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Liu XYE, Park E, Barretto T, Liu E, Ferrier GA, Tavakkoli J, J Baker A. Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cell-Conditioned Media in an Adult Zebrafish Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Zebrafish 2020; 17:177-186. [PMID: 32434437 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological events of secondary brain injury contribute to poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal cells have been extensively studied and evidence suggests that their effects are mostly mediated through paracrine effects. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are mesenchymal stem cells with potential therapeutic value in TBI. In this study, we assessed the effect of HUCPVC-conditioned media (CM) in an established adult zebrafish model of TBI induced by pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU). This model demonstrates similarities to mammalian outcome after TBI. Administration of HUCPVC-CM 1 h postinjury (hpi) resulted in improved outcome after pHIFU-induced TBI. Western blot and immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that the HUCPVC-CM reduced (p < 0.05) reactive astrogliosis at 24 hpi. Moreover, at 24 hpi, the HUCPVC-CM treatment resulted in reduced apoptosis in HUCPVC-CM-treated zebrafish. Behavioral analysis demonstrated improvement in locomotor activity (p < 0.05) and anxiety (p < 0.05) at 6 and 24 hpi following HUCPVC-CM treatment. Overall, HUCPVC-CM treatment improved acute outcome measures in pHIFU-injured zebrafish. Collectively, the data demonstrate a cell-free treatment approach for traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tanya Barretto
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine Liu
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jahan Tavakkoli
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew J Baker
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Zhong Z, Chen A, Fa Z, Ding Z, Xiao L, Wu G, Wang Q, Zhang R. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells upregulate PI3K/AKT pathway and down-regulate NF-κB pathway by secreting glial cell-derived neurotrophic factors to regulate microglial polarization and alleviate deafferentation pain in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104945. [PMID: 32428552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deafferentation pain (DP), a typical neuropathic pain, occurs due to peripheral or central sensory nerve injury, which causes abnormal discharge of the upstream neurons or C fibers. Current treatment methods for DP have multiple side effects. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) have been used to treat neuropathic pain because of their ability to regulate neuroinflammation. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic mediator that exerts neuroprotective effects in neurological diseases. In this study, we investigated whether DP could be alleviated by BMSCs and the underlying mechanism. In vitro study, microglia was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and then co-cultured with BMSC, GDNF or siRNA GDNF-BMSC. In vivo study, BMSC or siRNA GDNF-BMSC was transplanted intramedullarily on the 21st day after DP surgery. The expression of inflammatory-related factors were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, RT-PCR,flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the expression of microglial surface markers, and Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of p-NF-kb, pPI3K, and pAKT. The pain-related behavioral changes were detected 7 days after transplantation. ELISA and RT-PCR results showed that the production of inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia and DP model plasma was downregulated, while anti-inflammatory mediators were upregulated significantly following pretreatment with BMSCs or GDNF. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and RT-PCR results showed that BMSCs inhibited the microglial M1 phenotype and promoted the M2 phenotype by secreting GDNF. Furthermore, modulation functions of BMSCs involve inhibiting NF-κB while promoting PI3K /AKT signaling pathway activation. We found that our in vivo DP model was completely deafferent and BMSC administration clearly alleviated symptoms of DP. This function was also, at least partly, achieved by GDNF. The present studies demonstrate that BMSC can inhibit neuroinflammation by transforming microglial destructive M1 phenotype into regenerative M2 phenotype, and thus alleviate DP,likely by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway while promoting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation through producing GDNF. The present findings are in support of the potential therapeutic application of BMSCs and the pharmaceutical application of GDNF for DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linglong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiwei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Run Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China.
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Identifying the Therapeutic Significance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051145. [PMID: 32384763 PMCID: PMC7291143 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has gained global attention due to their immense potential for immunosuppression and their therapeutic role in immune disorders. MSCs migrate towards inflamed microenvironments, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and conceal themselves from the innate immune system. These signatures are the reason for the uprising in the sciences of cellular therapy in the last decades. Irrespective of their therapeutic role in immune disorders, some factors limit beneficial effects such as inconsistency of cell characteristics, erratic protocols, deviating dosages, and diverse transfusion patterns. Conclusive protocols for cell culture, differentiation, expansion, and cryopreservation of MSCs are of the utmost importance for a better understanding of MSCs in therapeutic applications. In this review, we address the immunomodulatory properties and immunosuppressive actions of MSCs. Also, we sum up the results of the enhancement, utilization, and therapeutic responses of MSCs in treating inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders and diabetes.
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Bonsack B, Corey S, Shear A, Heyck M, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Zhang H, Gonzales-Portillo B, Sheyner M, Borlongan CV. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy alleviates the neuroinflammation associated with acquired brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:603-615. [PMID: 32356605 PMCID: PMC7248547 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) comprise two particularly prevalent and costly examples of acquired brain injury (ABI). Following stroke or TBI, primary cell death and secondary cell death closely model disease progression and worsen outcomes. Mounting evidence indicates that long‐term neuroinflammation extensively exacerbates the secondary deterioration of brain structure and function. Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, mesenchymal stem cell transplants have emerged as a promising approach to treating this facet of stroke and TBI pathology. In this review, we summarize the classification of cell death in ABI and discuss the prominent role of inflammation. We then consider the efficacy of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (BM‐MSC) transplantation as a therapy for these injuries. Finally, we examine recent laboratory and clinical studies utilizing transplanted BM‐MSCs as antiinflammatory and neurorestorative treatments for stroke and TBI. Clinical trials of BM‐MSC transplants for stroke and TBI support their promising protective and regenerative properties. Future research is needed to allow for better comparison among trials and to elaborate on the emerging area of cell‐based combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex Shear
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Chagas LDS, Sandre PC, Ribeiro e Ribeiro NCA, Marcondes H, Oliveira Silva P, Savino W, Serfaty CA. Environmental Signals on Microglial Function during Brain Development, Neuroplasticity, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062111. [PMID: 32204421 PMCID: PMC7139373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environmental contexts such as stress, lesions, infectious diseases, and nutritional and hormonal disorders can interfere with CNS homeostasis, directly impacting microglial physiology. Despite many encouraging discoveries in this field, there are still some controversies that raise issues to be discussed, especially regarding the relationship between the microglial phenotype assumed in distinct contexts and respective consequences in different neurobiological processes, such as disorders of brain development and neuroplasticity. Also, there is an increasing interest in discussing microglial–immune system cross-talk in health and in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature concerning microglial function during development and homeostasis. In addition, we explore the contribution of microglia to synaptic disorders mediated by different neuroinflammatory outcomes during pre- and postnatal development, with long-term consequences impacting on the risk and vulnerability to the emergence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Chagas
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Poliana Capucho Sandre
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Natalia Cristina Aparecida Ribeiro e Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Henrique Marcondes
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Priscilla Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Claudio A. Serfaty
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
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56
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Therajaran P, Hamilton JA, O'Brien TJ, Jones NC, Ali I. Microglial polarization in posttraumatic epilepsy: Potential mechanism and treatment opportunity. Epilepsia 2020; 61:203-215. [PMID: 31943156 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the complexity of the pathophysiological mechanisms driving epileptogenesis following traumatic brain injury (TBI), effective preventive treatment approaches are not yet available for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). Neuroinflammation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the acquired epilepsies, including PTE, but despite a large preclinical literature demonstrating the ability of anti-inflammatory treatments to suppress epileptogenesis and chronic seizures, no anti-inflammatory treatment approaches have been clinically proven to date. TBI triggers robust inflammatory cascades, suggesting that they may be relevant for the pathogenesis of PTE. A major cell type involved in such cascades is the microglial cells-brain-resident immune cells that become activated after brain injury. When activated, these cells can oscillate between different phenotypes, and such polarization states are associated with the release of various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that may influence brain repair processes, and also differentially contribute to the development of PTE. As the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules associated with microglial polarization in brain are discovered, strategies are now emerging that can modulate this polarization, promoting this as a potential therapeutic strategy for PTE. In this review, we discuss the relevant literature regarding the polarization of brain-resident immune cells following TBI and attempt to put into perspective a role in epilepsy pathogenesis. Finally, we explore potential strategies that could polarize microglia/macrophages toward a neuroprotective phenotype to mitigate PTE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peravina Therajaran
