81%, respectively. The differential proteomic expression analysis found that 11 protein spots were expressed only in the IUGR group and one in the control group. Seven protein spots were up-regulated more than fivefold and two were down-regulated more than fivefold in the IUGR group compared with those in control group. These 21 protein spots were preliminarily identified and were structural molecules, including vimentin, perlecan, gamma-actin and cytokeratin 10, transcription regulators, transporter proteins, enzymes, and so on. These proteins were involved primarily in energy metabolism, oxidation and reduction, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Data from this study may provide, at least partly, evidence that abnormality of metabolism, imbalance of redox and apoptosis, and disorder of cellular signal and cell proliferation may be the major mechanisms responsible for abnormal nephrogenesis in IUGR.
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80
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Zhang C, Hu JJ, Xia M, Boini KM, Brimson CA, Laperle LA, Li PL. Protection of podocytes from hyperhomocysteinemia-induced injury by deletion of the gp91phox gene. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1109-17. [PMID: 20116427 PMCID: PMC2839045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mice lacking the gp91(phox) gene were used to address the role of NADPH oxidase in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced podocyte injury. It was found that a folate-free diet increased plasma homocysteine levels, but failed to increase O(2)(-) production in the glomeruli from gp91(phox) gene knockout (gp91(-/-)) mice, compared with wild-type (gp91(+/+)) mice. Proteinuria and glomerular damage index (GDI) were significantly lower, whereas the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was higher in gp91(-/-) than in gp91(+/+) mice when they were on the folate-free diet (urine albumin excretion, 21.23+/-1.88 vs 32.86+/-4.03 microg/24 h; GDI, 1.17+/-0.18 vs 2.59+/-0.49; and GFR, 53.01+/-4.69 vs 40.98+/-1.44 microl/min). Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced decrease in nephrin expression and increase in desmin expression in gp91(+/+) mice were not observed in gp91(-/-) mice. Morphologically, foot process effacement and podocyte loss due to hyperhomocysteinemia were significantly attenuated in gp91(-/-) mice. In in vitro studies of podocytes, homocysteine was found to increase gp91(phox) expression and O2(*)(-) generation, which was substantially inhibited by gp91(phox) siRNA. Functionally, homocysteine-induced decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor-A production was abolished by gp91(phox) siRNA or diphenyleneiodonium, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. These results suggest that the functional integrity of NADPH oxidase is essential for hyperhomocysteinemia-induced podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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81
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Chen Z, Wang T, Luo H, Lai Y, Yang X, Li F, Lei Y, Su C, Zhang X, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Expression of nestin in lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:737-44. [PMID: 20132963 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell marker nestin has been reported to be activated in various neoplasms, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. However, nestin expression in non-small cell lung cancer still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate nestin expression in 52 tissue samples of non-small cell lung cancer by immunohistochemical staining and explore its correlation with some clinicopathologic characteristics. The associations of nestin with lymphatic vessel density, microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were further observed to determine the linkage between nestin and lymphangiogenesis. The results showed that nestin expressed in tumor cells of 45 samples. High nestin expression correlated significantly with poor differentiation (P = .007), adenocarcinoma (P = .000), N2 lymph node metastasis (P = .006), high microvessel density (P = .033), and lymphatic vessel density (P = .020). Multivariate analysis of N1 and N2 lymph node metastasis revealed a 1.086-fold increase in hazard ratio of N2 lymph node involvement (P = .011) in patients with high nestin expression in primary tumor. More important, multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation of lymphatic vessel density with nestin and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression (P = .039 and P = .045), independent of vascular endothelial growth factor, COX-2, and other clinicopathologic characteristics. The results demonstrated that nestin expressed in most tumor cells of non-small cell lung cancer tissue and had a direct linkage to lymph node metastasis and tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, independent of COX-2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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82
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Intermediate filaments take the heat as stress proteins. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:79-91. [PMID: 20045331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are large multimember families that share several features, including protein abundance, significant upregulation in response to a variety of stresses, cytoprotective functions, and the phenocopying of several human diseases after IF protein or HSP mutation. We are now coming to understand that these common elements point to IFs as important cellular stress proteins with some roles akin to those already well-characterized for HSPs. Unique functional roles for IFs include protection from mechanical stress, whereas HSPs are characteristically involved in protein folding and as chaperones. Shared IF and HSP cytoprotective roles include inhibition of apoptosis, organelle homeostasis, and scaffolding. In this report, we review data that corroborate the view that IFs function as highly specialized cytoskeletal stress proteins that promote cellular organization and homeostasis.
