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Garagounis C, Delkis N, Papadopoulou KK. Unraveling the roles of plant specialized metabolites: using synthetic biology to design molecular biosensors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1338-1352. [PMID: 33997999 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of specialized metabolites with a broad range of bioactivities and many applications in human daily life. Over the past decades significant progress has been made in identifying many such metabolites in different plant species and in elucidating their biosynthetic pathways. However, the biological roles of plant specialized metabolites remain elusive and proposed functions lack an identified underlying molecular mechanism. Understanding the roles of specialized metabolites frequently is hampered by their dynamic production and their specific spatiotemporal accumulation within plant tissues and organs throughout a plant's life cycle. In this review, we propose the employment of strategies from the field of Synthetic Biology to construct and optimize genetically encoded biosensors that can detect individual specialized metabolites in a standardized and high-throughput manner. This will help determine the precise localization of specialized metabolites at the tissue and single-cell levels. Such information will be useful in developing complete system-level models of specialized plant metabolism, which ultimately will demonstrate how the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is integrated with the core processes of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Garagounis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Delkis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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Bui H, Greenhalgh R, Gill GS, Ji M, Kurlovs AH, Ronnow C, Lee S, Ramirez RA, Clark RM. Maize Inbred Line B96 Is the Source of Large-Effect Loci for Resistance to Generalist but Not Specialist Spider Mites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693088. [PMID: 34234802 PMCID: PMC8256171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) yield loss from arthropod herbivory is substantial. While the basis of resistance to major insect herbivores has been comparatively well-studied in maize, less is known about resistance to spider mite herbivores, which are distantly related to insects and feed by a different mechanism. Two spider mites, the generalist Tetranychus urticae, and the grass-specialist Oligonychus pratensis, are notable pests of maize, especially during drought conditions. We assessed resistance (antibiosis) to both mites of 38 highly diverse maize lines, including several previously reported to be resistant to one or the other mite species. We found that line B96, as well as its derivatives B49 and B75, were highly resistant to T. urticae. In contrast, neither these three lines, nor any others included in our study, were notably resistant to the specialist O. pratensis. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with replicate populations from crosses of B49, B75, and B96 to susceptible B73 identified a QTL in the same genomic interval on chromosome 6 for T. urticae resistance in each of the three resistant lines, and an additional resistance QTL on chromosome 1 was unique to B96. Single-locus genotyping with a marker coincident with the chromosome 6 QTL in crosses of both B49 and B75 to B73 revealed that the respective QTL was large-effect; it explained ∼70% of the variance in resistance, and resistance alleles from B49 and B75 acted recessively as compared to B73. Finally, a genome-wide haplotype analysis using genome sequence data generated for B49, B75, and B96 identified an identical haplotype, likely of initial origin from B96, as the source of T. urticae resistance on chromosome 6 in each of the B49, B75, and B96 lines. Our findings uncover the relationship between intraspecific variation in maize defenses and resistance to its major generalist and specialist spider mite herbivores, and we identified loci for use in breeding programs and for genetic studies of resistance to T. urticae, the most widespread spider mite pest of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Bui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Robert Greenhalgh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Meiyuan Ji
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andre H. Kurlovs
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christian Ronnow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sarah Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Richard M. Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Schütz V, Frindte K, Cui J, Zhang P, Hacquard S, Schulze-Lefert P, Knief C, Schulz M, Dörmann P. Differential Impact of Plant Secondary Metabolites on the Soil Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666010. [PMID: 34122379 PMCID: PMC8195599 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolites can shape the microbial community composition in the soil. Two indole metabolites, benzoxazolinone (BOA) and gramine, produced by different Gramineae species, and quercetin, a flavonoid synthesized by many dicot species, were studied for their impacts on the community structure of field soil bacteria. The three plant metabolites were directly added to agricultural soil over a period of 28 days. Alterations in bacterial composition were monitored by next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR products and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Treatment of the soil with the plant metabolites altered the community composition from phylum to amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level. Alpha diversity was significantly reduced by BOA or quercetin, but not by gramine. BOA treatment caused a decrease of the relative abundance of 11 ASVs, while only 10 ASVs were increased. Gramine or quercetin treatment resulted in the increase in relative abundance of many more ASVs (33 or 38, respectively), most of them belonging to the Proteobacteria. Isolation and characterization of cultivable bacteria indicated an enrichment in Pseudarthrobacter or Pseudomonas strains under BOA/quercetin or BOA/gramine treatments, respectively. Therefore, the effects of the treatments on soil bacteria were characteristic for each metabolite, with BOA exerting a predominantly inhibitory effect, with only few genera being able to proliferate, while gramine and quercetin caused the proliferation of many potentially beneficial strains. As a consequence, BOA or gramine biosynthesis, which have evolved in different barley species, is accompanied with the association of distinct bacterial communities in the soil, presumably after mutual adaptation during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Frindte
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Molecular Biology of the Rhizosphere, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pengfan Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Knief
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Molecular Biology of the Rhizosphere, Bonn, Germany
| | - Margot Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, Bonn, Germany
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Malook SU, Xu Y, Qi J, Li J, Wang L, Wu J. Mythimna separata herbivory primes maize resistance in systemic leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3792-3805. [PMID: 33647931 PMCID: PMC8096606 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic cues can trigger priming in plants, which enables plants to respond to subsequent challenge with stronger and/or faster responses. It is well known that herbivory activates defense-related responses in systemic leaves. However, little is known about whether insect feeding activates priming in systemic leaves. To determine whether and how herbivory induces priming in maize systemic leaves, a combination of insect bioassays, phytohormone and defense metabolite quantification, and genetic and transcriptome analyses were performed. Actual and simulated Mythimna separata herbivory in maize local leaves primed the systemic leaves for enhanced accumulation of jasmonic acid and benzoxazinoids and increased resistance to M. separata. Activation of priming in maize systemic leaves depends on both the duration of simulated herbivory and perception of M. separata oral secretions in the local leaves, and genetic analysis indicated that jasmonic acid and benzoxazinoids mediate the primed defenses in systemic leaves. Consistently, in response to simulated herbivory, the primed systemic leaves exhibited a large number of genes that were uniquely regulated or showed further up- or down-regulation compared with the non-primed systemic leaves. This study provides new insight into the regulation and ecological function of priming in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jiang D, Wu S, Tan M, Wang Q, Zheng L, Yan SC. The high adaptability of Hyphantria cunea larvae to cinnamic acid involves in detoxification, antioxidation and gut microbiota response. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 174:104805. [PMID: 33838706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea is one of the most destructive invasive agricultural and forest pests worldwide. In order to better understand the adaptation mechanism of H. cunea larvae to secondary metabolites of their highly diversified host plants, the physiological function and detoxification ability of midgut, as well as the gut microbial community were investigated in H. cunea larvae fed with cinnamic acid-treated artificial diets. Our results showed that cinnamic acid treatment could not affect the growth and food utilization of H. cunea larvae, as evidenced by a non-significantly altered larval body weight and efficiency of conversion of ingested food. Evaluation of oxidative stress-related parameters (e.g. malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide) and midgut histopathology also clearly confirmed that cinnamic acid treatment caused no significant oxidative damage and pathological changes in the larval midgut. Variance analysis showed that cinnamic acid treatment significantly increased the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) and detoxification enzyme (carboxylate esterase), as well as the abundance of several gut microbiota at the genus level (Hydrogenophaga and Acinetobacter) involved in the organic substance degradation in larval midgut. Further Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that these strongly altered gut microbiota at the genus level appeared to be significantly correlated with the detoxification and antioxidation parameters. These findings demonstrate the high adaptability of H. cunea larvae to cinnamic acid involves in detoxification, antioxidation and gut microbiota response, and indicate the existence of an extremely effective counter-defense mechanism for H. cunea larvae against the secondary metabolites of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Mingtao Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shan-Chun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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The Roots of Rye ( Secale cereale L.) Are Capable of Synthesizing Benzoxazinoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094656. [PMID: 33925031 PMCID: PMC8124178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current opinion, the first step of benzoxazinoids (BXs) synthesis, that is, the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole, occurs exclusively in the photosynthesising parts of plants. However, the results of our previous work and some other studies suggest that this process may also occur in the roots. In this study, we provide evidence that the first step of BXs synthesis does indeed occur in the roots of rye seedlings. We detected ScBx1 transcripts, BX1 enzyme, and six BXs (2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, (2R)-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one glucoside, 2,4-dihydroxy- 7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone) in the roots developed from seeds deprived of the coleoptile at 2 days after sowing (i.e., roots without contact with aerial parts). In roots regenerated in vitro, both ScBx1 transcripts and BX1 enzyme were detected at a low but still measurable levels. Thus, BXs are able to be synthesised in both the roots and above-ground parts of rye plants.