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Chen M, Chen Q, Tao T. Tanshinone IIA Promotes M2 Microglia by ERβ/IL-10 Pathway and Attenuates Neuronal Loss in Mouse TBI Model. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:3239-3250. [PMID: 33408474 PMCID: PMC7781361 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s265478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that activated microglia play an important role in the inflammatory response in TBI. Inhibiting M1 and stimulating M2 activated microglia have protective effects in several animal models of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the present study, we investigated whether tanshinone IIA (TNA) protects neurons by shifting microglia polarization in a mouse TBI model and further investigated the mechanism in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty C57BL/6 mice were used to investigate the effect of TNA on microglia polarization in TBI. BV-2 cells were used to examine the mechanism of TNA in regulating microglia polarization. RESULTS Normal saline (NS), TNA and the combination of TNA with ICI 182,780 (ICI, an estrogen receptor antagonist) were used to treat the TBI mice. After TBI, mice from each group demonstrated functional improvement. The improvement rate in mice treated with TNA was faster than other groups. ICI partially reversed the benefits from TNA treatment. TNA treatment significantly reduced TBI-induced neuronal loss. The number of microglia after TBI was not significantly changed by TNA treatment. However, TNA treatment significantly decreased M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, TNFα and IL-1β) and increased M2 macrophage markers (CD206, arginase 1 and Ym1). This effect was partially abolished by ICI. TNA treatment downregulated M1 macrophage markers and upregulated M2 macrophage markers in BV-2 cells under LPS stimulation. IL-10 was significantly increased by TNA treatment without a significantly change of IL-4 and IL-13 expression. IL-10 knockdown completely abolished the effect of TNA on microglial M2 polarization. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrated that TNA attenuates neuronal loss in mouse TBI model and promotes M2 microglia by ERβ/IL-10 pathway. Thus, TNA could be a potential drug for TBI and/or the disorders that caused by microglial over-activation in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (People's Hospital of Jiangbei District), Jiangbei, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (People's Hospital of Jiangbei District), Jiangbei, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China
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Detrimental and protective action of microglial extracellular vesicles on myelin lesions: astrocyte involvement in remyelination failure. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:987-1012. [PMID: 31363836 PMCID: PMC6851224 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which differentiate to myelin-forming cells, microglia participate in both myelin injury and remyelination during multiple sclerosis. However, the mode(s) of action of microglia in supporting or inhibiting myelin repair is still largely unclear. Here, we analysed the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced in vitro by either pro-inflammatory or pro-regenerative microglia on OPCs at demyelinated lesions caused by lysolecithin injection in the mouse corpus callosum. Immunolabelling for myelin proteins and electron microscopy showed that EVs released by pro-inflammatory microglia blocked remyelination, whereas EVs produced by microglia co-cultured with immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells promoted OPC recruitment and myelin repair. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the harmful and beneficial EV actions were dissected in primary OPC cultures. By exposing OPCs, cultured either alone or with astrocytes, to inflammatory EVs, we observed a blockade of OPC maturation only in the presence of astrocytes, implicating these cells in remyelination failure. Biochemical fractionation revealed that astrocytes may be converted into harmful cells by the inflammatory EV cargo, as indicated by immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses, whereas surface lipid components of EVs promote OPC migration and/or differentiation, linking EV lipids to myelin repair. Although the mechanisms through which the lipid species enhance OPC maturation still remain to be fully defined, we provide the first demonstration that vesicular sphingosine 1 phosphate stimulates OPC migration, the first fundamental step in myelin repair. From this study, microglial EVs emerge as multimodal and multitarget signalling mediators able to influence both OPCs and astrocytes around myelin lesions, which may be exploited to develop novel approaches for myelin repair not only in multiple sclerosis, but also in neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases characterized by demyelination.
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Muhammad SA. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome as a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury. Biofactors 2019; 45:880-891. [PMID: 31498511 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem that is a common cause of disability and mortality. Despite the availability of many treatment options, none is capable of restoring functional and structural recovery of the damaged brain. Both the results of preclinical and clinical studies suggest the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy for structural and functional recovery in TBI. However, recent evidence shows that the neuroprotective potential of MSCs is due to multiple secretions of bioactive molecules that modulate tissue microenvironment for tissue repair and regeneration. The results of preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic benefits of MSC secretome in TBI. Soluble bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles are the various factors secreted by MSCs that can induce neurogenesis, angiogenesis, neovascularization, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review highlights the neuroprotective effect of MSC secretome for the treatment of TBI. In addition, the possible challenges of secretome as biotherapeutics are identified and how some of the issues raised could be overcome for effective clinical application are also discussed.
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60
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Li Z, Ye H, Cai X, Sun W, He B, Yang Z, Xu P. Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells modulate microglial activation in the peri-infarct area in rats during the acute phase of stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:324-333. [PMID: 31589902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties in the brain. However, it remains unclear whether intravenously transplanted BM-MSCs have a neuromodulator effect on the activation of microglias after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of BM-MSCs on the regulation of brain microglial inactivation during the acute phase of stroke. METHODS A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. Rat BM-MSCs were transplanted through the tail vein at 12 h after MCAO. CD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R1) antibody was injected into the peri-infarct area of the rat brain at 3 h prior to BM- MSCs transplantation. Protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. The volume of the infarct area was determined by TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride) staining. Neuron apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS In vitro study showed that co-culture with BM-MSCs significantly decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression in the microglial cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot consistently revealed that BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the IBA-expressing microglial cells and IBA protein levels in the peri-infarct area. The inhibitory effect of BM-MSC on IBA expression was significantly attenuated by pretreatment of CD200R1 neutralizing antibody in the peri-infarct zone. BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the infarct volume, protected neuron apoptosis, and increased neuronal CD200 expression in the peri-infarct area. CONCLUSION The transplanted BM-MSCs exerted immunomodulatory effect by inactivating the microglias in the peri-infarct area, at least partially, via the CD200-CD200R1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Huiling Ye
- Geriatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xueli Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 323000, China
| | - Weiwen Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Orczykowski ME, Calderazzo SM, Shobin E, Pessina MA, Oblak AL, Finklestein SP, Kramer BC, Mortazavi F, Rosene DL, Moore TL. Cell based therapy reduces secondary damage and increases extent of microglial activation following cortical injury. Brain Res 2019; 1717:147-159. [PMID: 30998931 PMCID: PMC6530569 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical injury elicits long-term cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms within the brain and the balance of these pathways can determine the functional outcome for the individual. Cytotoxicity is exacerbated by production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of iron, and peroxidation of cell membranes and myelin. There are currently no neurorestorative treatments to aid in balancing the cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms following cortical injury. Cell based therapies are an emerging treatment that may function in immunomodulation, reduction of secondary damage, and reorganization of surviving structures. We previously evaluated human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTC) in our non-human primate model of cortical injury restricted to the hand area of primary motor cortex. Systemic hUTC treatment resulted in significantly greater recovery of fine motor function compared to vehicle controls. Here we investigate the hypothesis that hUTC treatment reduces oxidative damage and iron accumulation and increases the extent of the microglial response to cortical injury. To test this, brain sections from these monkeys were processed using immunohistochemistry to quantify oxidative damage (4-HNE) and activated microglia (LN3), and Prussian Blue to quantify iron. hUTC treated subjects exhibited significantly reduced oxidative damage in the sublesional white matter and iron accumulation in the perilesional area as well as a significant increase in the extent of activated microglia along white matter pathways. Increased perilesional iron accumulation was associated with greater perilesional oxidative damage and larger reconstructed lesion volume. These findings support the hypothesis that systemic hUTC administered 24 h after cortical damage decreases the cytotoxic response while increasing the extent of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Orczykowski
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Samantha M Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Eli Shobin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Brian C Kramer
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 800 Ridgeview Drive, Horsham, PA 19044, USA
| | - Farzad Mortazavi
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 201 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, 72 E. Concord Street, C3, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Perego C, Fumagalli S, Miteva K, Kallikourdis M, De Simoni MG. Combined Genetic Deletion of IL (Interleukin)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Does Not Affect Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice. Stroke 2019; 50:2207-2215. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
After ischemic injury, microglia and infiltrated macrophages may acquire different polarization phenotypes promoting inflammation and injury (M1) or repair and protection (M2). There is evidence that immunomodulation, via type 2 helper T-cells (Th2) cytokines, exerts neuroprotection after ischemia. We investigated the consequences of simultaneous genetic deletion of Th2 cytokines (IL [interleukin]-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) on the histopathologic outcome, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, and ischemic microenvironment at different time points after ischemic injury in mice subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
Methods—
Wild-type and Th2 cytokine-deficient mice (4KO) were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery by electrocoagulation and followed up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neuropathologic outcome was assessed at 24 hours (n=6), 7 days (n=6), and 5 weeks (n=6–7) by examination of the ischemic lesion, neuronal count, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, brain atrophy, collagen deposition, and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunohistochemistry. Selected gene expression was investigated at 7 days (n=6).
Results—
4KO mice showed no difference in lesion and neuronal count 7 days and up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery compared with wild type. Ischemic 4KO mice had lower CD16/32 expression at 24 hours, lower CD11b and CD16/32 expression at 7 days than wild type. They had higher CD206 expression at 24 hours, higher CD206 and arginase1 at 7 days, and increased mRNA for CXCL9 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9) compared with wild type. Additional histopathologic analysis, including brain atrophy, gliotic scar, and collagenous scar confirmed no difference between genotypes at 5 weeks.