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83
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Chen S, Fang Z, Zhu Z, Deng A, Liu J, Zhang C. Protective effect of sulodexide on podocyte injury in adriamycin nephropathy rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:715-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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84
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Kökény G, Németh Z, Godó M, Hamar P. The Rowett rat strain is resistant to renal fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:1458-62. [PMID: 20028828 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to renal fibrosis may determine the individual rate of progression to renal failure. We aimed to study the progression in Rowett (RO) rats, a strain we found resistant to subtotal nephrectomy (SNX), comparing to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, a strain with established sensitivity in a radical ablation/infarction and diet-induced SNX model. METHODS Eight-week-old male RO (RO-SNX) and SD (SD-SNX, n = 5/group) rats underwent SNX and were kept on high protein and salt diet. Kidney function was monitored and the kidneys were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry 5 weeks after SNX. RESULTS RO-SNX rats had only mild proteinuria and less glomerulosclerosis, accompanied by less fibronectin and TGF-beta staining as compared to SD-SNX rats. Glomerular nitrotyrosine staining was less intense in RO-SNX vs SD-SNX, accompanied by less podocyte damage as demonstrated by desmin staining. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the importance of podocyte damage in glomerulosclerosis and that Rowett rats are protected from renal fibrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first strain of rats with unknown genetic resistance, which makes the strain attractive for studying the genetic background of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kökény
- Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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85
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Liu Y. New insights into epithelial-mesenchymal transition in kidney fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 21:212-22. [PMID: 20019167 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008121226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which differentiated epithelial cells undergo a phenotypic conversion that gives rise to the matrix-producing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, is increasingly recognized as an integral part of tissue fibrogenesis after injury. However, the degree to which this process contributes to kidney fibrosis remains a matter of intense debate and is likely to be context-dependent. EMT is often preceded by and closely associated with chronic interstitial inflammation and could be an adaptive response of epithelial cells to a hostile or changing microenvironment. In addition to tubular epithelial cells, recent studies indicate that endothelial cells and glomerular podocytes may also undergo transition after injury. Phenotypic alteration of podocytes sets them in motion to functional impairment, resulting in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Several intracellular signal transduction pathways such as TGFbeta/Smad, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling are essential in controlling the process of EMT and presently are potential targets of antifibrotic therapy. This review highlights the current understanding of EMT and its underlying mechanisms to stimulate further discussion on its role, not only in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis but also in the onset of podocyte dysfunction, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S-405 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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86
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von Toerne C, Schmidt C, Adams J, Kiss E, Bedke J, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Gröne HJ, Nelson PJ. Wnt pathway regulation in chronic renal allograft damage. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2223-39. [PMID: 19681821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway, linked to development, has been proposed to be recapitulated during the progressive damage associated with chronic organ failure. Chronic allograft damage following kidney transplantation is characterized by progressive fibrosis and a smoldering inflammatory infiltrate. A modified, Fischer 344 (RT1(lvl)) to Lewis (RT1(l)) rat renal allograft model that reiterates many of the major pathophysiologic processes seen in patients with chronic allograft failure was used to study the progressive disease phenotype and specific gene product expression by immunohistochemistry and transcriptomic profiling. Central components of the Tgfb, canonical Wnt and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling pathways were significantly altered with the development of chronic damage. In the canonical Wnt pathway, Wnt3, Lef1 and Tcf1 showed differential regulation. Target genes Fn1, Cd44, Mmp7 and Nos2 were upregulated and associated with the progression of renal damage. Changes in the Wnt-Ca2+ pathway were evidenced by increased expression of Wnt6, Wnt7a, protein kinase C, Cam Kinase II and Nfat transcription factors and the target gene vimentin. No evidence for alterations in the Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway was detected. Overall results suggest cross talk between the Wnt and Tgfb signaling pathways during allograft inflammatory damage and present potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Toerne