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Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024463118. [PMID: 33850021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024463118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For highly specialized insect herbivores, plant chemical defenses are often co-opted as cues for oviposition and sequestration. In such interactions, can plants evolve novel defenses, pushing herbivores to trade off benefits of specialization with costs of coping with toxins? We tested how variation in milkweed toxins (cardenolides) impacted monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) growth, sequestration, and oviposition when consuming tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica), one of two critical host plants worldwide. The most abundant leaf toxin, highly apolar and thiazolidine ring-containing voruscharin, accounted for 40% of leaf cardenolides, negatively predicted caterpillar growth, and was not sequestered. Using whole plants and purified voruscharin, we show that monarch caterpillars convert voruscharin to calotropin and calactin in vivo, imposing a burden on growth. As shown by in vitro experiments, this conversion is facilitated by temperature and alkaline pH. We next employed toxin-target site experiments with isolated cardenolides and the monarch's neural Na+/K+-ATPase, revealing that voruscharin is highly inhibitory compared with several standards and sequestered cardenolides. The monarch's typical >50-fold enhanced resistance to cardenolides compared with sensitive animals was absent for voruscharin, suggesting highly specific plant defense. Finally, oviposition was greatest on intermediate cardenolide plants, supporting the notion of a trade-off between benefits and costs of sequestration for this highly specialized herbivore. There is apparently ample opportunity for continued coevolution between monarchs and milkweeds, although the diffuse nature of the interaction, due to migration and interaction with multiple milkweeds, may limit the ability of monarchs to counteradapt.
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Richter A, Powell AF, Mirzaei M, Wang LJ, Movahed N, Miller JK, Piñeros MA, Jander G. Indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase, a branchpoint for the biosynthesis of tryptophan, indole, and benzoxazinoids in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:245-257. [PMID: 33458870 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) genome encodes three indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase enzymes (IGPS1, 2, and 3) catalyzing the conversion of 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-l-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate to indole-3-glycerolphosphate. Three further maize enzymes (BX1, benzoxazinoneless 1; TSA, tryptophan synthase alpha subunit; and IGL, indole glycerolphosphate lyase) convert indole-3-glycerolphosphate to indole, which is released as a volatile defense signaling compound and also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of tryptophan and defense-related benzoxazinoids. Phylogenetic analyses showed that IGPS2 is similar to enzymes found in both monocots and dicots, whereas maize IGPS1 and IGPS3 are in monocot-specific clades. Fusions of yellow fluorescent protein with maize IGPS enzymes and indole-3-glycerolphosphate lyases were all localized in chloroplasts. In bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, IGPS1 interacted strongly with BX1 and IGL, IGPS2 interacted primarily with TSA, and IGPS3 interacted equally with all three indole-3-glycerolphosphate lyases. Whereas IGPS1 and IGPS3 expression was induced by insect feeding, IGPS2 expression was not. Transposon insertions in IGPS1 and IGPS3 reduced the abundance of both benzoxazinoids and free indole. Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) larvae show improved growth on igps1 mutant maize plants. Together, these results suggest that IGPS1 and IGPS3 function mainly in the biosynthesis of defensive metabolites, whereas IGPS2 may be involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. This metabolic channeling is similar to, though less exclusive than, that proposed for the three maize indole-3-glycerolphosphate lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia K Miller
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Miguel A Piñeros
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Paddock KJ, Robert CAM, Erb M, Hibbard BE. Western Corn Rootworm, Plant and Microbe Interactions: A Review and Prospects for New Management Tools. INSECTS 2021; 12:171. [PMID: 33671118 PMCID: PMC7922318 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is resistant to four separate classes of traditional insecticides, all Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) toxins currently registered for commercial use, crop rotation, innate plant resistance factors, and even double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting essential genes via environmental RNA interference (RNAi), which has not been sold commercially to date. Clearly, additional tools are needed as management options. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge about biotic factors influencing herbivore success, including host location and recognition, plant defensive traits, plant-microbe interactions, and herbivore-pathogens/predator interactions. We then translate this knowledge into potential new management tools and improved biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Paddock
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; (C.A.M.R.); (M.E.)
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; (C.A.M.R.); (M.E.)
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruce E. Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031442. [PMID: 33535511 PMCID: PMC7867105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous onslaught, plants have evolved a suite of direct and indirect, constitutive and induced, chemical and physical defenses, and secondary metabolites are a key group that facilitates these defenses. Polyphenols—widely distributed in flowering plants—are the major group of such biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics have provided an opportunity to dig deep into extraction and quantification of plant-based natural products with insecticidal/insect deterrent activity, a potential sustainable pest management strategy. However, we currently lack an updated review of their multifunctional roles in insect-plant interactions, especially focusing on their insect deterrent or antifeedant properties. This review focuses on the role of polyphenols in plant-insect interactions and plant defenses including their structure, induction, regulation, and their anti-feeding and toxicity effects. Details on mechanisms underlying these interactions and localization of these compounds are discussed in the context of insect-plant interactions, current findings, and potential avenues for future research in this area.
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61
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Rasool S, Vidkjaer NH, Hooshmand K, Jensen B, Fomsgaard IS, Meyling NV. Seed inoculations with entomopathogenic fungi affect aphid populations coinciding with modulation of plant secondary metabolite profiles across plant families. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1715-1727. [PMID: 33006149 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can display a plant-associated lifestyle as endophytes. Seed application of EPF can affect insect herbivory above ground, but the mechanisms behind this are not documented. Here we applied three EPF isolates, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum and M. robertsii, as seed inoculation of wheat and bean, and evaluated the effects on population growth of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Aphis fabae, respectively. In wheat and bean leaves, we quantified benzoxazinoids and flavonoids, respectively, in response to EPF inoculation and aphid infestation to elucidate the role of specific plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in plant-fungus-herbivore interactions. Inoculations of wheat and bean with M. robertsii and B. bassiana reduced aphid populations compared with control treatments, whereas M. brunneum unexpectedly increased the populations of both aphids. Concentrations of the majority of PSMs were differentially altered in EPF-treated plants infested with aphids. Changes in aphid numbers were associated with PSMs regulation rather than EPF endophytic colonisation capacity. This study links the effects of EPF seed inoculations against aphids with unique PSM accumulation patterns in planta. The understanding of PSM regulation in tri-trophic interactions is important for the future development of EPF for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Rasool
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Nanna H Vidkjaer
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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Israni B, Wouters FC, Luck K, Seibel E, Ahn SJ, Paetz C, Reinert M, Vogel H, Erb M, Heckel DG, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. The Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Utilizes Specific UDP-Glycosyltransferases to Inactivate Maize Defensive Benzoxazinoids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:604754. [PMID: 33408643 PMCID: PMC7781194 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between plants and insects is continuously evolving, and many insects rely on biochemical strategies to mitigate the effects of toxic chemicals in their food plants, allowing them to feed on well-defended plants. Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm (FAW), accepts a number of plants as hosts, and has particular success on plants of the Poaceae family such as maize, despite their benzoxazinoid (BXD) defenses. BXDs stored as inert glucosides are converted into toxic aglucones by plant glucosidases upon herbivory. DIMBOA, the main BXD aglucone released by maize leaves, can be stereoselectively re-glucosylated by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in the insect gut, rendering it non-toxic. Here, we identify UGTs involved in BXD detoxification by FAW larvae and examine how RNAi-mediated manipulation of the larval glucosylation capacity toward the major maize BXD, DIMBOA, affects larval growth. Our findings highlight the involvement of members of two major UGT families, UGT33 and UGT40, in the glycosylation of BXDs. Most of the BXD excretion in the frass occurs in the form of glucosylated products. Furthermore, the DIMBOA-associated activity was enriched in the gut tissue, with a single conserved UGT33 enzyme (SfUGT33F28) being dedicated to DIMBOA re-glucosylation in the FAW gut. The knock-down of its encoding gene reduces larval performance in a strain-specific manner. This study thus reveals that a single UGT enzyme is responsible for detoxification of the major maize-defensive BXD in this pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Israni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe C Wouters