Conclusions—
This study casts light on the proposed neuroprotective function of Th2 cytokines, showing that combined IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 deletion does not affect the neuropathologic response to ischemic stroke in the subacute and chronic phases. Our findings indicate that Th2 cytokines are not an essential neuroimmunological cue able to drive the brain’s ischemic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perego
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Kapka Miteva
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Direzione Scientifica, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy (K.M., M.K.)
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Direzione Scientifica, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy (K.M., M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy (M.K.)
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
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Yu Y, Wang D, Li H, Fan J, Liu Y, Zhao X, Wu J, Jing X. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells play a key role in immunomodulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146293. [PMID: 31201814 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous in vitro experiments have demonstrated the immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-MSCs) in brain injury. We have tried to further understand these functions by investigating the neuroprotective effects of iPSC-MSCs in a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS CA was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by transcutaneous electrical epicardium stimulation. The rats were divided into four groups. In a separate cohort of sham operation animals, iPSC-MSCs or PBS was infused via the femoral vein after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Survival was evaluated every 2 h until 24 h after CA. Markers of classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages were assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis, and the gene expression profiles of the macrophages were studied in order to identify differentially expressed proteins. RESULTS The 24-h survival rate was significantly different between the CPR group and iPSC-MSC group (P = 0.033). Additionally, a significant number of mRNAs were differentially expressed between the iPSC-MSC and PBS group. Compared with the sham operation group, both M1 (27/29) and M2 (2/29) mRNAs showed a significant increase in expression in the CPR group, while only M2 (22) mRNAs showed a significant increase in expression in the iPSC-MSC group. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of Arg-1 and CD14 (M2 macrophage markers) was increased in the iPSC-MSC group (P < 0.05), while CD86 and iNOS (M1 macrophage markers) expression was increased in the CPR group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION IPSC-MSCs, which play a key role in immunomodulation, downregulate the level of M1 macrophages and upregulate the level of M2 macrophages after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Dongping Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Junlin Wu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiaoli Jing
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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64
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Fumagalli S, Fiordaliso F, Perego C, Corbelli A, Mariani A, De Paola M, De Simoni MG. The phagocytic state of brain myeloid cells after ischemia revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 30651101 PMCID: PMC6335825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is a key function of myeloid cells and is highly involved in brain ischemic injury. It has been scarcely studied in vivo, thus preventing a deep knowledge of the processes occurring in the ischemic environment. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a superresolution technique which helps study phagocytosis, a process involving the recruitment of vesicles sized below the resolution limits of standard confocal microscopy. METHODS Mice underwent permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and were sacrificed at 48 h or 7 days after insult. Immunofluorescence for CD11b, myeloid cell membrane marker, and CD68, lysosomal marker was done in the ischemic area. Images were acquired using a SIM system and verified with SIM check. Lysosomal distribution was measured in the ischemic area by the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). SIM dataset was compared with transmission electron microscopy images of macrophages in the ischemic tissue at the same time points. Cultured microglia were stimulated with LPS to uptake 100 nm fluorescent beads and imaged by time-lapse SIM. GLCM was used to analyze bead distribution over the cytoplasm. RESULTS SIM images reached a resolution of 130 nm and passed the quality control diagnose, ruling out possible artifacts. After ischemia, GLCM applied to the CD68 images showed that myeloid cells at 48 h had higher angular second moment (ASM), inverse difference moment (IDM), and lower entropy than myeloid cells at 7 days indicating higher lysosomal clustering at 48 h. At this time point, lysosomal clustering was proximal (< 700 nm) to the cell membrane indicating active target internalization, while at 7 days, it was perinuclear, consistent with final stages of phagocytosis or autophagy. Electron microscopy images indicated a similar pattern of lysosomal distribution thus validating the SIM dataset. GLCM on time-lapse SIM from phagocytic microglia cultures revealed a temporal decrease in ASM and IDM and increase in entropy, as beads were uptaken, indicating that GLCM informs on the progression of phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS GLCM analysis on SIM dataset quantitatively described different phases of macrophage phagocytic behavior revealing the dynamics of lysosomal movements in the ischemic brain indicating initial active internalization vs. final digestion/autophagy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Lysosomes/ultrastructure
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- Myeloid Cells/ultrastructure
- Optical Imaging/methods
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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65
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Silveira GDP, Ishimura ME, Teixeira D, Galindo LT, Sardinha AA, Porcionatto M, Longo-Maugéri IM. Improvement of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immunomodulatory Properties by Heat-Killed Propionibacterium acnes via TLR2. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:489. [PMID: 30687005 PMCID: PMC6336115 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an essential tool for regenerative medicine, which aims to develop new technologies to improve their effects to obtain useful transplantation results. MSC immunomodulatory role has been just demonstrated; however, how they react when they are stimulated by an adjuvant is poorly understood. Our group showed the adjuvant effect of killed Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) on hematopoietic stem cells. As these cells share the same MSCs bone marrow (BM) site and interact with each other, here we evaluated the P. acnes and its soluble polysaccharide (PS) effect on MSCs and their immunomodulatory role in a murine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The bacteria increased the absolute number of MSCs, including MSC subpopulations, and maintained MSC plasticity. P. acnes and PS enhanced MSC proliferation and improved their immunomodulatory effect. P. acnes-MSC and PS-MSC transplantation increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after injury. This effect seemed to be mediated via TLR2 since P. acnes-KOTLR2-MSC transplantation decreased TGF-β and IL-10 expression. Increasing in neural stem cells and neuroblasts after PS-MSC transplantation was also observed. The adjuvant effect of P. acnes is an alternative means of expanding MSCs and important to identify their subpopulations to know better their role under exogenous stimuli including inflammation resolution in an experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Paz Silveira
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayari Eika Ishimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Teixeira
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla Tesla Galindo
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnes Araujo Sardinha
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marimelia Porcionatto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda Maria Longo-Maugéri
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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66
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Peruzzaro ST, Andrews MMM, Al-Gharaibeh A, Pupiec O, Resk M, Story D, Maiti P, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells genetically engineered to overexpress interleukin-10 promotes alternative inflammatory response in rat model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:2. [PMID: 30611291 PMCID: PMC6320578 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause for long-term disability, yet the treatments available that improve outcomes after TBI limited. Neuroinflammatory responses are key contributors to determining patient outcomes after TBI. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which release trophic and pro-repair cytokines, represents an effective strategy to reduce inflammation after TBI. One such pro-repair cytokine is interleukin-10 (IL-10), which reduces pro-inflammatory markers and trigger alternative inflammatory markers, such as CD163. In this study, we tested the therapeutic effects of MSCs that were engineered to overexpress IL-10 when transplanted into rats following TBI in the medial frontal cortex. Methods Thirty-six hours following TBI, rats were transplanted with MSCs and then assessed for 3 weeks on a battery of behavioral tests that measured motor and cognitive abilities. Histological evaluation was then done to measure the activation of the inflammatory response. Additionally, immunomodulatory effects were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Results A significant improvement in fine motor function was observed in rats that received transplants of MSCs engineered to overexpress IL-10 (MSCs + IL-10) or MSCs alone compared to TBI + vehicle-treated rats. Although tissue spared was unchanged, anti-inflammatory effects were revealed by a reduction in the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein cells and CD86 cells in both TBI + MSCs + IL-10 and TBI + MSC groups compared to TBI + vehicle rats. Microglial activation was significantly increased in the TBI + MSC group when compared to the sham + vehicle group. Western blot data suggested a reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the TBI + MSCs + IL-10 group compared to TBI + MSC group. Immunomodulatory effects were demonstrated by a shift from classical inflammation expression (CD86) to an alternative inflammation state (CD163) in both treatments with MSCs and MSCs + IL-10. Furthermore, co-labeling of both CD86 and CD163 was detected in the same cells, suggesting a temporal change in macrophage expression. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest that transplantation of MSCs that were engineered to overexpress IL-10 can improve functional outcomes by providing a beneficial perilesion environment. This improvement may be explained by the shifting of macrophage expression to a more pro-repair state, thereby providing a possible new therapy for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Peruzzaro
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - M M M Andrews
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - A Al-Gharaibeh
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - O Pupiec
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - M Resk
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - D Story
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - P Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI, 48604, USA.,Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, 48610, USA.,Brain Research Laboratory, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, 48610, USA
| | - J Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA. .,College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.
| | - G L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA. .,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI, 48604, USA. .,Brain Research Laboratory, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, 48610, USA.
