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Woolsey CL, Williams RD, Housman JM, Sather TE. Age at First Use of Energy Drinks Associated With Risky Alcohol-Related Motor Vehicle Behaviors Among College Students. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1307795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bonar EE, Green MR, Ashrafioun L. Characteristics of university students who mix alcohol and energy drinks. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2017; 65:288-293. [PMID: 28085661 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2017.1280799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has identified correlates (eg, drug use, risky sex, smoking) of using alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AMEDs). Few studies have investigated common mental health-related concerns (eg, depression, sleep). PARTICIPANTS Alcohol-using college students (n = 380 never used AMEDs, n = 180 used AMEDs) were recruited in the study during the fall 2011 semester. METHODS The study examined demographics, substance use, depressive symptoms, and sleep problems in association with AMED use. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression indicated that alcohol use severity (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.14+1.34), drug use severity (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.04-1.39), depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01-1.12), and smoking (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.22-3.68) were independently associated with AMED use; sleep problems were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Administrators may consider policies regarding energy drink availability on campus, and campus health personnel may increase screening and education surrounding AMED use to reduce risks among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Michaela R Green
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Lisham Ashrafioun
- b VISN 2 Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention , Canandaigua VA Medical Center , Canandaigua , New York , USA
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York , USA
- d Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
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Reid JL, McCrory C, White CM, Martineau C, Vanderkooy P, Fenton N, Hammond D. Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks Among Youth and Young Adults in Canada. Prev Med Rep 2017; 5:65-70. [PMID: 27920973 PMCID: PMC5133644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing market for caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) has caused concern about excessive caffeine intake and potential adverse effects, particularly among young people. The current study examined patterns of CED consumption among youth and young adults in Canada, using data from a national online survey conducted in October 2014. Data from a non-probability sample of 2040 respondents aged 12-24 from a consumer panel was weighted to national proportions; measures of CED consumption were estimated, including prevalence, excessive daily consumption, and context for use (locations and reasons). Separate logistic regression models for two outcomes, past-week consumption and "ever" exceeding two energy drinks in a day (as per common guidance), were conducted to examine associations with demographic variables (sex, age, geographic region, race/ethnicity, and language). Overall, 73.6% of respondents reported "ever" consuming energy drinks; 15.6% had done so in the past week. Any consumption of energy drinks in the past week was more prevalent among males, Aboriginal respondents (vs. white only or mixed/other), and residents of British Columbia. Among "ever-consumers," 16.0% reported ever consuming more than two energy drinks in a day. Exceeding two in a day was more prevalent among older respondents (young adults aged 18-24), aboriginal respondents (vs. white only), and British Columbia residents. While the majority of youth and young adults had consumed energy drinks, about half were "experimental" consumers (i.e., consumed ≤ 5 drinks in their lifetime). Approximately one in six consumers had exceeded the usual guidance for maximum daily consumption, potentially increasing their risk of experiencing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Reid
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Cassondra McCrory
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Christine M. White
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chantal Martineau
- Nutrition Regulations and Standards Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Postal Locator 2202E, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Pat Vanderkooy
- Dietitians of Canada, 480 University Ave, Suite 604, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada
| | - Nancy Fenton
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Picard-Masson M, Loslier J, Paquin P, Bertrand K. Consumption of energy drinks among Québec college students. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 107:e514-e519. [PMID: 28252368 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.107.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of energy drinks (ED) raises concerns because of adverse health effects possibly linked with high levels of caffeine and sugar intake. The study looks at the scope of ED consumption as well as some of the associated characteristics. METHODS Thirty-six public colleges in the Canadian province of Québec agreed to participate in a descriptive cross-sectional study (n = 36). In February 2013, participating colleges invited their students to answer an online questionnaire on consumption of ED, alcoholic ED (AED), and ED in combination with other psychotropic drugs. A descriptive and correlational analysis was carried out. Logistic regressions explored associations between ED consumption and associated characteristics. RESULTS Of the students who successfully completed the questionnaire and participated in the study (n = 10,283), a low proportion consumed ED (9.1%; n = 935) and/or AED (1.1%; n = 109) at least once a week in the previous month. Although low in proportion, a number of participants reported having used ED with other stimulant psychoactive substances (n = 247) and ≥3 ED/day (n = 193) or ≥3 AED/occasion (n = 167), which can pose a risk for serious adverse effects. Weekly ED consumption was associated with consumption of ≥20 cups of coffee/week, smoking, excessive use of alcohol and past use of cannabis, glues or solvents and amphetamines. CONCLUSION A majority of respondents are not heavy users of ED, AED, or ED with drugs. Yet, the profiles of ED consumption potentially harmful to health that characterize some participants indicate that the potential health consequences of such behaviour are of concern.