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Katrin Luck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Elena Seibel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | | | | | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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63
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Song Y, Liu J, Chen F. Azotobacter chroococcum inoculation can improve plant growth and resistance of maize to armyworm, Mythimna separata even under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:4131-4140. [PMID: 32706174 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is essential to crop yield improvement and it can change crops' ability to defend against herbivores. To maximize economic yield, a higher amount of N-fertilizer is often applied than the minimum required. Azotobacter is a good alternative to reduce N fertilizer application. In this study, we studied the yield and secondary defensive chemicals of maize, as well as the response of the key maize insect pest, Mythimna separata, as fed on maize plants inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and cultivated at different N fertilizer rates (i.e. the control rate of nitrogen fertilizer (CR), 80%CR and 60%CR) from 2018 to 2019. RESULTS A. chroococcum inoculation just positively increased yield production of maize at 80%CR. Moreover, reduced N-fertilizer application and A. chroococcum inoculation had opposite impacts on the foliar contents of jasmonic acid (JA), isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) and DIMBOA in maize, and they both negatively decreased the pupation rate and fecundity, and positively increased the eclosion rate and approximate digestibility (AD) of M. separata (P < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced N-fertilizer application negatively prolonged larval life-span, and decreased pupal weight, relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) of M. separata even A. chroococcum inoculation had positive effects on these indexes of M. separata (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results help in understanding of the effects of low-level N-fertilizer and A. chroococcum inoculation on maize production and maize resistance to insects. This will be conducive to the integrated control of agricultural pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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64
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Poretsky E, Huffaker A. MutRank: an R shiny web-application for exploratory targeted mutual rank-based coexpression analyses integrated with user-provided supporting information. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10264. [PMID: 33240618 PMCID: PMC7659623 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid assignment of genotypes to phenotypes has been a historically challenging process. The discovery of genes encoding biosynthetic pathway enzymes for defined plant specialized metabolites has been informed and accelerated by the detection of gene clusters. Unfortunately, biosynthetic pathway genes are commonly dispersed across chromosomes or reside in genes clusters that provide little predictive value. More reliably, transcript abundance of genes underlying biochemical pathways for plant specialized metabolites display significant coregulation. By rapidly identifying highly coexpressed transcripts, it is possible to efficiently narrow candidate genes encoding pathway enzymes and more easily predict both functions and functional associations. Mutual Rank (MR)-based coexpression analyses in plants accurately demonstrate functional associations for many specialized metabolic pathways; however, despite the clear predictive value of MR analyses, the application is uncommonly used to drive new pathway discoveries. Moreover, many coexpression databases aid in the prediction of both functional associations and gene functions, but lack customizability for refined hypothesis testing. To facilitate and speed flexible MR-based hypothesis testing, we developed MutRank, an R Shiny web-application for coexpression analyses. MutRank provides an intuitive graphical user interface with multiple customizable features that integrates user-provided data and supporting information suitable for personal computers. Tabular and graphical outputs facilitate the rapid analyses of both unbiased and user-defined coexpression results that accelerate gene function predictions. We highlight the recent utility of MR analyses for functional predictions and discoveries in defining two maize terpenoid antibiotic pathways. Beyond applications in biosynthetic pathway discovery, MutRank provides a simple, customizable and user-friendly interface to enable coexpression analyses relating to a breadth of plant biology inquiries. Data and code are available at GitHub: https://github.com/eporetsky/MutRank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Poretsky
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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65
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Ding Y, Weckwerth PR, Poretsky E, Murphy KM, Sims J, Saldivar E, Christensen SA, Char SN, Yang B, Tong AD, Shen Z, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Kono T, Nelson DR, Bohlmann J, Bakker MG, Vaughan MM, Khalil AS, Betsiashvili M, Dressano K, Köllner TG, Briggs SP, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. Genetic elucidation of interconnected antibiotic pathways mediating maize innate immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1375-1388. [PMID: 33106639 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites constitute key layers of immunity that underlie disease resistance in crops; however, challenges in resolving pathways limit our understanding of the functions and applications of these metabolites. In maize (Zea mays), the inducible accumulation of acidic terpenoids is increasingly considered to be a defence mechanism that contributes to disease resistance. Here, to understand maize antibiotic biosynthesis, we integrated association mapping, pan-genome multi-omic correlations, enzyme structure-function studies and targeted mutagenesis. We define ten genes in three zealexin (Zx) gene clusters that encode four sesquiterpene synthases and six cytochrome P450 proteins that collectively drive the production of diverse antibiotic cocktails. Quadruple mutants in which the ability to produce zealexins (ZXs) is blocked exhibit a broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance. Genetic redundancies ensuring pathway resiliency to single null mutations are combined with enzyme substrate promiscuity, creating a biosynthetic hourglass pathway that uses diverse substrates and in vivo combinatorial chemistry to yield complex antibiotic blends. The elucidated genetic basis of biochemical phenotypes that underlie disease resistance demonstrates a predominant maize defence pathway and informs innovative strategies for transferring chemical immunity between crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp R Weckwerth
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Sims
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anh-Dao Tong
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed S Khalil
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Betsiashvili
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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66
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Barbier M, Perrot T, Salzet G, Amusant N, Dumarçay S, Gérardin P, Morel-Rouhier M, Sormani R, Gelhaye E. Glutathione Transferases: Surrogate Targets for Discovering Biologically Active Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2960-2966. [PMID: 33001642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases comprise a large class of multifunctional enzymes, some involved in detoxification pathways. Since these enzymes are able to interact with potentially toxic molecules, they could be used as targets to screen for compounds with biological activity. To test this hypothesis, glutathione transferases (GSTs) from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor have been used to screen for antifungal molecules from a library of tropical wood extracts. The interactions between a set of six GSTs from the omega class and 116 extracts from 21 tropical species were quantified using a high-throughput thermal shift assay. A correlation between these interactions and the antifungal properties of the tested extracts was demonstrated. This approach has been extended to the fractionation of an Andira coriacea extract and led to the detection of maackiain and lapachol in this wood. Altogether, the present results supported the hypothesis that such detoxification enzymes could be used to detect biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Barbier
- Faculté des sciences, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Perrot
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salzet
- Faculté des sciences, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nadine Amusant
- UMR8172, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane, CIRAD/INRA/AgroParisTec, Laboratoire Xylosciences, 2091 Route de Baduel, F-97300 Cayenne, France
| | | | | | | | - Rodnay Sormani
- Faculté des sciences, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Faculté des sciences, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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67
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Benzoxazinoids Biosynthesis in Rye (Secale cereale L.) Is Affected by Low Temperature. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are specialized metabolites with protective properties that are synthesized predominantly by Poaceae species, including rye (Secale cereale). Among factors known to influence BXs production, prolonged low temperature has not been studied previously. In this study, the influence of cultivation at 4 °C, which is essential for vernalization, on the concentration of BXs (HBOA, DIBOA, GDIBOA, DIMBOA, GDIMBOA, and MBOA) and the expression level of genes involved in the BX biosynthesis pathway (ScBx1–ScBx5 and ScIgl) in three rye inbred lines was investigated. After cultivation for seven weeks at 4 °C, the expression level of all analyzed genes and BX concentrations had decreased compared with those at the initiation of treatment (21 days after germination) in control and cold-treated plants. At this time point, the decrease in BX concentrations and gene expression was lower in cold-treated plants than in untreated plants. In contrast, at 77 days after germination, the gene expression levels and BX concentrations in untreated plants had generally increased. Investigation of the vernalization impact on rye BXs accumulation, as well as on Bx gene expression, may aid with determination of the most suitable winter lines and cultivars of rye for cultivation and breeding purposes.