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Gombalova Z, Rey F, Gorio MCF, Mazza M, Di Giulio AM. Counteracting neuroinflammation in experimental Parkinson's disease favors recovery of function: effects of Er-NPCs administration. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:333. [PMID: 30501635 PMCID: PMC6271641 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, presenting with midbrain dopaminergic neurons degeneration. A number of studies suggest that microglial activation may have a role in PD. It has emerged that inflammation-derived oxidative stress and cytokine-dependent toxicity may contribute to nigrostriatal pathway degeneration and exacerbate the progression of the disease in patients with idiopathic PD. Cell therapies have long been considered a feasible regenerative approach to compensate for the loss of specific cell populations such as the one that occurs in PD. We recently demonstrated that erythropoietin-releasing neural precursors cells (Er-NPCs) administered to MPTP-intoxicated animals survive after transplantation in the recipient's damaged brain, differentiate, and rescue degenerating striatal dopaminergic neurons. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory actions of Er-NPCs infused in an MPTP experimental model of PD. METHODS The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons was caused by MPTP administration in C57BL/6 male mice. 2.5 × 105 GFP-labeled Er-NPCs were administered by stereotaxic injection unilaterally in the left striatum. Functional recovery was assessed by two independent behavioral tests. Neuroinflammation was investigated measuring the mRNAs levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and immunohistochemistry studies were performed to evaluate markers of inflammation and the potential rescue of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) projections in the striatum of recipient mice. RESULTS Er-NPC administration promoted a rapid anti-inflammatory effect that was already evident 24 h after transplant with a decrease of pro-inflammatory and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression levels. This effect was maintained until the end of the observational period, 2 weeks post-transplant. Here, we show that Er-NPCs transplant reduces macrophage infiltration, directly counteracting the M1-like pro-inflammatory response of murine-activated microglia, which corresponds to the decrease of CD68 and CD86 markers, and induces M2-like pro-regeneration traits, as indicated by the increase of CD206 and IL-10 expression. Moreover, we also show that this activity is mediated by Er-NPCs-derived erythropoietin (EPO) since the co-injection of cells with anti-EPO antibodies neutralizes the anti-inflammatory effect of the Er-NPCs treatment. CONCLUSION This study shows the anti-inflammatory actions exerted by Er-NPCs, and we suggest that these cells may represent good candidates for cellular therapy to counteract neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Polo H. San Paolo, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Polo H. San Paolo, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Zuzana Gombalova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Polo H. San Paolo, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Moyzesova 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Federica Rey
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Polo H. San Paolo, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Mazza
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, FC Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Polo H. San Paolo, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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68
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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69
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McGinley LM, Kashlan ON, Bruno ES, Chen KS, Hayes JM, Kashlan SR, Raykin J, Johe K, Murphy GG, Feldman EL. Human neural stem cell transplantation improves cognition in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14776. [PMID: 30283042 PMCID: PMC6170460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation offers a potentially transformative approach to treating neurodegenerative disorders. The safety of cellular therapies is established in multiple clinical trials, including our own in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To initiate similar trials in Alzheimer's disease, efficacious cell lines must be identified. Here, we completed a preclinical proof-of-concept study in the APP/PS1 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Human neural stem cell transplantation targeted to the fimbria fornix significantly improved cognition in two hippocampal-dependent memory tasks at 4 and 16 weeks post-transplantation. While levels of synapse-related proteins and cholinergic neurons were unaffected, amyloid plaque load was significantly reduced in stem cell transplanted mice and associated with increased recruitment of activated microglia. In vitro, these same neural stem cells induced microglial activation and amyloid phagocytosis, suggesting an immunomodulatory capacity. Although long-term transplantation resulted in significant functional and pathological improvements in APP/PS1 mice, stem cells were not identified by immunohistochemistry or PCR at the study endpoint. These data suggest integration into native tissue or the idea that transient engraftment may be adequate for therapeutic efficacy, reducing the need for continued immunosuppression. Overall, our results support further preclinical development of human neural stem cells as a safe and effective therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McGinley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Osama N Kashlan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samy R Kashlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julia Raykin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karl Johe
- Neuralstem, Inc, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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70
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Sugiyama Y, Sato Y, Kitase Y, Suzuki T, Kondo T, Mikrogeorgiou A, Horinouchi A, Maruyama S, Shimoyama Y, Tsuji M, Suzuki S, Yamamoto T, Hayakawa M. Intravenous Administration of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell, but not Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell, Ameliorated the Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury by Changing Cerebral Inflammatory State in Rat. Front Neurol 2018; 9:757. [PMID: 30254603 PMCID: PMC6141968 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury occurs in 1 in 1,000 live births and remains the main cause of neurological disability and death in term infants. Cytotherapy has recently emerged as a novel treatment for tissue injury. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to have therapeutic potential, but little is known about the differences according to their origin. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and safety of intravenous injection of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in a rat model of HI brain injury. HI models were generated by ligating the left carotid artery of postnatal day 7 Wistar/ST rats and exposing them to 8% hypoxia for 60 min. Bone marrow and adipose tissue were harvested from adult green fluorescent protein transgenic Wistar rats, and cells were isolated and cultured to develop BM-MSCs and ADSCs. At passaging stages 2–3, 1 × 105 cells were intravenously injected into the external right jugular vein of the HI rats at 4 or 24 h after hypoxia. Brain damage was evaluated by counting the number of cells positive for active caspase-3 in the entire dentate gyrus. Microglial isotypes and serum cytokines/chemokines were also evaluated. Distribution of each cell type after intravenous injection was investigated pathologically and bio-optically by ex vivo imaging (IVIS®) with a fluorescent lipophilic tracer DiR. The mortality rate was higher in the ADSC group compared to the BM-MSC group, in pups injected with cells 4 h after hypoxia. The number of active caspase-3-positive cells significantly decreased in the BM-MSC group, and the percentage of M1 microglia (a proinflammatory isotype) was also lower in the BM-MSC vs control group in the penumbra of the cortex. Moreover, BM-MSC administration increased anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor levels, while ADSCs did not. Each injected cell type was mainly distributed in the lungs and liver, but ADSCs remained in the lungs longer. Pathologically, pulmonary embolisms and diffuse alveolar hemorrhages were seen in the ADSC group. These results indicated that injection of allogeneic BM-MSCs ameliorated neonatal HI brain injury, whereas ADSCs induced severe lung hemorrhage and higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Sugiyama
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuma Kitase
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiki Kondo
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alkisti Mikrogeorgiou
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Horinouchi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimoyama
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tokunori Yamamoto
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory for Clinical Application of Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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71
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Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia 2018; 66:2531-2549. [PMID: 30195261 PMCID: PMC6585737 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, brain cells of nonneural origin, orchestrate the inflammatory response to diverse insults, including hypoxia/ischemia or maternal/fetal infection in the perinatal brain. Experimental studies have demonstrated the capacity of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells activating a cytotoxic response that can exacerbate brain damage. However, microglia display an enormous plasticity in their responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite the critical role of microglia in brain pathologies, the cellular mechanisms that govern the diverse phenotypes of microglia are just beginning to be defined. Here we review emerging strategies to drive microglia toward beneficial functions, selectively reporting the studies which provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic switch. A variety of approaches have been proposed which rely on microglia treatment with pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, or microRNAs, as well on nutritional approaches or therapies with immunomodulatory cells. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms relevant for microglia reprogramming toward pro‐regenerative functions points to a central role of energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may thus provide new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the deleterious effects of inflammatory microglia and to control excessive inflammation in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9 -20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Verderio
- IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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72
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Schwann Cell Transplantation Subdues the Pro-Inflammatory Innate Immune Cell Response after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092550. [PMID: 30154346 PMCID: PMC6163303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) has been shown to provide tissue preservation and support axon growth and remyelination as well as improve functional recovery across a diverse range of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) paradigms. The autologous use of SCs has progressed to Phase 1 SCI clinical trials in humans where their use has been shown to be both feasible and safe. The contribution of immune modulation to the protective and reparative actions of SCs within the injured spinal cord remains largely unknown. In the current investigation, the ability of SC transplants to alter the innate immune response after contusive SCI in the rat was examined. SCs were intraspinally transplanted into the lesion site at 1 week following a thoracic (T8) contusive SCI. Multicolor flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis of specific phenotypic markers of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia and macrophages as well as cytokines at 1 week after SC transplantation was employed. The introduction of SCs significantly attenuated the numbers of cluster of differentiation molecule 11B (CD11b)+, cluster of differentiation molecule 68 (CD68)+, and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)+ immune cells within the lesion implant site, particularly those immunoreactive for the pro-inflammatory marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Whereas numbers of anti-inflammatory CD68+ Arginase-1 (Arg1+) iNOS− cells were not altered by SC transplantation, CD68+ cells of an intermediate, Arg1+ iNOS+ phenotype were increased by the introduction of SCs into the injured spinal cord. The morphology of Iba1+ immune cells was also markedly altered in the SC implant, being elongated and in alignment with SCs and in-growing axons versus their amoeboid form after SCI alone. Examination of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), by multicolor flow cytometry analysis showed that their production in CD11b+ cells was unaltered by SC transplantation at 1 week post-transplantation. The ability of SCs to subdue the pro-inflammatory iNOS+ microglia and macrophage phenotype after intraspinal transplantation may provide an important contribution to the neuroprotective effects of SCs within the sub-acute SCI setting.