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Energy Drink Use Patterns Among Young Adults: Associations with Drunk Driving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2456-2466. [PMID: 27676240 PMCID: PMC5074694 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly caffeinated "energy drinks" (ED) are commonly consumed and sometimes mixed with alcohol. Associations between ED consumption, risk-taking, and alcohol-related problems have been observed. This study examines the relationship between ED consumption-both with and without alcohol-and drunk driving. METHODS Data were derived from a longitudinal study of college students assessed annually via personal interviews. In Year 6 (modal age 23; n = 1,000), participants self-reported their past-year frequency of drunk driving, ED consumption patterns (frequency of drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks [AmED] and drinking energy drinks without alcohol [ED]), alcohol use (frequency, quantity), and other caffeine consumption. Earlier assessments captured suspected risk factors for drunk driving. Structural equation modeling was used to develop an explanatory model for the association between ED consumption patterns and drunk driving frequency while accounting for other suspected risk factors. RESULTS More than half (57%) consumed ED at least once during the past year. Among ED consumers, 71% drank AmED and 85% drank ED alone; many (56%) engaged in both styles of ED consumption while others specialized in one or the other (29% drank ED alone exclusively, while, 15% drank AmED exclusively). After accounting for other risk factors, ED consumption was associated with drunk driving frequency in 2 ways. First, a direct path existed from ED frequency (without alcohol) to drunk driving frequency. Second, an indirect path existed from AmED frequency through alcohol quantity to drunk driving frequency. CONCLUSIONS Among this sample, ED consumption with and without alcohol was common, and both styles of ED consumption contributed independently to drunk driving frequency. Results call for increased attention to the impact of different patterns of ED consumption on alcohol-related consequences, such as drunk driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kevin E O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Curtis A, Coomber K, Hyder S, Droste N, Pennay A, Jenkinson R, Mayshak R, Miller PG. Prevalence and correlates of drink driving within patrons of Australian night-time entertainment precincts. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 95:187-191. [PMID: 27450790 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drink driving is a significant public health concern, and contributes to many road fatalities worldwide. The current study is the first to examine the prevalence and correlates of drink driving behavior in a sample of night-time entertainment precinct attendees in Australia. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 4214 night-time entertainment precinct attendees in two metropolitan and three regional cities in Australia. Seven correlates of self-reported drink driving were examined: gender, age, occupation, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), alcohol consumed prior to attending a licensed venue, energy drink consumption, and other drug consumption. RESULTS Fourteen percent of night-time entertainment precinct attendees reported drink driving in the past three months. Bivariate logistic regression models indicated that males were significantly more likely than females to report drink driving in the past three months. Blue-collar workers and sales/clerical/administrative workers were significantly more likely to report drink driving behavior in the past three months than white-collar workers. The likelihood of reporting drink driving during the three months prior to interview significantly increased as BAC on the current night out increased, and when patrons reported engaging in pre-drinking or other drug use. The multivariate model presented a similar pattern of results, however BAC and pre-drinking on the night of the interview were no longer independent significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS Males, blue collar/sales/clerical/administrative workers, and illicit drug consumers were more likely to report engaging in drink driving behavior than their counterparts. Interventions should focus on addressing the considerable proportion night-time entertainment precinct attendees who report engaging in drink driving behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Curtis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia.