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68
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Stallmann J, Schweiger R, Pons CAA, Müller C. Wheat growth, applied water use efficiency and flag leaf metabolome under continuous and pulsed deficit irrigation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10112. [PMID: 32572060 PMCID: PMC7308318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of precipitation events are predicted to change over the coming decades. For many areas, longer periods without rainfall are expected. We investigated the importance of irrigation frequency under water deficit conditions for growth, physiology and chemistry of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Drought-stressed plants received 40% of the water provided for control plants and were either watered every other day (continuous drought, cd) or every eight days (pulsed drought, pd). Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), aboveground biomass, applied water use efficiency (WUEapl) and the flag leaf metabolome were assessed twice during development. Fv/Fm was not affected by irrigation. Drought-exposed plants produced less biomass, but had higher WUEapl than control plants. More metabolic features responded to the pd compared to the cd treatment and more features were increased than decreased in pool size in flag leaves. Salicylic acid glucoside was generally decreased under drought. In pd plants, two benzoxazinoid glucosides were enhanced at the first time point and concentrations of several flavonoid glycosides were modulated. This study extends our knowledge about drought effects on wheat; it highlights that the frequency of watering determines how plant growth, physiology and metabolism are affected by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stallmann
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline A A Pons
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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69
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Święcicka M, Dmochowska-Boguta M, Orczyk W, Grądzielewska A, Stochmal A, Kowalczyk M, Bolibok L, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Changes in benzoxazinoid contents and the expression of the associated genes in rye (Secale cereale L.) due to brown rust and the inoculation procedure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233807. [PMID: 32470009 PMCID: PMC7259783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are secondary metabolites with diverse functions, but are primarily involved in protecting plants, mainly from the family Poaceae, against insects and fungal pathogens. Rye is a cereal crop that is highly resistant to biotic stresses. However, its susceptibility to brown rust caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis (Prs) is still a major problem affecting its commercial production. Additionally, the genetic and metabolic factors related to this disease remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated whether and to what extent the brown rust infection and the inoculation procedure affect the contents of specific BXs (HBOA, GDIBOA, DIBOA, GDIMBOA, DIMBOA, and MBOA) and the expression of genes related to BX (ScBx1-5, ScIgl, and Scglu). We revealed that treatments with water and a urediniospore suspension usually downregulate gene expression levels. Moreover, HBOA and DIBOA contents decreased, whereas the contents of the remaining metabolites increased. Specifically, the MBOA content increased more after the mock treatment than after the Prs treatment, whereas the increase in GDIBOA and GDIMBOA levels was usually due to the Prs infection, especially at two of the most critical time-points, 17 and 24 h post-treatment. Therefore, GDIBOA and GDIMBOA are glucosides that are important components of rye defence responses to brown rust. Furthermore, along with MBOA, they protect rye against the stress associated with the inoculation procedure used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Dmochowska-Boguta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzików, Błonie, Poland
| | - Wacław Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzików, Błonie, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grądzielewska
- Department of Horticultural Plant Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Leszek Bolibok
- Department of Forest Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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70
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Bruno P, Machado RAR, Glauser G, Köhler A, Campos-Herrera R, Bernal J, Toepfer S, Erb M, Robert CAM, Arce CCM, Turlings TCJ. Entomopathogenic nematodes from Mexico that can overcome the resistance mechanisms of the western corn rootworm. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8257. [PMID: 32427834 PMCID: PMC7237494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural enemies of herbivores are expected to adapt to the defence strategies of their preys or hosts. Such adaptations may also include their capacity to cope with plant metabolites that herbivores sequester as a defence. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Mexican entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to resist benzoxazinoids that are sequestered from maize roots by the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an important maize pest in America and Europe. From maize fields throughout Mexico, we retrieved 40 EPN isolates belonging to five different species, with a majority identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. In the laboratory, all nematodes readily infected non-sequestering larvae of the banded cucumber beetle (D. balteata), while infectivity varied strongly for WCR larvae. While some H. bacteriophora isolates seemed negatively affected by benzoxazinoids, most showed to be resistant. Thus, EPN from Mexican maize fields can cope with these plant defence metabolites, but the results also indicate that WCR larvae possess other mechanisms that help to resist EPN. This work contributes to a better understanding of the capacity of herbivore natural enemies to resist plant defence metabolites. Furthermore, it identifies several benzoxazinoid-resistant EPN isolates that may be used to control this important maize pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Bruno
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Angela Köhler
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Julio Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan Toepfer
- CABI, c/o Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Directorate, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carla C M Arce
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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71
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Lavergne FD, Broeckling CD, Brown KJ, Cockrell DM, Haley SD, Peairs FB, Pearce S, Wolfe LM, Jahn CE, Heuberger AL. Differential Stem Proteomics and Metabolomics Profiles for Four Wheat Cultivars in Response to the Insect Pest Wheat Stem Sawfly. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1037-1051. [PMID: 31995381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global staple crop, and insect pests can impact grain yield. The wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus, WSS) is a major wheat pest, and while partial resistance has been deployed by breeding for a solid-stem trait, this trait is affected by environment. Here, a proteomics and metabolomics study was performed on four wheat cultivars to characterize a molecular response to WSS infestation. The cultivars Hatcher (hollow-stem partially tolerant), Conan (semisolid-stem-resistant), and Denali and Reeder (hollow-stem-susceptible) were infested with WSS, and changes in stem proteins and metabolites were characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proteome was characterized as 1830 proteins that included five major biological processes, including metabolic processes and response to stimuli, and the metabolome (1823 metabolites) spanned eight chemical superclasses, including alkaloids, benzenoids, and lipids. All four varieties had a molecular response to WSS following infestation. Hatcher had the most distinct changes, whereby 62 proteins and 29 metabolites varied in metabolic pathways involving enzymatic detoxification, proteinase inhibition, and antiherbivory compound production via benzoxazinoids, neolignans, and phenolics. Taken together, these data demonstrate variation in the wheat stem molecular response to WSS infestation and support breeding for molecular resistance in hollow-stem cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent D Lavergne
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kitty J Brown
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Darren M Cockrell
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Scott D Haley
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Frank B Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Stephen Pearce
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lisa M Wolfe
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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72
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Wlazło A, Święcicka M, Koter MD, Krępski T, Bolibok L, Stochmal A, Kowalczyk M, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Genes ScBx1 and ScIgl-Competitors or Cooperators? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020223. [PMID: 32093268 PMCID: PMC7074272 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes, Bx1 and Igl, both encoding indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL), are believed to control the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) to indole. The first of these has generally been supposed to be regulated developmentally, being expressed at early stages of plant development with the indole being used in the benzoxazinoid (BX) biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, it has been proposed that the second one is regulated by stresses and that the associated free indole is secreted as a volatile. However, our previous results contradicted this. In the present study, we show that the ScIgl gene takes over the role of ScBx1 at later developmental stages, between the 42nd and 70th days after germination. In the majority of plants with silenced ScBx1 expression, ScIgl was either expressed at a significantly higher level than ScBx1 or it was the only gene with detectable expression. Therefore, we postulate that the synthesis of indole used in BX biosynthesis in rye is controlled by both ScBx1 and ScIgl, which are both regulated developmentally and by stresses. In silico and in vivo analyses of the promoter sequences further confirmed our hypothesis that the roles and modes of regulation of the ScBx1 and ScIgl genes are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wlazło
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Marek D. Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Krępski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Leszek Bolibok
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225932150
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Hunter CT, Block AK, Christensen SA, Li QB, Rering C, Alborn HT. Setaria viridis as a model for translational genetic studies of jasmonic acid-related insect defenses in Zea mays. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110329. [PMID: 31928686 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding insect defense pathways in Setaria viridis (setaria), a model system for panicoid grasses, including Zea mays (maize). It is thus of interest to compare insect herbivory responses of setaria and maize. Here we use metabolic, phylogenetic, and gene expression analyses to measure a subset of jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense responses to leaf-chewing caterpillars. Phylogenetic comparisons of known defense-related maize genes were used to identify putative orthologs in setaria, and candidates were tested by quantitative PCR to determine transcriptional responses to insect challenge. Our findings show that while much of the core JA-related metabolic and genetic responses appear conserved between setaria and maize, production of downstream secondary metabolites such as benzoxazinoids and herbivore-induced plant volatiles are dissimilar. This diversity of chemical defenses and gene families involved in secondary metabolism among grasses presents new opportunities for cross species engineering. The high degree of genetic similarity and ease of orthologous gene identification between setaria and maize make setaria an excellent species for translational genetic studies, but the species specificity of downstream insect defense chemistry makes some pathways unamenable to cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Caitlin Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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War AR, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ahmad T, Nair RM, Sharma HC. Plant Defense and Insect Adaptation with Reference to Secondary Metabolites. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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75
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Abstract
Certain adapted insect herbivores utilize plant toxins for self-defense against their own enemies. These adaptations structure ecosystems and limit our capacity to use biological control agents to manage specialized agricultural pests. We show that entomopathogenic nematodes that are exposed to the western corn rootworm, an important agricultural pest that sequesters defense metabolites from maize, can evolve resistance to these defenses. Resisting the plant defense metabolites likely allows the nematodes to infect and kill the western corn rootworm more efficiently. These findings illustrate how predators can counter the plant-based resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores. Breeding or engineering biological control agents that resist plant defense metabolites may improve their capacity to kill important agricultural pests such as the western corn rootworm. Plants defend themselves against herbivores through the production of toxic and deterrent metabolites. Adapted herbivores can tolerate and sometimes sequester these metabolites, allowing them to feed on defended plants and become toxic to their own enemies. Can herbivore natural enemies overcome sequestered plant defense metabolites to prey on adapted herbivores? To address this question, we studied how entomopathogenic nematodes cope with benzoxazinoid defense metabolites that are produced by grasses and sequestered by a specialist maize herbivore, the western corn rootworm. We find that nematodes from US maize fields in regions in which the western corn rootworm was present over the last 50 y are behaviorally and metabolically resistant to sequestered benzoxazinoids and more infective toward the western corn rootworm than nematodes from other parts of the world. Exposure of a benzoxazinoid-susceptible nematode strain to the western corn rootworm for 5 generations results in higher behavioral and metabolic resistance and benzoxazinoid-dependent infectivity toward the western corn rootworm. Thus, herbivores that are exposed to a plant defense sequestering herbivore can evolve both behavioral and metabolic resistance to plant defense metabolites, and these traits are associated with higher infectivity toward a defense sequestering herbivore. We conclude that plant defense metabolites that are transferred through adapted herbivores may result in the evolution of resistance in herbivore natural enemies. Our study also identifies plant defense resistance as a potential target for the improvement of biological control agents.