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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87
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Leapley AC, Lee CCI, Batchelder CA, Yoder MC, Matsell DG, Tarantal AF. Characterization and culture of fetal rhesus monkey renal cortical cells. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:448-54. [PMID: 19581826 PMCID: PMC3175418 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181b45565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The renal glomerulus is composed of endothelial and mesangial cells with podocytes contributing to glomerular filtration. Podocyte damage is associated with renal disorders, thus there is interest in these cells for regenerative medicine. These studies investigated the use of extracellular matrix (ECM) to grow third trimester fetal monkey renal cortical cells and to assess mature podocytes in culture. Immunohistochemistry provided a profile of podocyte differentiation with metanephric mesenchyme and developing podocytes nestin positive and synaptopodin negative, whereas mature podocytes were positive for both markers. Primary cell cultures devoid of mature podocytes were established on plastic and renal ECM. A cell population (nestin+/synatopodin-) cultured on renal ECM showed greater proliferative potential compared with plastic with limited podocytes developing in culture over time. Further investigation of individual components of ECM (laminin, fibronectin, collagen I, or collagen IV) indicated that collagen I supported the greatest proliferation similar to renal ECM, whereas a greater number of mature podocytes (nestin+/synaptopodin+) were observed on fibronectin. These results suggest that (1) culture of fetal monkey podocytes can be accomplished, (2) renal ECM and collagen I can support renal cortical cells in vitro, which may recapitulate the developing kidney in vivo, and (3) fibronectin can support podocyte differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Leapley
- Center of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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88
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Takamori Y, Mori T, Wakabayashi T, Nagasaka Y, Matsuzaki T, Yamada H. Nestin-positive microglia in adult rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1270:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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89
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Mayrhofer C, Krieger S, Huttary N, Chang MWF, Grillari J, Allmaier G, Kerjaschki D. Alterations in fatty acid utilization and an impaired antioxidant defense mechanism are early events in podocyte injury: a proteomic analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1191-202. [PMID: 19264907 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural alterations of podocytes are closely associated with loss of glomerular filtration function. In the present study, we explored changes at the proteome level that paralleled the disturbances of podocyte architecture in the early stages of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) nephrosis in vivo. Using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry combined with postsource decay fragment ion analysis and high-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry, 23 differentially expressed protein spots, corresponding to 16 glomerular proteins that are involved in various cellular functions, were unambiguously identified, and a subset was corroborated by Western blot analysis. The majority of these proteins were primarily related to fatty acid metabolism and redox regulation. Key enzymes of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway and antioxidant enzymes were consistently down-regulated in PA nephrosis. These changes were paralleled by increased expression levels of CD36. PA treatment of murine podocytes in culture resembled these specific protein changes in vitro. In this cell system, the modulatory effects of albumin-bound fatty acids on the expression levels of Mn-superoxide dismutase in response to PA were demonstrated as well. Taken together, these results indicate that a disrupted fatty acid metabolism in concert with an impaired antioxidant defense mechanism in podocytes may play a role in the early stages of PA-induced lesions in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Mayrhofer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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90