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73
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Gładysz D, Krzywdzińska A, Hozyasz KK. Immune Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Could They Hold Promise for Causative Treatment? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6387-6435. [PMID: 29307081 PMCID: PMC6061181 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in language and communication development, social behavior, and the occurrence of stereotypic patterns of behavior and interests. Despite substantial speculation about causes of ASD, its exact etiology remains unknown. Recent studies highlight a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits. Various immune anomalies, including humoral and cellular immunity along with abnormalities at the molecular level, have been reported. There is evidence of altered immune function both in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. Several studies hypothesize a role for neuroinflammation in ASD and are supported by brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as well as evidence of microglial activation. It has been shown that immune abnormalities occur in a substantial number of individuals with ASD. Identifying subgroups with immune system dysregulation and linking specific cellular immunophenotypes to different symptoms would be key to defining a group of patients with immune abnormalities as a major etiology underlying behavioral symptoms. These determinations would provide the opportunity to investigate causative treatments for a defined patient group that may specifically benefit from such an approach. This review summarizes recent insights into immune system dysfunction in individuals with ASD and discusses the potential implications for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gładysz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil K Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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74
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Li J, Yawno T, Sutherland AE, Gurung S, Paton M, McDonald C, Tiwari A, Pham Y, Castillo-Melendez M, Jenkin G, Miller SL. Preterm umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells protect preterm white matter brain development against hypoxia-ischemia. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:120-131. [PMID: 30012511 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm infants are at high risk for white matter injury and subsequent neurodevelopmental impairments. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory actions and are of interest for neural repair in adults and newborns. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of allogeneic MSC, derived from preterm umbilical cord blood (UCB), in a preterm sheep model of white matter injury. METHODS Quad-lineage differentiation, clonogenicity and self-renewal ability of UCB-derived MSC were confirmed. Chronically instrumented fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) received either 25 min hypoxia-ischemia (HI) to induce preterm brain injury, or sham-HI. Ten million MSC, or saline, were administered iv to fetuses at 12 h after HI. Fetal brains were collected 10d after HI for histopathology and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS HI induced white matter injury, as indicated by a reduction in CNPase-positive myelin fiber density. HI also induced microglial activation (Iba-1) in the periventricular white matter and internal capsule (P < .05 vs control). MSC administration following HI preserved myelination (P < .05), modified microglial activation, and promoted macrophage migration (CD163) and cell proliferation (Ki-67) within cerebral white matter (P < .05). Cerebral CXCL10 concentration was increased following MSC administration (P < .05), which was likely associated with macrophage migration and cell proliferation within the preterm brain. Additionally, MSC administration reduced systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα at 3d post-HI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS UCB-derived MSC therapy preserved white matter brain structure following preterm HI, mediated by a suppression of microglial activation, promotion of macrophage migration and acceleration of self-repair within the preterm brain. UCB-derived MSC are neuroprotective, acting via peripheral and cerebral anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Li
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamara Yawno
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanti Gurung
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Madison Paton
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Courtney McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Abhilasha Tiwari
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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75
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Grochowski C, Radzikowska E, Maciejewski R. Neural stem cell therapy-Brief review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 173:8-14. [PMID: 30053745 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammalian neural stem cells are unique because of their properties, such as differentiation capacity, self-renewal, quiescence, and also because they exist in specific niches, which are the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) - the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. SVZ is situated along the ependymal cell layer, dividing the ventricular area and subventricular zone. There are several sources of neural stem cells such as human embryonic stem cells, human fetal brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells, direct reprogrammed astrocytes. Stem cell sciences are a promising tool for research purposes as well as therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells appear to be very useful for human neuron studies, allowing the creation of defined neuron populations, particularly for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases as well as ischemic events. Neural stem cell sciences have a promising future in terms of stem cell therapy as well as research. There is, however, still a great need for further research to overcome obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 4, 20-400, Lublin, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the MSWiA in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 4, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
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76
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Concentrated Conditioned Media from Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mitigates Visual Deficits and Retinal Inflammation Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072016. [PMID: 29997321 PMCID: PMC6073664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast concussions are a common injury sustained in military combat today. Inflammation due to microglial polarization can drive the development of visual defects following blast injuries. In this study, we assessed whether anti-inflammatory factors released by the mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (adipose stem cells, ASC) can limit retinal tissue damage and improve visual function in a mouse model of visual deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. We show that intravitreal injection of 1 μL of ASC concentrated conditioned medium from cells pre-stimulated with inflammatory cytokines (ASC-CCM) mitigates loss of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity four weeks post blast injury. Moreover, blast mice showed increased retinal expression of genes associated with microglial activation and inflammation by molecular analyses, retinal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity, and increased loss of ganglion cells. Interestingly, blast mice that received ASC-CCM improved in all parameters above. In vitro, ASC-CCM not only suppressed microglial activation but also protected against Tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα) induced endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. Biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrate TSG-6 is highly expressed in ASC-CCM from cells pre-stimulated with TNFα and IFNγ but not from unstimulated cells. Our findings suggest that ASC-CCM mitigates visual deficits of the blast injury through their anti-inflammatory properties on activated pro-inflammatory microglia and endothelial cells. A regenerative therapy for immediate delivery at the time of injury may provide a practical and cost-effective solution against the traumatic effects of blast injuries to the retina.
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77
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2-carba cyclic phosphatidic acid suppresses inflammation via regulation of microglial polarisation in the stab-wounded mouse cerebral cortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9715. [PMID: 29946114 PMCID: PMC6018705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by physical damage to the brain and it induces blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and inflammation. To diminish the sequelae of TBI, it is important to decrease haemorrhage and alleviate inflammation. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of 2-carba-cyclic phosphatidic acid (2ccPA) on the repair mechanisms after a stab wound injury as a murine TBI model. The administration of 2ccPA suppressed serum immunoglobulin extravasation after the injury. To elucidate the effects of 2ccPA on inflammation resulting from TBI, we analysed the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. We found that 2ccPA prevents a TBI-induced increase in the mRNA expression of Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf-α and Tgf-β1. In addition, 2ccPA reduces the elevation of Iba1 levels. These data suggest that 2ccPA attenuates the inflammation after a stab wound injury via the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines release from microglial cells. Therefore, we focused on the function of 2ccPA in microglial polarisation towards M1 or M2 phenotypes. The administration of 2ccPA decreased the number of M1 and increased the number of M2 type microglial cells, indicating that 2ccPA modulates the microglial polarisation and shifts them towards M2 phenotype. These data suggest that 2ccPA treatment suppresses the extent of BBB breakdown and inflammation after TBI.
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78
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Papa S, Vismara I, Mariani A, Barilani M, Rimondo S, De Paola M, Panini N, Erba E, Mauri E, Rossi F, Forloni G, Lazzari L, Veglianese P. Mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated into biomimetic hydrogel scaffold gradually release CCL2 chemokine in situ preserving cytoarchitecture and promoting functional recovery in spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2018; 278:49-56. [PMID: 29621597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an acute neurodegenerative disorder caused by traumatic damage of the spinal cord. The neuropathological evolution of the primary trauma involves multifactorial processes that exacerbate the pathology, worsening the neurodegeneration and limiting neuroregeneration. This complexity suggests that multi-therapeutic approaches, rather than any single treatment, might be more effective. Encouraging preclinical results indicate that stem cell-based treatments may improve the disease outcome due to their multi-therapeutic ability. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are currently considered one of the most promising approaches. Significant improvement in the behavioral outcome after MSC treatment sustained by hydrogel has been demonstrated. However, it is still not known how hydrogel contribute to the delivery of factors secreted from MSCs and what factors are released in situ. Among different mediators secreted by MSCs after seeding into hydrogel, we have found CCL2 chemokine, which could account for the neuroprotective mechanisms of these cells. CCL2 secreted from human MSCs is delivered efficaciously in the lesioned spinal cord acting not only on recruitment of macrophages, but driving also their conversion to an M2 neuroprotective phenotype. Surprisingly, human CCL2 delivered also plays a key role in preventing motor neuron degeneration in vitro and after spinal cord trauma in vivo, with a significant improvement of the motor performance of the rodent SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Papa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - I Vismara
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - A Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - M Barilani
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Rigenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Rimondo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - M De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - N Panini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - E Erba
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - E Mauri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - G Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - L Lazzari
- Unit of Rigenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy.