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76
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Ding Y, Murphy KM, Poretsky E, Mafu S, Yang B, Char SN, Christensen SA, Saldivar E, Wu M, Wang Q, Ji L, Schmitz RJ, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Bohlmann J, Sher A, Castro-Falcon G, Hughes CC, Huffaker A, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA. Multiple genes recruited from hormone pathways partition maize diterpenoid defences. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1043-1056. [PMID: 31527844 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Duplication and divergence of primary pathway genes underlie the evolution of plant specialized metabolism; however, mechanisms partitioning parallel hormone and defence pathways are often speculative. For example, the primary pathway intermediate ent-kaurene is essential for gibberellin biosynthesis and is also a proposed precursor for maize antibiotics. By integrating transcriptional coregulation patterns, genome-wide association studies, combinatorial enzyme assays, proteomics and targeted mutant analyses, we show that maize kauralexin biosynthesis proceeds via the positional isomer ent-isokaurene formed by a diterpene synthase pair recruited from gibberellin metabolism. The oxygenation and subsequent desaturation of ent-isokaurene by three promiscuous cytochrome P450s and a new steroid 5α reductase indirectly yields predominant ent-kaurene-associated antibiotics required for Fusarium stalk rot resistance. The divergence and differential expression of pathway branches derived from multiple duplicated hormone-metabolic genes minimizes dysregulation of primary metabolism via the circuitous biosynthesis of ent-kaurene-related antibiotics without the production of growth hormone precursors during defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sibongile Mafu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lexiang Ji
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Sher
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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78
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Snoeck S, Pavlidi N, Pipini D, Vontas J, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Substrate specificity and promiscuity of horizontally transferred UDP-glycosyltransferases in the generalist herbivore Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:116-127. [PMID: 30978500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the addition of UDP-sugars to small hydrophobic molecules, turning them into more water-soluble metabolites. While their role in detoxification is well documented for vertebrates, arthropod UGTs have only recently been linked to the detoxification and sequestration of plant toxins and insecticides. The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a generalist herbivore notorious for rapidly developing resistance to insecticides and acaricides. We identified a set of eight UGT genes that were overexpressed in mites upon long-term acclimation or adaptation to a new host plant and/or in mite strains highly resistant to acaricides. Functional expression revealed that they were all catalytically active and that the majority preferred UDP-glucose as activated donor for glycosylation of model substrates. A high-throughput substrate screening of both plant secondary metabolites and pesticides revealed patterns of both substrate specificity and promiscuity. We further selected nine enzyme-substrate combinations for more comprehensive analysis and determined steady-state kinetic parameters. Among others, plant metabolites such as capsaicin and several flavonoids were shown to be glycosylated. The acaricide abamectin was also glycosylated by two UGTs and one of these was also overexpressed in an abamectin resistant strain. Our study corroborates the potential role of T. urticae UGTs in detoxification of both synthetic and natural xenobiotic compounds and paves the way for rapid substrate screening of arthropod UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nena Pavlidi
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - John Vontas
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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79
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Abstract
Microorganisms colonizing plant surfaces and internal tissues provide a number of life-support functions for their host. Despite increasing recognition of the vast functional capabilities of the plant microbiome, our understanding of the ecology and evolution of the taxonomically hyperdiverse microbial communities is limited. Here, we review current knowledge of plant genotypic and phenotypic traits as well as allogenic and autogenic factors that shape microbiome composition and functions. We give specific emphasis to the impact of plant domestication on microbiome assembly and how insights into microbiomes of wild plant relatives and native habitats can contribute to reinstate or enrich for microorganisms with beneficial effects on plant growth, development, and health. Finally, we introduce new concepts and perspectives in plant microbiome research, in particular how community ecology theory can provide a mechanistic framework to unravel the interplay of distinct ecological processes-i.e., selection, dispersal, drift, diversification-that structure the plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Cordovez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Víctor J Carrión
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; .,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; .,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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80
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Juma G, Le Ru B, Calatayud PA. Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 11:1179543319843521. [PMID: 31037037 PMCID: PMC6475838 DOI: 10.1177/1179543319843521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Juma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- UMR EGCE (Evolution, Génome, Comportement, Ecologie), CNRS-IRD-Univ. Paris-Sud, IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul-André Calatayud
- UMR EGCE (Evolution, Génome, Comportement, Ecologie), CNRS-IRD-Univ. Paris-Sud, IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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81
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Kudjordjie EN, Sapkota R, Steffensen SK, Fomsgaard IS, Nicolaisen M. Maize synthesized benzoxazinoids affect the host associated microbiome. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:59. [PMID: 30975184 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0677-677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants actively shape their associated microbial communities by synthesizing bio-active substances. Plant secondary metabolites are known for their signaling and plant defense functions, yet little is known about their overall effect on the plant microbiome. In this work, we studied the effects of benzoxazinoids (BXs), a group of secondary metabolites present in maize, on the host-associated microbial structure. Using BX knock-out mutants and their W22 parental lines, we employed 16S and ITS2 rRNA gene amplicon analysis to characterize the maize microbiome at early growth stages. RESULTS Rhizo-box experiment showed that BXs affected microbial communities not only in roots and shoots, but also in the rhizosphere. Fungal richness in roots was more affected by BXs than root bacterial richness. Maize genotype (BX mutants and their parental lines) as well as plant age explained both fungal and bacterial community structure. Genotypic effect on microbial communities was stronger in roots than in rhizosphere. Diverse, but specific, microbial taxa were affected by BX in both roots and shoots, for instance, many plant pathogens were negatively correlated to BX content. In addition, a co-occurrence analysis of the root microbiome revealed that BXs affected specific groups of the microbiome. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the role of BXs for microbial community assembly in the rhizosphere and in roots and shoots. Coupling the quantification of BX metabolites with bacterial and fungal communities, we were able to suggest a gatekeeper role of BX by showing its correlation with specific microbial taxa and thus providing insights into effects on specific fungal and bacterial taxa in maize roots and shoots. Root microbial co-occurrence networks revealed that BXs affect specific microbial clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Stine K Steffensen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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82
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Kudjordjie EN, Sapkota R, Steffensen SK, Fomsgaard IS, Nicolaisen M. Maize synthesized benzoxazinoids affect the host associated microbiome. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:59. [PMID: 30975184 PMCID: PMC6460791 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants actively shape their associated microbial communities by synthesizing bio-active substances. Plant secondary metabolites are known for their signaling and plant defense functions, yet little is known about their overall effect on the plant microbiome. In this work, we studied the effects of benzoxazinoids (BXs), a group of secondary metabolites present in maize, on the host-associated microbial structure. Using BX knock-out mutants and their W22 parental lines, we employed 16S and ITS2 rRNA gene amplicon analysis to characterize the maize microbiome at early growth stages. RESULTS Rhizo-box experiment showed that BXs affected microbial communities not only in roots and shoots, but also in the rhizosphere. Fungal richness in roots was more affected by BXs than root bacterial richness. Maize genotype (BX mutants and their parental lines) as well as plant age explained both fungal and bacterial community structure. Genotypic effect on microbial communities was stronger in roots than in rhizosphere. Diverse, but specific, microbial taxa were affected by BX in both roots and shoots, for instance, many plant pathogens were negatively correlated to BX content. In addition, a co-occurrence analysis of the root microbiome revealed that BXs affected specific groups of the microbiome. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the role of BXs for microbial community assembly in the rhizosphere and in roots and shoots. Coupling the quantification of BX metabolites with bacterial and fungal communities, we were able to suggest a gatekeeper role of BX by showing its correlation with specific microbial taxa and thus providing insights into effects on specific fungal and bacterial taxa in maize roots and shoots. Root microbial co-occurrence networks revealed that BXs affect specific microbial clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Stine K. Steffensen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S. Fomsgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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83