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Tsuchiya N, Torii M, Narama I, Matsui T. Nephrotic Syndrome Induced by Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Injections for Twenty-eight Days in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:270-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623309332996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats received once daily tail-vein injections of 360 mM dibasic sodium phosphate solution at 8 mL/kg for fourteen or twenty-eight days. Clinical examination revealed persistent proteinuria from three days after the first dosing and thereafter severe proteinuria from eight days or later in the phosphate-treated groups. Proteinuria developed without remission even after fourteen-day withdrawal in the fourteen-day dosed group. Phosphate-treated animals developed lipemia, hypercholesterolemia, anemia, higher serum fibrinogen levels, and lower serum albumin/globulin ratios on day 29. Renal weight increased significantly compared with control animals, and the kidneys appeared pale and enlarged with a rough surface. Histopathologically, glomerular changes consisted of mineralization in whole glomeruli, glomerular capillary dilatation, partial adhesion of glomerular tufts to Bowman’s capsule, and mesangiolysis. Ultrastructural lesions such as an increased number of microvilli, effacement of foot processes, and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, and immunocytochemical changes in podocytes, mainly decreased podoplanin-positive cells and increased desmin expression, were also conspicuous in the phosphate-treated rats for twenty-eight days. Marked tubulointerstitial lesions were tubular regeneration and dilatation, protein casts, mineralization in the basement membrane, focal interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis in the cortex. These clinical and morphological changes were similar to features of human nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tsuchiya
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Mikinori Torii
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Isao Narama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Japan
| | - Takane Matsui
- Department of Pathological Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
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91
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Yim HE, Yoo KH, Bae IS, Hong YS, Lee JW. Effect of angiotensin II inhibition on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in developing rat kidney. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.8.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Sun Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sook Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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92
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Zhang M, Song T, Yang L, Chen R, Wu L, Yang Z, Fang J. Nestin and CD133: valuable stem cell-specific markers for determining clinical outcome of glioma patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27:85. [PMID: 19108713 PMCID: PMC2633002 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Gliomas represent the most frequent neoplasm of the central nervous system. Unfortunately, surgical cure of it is practically impossible and their clinical course is primarily determined by the biological behaviors of the tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the stem cell markers Nestin and CD133 expression with the grading of gliomas, and to evaluate their prognostic value. METHODS The tissue samples consisted of 56 low- (WHO grade II), 69 high- (WHO grade III, IV) grade gliomas, and 10 normal brain tissues. The expression levels of Nestin and CD133 proteins were detected using SABC immunohistochemical analysis. Then, the correlation of the two markers' expression with gliomas' grading of patients and their prognostic value were determined. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-Nestin and anti-CD133 antibodies revealed dense and spotty staining in the tumor cells and their expression levels became significantly higher as the glioma grade advanced (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the two markers' expression in different gliomas tissues (rs = 0.89). The low expression of the two markers significantly correlated with long survival of the glioma patients (p < 0.05). The survival rate of the patients with Nestin+/CD133+ expression was the lowest (p < 0.01), and the multivariate analysis confirmed that conjoined expression of Nestin+/CD133+ and Nestin-/CD133- were independent prognostic indicators of gliomas (both p < 0.01, Cox proportional hazard regression model). CONCLUSION These results collectively suggest that Nestin and CD133 expression may be an important feature of human gliomas. A combined detection of Nestin/CD133 co-expression may benefit us in the prediction of aggressive nature of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Tao Song
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Liang Yang
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Ruokun Chen
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | - Jiasheng Fang
- The Neurosurgery Department of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
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93