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Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB. The Role of Interplay of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Macrophages in Physiological and Reparative Tissue Remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119718010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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80
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Gao J, Grill RJ, Dunn TJ, Bedi S, Labastida JA, Hetz RA, Xue H, Thonhoff JR, DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Cox CS, Wu P. Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation-Mediated Alteration of Microglial/Macrophage Phenotypes after Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:1863-1877. [PMID: 26980267 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) promote recovery from brain trauma, but neuronal replacement is unlikely the sole underlying mechanism. We hypothesize that grafted NSCs enhance neural repair at least partially through modulating the host immune response after traumatic brain injury (TBI). C57BL/6 mice were intracerebrally injected with primed human NSCs (hNSCs) or vehicle 24 h after a severe controlled cortical impact injury. Six days after transplantation, brain tissues were collected for Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Observations included indicators of microglia/macrophage activation, M1 and M2 phenotypes, axonal injury detected by amyloid precursor protein (APP), lesion size, and the fate of grafted hNSCs. Animals receiving hNSC transplantation did not show significant decreases of brain lesion volumes compared to transplantation procedures with vehicle alone, but did show significantly reduced injury-dependent accumulation of APP. Furthermore, intracerebral transplantation of hNSCs reduced microglial activation as shown by a diminished intensity of Iba1 immunostaining and a transition of microglia/macrophages toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. The latter was represented by an increase in the brain M2/M1 ratio and increases of M2 microglial proteins. These phenotypic switches were accompanied by the increased expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 receptor α and decreased proinflammatory interferon-γ receptor β. Finally, grafted hNSCs mainly differentiated into neurons and were phagocytized by either M1 or M2 microglia/macrophages. Thus, intracerebral transplantation of primed hNSCs efficiently leads host microglia/macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype that presumably contributes to stem cell-mediated neuroprotective effects after severe TBI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J Grill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany J Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Hetz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hasen Xue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason R Thonhoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald S Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
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81
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Tissue regeneration: The crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and immune response. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:86-93. [PMID: 29221689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues with the capability to differentiate into several different cell types and hold great promise in tissue repairs in a cell replacement manner. The study of the bidirectional regulation between MSCs and immune response has ushered an age of rethinking of tissue regeneration in the process of stem cell-based tissue repairs. By sensing damaged signals, both endogenous and exogenous MSCs migrate to the damaged site where they involve in the reconstitution of the immune microenvironment and empower tissue stem/progenitor cells and other resident cells, whereby facilitate tissue repairs. This MSC-based therapeutic manner is conferred as cell empowerment. In this process, MSCs have been found to exert extensive immunosuppression on both innate and adaptive immune response, while such regulation needs to be licensed by inflammation. More importantly, the immunoregulation of MSCs is highly plastic, especially in the context of pathological microenvironment. Understanding the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs is necessary for appropriate application of MSCs. Here we review the current studies on the crosstalk of MSCs and immune response in disease pathogenesis and therapy.
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82
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Pischiutta F, Micotti E, Hay JR, Marongiu I, Sammali E, Tolomeo D, Vegliante G, Stocchetti N, Forloni G, De Simoni MG, Stewart W, Zanier ER. Single severe traumatic brain injury produces progressive pathology with ongoing contralateral white matter damage one year after injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:167-178. [PMID: 29126888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may initiate long-term neurodegenerative processes, particularly chronic traumatic encephalopathy. However, insight into the mechanisms transforming an initial biomechanical injury into a neurodegenerative process remain elusive, partly as a consequence of the paucity of informative pre-clinical models. This study shows the functional, whole brain imaging and neuropathological consequences at up to one year survival from single severe TBI by controlled cortical impact in mice. TBI mice displayed persistent sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. Longitudinal T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed progressive ipsilateral (il) cortical, hippocampal and striatal volume loss, with diffusion tensor imaging demonstrating decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) at up to one year in the il-corpus callosum (CC: -30%) and external capsule (EC: -21%). Parallel neuropathological studies indicated reduction in neuronal density, with evidence of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the il-cortex, with further evidence of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the il-thalamus. One year after TBI there was also a decrease in FA in the contralateral (cl) CC (-17%) and EC (-13%), corresponding to histopathological evidence of white matter loss (cl-CC: -68%; cl-EC: -30%) associated with ongoing microgliosis and astrogliosis. These findings indicate that a single severe TBI induces bilateral, long-term and progressive neuropathology at up to one year after injury. These observations support this model as a suitable platform for exploring the mechanistic link between acute brain injury and late and persistent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer R Hay
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ines Marongiu
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Tolomeo
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Milan University, Milan, Italy; ICU Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - William Stewart
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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83
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Huang S, Ge X, Yu J, Han Z, Yin Z, Li Y, Chen F, Wang H, Zhang J, Lei P. Increased miR‐124‐3p in microglial exosomes following traumatic brain injury inhibits neuronal inflammation and contributes to neurite outgrowthviatheir transfer into neurons. FASEB J 2017; 32:512-528. [PMID: 28935818 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Laboratory of Neuro‐Trauma and Neurodegenerative DisordersTianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Laboratory of Neuro‐Trauma and Neurodegenerative DisordersTianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Jinwen Yu
- Laboratory of Neuro‐Trauma and Neurodegenerative DisordersTianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Department of GeriatricsTianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Laboratory of Neuro‐Trauma and Neurodegenerative DisordersTianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of NeurologyDuke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐trauma Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Ping Lei
- Laboratory of Neuro‐Trauma and Neurodegenerative DisordersTianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin China
- Department of GeriatricsTianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
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84
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Stem Cell: Pathophysiology and Update on Recent Treatment Modalities. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6392592. [PMID: 28852409 PMCID: PMC5568618 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6392592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex condition that presents with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by an initial insult to the brain through an external mechanical force to the skull. In the United States alone, TBI accounts for more than 50,000 deaths per year and is one of the leading causes of mortality among young adults in the developed world. Pathophysiology of TBI is complex and consists of acute and delayed injury. In the acute phase, brain tissue destroyed upon impact includes neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, the latter of which makes up the blood-brain barrier. In the delayed phase, “toxins” released from damaged cells set off cascades in neighboring cells eventually leading to exacerbation of primary injury. As researches further explore pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating condition, numerous potential therapeutic strategies, especially those involving stem cells, are emerging to improve recovery and possibly reverse damage. In addition to elucidating the most recent advances in the understanding of TBI pathophysiology, this review explores two primary pathways currently under investigation and are thought to yield the most viable therapeutic approach for treatment of TBI: manipulation of endogenous neural cell response and administration of exogenous stem cell therapy.