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Malook SU, Qi J, Hettenhausen C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Zhang J, Lu C, Li J, Wang L, Wu J. The oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata) feeding induces systemic defence responses within and between maize leaves. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180307. [PMID: 30967023 PMCID: PMC6367157 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize ( Zea mays) is a staple cereal crop cultivated all over the world but that is threatened by various insects. Feeding of the lepidopteran insect Mythimna separata triggers defence signalling and increases anti-herbivore benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in the insect-damaged maize leaves. However, the herbivory-elicited within-leaf and leaf-to-leaf systemic signalling in maize remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that simulated M. separata herbivory and mechanical wounding elicited increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-Ile (JA-isoleucine conjugate) and Bxs in the damaged areas and in specific systemic regions within a leaf. Importantly, increased contents of Bxs were detected in a systemic leaf, and consistently, this leaf exhibited increased defence against M. separata. Increased JA/JA-Ile and altered transcriptome, including Bx biosynthesis genes, were detected in systemic leaves after wounding or simulated herbivory treatments, although only simulated herbivory induced increase of the contents of Bxs systemically. Promoter and co-expression analysis revealed that transcription factors bHLH57 and WRKY34 may regulate Bx biosynthesis genes in systemic leaves. Moreover, leaf ablation experiment indicated that the systemic signal rapidly exited the local leaves within 30 min after elicitation. This study provides new insight into the temporal and spatial regulation of defence responses of maize against lepidopteran insects. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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Ye J, Zhong T, Zhang D, Ma C, Wang L, Yao L, Zhang Q, Zhu M, Xu M. The Auxin-Regulated Protein ZmAuxRP1 Coordinates the Balance between Root Growth and Stalk Rot Disease Resistance in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:360-373. [PMID: 30853061 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To optimize fitness, plants must efficiently allocate their resources between growth and defense. Although phytohormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in balancing growth and defense, the genetic basis by which plants manage this balance remains elusive. We previously identified a quantitative disease-resistance locus, qRfg2, in maize (Zea mays) that protects against the fungal disease Gibberella stalk rot. Here, through map-based cloning, we demonstrate that the causal gene at qRfg2 is ZmAuxRP1, which encodes a plastid stroma-localized auxin-regulated protein. ZmAuxRP1 responded quickly to pathogen challenge with a rapid yet transient reduction in expression that led to arrested root growth but enhanced resistance to Gibberella stalk rot and Fusarium ear rot. ZmAuxRP1 was shown to promote the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while suppressing the formation of benzoxazinoid defense compounds. ZmAuxRP1 presumably acts as a resource regulator modulating indole-3-glycerol phosphate and/or indole flux at the branch point between the IAA and benzoxazinoid biosynthetic pathways. The concerted interplay between IAA and benzoxazinoids can regulate the growth-defense balance in a timely and efficient manner to optimize plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/National Maize Improvement Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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85
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Kundu A, Vadassery J. Chlorogenic acid-mediated chemical defence of plants against insect herbivores. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:185-189. [PMID: 30521134 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid is one of the most abundant beneficial polyphenols in plants and is well known as a nutritional antioxidant in plant-based foods. Apart from its dietary antioxidant activity, it has been proved to be an efficient defence molecule against a broad range of insect herbivores. In the last two decades, several reports have shown the effectiveness of chlorogenic acid in insect growth deterrence. The pathway for chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in plants was previously elucidated, and metabolic engineering of the principal pathway showed high chlorogenic acid production in tomato plants. Herbivore-mediated induction of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis was also demonstrated both at metabolite and transcript level, although herbivore-mediated molecular regulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis is not yet fully elucidated. In this communication, we present our views on the efficacy of chlorogenic acid as an anti-herbivore defence molecule in plants and also discuss its future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kundu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - J Vadassery
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
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86
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Hu L, Ye M, Erb M. Integration of two herbivore-induced plant volatiles results in synergistic effects on plant defence and resistance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:959-971. [PMID: 30195252 PMCID: PMC6392123 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can use induced volatiles to detect herbivore- and pathogen-attacked neighbors and prime their defenses. Several individual volatile priming cues have been identified, but whether plants are able to integrate multiple cues from stress-related volatile blends remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole. In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defence gene expression, whereas indole had no effect. Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance. Plant resistance to caterpillars was more strongly induced in dual volatile-exposed plants than plants exposed to single volatiles.. Induced defence levels in dual volatile-exposed plants were significantly higher than predicted from the added effects of the individual volatiles, with the exception of induced plant volatile production, which showed no increase upon dual-exposure relative to single exposure. Thus, plants can integrate different volatile cues into strong and specific responses that promote herbivore defence induction and resistance. Integrating multiple volatiles may be beneficial, as volatile blends are more reliable indicators of future stress than single cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Meng Ye
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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87
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López-Farfán D, Reyes-Darias JA, Matilla MA, Krell T. Concentration Dependent Effect of Plant Root Exudates on the Chemosensory Systems of Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30761113 PMCID: PMC6363813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant root colonization by rhizobacteria can protect plants against pathogens and promote plant growth, and chemotaxis to root exudates was shown to be an essential prerequisite for efficient root colonization. Since many chemoattractants control the transcript levels of their cognate chemoreceptor genes, we have studied here the transcript levels of the 27 Pseudomonas putida KT2440 chemoreceptor genes in the presence of different maize root exudate (MRE) concentrations. Transcript levels were increased for 10 chemoreceptor genes at low MRE concentrations, whereas almost all receptor genes showed lower transcript levels at high MRE concentrations. The exposure of KT2440 to different MRE concentrations did not alter c-di-GMP levels, indicating that changes in chemoreceptor transcripts are not mediated by this second messenger. Data suggest that rhizosphere colonization unfolds in a temporal fashion. Whereas at a distance to the root, exudates enhance chemoreceptor gene transcript levels promoting in turn chemotaxis, this process is reversed in root vicinity, where the necessity of chemotaxis toward the root may be less important. Insight into KT2440 signaling processes were obtained by analyzing mutants defective in the three cheA paralogous genes. Whereas a mutant in cheA1 showed reduced c-di-GMP levels and impaired biofilm formation, a cheA2 mutant was entirely deficient in MRE chemotaxis, indicating the existence of homologs of the P. aeruginosawsp and che (chemotaxis) pathways. Signaling through both pathways was important for efficient maize root colonization. Future studies will show whether the MRE concentration dependent effect on chemoreceptor gene transcript levels is a feature shared by other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana López-Farfán
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - José A Reyes-Darias
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Matilla
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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88
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Block AK, Vaughan MM, Schmelz EA, Christensen SA. Biosynthesis and function of terpenoid defense compounds in maize (Zea mays). PLANTA 2019; 249:21-30. [PMID: 30187155 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize produces an array of herbivore-induced terpene volatiles that attract parasitoids to infested plants and a suite of pathogen-induced non-volatile terpenoids with antimicrobial activity to defend against pests. Plants rely on complex blends of constitutive and dynamically produced specialized metabolites to mediate beneficial ecological interactions and protect against biotic attack. One such class of metabolites are terpenoids, a large and structurally diverse class of molecules shown to play significant defensive and developmental roles in numerous plant species. Despite this, terpenoids have only recently been recognized as significant contributors to pest resistance in maize (Zea mays), a globally important agricultural crop. The current review details recent advances in our understanding of biochemical structures, pathways and functional roles of maize terpenoids. Dependent upon the lines examined, maize can harbor more than 30 terpene synthases, underlying the inherent diversity of maize terpene defense systems. Part of this defensive arsenal is the inducible production of volatile bouquets that include monoterpenes, homoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which often function in indirect defense by enabling the attraction of parasitoids and predators. More recently discovered are a subset of sesquiterpene and diterpene hydrocarbon olefins modified by cytochrome P450s to produce non-volatile end-products such kauralexins, zealexins, dolabralexins and β-costic acid. These non-volatile terpenoid phytoalexins often provide effective defense against both microbial and insect pests via direct antimicrobial and anti-feedant activity. The diversity and promiscuity of maize terpene synthases, coupled with a variety of secondary modifications, results in elaborate defensive layers whose identities, regulation and precise functions are continuing to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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89
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Guo J, Qi J, He K, Wu J, Bai S, Zhang T, Zhao J, Wang Z. The Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis feeding increases the direct and indirect defence of mid-whorl stage commercial maize in the field. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:88-102. [PMID: 29754404 PMCID: PMC6330542 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) is a destructive pest of maize (Zea mays L.). Despite large-scale commercial maize production, little is known about the defensive responses of field-grown commercial maize to O. furnacalis herbivory, and how these responses result in direct and indirect defence against this pest. To elucidate the maize transcriptome response to O. furnacalis feeding, leaves of maize hybrid Jingke968 were infested with O. furnacalis for 0, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h. Ostrinia furnacalis feeding elicited stronger and more rapid changes in the defence-related gene expression (i.e. after 2 h), and more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated than down-regulated at all times post-induction (i.e. 2, 4, 12 and 24 h) in the O. furnacalis pre-infested maize plants. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs in the O. furnacalis pre-infested maize are involved in benzoxazinoids, phytohormones, volatiles, and other metabolic pathways related to maize resistance to herbivores. In addition, the maize leaves previously infested by O. furnacalis for 24 h showed an obvious inhibition of the subsequent O. furnacalis performance, and maize volatiles induced by O. furnacalis feeding for 24 and 48 h attracted the parasitic wasp, Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke. The increased direct and indirect defences induced by O. furnacalis feeding were correlated with O. furnacalis-induced phytohormones, benzoxazinoids, and volatiles. Together, our findings provide new insights into how commercial maize orchestrates its transcriptome and metabolome to directly and indirectly defend against O. furnacalis at the mid-whorl stage in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and BiotechnologyYunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and BiotechnologyYunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Maize Research CenterBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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90