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia
| | - Shannon Hyder
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia
| | - Nic Droste
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia
| | - Amy Pennay
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Department of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jenkinson
- Burnet Institute, Monash University & Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mayshak
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia
| | - Peter G Miller
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Australia
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Tucker JS, Troxel WM, Ewing BA, D'Amico EJ. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Associations with risky drinking and functioning in high school. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:36-41. [PMID: 27522534 PMCID: PMC5037025 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixing alcohol with energy drinks is associated with heavier drinking and related problems among college students. However, little is known about how high school drinkers who mix alcohol with energy drinks (AmED) compare to those who do not (AwoED). This study compares high school AmED and AwoED users on their alcohol use during middle and high school, as well as key domains of functioning in high school. METHODS Two surveys were conducted three years apart in adolescents initially recruited from 16 middle schools in Southern California. The analytic sample consists of 696 past month drinkers. Multivariable models compared AmED and AwoED users on alcohol use, mental health, social functioning, academic orientation, delinquency and other substance use at age 17, and on their alcohol use and related cognitions at age 14. RESULTS AmED was reported by 13% of past month drinkers. AmED and AwoED users did not differ on alcohol use or cognitions in middle school, but AmED users drank more often, more heavily, and reported more negative consequences in high school. AmED users were also more likely to report poor grades, delinquent behavior, substance use-related unsafe driving, public intoxication, and drug use than AwoED users in high school. Group differences were not found on mental health, social functioning, or academic aspirations. CONCLUSIONS AmED use is common among high school drinkers. The higher risk behavioral profile of these young AmED users, which includes drug use and substance use-related unsafe driving, is a significant cause for concern and warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA.
| | - Wendy M Troxel
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665, USA
| | - Brett A Ewing
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA
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Johnson SJ, Alford C, Stewart K, Verster JC. A UK student survey investigating the effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks on overall alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4:496-501. [PMID: 27679754 PMCID: PMC5037256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research reported positive associations between alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption and overall alcohol consumption. However, results were largely based on between-subjects comparisons comparing AMED consumers with alcohol-only (AO) consumers, and therefore cannot sufficiently control for differences in personal characteristics between these groups. In order to determine whether AMED consumers drink more alcohol on occasions they consume AMED compared to those when they drink AO additional within-subjects comparisons are required. Therefore, this UK student survey assessed both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences when consumed alone and when mixed with energy drinks, using a within-subject design. A total of 1873 students completed the survey, including 732 who consumed AMED. It was found that AMED consumers drank significantly less alcohol when they consumed AMED compared to when they drank AO (p < 0.001). In line with reduced alcohol consumption significantly fewer negative alcohol-related consequences were reported on AMED occasions compared to AO occasions (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that mixing alcohol with energy drinks does not increase total alcohol consumption or alcohol-related negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Johnson
- The Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Chris Alford
- The Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Karina Stewart
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Joris C Verster
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
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Droste N, Miller P, Pennay A, Zinkiewicz L, Lubman DI. Environmental contexts of combined alcohol and energy drink use: Associations with intoxication in licensed venues. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 36:58-66. [PMID: 27497238 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors inside licensed venues have been found to influence the intoxication levels and consumption practices of patrons. The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) occurs primarily at or prior to attending licensed venues, however there is a lack of in situ research investigating AmED use in these contexts. Given that AmED use has been linked with increased alcohol consumption, intoxication, illicit substance use, and risk taking behaviours, this paper explores the environmental correlates and levels of intoxication associated with AmED use in licensed venues. METHODS Structured observations were undertaken in five Australian cities on Friday and Saturday nights. Covert teams spent 4-5h in venues and recorded hourly observations on patron, venue, and staff characteristics, alcohol, illicit drug and AmED consumption patterns and intoxication levels. RESULTS 898 hourly observations were recorded across 68 venues. All but one venue served energy drinks, and patron AmED use was observed during 34.9% of hourly records. AmED use was more prevalent after 12am and in nightclub venues compared to bars and pubs, and was positively associated with high intoxication levels, illicit drug use, and younger crowds. After controlling for environmental factors (i.e. venue crowding, service practices, venue characteristics, patron demographics and behaviour) AmED use did not predict high intoxication at a venue level in multivariable models. CONCLUSION AmED consumption is ubiquitous in the licensed venues of Australian night-time entertainment districts, particularly busy nightclub venues where intoxication and risky consumption are heightened. However, AmED use was not associated with high patron intoxication when environmental factors were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Droste