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85
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Sammali E, Alia C, Vegliante G, Colombo V, Giordano N, Pischiutta F, Boncoraglio GB, Barilani M, Lazzari L, Caleo M, De Simoni MG, Gaipa G, Citerio G, Zanier ER. Intravenous infusion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promotes functional recovery and neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6962. [PMID: 28761170 PMCID: PMC5537246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSC) promotes functional recovery after stroke in animal models, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. We tested the efficacy of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliant hBM-MSC, injected intravenously 3.5 hours after injury in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). We addressed whether hBM-MSC are efficacious and if this efficacy is associated with cortical circuit reorganization using neuroanatomical analysis of GABAergic neurons (parvalbumin; PV-positive cells) and perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized extracellular matrix structure which acts as an inhibitor of neural plasticity. tMCAo mice receiving hBM-MSC, showed early and lasting improvement of sensorimotor and cognitive functions compared to control tMCAo mice. Furthermore, 5 weeks post-tMCAo, hBM-MSC induced a significant rescue of ipsilateral cortical neurons; an increased proportion of PV-positive neurons in the perilesional cortex, suggesting GABAergic interneurons preservation; and a lower percentage of PV-positive cells surrounded by PNN, indicating an enhanced plastic potential of the perilesional cortex. These results show that hBM-MSC improve functional recovery and stimulate neuroprotection after stroke. Moreover, the downregulation of “plasticity brakes” such as PNN suggests that hBM-MSC treatment stimulates plasticity and formation of new connections in the perilesional cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Sammali
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.,Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Alia
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Nadia Giordano
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio B Boncoraglio
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Neurointensive Care, ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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86
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Kim C, Park JM, Kong T, Lee S, Seo KW, Choi Y, Song YS, Moon J. Double-Injected Human Stem Cells Enhance Rehabilitation in TBI Mice Via Modulation of Survival and Inflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4870-4884. [PMID: 28736792 PMCID: PMC5948256 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a complicated form of brain damage, is a major cause of mortality in adults. Following mechanical and structural primary insults, a battery of secondary insults, including neurotransmitter-mediated cytotoxicity, dysregulation of calcium and macromolecule homeostasis, and increased oxidative stress, exacerbate brain injury and functional deficits. Although stem cell therapy is considered to be an alternative treatment for brain injuries, such as TBI and stroke, many obstacles remain. In particular, the time window for TBI treatment with either drugs or stem cells and their efficacy is still vague. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hpMSCs) have received extensive attention in stem cell therapy because they can be acquired in large numbers without ethical issues and because of their immune-modulating capacity and effectiveness in several diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Here, we tested the feasibility of hpMSCs for TBI treatment with an animal model and attempted to identify appropriate time points for cell treatments. Double injections at 4 and 24 h post-injury significantly reduced the infarct size and suppressed astrocyte and microglial activation around the injury. With reduced damage, double-injected mice showed enhanced anti-inflammatory- and TNF-α receptor 2 (TNFR2)-associated survival signals and suppressed pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses. In addition, double-treated TBI mice displayed restored sensory motor functions and reduced neurotoxic Aβ42 plaque formation around the damaged areas. In this study, we showed the extended therapeutic potentials of hpMSCs and concluded that treatment within an appropriate time window is critical for TBI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro 335 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea.,General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - TaeHo Kong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro 335 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea.,General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Weon Seo
- General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,SK Chemicals, Eco-Hub, 332 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13493, South Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro 335 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Sook Song
- General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro 335 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea. .,General Research Institute, CHA general Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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87
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Wang R, Li J, Duan Y, Tao Z, Zhao H, Luo Y. Effects of Erythropoietin on Gliogenesis during Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion Recovery in Adult Mice. Aging Dis 2017; 8:410-419. [PMID: 28840056 PMCID: PMC5524804 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes oligodendrogenesis and attenuates white matter injury in neonatal rats. However, it is unknown whether this effect extends to adult mice and whether EPO regulate microglia polarization after ischemic stroke. Male adult C57BL/6 mice (25–30g) were subjected to 45 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). EPO (5000 IU/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally every other day after reperfusion. Neurological function was evaluated using the rotarod test at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after MCAO. Brain tissue loss volume was determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were also used to assess the severity of white matter injury and phenotypic changes in microglia/macrophages. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally daily for 1 week to analyze the number of newly proliferating glia cells (oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes). We found that EPO significantly reduced Brain tissue loss volume, ameliorated white matter injury, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes at 14 days after MCAO (P<0.05). In addition, EPO also increased the number of newly generated oligodendrocytes and attenuated the rapid hypertrophy and hyperplasia of microglia and astrocytes after ischemic stroke (P<0.05). Furthermore, EPO reduced M1 microglia and increased M2 microglia (P<0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that EPO treatment improves white matter integrity after cerebral ischemia, which could be attributed to EPO attenuating gliosis and facilitating the microglial polarization toward the beneficial M2 phenotype to promote oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongliang Wang
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- 4Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, China
| | - Yunxia Duan
- 2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
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88
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Donat CK, Scott G, Gentleman SM, Sastre M. Microglial Activation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:208. [PMID: 28701948 PMCID: PMC5487478 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have a variety of functions in the brain, including synaptic pruning, CNS repair and mediating the immune response against peripheral infection. Microglia rapidly become activated in response to CNS damage. Depending on the nature of the stimulus, microglia can take a number of activation states, which correspond to altered microglia morphology, gene expression and function. It has been reported that early microglia activation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may contribute to the restoration of homeostasis in the brain. On the other hand, if they remain chronically activated, such cells display a classically activated phenotype, releasing pro-inflammatory molecules, resulting in further tissue damage and contributing potentially to neurodegeneration. However, new evidence suggests that this classification is over-simplistic and the balance of activation states can vary at different points. In this article, we review the role of microglia in TBI, analyzing their distribution, morphology and functional phenotype over time in animal models and in humans. Animal studies have allowed genetic and pharmacological manipulations of microglia activation, in order to define their role. In addition, we describe investigations on the in vivo imaging of microglia using translocator protein (TSPO) PET and autoradiography, showing that microglial activation can occur in regions far remote from sites of focal injuries, in humans and animal models of TBI. Finally, we outline some novel potential therapeutic approaches that prime microglia/macrophages toward the beneficial restorative microglial phenotype after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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89
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Yin Y, Wu RX, He XT, Xu XY, Wang J, Chen FM. Influences of age-related changes in mesenchymal stem cells on macrophages during in-vitro culture. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:153. [PMID: 28646912 PMCID: PMC5483296 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in cytotherapy and tissue engineering due to their immunosuppressive ability and regenerative potential. Recently, the immunomodulatory influence of MSCs has been gaining increasing attention because their functional roles in modulating immune responses likely have high clinical significance. METHODS In this study, we investigated the influence of MSCs on macrophages (Mφs) in in-vitro cell culture systems. Given evidence that aged MSCs are functionally compromised, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) isolated from both young and aged mice (YMSCs and AMSCs) were evaluated and contrasted. RESULTS We found that YMSCs exhibited greater proliferative and osteo-differentiation potential compared to AMSCs. When cocultured with RAW264.7 cells (an Mφ cell line), both YMSCs and AMSCs coaxed polarization of Mφs toward an M2 phenotype and induced secretion of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. Compared to AMSCs, YMSCs exhibited a more potent immunomodulatory effect. While Mφs cocultured with either YMSCs or AMSCs displayed similar phagocytic ability, AMSC coculture was found to enhance Mφ migration in Transwell systems. When BMSCs were prestimulated with interferon gamma before coculture with RAW264.7 cells, their regulatory effects on Mφs appeared to be modified. Here, compared to stimulated AMSCs, stimulated YMSCs also exhibited enhanced cellular influence on cocultured RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BMSCs exert an age-related regulatory effect on Mφs with respect to their phenotype and functions but an optimized stimulation to enhance MSC immunomodulation is in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
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90
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Yang HM, Yang S, Huang SS, Tang BS, Guo JF. Microglial Activation in the Pathogenesis of Huntington's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:193. [PMID: 28674491 PMCID: PMC5474461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats (>36) in exon 1 of HTT gene that encodes huntingtin protein. Although HD is characterized by a predominant loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, previous studies point to a critical role of aberrant accumulation of mutant huntingtin in microglia that contributes to the progressive neurodegeneration in HD, through both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which function to surveil the microenvironment at a quiescent state. In response to various pro-inflammatory stimuli, microglia become activated and undergo two separate phases (M1 and M2 phenotype), which release pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors (TGF-β, CD206, and Arg1), respectively. Immunoregulation by microglial activation could be either neurotoxic or neuroprotective. In this review, we summarized current understanding about microglial activation in the pathogenesis and progression of HD, with a primary focus of M1 and M2 phenotype of activated microglia and their corresponding signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, AtlantaGA, United States
| | - Shan-Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsChangsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesChangsha, China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsChangsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesChangsha, China
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91
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Xu C, Fu F, Li X, Zhang S. Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the microenvironment of central nervous system by regulating the polarization of macrophages/microglia after traumatic brain injury. Int J Neurosci 2017; 127:1124-1135. [PMID: 28464695 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1325884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are regarded as promising candidates for cell replacement therapies, are able to regulate immune responses after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary immune response following the mechanical injury is the essential factor leading to the necrosis and apoptosis of neural cells during and after the cerebral edema has subsided and there is lack of efficient agent that can mitigate such neuroinflammation in the clinical application. By means of three molecular pathways (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor-necrosis-factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), and progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR)), MSCs induce the activation of macrophages/microglia and drive them polarize into the M2 phenotypes, which inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes tissue repair and nerve regeneration. The regulation of MSCs and the polarization of macrophages/microglia are dynamically changing based on the inflammatory environment. Under the stimulation of platelet lysate (PL), MSCs also promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, the statue of macrophages/microglia exerts significant effects on the survival, proliferation, differentiation and activation of MSCs by changing the niche of cells. They form positive feedback loops in maintaining the homeostasis after TBI to relieving the secondary injury and promoting tissue repair. MSC therapies have obtained great achievements in several central nervous system disease clinical trials, which will accelerate the application of MSCs in TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- a Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital , Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162 , China
| | - Feng Fu
- a Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital , Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162 , China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- a Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital , Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162 , China
| | - Sai Zhang
- a Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital , Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162 , China
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92
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Zhao SC, Ma LS, Chu ZH, Xu H, Wu WQ, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:445-458. [PMID: 28260801 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events, including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that result in a profound brain injury. The inflammatory response contributes to secondary neuronal damage, which exerts a substantial impact on both acute ischemic injury and the chronic recovery of the brain function. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce both detrimental and neuroprotective mediators, and the balance of the two counteracting mediators determines the fate of injured neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as either classic (M1) or alternative (M2): M1 microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-12, etc) and exacerbate neuronal injury, whereas the M2 phenotype promotes anti-inflammatory responses that are reparative. It has important translational value to regulate M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize the detrimental effects and/or maximize the protective role. Here, we discuss various regulators of microglia/macrophage activation and the interaction between microglia and neurons in the context of ischemic stroke.