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Yang P, Praz C, Li B, Singla J, Robert CAM, Kessel B, Scheuermann D, Lüthi L, Ouzunova M, Erb M, Krattinger SG, Keller B. Fungal resistance mediated by maize wall-associated kinase ZmWAK-RLK1 correlates with reduced benzoxazinoid content. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:976-987. [PMID: 30178602 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) have recently been identified as major components of fungal and bacterial disease resistance in several cereal crop species. However, the molecular mechanisms of WAK-mediated resistance remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of the maize gene ZmWAK-RLK1 (Htn1) that confers quantitative resistance to northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. ZmWAK-RLK1 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and its presence resulted in a modification of the infection process by reducing pathogen penetration into host tissues. A large-scale transcriptome analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing for ZmWAK-RLK1 revealed that several differentially expressed genes are involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites benzoxazinoids (BXs). The contents of several BXs including DIM2 BOA-Glc were significantly lower when ZmWAK-RLK1 is present. DIM2 BOA-Glc concentration was significantly elevated in ZmWAK-RLK1 mutants with compromised NCLB resistance. Maize mutants that were affected in overall BXs biosynthesis or content of DIM2 BOA-Glc showed increased NCLB resistance. We conclude that Htn1-mediated NCLB resistance is associated with a reduction of BX secondary metabolites. These findings suggest a link between WAK-mediated quantitative disease resistance and changes in biochemical fluxes starting with indole-3-glycerol phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Coraline Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beibei Li
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jyoti Singla
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Linda Lüthi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon G Krattinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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91
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Snoeck S, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. Transcriptomic Plasticity in the Arthropod Generalist Tetranychus urticae Upon Long-Term Acclimation to Different Host Plants. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:3865-3879. [PMID: 30333191 PMCID: PMC6288829 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an important pest with an exceptionally broad host plant range. This generalist rapidly acclimatizes and adapts to a new host, hereby overcoming nutritional challenges and a novel pallet of constitutive and induced plant defenses. Although recent studies reveal that a broad transcriptomic response upon host plant transfer is associated with a generalist life style in arthropod herbivores, it remains uncertain to what extent these transcriptional changes are general stress responses or host-specific. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomic changes that occur in a single T. urticae population upon long-term transfer from Phaseolus vulgaris to a similar, but chemically defended, host (cyanogenic Phaseolus lunatus) and to multiple economically important crops (Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum, Solanum lycopersicum and Zea mays). These long-term host plant transfers were associated with distinct transcriptomic responses with only a limited overlap in both specificity and directionality, suggestive of a fine-tuned transcriptional plasticity. Nonetheless, analysis at the gene family level uncovered overlapping functional processes, recruiting genes from both well-known and newly discovered detoxification families. Of note, our analyses highlighted a possible detoxification role for Tetranychus-specific short-chain dehydrogenases and single PLAT domain proteins, and manual genome annotation showed that both families are expanded in T. urticae Our results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable adaptive potential for host plant use of generalist arthropods and set the stage for functional validation of important players in T. urticae detoxification of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1012 Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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92
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Li B, Förster C, Robert CAM, Züst T, Hu L, Machado RAR, Berset JD, Handrick V, Knauer T, Hensel G, Chen W, Kumlehn J, Yang P, Keller B, Gershenzon J, Jander G, Köllner TG, Erb M. Convergent evolution of a metabolic switch between aphid and caterpillar resistance in cereals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat6797. [PMID: 30525102 PMCID: PMC6281429 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring defense responses to different attackers is important for plant performance. Plants can use secondary metabolites with dual functions in resistance and defense signaling to mount herbivore-specific responses. To date, the specificity and evolution of this mechanism are unclear. Here, we studied the functional architecture, specificity, and genetic basis of defense regulation by benzoxazinoids in cereals. We document that DIMBOA-Glc induces callose as an aphid resistance factor in wheat. O-methylation of DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc increases plant resistance to caterpillars but reduces callose inducibility and resistance to aphids. DIMBOA-Glc induces callose in wheat and maize, but not in Arabidopsis, while the glucosinolate 4MO-I3M does the opposite. We identify a wheat O-methyltransferase (TaBX10) that is induced by caterpillar feeding and converts DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc in vitro. While the core pathway of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis is conserved between wheat and maize, the wheat genome does not contain close homologs of the maize DIMBOA-Glc O-methyltransferase genes, and TaBx10 is only distantly related. Thus, the functional architecture of herbivore-specific defense regulation is similar in maize and wheat, but the regulating biosynthetic genes likely evolved separately. This study shows how two different cereal species independently achieved herbivore-specific defense activation by regulating secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Li
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C. Förster
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - C. A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T. Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L. Hu
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R. A. R. Machado
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J.-D. Berset
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - V. Handrick
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - T. Knauer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - G. Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - W. Chen
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - J. Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - P. Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B. Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - G. Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - T. G. Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - M. Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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93
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Jiang D, Yan S. Effects of Cd, Zn, or Pb Stress in Populus alba berolinensis on the Antioxidant, Detoxifying, and Digestive Enzymes of Lymantria dispar. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1323-1328. [PMID: 29878092 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For investigating the physiological responses of herbivores to the heavy metal-stressed woody host plants, the activities of antioxidant, detoxifying, and digestive enzymes in the gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar, that were fed with different heavy metal-stressed poplar seedling (Populus alba berolinensis) leaves were studied. The heavy metal treatments included Cd-treated pot soil (1.5 mg/kg), Zn-treated pot soil (500 mg/kg), and Pb-treated pot soil (500 mg/kg), plus an untreated pot soil as the control. Our results showed that compared with the untreated control, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in Cd or Zn treatment group were gradually suppressed with the increases of larval ages, but Pb treatment had no significant effects on SOD activities and significantly increased the CAT activities in both fourth and fifth instar larvae; acid phosphatase (ACP) activities were gradually activated and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities were gradually inhibited with the increases of larval ages in Cd or Pb treatment group, but Zn treatment significantly increased the activities of ACP and AKP both in fourth and in fifth instar larvae. All three heavy metals tested did not show any significant effects on the amylase and protease activity in the fourth instar larvae but increased their activities in fifth instar larvae. These results suggest that antioxidant, detoxifying, and digestive enzymes constituted the basic defense system for gypsy moth larvae to resist the toxicity originated from the accumulated Cd, Zn, or Pb in poplar leaves, but their defense level varied with metals investigated and larval developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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94
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Bui H, Greenhalgh R, Ruckert A, Gill GS, Lee S, Ramirez RA, Clark RM. Generalist and Specialist Mite Herbivores Induce Similar Defense Responses in Maize and Barley but Differ in Susceptibility to Benzoxazinoids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1222. [PMID: 30186298 PMCID: PMC6110934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While substantial progress has been made in understanding defense responses of cereals to insect herbivores, comparatively little is known about responses to feeding by spider mites. Nevertheless, several spider mite species, including the generalist Tetranychus urticae and the grass specialist Oligonychus pratensis, cause damage on cereals such as maize and wheat, especially during drought stress. To understand defense responses of cereals to spider mites, we characterized the transcriptomic responses of maize and barley to herbivory by both mite species, and included a wounding control against which modulation of defenses could be tested. T. urticae and O. pratensis induced highly correlated changes in gene expression on both maize and barley. Within 2 h, hundreds of genes were upregulated, and thousands of genes were up- or downregulated after 24 h. In general, expression changes were similar to those induced by wounding, including for genes associated with jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling. Many genes encoding proteins involved in direct defenses, or those required for herbivore-induced plant volatiles, were strongly upregulated in response to mite herbivory. Further, biosynthesis genes for benzoxazinoids, which are specialized compounds of Poaceae with known roles in deterring insect herbivores, were induced in maize. Compared to chewing insects, spider mites are cell content feeders and cause grossly different patterns of tissue damage. Nonetheless, the gene expression responses of maize to both mite herbivores, including for phytohormone signaling pathways and for the synthesis of the benzoxazinoid 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside, a known defensive metabolite against caterpillars, resembled those reported for a generalist chewing insect, Spodoptera exigua. On maize plants harboring mutations in several benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes, T. urticae performance dramatically increased compared to wild-type plants. In contrast, no difference in performance was observed between mutant and wild-type plants for the specialist O. pratensis. Collectively, our data provide little evidence that maize and barley defense responses differentiate herbivory between T. urticae and O. pratensis. Further, our work suggests that the likely route to specialization for O. pratensis involved the evolution of a robust mechanism to cope with the benzoxazinoid defenses of its cereal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Bui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Robert Greenhalgh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alice Ruckert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | | | - Sarah Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Richard M. Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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95