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Level 3, 27 Brougham St, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Level 3, 27 Brougham St, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Pennay
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lucy Zinkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Level 3, 27 Brougham St, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E768. [PMID: 27483299 PMCID: PMC4997454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). METHODS The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. RESULTS EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1-3 times a week. Most respondents felt no effects after drinking EDs, but some reported symptoms, including insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, nervousness and irritability. The major determinant of the choice of EDs was taste (47%), followed by price (21%). One in ten respondents admitted to consumption of AmEDs. Among the consequences reported were: abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, amnesia, headache, and hangover. CONCLUSIONS EDs consumption among adolescent athletes was relatively high. Considering the habit of AmEDs and literature data, it is worth emphasizing that it may lead to health problems in the near future, alcohol- or drug-dependence, as well as other types of risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
| | - Artur Jasionowski
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
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Unique Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects Induced by Repeated Adolescent Consumption of Caffeine-Mixed Alcohol in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158189. [PMID: 27380261 PMCID: PMC4933367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of highly caffeinated products has increased dramatically in the past few years. Among these products, highly caffeinated energy drinks are the most heavily advertised and purchased, which has resulted in increased incidences of co-consumption of energy drinks with alcohol. Despite the growing number of adolescents and young adults reporting caffeine-mixed alcohol use, knowledge of the potential consequences associated with co-consumption has been limited to survey-based results and in-laboratory human behavioral testing. Here, we investigate the effect of repeated adolescent (post-natal days P35-61) exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol in C57BL/6 mice on common drug-related behaviors such as locomotor sensitivity, drug reward and cross-sensitivity, and natural reward. To determine changes in neurological activity resulting from adolescent exposure, we monitored changes in expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the dopaminergic reward pathway as a sign of long-term increases in neuronal activity. Repeated adolescent exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure induced significant locomotor sensitization, desensitized cocaine conditioned place preference, decreased cocaine locomotor cross-sensitivity, and increased natural reward consumption. We also observed increased accumulation of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens following repeated adolescent caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure compared to alcohol or caffeine alone. Using our exposure model, we found that repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence causes unique behavioral and neurochemical effects not observed in mice exposed to caffeine or alcohol alone. Based on similar findings for different substances of abuse, it is possible that repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence could potentially alter or escalate future substance abuse as means to compensate for these behavioral and neurochemical alterations.
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Rutledge PC, Bestrashniy JRBM, Nelson TF. Problematic Drinking Among Postgraduate Students: Binge Drinking, Prepartying, and Mixing Alcohol With Energy Drinks. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:972-82. [PMID: 27070275 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although problematic alcohol use has been studied extensively in undergraduate students, little is known about problematic drinking among postgraduate students. OBJECTIVES This study examined binge drinking, prepartying, and mixing alcohol with energy drinks to determine: (1) the extent to which postgraduate students engage in these drinking behaviors, (2) how postgraduate students differ from undergraduate students in these behaviors, and (3) the demographic risk factors for these behaviors in postgraduate (and undergraduate) students. METHODS This study utilized data from n = 695 students (n = 298 postgraduate; n = 397 undergraduate) who participated in the Healthy Minds Study at a large, public university in the Midwestern US. RESULTS Past-two-week binge drinking, past-year and past-30-day prepartying, and past-30-day mixing alcohol with energy drinks were reported by 26.2%, 28.6%, 14.9%, and 8.1% of postgraduate students, respectively. Multivariate analyses indicated that postgraduate status was a significant negative predictor of binge drinking and prepartying, and that status interacted with age in predicting prepartying such that the effect of age on prepartying was negative for postgraduate students and nonsignificant for undergraduates. Age was a significant negative predictor of mixing alcohol with energy drinks for all students. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE This study makes a unique contribution to the literature by providing information on problematic drinking in postgraduate students. Although there was evidence of "maturing out," a substantial number of postgraduate students were found to engage in binge drinking and prepartying, and a not insubstantial number of them were found to mix alcohol with energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Rutledge