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Appel D, Kershaw DB, Smeets B, Yuan G, Fuss A, Frye B, Elger M, Kriz W, Floege J, Moeller MJ. Recruitment of podocytes from glomerular parietal epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 20:333-43. [PMID: 19092119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of a critical number of podocytes from the glomerular tuft leads to glomerulosclerosis. Even in health, some podocytes are lost into the urine. Because podocytes themselves cannot regenerate, we postulated that glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs), which proliferate throughout life and adjoin podocytes, may migrate to the glomerular tuft and differentiate into podocytes. Here, we describe transitional cells at the glomerular vascular stalk that exhibit features of both PECs and podocytes. Metabolic labeling in juvenile rats suggested that PECs migrate to become podocytes. To prove this, we generated triple-transgenic mice that allowed specific and irreversible labeling of PECs upon administration of doxycycline. PECs were followed in juvenile mice beginning from either postnatal day 5 or after nephrogenesis had ceased at postnatal day 10. In both cases, the number of genetically labeled cells increased over time. All genetically labeled cells coexpressed podocyte marker proteins. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time recruitment of podocytes from PECs in juvenile mice. Unraveling the mechanisms of PEC recruitment onto the glomerular tuft may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Appel
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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94
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Shi S, Yu L, Chiu C, Sun Y, Chen J, Khitrov G, Merkenschlager M, Holzman LB, Zhang W, Mundel P, Bottinger EP. Podocyte-selective deletion of dicer induces proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2159-69. [PMID: 18776119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicer is an enzyme that generates microRNA (miRNA), which are small, noncoding RNA that function as important regulators of gene and protein expression. For exploration of the functional roles of miRNA in glomerular biology, Dicer was inactivated selectively in mouse podocytes. Mutant mice developed proteinuria 4 to 5 weeks after birth and died several weeks later, presumably from kidney failure. Multiple abnormalities were observed in glomeruli of mutant mice, including foot process effacement, irregular and split areas of the glomerular basement membrane, podocyte apoptosis and depletion, mesangial expansion, capillary dilation, and glomerulosclerosis. Gene profiling revealed upregulation of 190 genes in glomeruli isolated from mutant mice at the onset of proteinuria compared with control littermates. Target sequences for 16 miRNA were significantly enriched in the 3'-untranslated regions of the 190 upregulated genes. Further suggesting validity of the in silico analysis, six of the eight top-candidate miRNA were identified in miRNA libraries generated from podocyte cultures; these included four members of the mir-30 miRNA family, which are known to degrade target transcripts directly. Among 15 upregulated target genes of the mir-30 miRNA, four genes known to be expressed and/or functional in podocytes were identified, including receptor for advanced glycation end product, vimentin, heat-shock protein 20, and immediate early response 3. Receptor for advanced glycation end product and immediate early response 3 are known to mediate podocyte apoptosis, whereas vimentin and heat-shock protein-20 are involved in cytoskeletal structure. Taken together, these results provide a knowledge base for ongoing investigations to validate functional roles for the mir-30 miRNA family in podocyte homeostasis and podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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95
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Abstract
This literature review reflects current knowledge on the intermediate filament protein nestin, which most authors regard as a marker of "neural stem/progenitor cells." The structural-functional characteristics of nestin and its presence in various central nervous system cells at different stages of ontogenesis in normal and pathological conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gilyarov
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg
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96
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Abstract
We investigated whether the intermediate filament protein and neural stem cell marker nestin characterizes the glomerular progenitor/reserve cell population immigrating the glomerulus after mesangial cell (MC) injury in the rat (anti-Thy1 nephritis). Nestin expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR during anti-Thy1 nephritis. Migration and proliferation assays were used to characterize the function of nestin in isolated MCs after nestin knockdown by siRNA. After MC injury during anti-Thy1 nephritis, glomerular nestin was transiently increased during the repopulation phase. At the peak of mesangial proliferation and expansion (day 5) most OX-7-positive MCs expressed nestin largely colocalizing with the activation marker alpha-smooth muscle actin and the proliferation marker PCNA. In contrast to a healthy, non-injured mesangium in vivo, MCs in culture are considered to be in an 'activated, injured state' and express nestin in a generalized distribution with condensed localization around the nucleus as well as intensive staining of cell protrusions such as filopodia. During cell cycle, the percentage of MCs with high nestin levels was increased during S- aupnd G2-phase. Blocking of nestin using specific siRNA resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation but not cell migration. In conclusion, nestin is constitutively expressed in podocytes, but is a marker for repopulating MCs after experimental MC injury in vivo. Nestin promotes MC proliferation in vitro, suggesting a supporting role for nestin during repair reaction.