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Hu L, Mateo P, Ye M, Zhang X, Berset JD, Handrick V, Radisch D, Grabe V, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Robert CAM, Erb M. Plant iron acquisition strategy exploited by an insect herbivore. Science 2018; 361:694-697. [PMID: 30115808 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivores depend on their host plants to acquire macro- and micronutrients. Here we asked how a specialist herbivore and damaging maize pest, the western corn rootworm, finds and accesses plant-derived micronutrients. We show that the root-feeding larvae use complexes between iron and benzoxazinoid secondary metabolites to identify maize as a host, to forage within the maize root system, and to increase their growth. Maize plants use these same benzoxazinoids for protection against generalist herbivores and, as shown here, for iron uptake. We identify an iron transporter that allows the corn rootworm to benefit from complexes between iron and benzoxazinoids. Thus, foraging for an essential plant-derived complex between a micronutrient and a secondary metabolite shapes the interaction between maize and a specialist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Mateo
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M Ye
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - X Zhang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - J D Berset
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Handrick
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - D Radisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - V Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - T G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - J Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - C A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - M Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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96
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Plant Protection by Benzoxazinoids—Recent Insights into Biosynthesis and Function. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8080143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are secondary metabolites present in many Poaceae including the major crops maize, wheat, and rye. In contrast to other potentially toxic secondary metabolites, BXs have not been targets of counter selection during breeding and the effect of BXs on insects, microbes, and neighbouring plants has been recognised. A broad knowledge about the mode of action and metabolisation in target organisms including herbivorous insects, aphids, and plants has been gathered in the last decades. BX biosynthesis has been elucidated on a molecular level in crop cereals. Recent advances, mainly made by investigations in maize, uncovered a significant diversity in the composition of BXs within one species. The pattern can be specific for single plant lines and dynamic changes triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses were observed. Single BXs might be toxic, repelling, attractive, and even growth-promoting for insects, depending on the particular species. BXs delivered into the soil influence plant and microbial communities. Furthermore, BXs can possibly be used as signalling molecules within the plant. In this review we intend to give an overview of the current data on the biosynthesis, structure, and function of BXs, beyond their characterisation as mere phytotoxins.
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97
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Qi J, Malook SU, Shen G, Gao L, Zhang C, Li J, Zhang J, Wang L, Wu J. Current understanding of maize and rice defense against insect herbivores. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:189-195. [PMID: 30740564 PMCID: PMC6137261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have sophisticated defense systems to fend off insect herbivores. How plants defend against herbivores in dicotyledonous plants, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, have been relatively well studied, yet little is known about the defense responses in monocotyledons. Here, we review the current understanding of rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) defense against insects. In rice and maize, elicitors derived from insect herbivore oral secretions or oviposition fluids activate phytohormone signaling, and transcriptomic changes mediated mainly by transcription factors lead to accumulation of defense-related secondary metabolites. Direct defenses, such as trypsin protein inhibitors in rice and benzoxazinoids in maize, have anti-digestive or toxic effects on insect herbivores. Herbivory-induced plant volatiles, such as terpenes, are indirect defenses, which attract the natural enemies of herbivores. R gene-mediated defenses against herbivores are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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98
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Zhou S, Richter A, Jander G. Beyond Defense: Multiple Functions of Benzoxazinoids in Maize Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1528-1537. [PMID: 29584935 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are a class of indole-derived plant metabolites that function in defense against numerous pests and pathogens. Due to their abundance in maize (Zea mays) and other important cereal crops, benzoxazinoids have been the subject of extensive research for >50 years. Whereas benzoxazinoids can account for 1% or more of the dry weight in young seedlings constitutively, their accumulation in older plants is induced locally by pest and pathogen attack. Although the biosynthetic pathways for most maize benzoxazinoids have been identified, unanswered questions remain about the developmental and defense-induced regulation of benzoxazinoid metabolism. Recent research shows that, in addition to their central role in the maize chemical defense repertoire, benzoxazinoids may have important functions in regulating other defense responses, flowering time, auxin metabolism, iron uptake and perhaps aluminum tolerance. Investigation of natural variation in maize benzoxazinoid accumulation, which is greatly facilitated by recent genomics advances, will have a major impact in this research area by leading to the discovery of previously unknown genes and functions of benzoxazinoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Annett Richter
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
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99
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Beck JJ, Alborn HT, Block AK, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Rering CC, Seidl-Adams I, Stuhl CJ, Torto B, Tumlinson JH. Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Microbes: Elucidation of Inter-Organismal Chemical Communications in Agricultural Ecology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6663-6674. [PMID: 29895142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed a sustained increase in the study of plant-emitted volatiles and their role in plant-insect, plant-microbe, and plant-plant interactions. While each of these binary systems involves complex chemical and biochemical processes between two organisms, the progression of increasing complexity of a ternary system (i.e., plant-insect-microbe), and the study of a ternary system requires nontrivial planning. This planning can include an experimental design that factors in potential overarching ecological interactions regarding the binary or ternary system, correctly identifying and understanding unexpected observations that may occur during the experiment and thorough interpretation of the resultant data. This challenge of planning, performing, and interpreting a plant's defensive response to multiple biotic stressors will be even greater when abiotic stressors (i.e., temperature or water) are factored into the system. To fully understand the system, we need to not only continue to investigate and understand the volatile profiles but also include and understand the biochemistry of the plant's response to these stressors. In this review, we provide examples and discuss interaction considerations with respect to how readers and future authors of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry can contribute their expertise toward the extraction and interpretation of chemical information exchanged between agricultural commodities and their associated pests. This holistic, multidisciplinary, and thoughtful approach to interactions of plants, insects, and microbes, and the resultant response of the plants can lead to a better understanding of agricultural ecology, in turn leading to practical and viable solutions to agricultural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Charles J Stuhl
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , 30772-00100 , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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100
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Andersen EJ, Ali S, Byamukama E, Yen Y, Nepal MP. Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E339. [PMID: 29973557 PMCID: PMC6071103 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens. Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways driving the expression of defense response genes. Plant immune systems rely on their ability to recognize enemy molecules, carry out signal transduction, and respond defensively through pathways involving many genes and their products. Pathogens actively attempt to evade and interfere with response pathways, selecting for a decentralized, multicomponent immune system. Recent advances in molecular techniques have greatly expanded our understanding of plant immunity, largely driven by potential application to agricultural systems. Here, we review the major plant immune system components, state of the art knowledge, and future direction of research on plant⁻pathogen interactions. In our review, we will discuss how the decentralization of plant immune systems have provided both increased evolutionary opportunity for pathogen resistance, as well as additional mechanisms for pathogen inhibition of such defense responses. We conclude that the rapid advances in bioinformatics and molecular biology are driving an explosion of information that will advance agricultural production and illustrate how complex molecular interactions evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Byamukama
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Yang Yen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
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