- a Department of Psychology , Allegheny College , Meadville , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Jessica R B M Bestrashniy
- b Department of Mathematics, Statistics, & Computer Science , St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota , USA
| | - Toben F Nelson
- c Division of Epidemiology & Community Health , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
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Sheehan BE, Linden-Carmichael AN, Lau-Barraco C. Caffeinated and non-caffeinated alcohol use and indirect aggression: The impact of self-regulation. Addict Behav 2016; 58:53-9. [PMID: 26905765 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that heavier alcohol use is associated with physical aggression. Scant research has examined the way in which alcohol relates to other forms of aggression, such as indirect aggression (e.g., malicious humor, social exclusion). Given the possible negative consequences of indirect aggression and the limited evidence suggesting alcohol use can elicit indirectly aggressive responses, research is needed to further investigate the association between drinking behavior and indirect aggression. Additionally, specific alcoholic beverages, such as caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs; e.g., Red Bull and vodka), may potentiate aggression above the influence of typical use, and thus warrant examination with regard to indirect aggression. One factor that may impact the strength of the alcohol-indirect aggression and CAB-indirect aggression relationships is one's level of self-regulation. Consequently, our study examined the relationships between (1) alcohol use and indirect aggression, (2) CAB use and indirect aggression, and (3) self-regulation as a moderator. Participants were 733 (67.6% female) undergraduate students who reported their CAB and alcohol use, self-regulation, and aggressive behaviors. Results revealed that heavier alcohol use was associated with more frequent indirect aggression after controlling for dispositional aggression. Heavier CAB use was related to more frequent indirect aggression after accounting for typical use and dispositional aggression. Self-regulation moderated these associations such that for those with lower self-regulation, greater alcohol and CAB consumption was associated with greater indirect aggression. Our findings suggest that heavier alcohol and CAB consumption may be risk factors for engaging in indirect aggression and this risk is impacted by one's regulatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn E Sheehan
- Old Dominion University, Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529-0267, USA.
| | | | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Old Dominion University, Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529-0267, USA; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, 700 Park Avenue/MCAR-410, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA.
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Linden-Carmichael AN, Lau-Barraco C. A Preliminary Investigation of Caffeinated Alcohol Use During Spring Break. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:937-41. [PMID: 27100825 PMCID: PMC4955283 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1155617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeinated alcoholic beverages (e.g., Red Bull and vodka) are popular but associated with negative consequences. CABs may be particularly popular during Spring Break, a potentially risky social event. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the prevalence of Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use, determine how caffeinated alcohol use Spring Break drinking habits differ from usual, and examine the association between Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. METHODS Data were collected from 95 college students during March of 2013 and 2014. Students completed questionnaires of their alcohol and caffeinated alcohol use before and during Spring Break and Spring Break alcohol-related problems. RESULTS Approximately 54% of students used caffeinated alcohol during Spring Break. Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use was associated with more alcohol-related problems, even after controlling for other alcohol consumed and Spring Break vacation status. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Caffeinated alcoholic beverages are commonly consumed during Spring Break and their use uniquely predicted harms. Prevention efforts placed on caffeinated alcoholic beverage users may be helpful in reducing Spring Break-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- a Department of Psychology , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , Virginia , USA
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Kelly CK, Prichard JR. Demographics, Health, and Risk Behaviors of Young Adults Who Drink Energy Drinks and Coffee Beverages. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:73-81. [PMID: 27274417 PMCID: PMC4892198 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigates risk behaviors, sleep habits, and mental health factors associated with caffeinated beverage use in young adults. Materials and Methods: Students from a midsize private university (n = 159) completed a 15-minute anonymous questionnaire, including questions on risk behaviors, sleep habits, alcohol, and caffeine consumption. We compared behaviors between the top ∼15% ("high end") of energy drink users (≥3/month) and coffee users (≥16/month) to those with less frequent or no caffeine consumption. Results: Caffeine consumption was frequent among young adults. In the last month, 36% of students had an energy drink, 69% had coffee or espresso, and 86% reported having any caffeine; however, the majority of students were unaware of the caffeine content in these beverages. High-end energy drink consumers reported more risk-taking behaviors (increased drug and alcohol use and less frequent seat belt use), sleep disturbances (later bedtimes, harder time falling asleep, and more all-nighters), and higher frequency of mental illness diagnoses than those who consumed fewer energy drinks. In contrast, the frequency of most risk behaviors, sleep disturbances, and mental illness diagnoses was not significantly different between the high-end and general population of coffee drinkers. Conclusion: Students with delayed sleep patterns, mental illness, and higher frequency of substance use and risk behaviors were more likely to be regular energy drink users but not regular coffee drinkers. It is unclear whether the psychoactive content in energy drinks results in different behavioral effects than just caffeine in coffee, and/or different personality/health populations are drawn to the two types of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - J Roxanne Prichard