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93
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Zorzopulos J, Opal SM, Hernando-Insúa A, Rodriguez JM, Elías F, Fló J, López RA, Chasseing NA, Lux-Lantos VA, Coronel MF, Franco R, Montaner AD, Horn DL. Immunomodulatory oligonucleotide IMT504: Effects on mesenchymal stem cells as a first-in-class immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:45-67. [PMID: 28396715 PMCID: PMC5368622 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of humans and animals to insults (i.e., infections, traumas, tumoral transformation and radiation) are based on an intricate network of cells and chemical messengers. Abnormally high inflammation immediately after insult or abnormally prolonged pro-inflammatory stimuli bringing about chronic inflammation can lead to life-threatening or severely debilitating diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplant has proved to be an effective therapy in preclinical studies which evaluated a vast diversity of inflammatory conditions. MSCs lead to resolution of inflammation, preparation for regeneration and actual regeneration, and then ultimate return to normal baseline or homeostasis. However, in clinical trials of transplanted MSCs, the expectations of great medical benefit have not yet been fulfilled. As a practical alternative to MSC transplant, a synthetic drug with the capacity to boost endogenous MSC expansion and/or activation may also be effective. Regarding this, IMT504, the prototype of a major class of immunomodulatory oligonucleotides, induces in vivo expansion of MSCs, resulting in a marked improvement in preclinical models of neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, diabetes and sepsis. IMT504 is easily manufactured and has an excellent preclinical safety record. In the small number of patients studied thus far, IMT504 has been well-tolerated, even at very high dosage. Further clinical investigation is necessary to demonstrate the utility of IMT504 for resolution of inflammation and regeneration in a broad array of human diseases that would likely benefit from an immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy.
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94
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Ferrari E, Capucciati A, Prada I, Zucca FA, D’Arrigo G, Pontiroli D, Bridelli MG, Sturini M, Bubacco L, Monzani E, Verderio C, Zecca L, Casella L. Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and Evaluation in Microglia Cultures of Neuromelanin Analogues Suitable for Modeling Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:501-512. [PMID: 28292181 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the substantia nigra of human brain, neuromelanin (NM) released by degenerating neurons can activate microglia with consequent neurodegeneration, typical of Parkinson's disease (PD). Synthetic analogues of NM were prepared to develop a PD model reproducing the neuropathological conditions of the disease. Soluble melanin-protein conjugates were obtained by melanization of fibrillated β-lactoglobulin (fLG). The melanic portion of the conjugates contains either eumelanic (EufLG) or mixed eumelanic/pheomelanic composition (PheofLG), the latter better simulating natural NMs. In addition, the conjugates can be loaded with controlled amounts of iron. Upon melanization, PheofLG-Fe conjugates maintain the amyloid cross-β protein core as the only structurally organized element, similarly to human NMs. The similarity in composition and structural organization with the natural pigment is reflected by the ability of synthetic NMs to activate microglia, showing potential of the novel conjugates to model NM induced neuroinflammation. Thus, synthetic NM/microglia constitute a new model to develop anti-Parkinson drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical
Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Via Fratelli
Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Andrea Capucciati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Prada
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Via Luigi Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Andrea Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical
Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Via Fratelli
Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Giulia D’Arrigo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Via Luigi Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Pontiroli
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences “M. Melloni”, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bridelli
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences “M. Melloni”, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Via Luigi Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical
Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Via Fratelli
Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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95
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De Blasio D, Fumagalli S, Longhi L, Orsini F, Palmioli A, Stravalaci M, Vegliante G, Zanier ER, Bernardi A, Gobbi M, De Simoni MG. Pharmacological inhibition of mannose-binding lectin ameliorates neurobehavioral dysfunction following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:938-950. [PMID: 27165013 PMCID: PMC5363468 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16647397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin is present in the contusion area of traumatic brain-injured patients and in that of traumatic brain-injured mice, where mannose-binding lectin-C exceeds mannose-binding lectin-A. The reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury of mannose-binding lectin double knock-out mice (mannose-binding lectin-/-) when compared to wild type mice suggests that mannose-binding lectin may be a therapeutic target following traumatic brain injury. Here, we evaluated the effects of a multivalent glycomimetic mannose-binding lectin ligand, Polyman9, following traumatic brain injury in mice. In vitro surface plasmon resonance assay indicated that Polyman9 dose-dependently inhibits the binding to immobilized mannose residues of plasma mannose-binding lectin-C selectively over that of mannose-binding lectin-A. Male C57Bl/6 mice underwent sham/controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury and intravenous treatment with Polyman9/saline. Ex-vivo surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed that Polyman9 effectively reduces the binding of plasma mannose-binding lectin-C to immobilized mannose residues. In vivo studies up to four weeks post injury, showed that Polyman9 induces significant improvement in sensorimotor deficits (by neuroscore and beam walk), promotes neurogenesis (73% increase in doublecortin immunoreactivity), and astrogliosis (28% increase in glial fibrillary acid protein). Polyman9 administration in brain-injured mannose-binding lectin-/- mice had no effect on post-traumatic brain-injured functional deficits, suggestive of the specificity of its neuroprotective effects. The neurobehavioral efficacy of Polyman9 implicates mannose-binding lectin-C as a novel therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana De Blasio
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.,2 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.,2 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Longhi
- 3 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Franca Orsini
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Stravalaci
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
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96
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Hasan A, Deeb G, Rahal R, Atwi K, Mondello S, Marei HE, Gali A, Sleiman E. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28265255 PMCID: PMC5316525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. The primary insult to the brain initiates secondary injury cascades consisting of multiple complex biochemical responses of the brain that significantly influence the overall severity of the brain damage and clinical sequelae. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers huge potential for application in the treatment of TBI. MSCs have immunosuppressive properties that reduce inflammation in injured tissue. As such, they could be used to modulate the secondary mechanisms of injury and halt the progression of the secondary insult in the brain after injury. Particularly, MSCs are capable of secreting growth factors that facilitate the regrowth of neurons in the brain. The relative abundance of harvest sources of MSCs also makes them particularly appealing. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the effects of infusion of MSCs into animal models of TBI. The results have shown significant improvement in the motor function of the damaged brain tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI. The review starts with a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of TBI, followed by the biology of MSCs, and the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. The challenges associated with the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI and strategies to address those challenges in the future have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - George Deeb
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Rahaf Rahal
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | | | - Amr Gali
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Eliana Sleiman
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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97
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Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Regulating Self-Reactive T Cell Responses and Dendritic Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2389753. [PMID: 28250776 PMCID: PMC5303870 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2389753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapy for autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Administration of MSCs to MS patients has proven safe with signs of immunomodulation but their therapeutic efficacy remains low. The aim of the current study has been to further characterize the immunomodulatory mechanisms of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) in vitro and in vivo using the EAE model of chronic brain inflammation in mice. We found that murine ASCs (mASCs) suppress T cell proliferation in vitro via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 1/2 activities. mASCs also prevented the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. The addition of the COX-1/2 inhibitor indomethacin, but not the iNOS inhibitor L-NAME, reversed the block in DC maturation implicating prostaglandin (PG) E2 in this process. In vivo, early administration of murine and human ASCs (hASCs) ameliorated myelin oligodendrocyte protein- (MOG35-55-) induced EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that mASCs suppressed the function of autoantigen-specific T cells and also decreased the frequency of activated (CD11c+CD40high and CD11c+TNF-α+) DCs in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). In summary, these data suggest that mASCs reduce EAE severity, in part, through the impairment of DC and T cell function.
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98
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Surmacki JM, Ansel-Bollepalli L, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Ercole A, Bohndiek SE. Label-free monitoring of tissue biochemistry following traumatic brain injury using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2016; 142:132-139. [PMID: 27905576 PMCID: PMC6049045 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major cause of death and long-term disability. At present, we lack methods to non-invasively track tissue biochemistry and hence select appropriate interventions for patients. We hypothesized that detailed label-free vibrational chemical analysis of focal TBI could provide such information. We assessed the early spatial and temporal changes in tissue biochemistry that are associated with brain injury in mice. Numerous differences were observed in the spectra of the contusion core and pericontusional tissue between 2 and 7 days. For example, a strong signal from haem was seen in the contusion core at 2 days due to haemorrhage, which subsequently resolved. More importantly, elevated cholesterol levels were demonstrated by 7 days, which may be a marker of important cell repair processes. Principal component analysis revealed an early 'acute' component dominated by haemorrhage and a delayed component reflecting changes in protein and lipid composition. Notably we demonstrated changes in Raman signature with time even in the contralateral hemisphere when compared to sham control mice. Raman spectroscopy therefore shows promise as a probe that is sensitive to important pathobiological processes in TBI and could be applied in future both in the experimental setting, as well as in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maciej Surmacki
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK. and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Laura Ansel-Bollepalli
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK. and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto de Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto de Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK. and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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99
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Macrophages are essential for maintaining a M2 protective response early after ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:284-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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100
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Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7567-7584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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