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97
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Li Y, Kang YS, Dai C, Kiss LP, Wen X, Liu Y. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a potential pathway leading to podocyte dysfunction and proteinuria. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:299-308. [PMID: 18202193 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte dysfunction plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanism underlying podocyte dysfunction in many common forms of chronic kidney diseases remains poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that podocytes may undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition after injury. Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes were incubated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a potent fibrogenic cytokine that is up-regulated in the diseased kidney. TGF-beta1 suppressed the slit diaphragm-associated protein P-cadherin, zonula occludens-1, and nephrin, a change consistent with loss of the epithelial feature. Meanwhile, TGF-beta1 induced the expression of the intermediate filament protein desmin and interstitial matrix components fibronectin and collagen I. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 promoted the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by podocytes. Functionally, TGF-beta1 increased albumin permeability across podocyte monolayers, as demonstrated by a paracellular albumin influx assay. The expression of Snail, a key transcriptional factor that has been implicated in initiating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, was induced by TGF-beta1, and ectopic expression of Snail suppressed P-cadherin and nephrin in podocytes. In vivo, in addition to loss of nephrin and zonula occludens-1, mesenchymal markers such as desmin, fibroblast-specific protein-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 could be observed in glomerular podocytes of diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest that podocyte dedifferentiation and mesenchymal transition could be a potential pathway leading to their dysfunction, thereby playing a role in the genesis of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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98
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Thorner PS, Ho M, Eremina V, Sado Y, Quaggin S. Podocytes contribute to the formation of glomerular crescents. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:495-502. [PMID: 18199804 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular composition of crescents in glomerular disease is controversial. The role of podocytes in crescent formation has been especially difficult to study because podocytes typically lose their characteristic terminally differentiated phenotype under disease conditions, making them difficult to identify. We reasoned that the intermediate filament protein nestin, a marker of progenitor cells that has recently been identified in podocytes, may allow the investigation of podocyte involvement in glomerular crescents. In a series of 35 biopsies with crescentic glomerular disease, all showed nestin-positive cells in the crescents, ranging in number from occasional to approximately 50% of crescent cells. Other podocyte markers, such as podocin and WT1, failed to identify cells in crescents, and no contribution by endothelial or myogenic cells was noted. CD68-positive cells were observed in 80% of cases but were never as numerous as the nestin-positive cells. Nestin and CD68 were not coexpressed by the same cells, providing no evidence of trans-differentiation of podocytes into a macrophage phenotype. Keratin-positive cells were found in crescents in 51% of cases, but only as occasional cells. Up to one third of crescent cells were cycling in 48% of biopsies, and double immunostaining identified these cells as a mixture of nestin-positive cells and "null" cells (negative for nestin, CD68, and keratin). In addition to our observations in human disease, we also identified nestin-positive proliferating podocytes in the crescents of 2 mouse models of crescentic glomerulonephritis. We conclude that podocytes play a role in the formation of glomerular crescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Thorner
- Division of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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99
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Tsuchiya N, Torii M, Narama I, Matsui T. Early Events Involving Glomerular Calcification Induced by Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Solution in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.21.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tsuchiya
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Mikinori Torii
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Isao Narama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Takane Matsui
- Department of Pathological Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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100
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Yang XH, Wu QL, Yu XB, Xu CX, Ma BF, Zhang XM, Li SN, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Nestin expression in different tumours and its relevance to malignant grade. J Clin Pathol 2007; 61:467-73. [PMID: 17873113 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.047605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin, an intermediate filament (IF) protein, is expressed in proliferating progenitor cells of developmental and regenerating tissues, and is identified as a neuroepithelial precursor cell marker. Recently, nestin was detected in some neoplasms such as glioma, ependymoma, melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), and testicular stromal tumour. Moreover, the expression intensity of nestin exhibited significant correlation with the malignant grade of glioma. AIMS To detect the expression of nestin in different tumours and to analyse the relationship between the expression of nestin and the malignant grade of the tumours. METHODS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical samples of neoplastic tissues were obtained from the Department of Pathology of Sun Yat-sen University. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining for nestin were performed. Histoscores were analysed by semi-quantitative evaluation. RESULTS Nestin was expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of angiosarcoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and GIST samples, and some tumour cells expressed in the nucleus. There was a statistically significant difference between the histoscore of nestin in high malignant GIST (2.2366 (0.6920)) and that in low malignant GIST (1.3783 (0.4268)) (p = 0.003); and also between that in high malignant angiosarcoma (1.9188 (0.2069)) and that in low malignant angiosarcoma (0.6474 (0.3273)) (p = 0.000). Cavernous angioma did not express nestin. The histoscore of nestin in high malignant pancreatic adenocarcinoma (7/14) was 1.1767 (0.4676), and that in low malignant pancreatic adenocarcinoma (3/8) was 0.6577 (0.0056) (no significant difference, p = 0.112). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the expression of nestin may play an important role in the development of some neoplasms such as GIST and angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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