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota
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Rossheim ME, Thombs DL, Weiler RM, Barry AE, Suzuki S, Walters ST, Barnett TE, Paxton RJ, Pealer LN, Cannell B. Alcohol mixed with energy drink: Use may be a consequence of heavy drinking. Addict Behav 2016; 57:55-61. [PMID: 26890245 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In recent years, studies have indicated that consumers of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) are more likely to drink heavily and experience more negative consequences than consumers who avoid these beverages. Although researchers have identified a number of plausible hypotheses that explain how alcohol-energy drink co-ingestion could cause greater alcohol consumption, there has been no postulation about reverse causal relations. This paper identifies several plausible hypotheses for the observed associations between AmED consumption and greater alcohol consumption, and provides initial evidence for one such hypothesis suggesting that heavy drinking may be a determinant of AmED use. METHOD Data collected from 511bar patrons were used to examine the plausibility of one of the proposed hypotheses, i.e., AmED is an artifact of heavy drinking. Associations between the consumption of an assortment of alcoholic beverage types and total alcohol consumption were examined at the event-level, to assess whether AmED is uniquely related with greater alcohol consumption. RESULTS Increased alcohol consumption was associated with greater odds of consuming most alcoholic beverage types; this association was not unique to AmED. CONCLUSIONS Results support the overlooked hypothesis that AmED use is an artifact of heavy drinking. Thus, AmED consumption may be a consequence or marker of heavier drinking. Much of the existing research on alcoholic beverage types is limited in its ability to implicate any specific type of drink, including AmED, as a cause of increased alcohol consumption and related harm. More rigorous study designs are needed to examine causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, VA, United States.
| | - Dennis L Thombs
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robert M Weiler
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, VA, United States
| | - Adam E Barry
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Raheem J Paxton
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Lisa N Pealer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Brad Cannell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Correlates of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks among youth across 10 US metropolitan areas. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:236-41. [PMID: 27161861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictors of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) among youth have been understudied. The current analyses investigated the prevalence of and correlates for use of AmED among alcohol users from a national study of stimulant use among youth. METHODS The National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS) assessed behaviors and risk factors for stimulant use from 11,048 youth, 10-18 years of age recruited from entertainment venues across 10 US cities. Of the four cross sections, two had questions on having alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) in the past 30 days along with sociodemographic characteristics, current tobacco and marijuana use and current nonmedical use of prescription opioids, anxiolytics, and stimulants. Only 13 to18 year olds and those who reported alcohol use were included in the analyses. RESULTS Overall, 28.4% (1392 out of 4905) of the 13 to18 year olds reported past 30-day alcohol use. Among alcohol users, 27% reported having alcohol mixed with energy drinks in the past 30 days. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that use of AmED was significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. CONCLUSIONS Underage drinking is common among youth and more than a quarter of these drinkers use AmED. Use of AmED is significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. Drug and alcohol intervention programs should educate on the risks of AmED, as the same population is at high-risk for use of AmED and alcohol/drug use.
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Bailey K, Amlung MT, Morris DH, Price MH, Von Gunten C, McCarthy DM, Bartholow BD. Separate and joint effects of alcohol and caffeine on conflict monitoring and adaptation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1245-55. [PMID: 26815360 PMCID: PMC4803583 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is commonly believed to offset the acute effects of alcohol, but some evidence suggests that cognitive processes remain impaired when caffeine and alcohol are coadministered. OBJECTIVES No previous study has investigated the separate and joint effects of alcohol and caffeine on conflict monitoring and adaptation, processes thought to be critical for self-regulation. This was the purpose of the current study. METHODS Healthy, young adult social drinkers recruited from the community completed a flanker task after consuming one of four beverages in a 2 × 2 experimental design: Alcohol + caffeine, alcohol + placebo caffeine, placebo alcohol + caffeine, or placebo alcohol + placebo caffeine. Accuracy, response time, and the amplitude of the N2 component of the event-related potential (ERP), a neural index of conflict monitoring, were examined as a function of whether or not conflict was present (i.e., whether or not flankers were compatible with the target) on both the previous trial and the current trial. RESULTS Alcohol did not abolish conflict monitoring or adaptation. Caffeine eliminated conflict adaptation in sequential trials but also enhanced neural conflict monitoring. The combined effect of alcohol and caffeine was apparent only in how previous conflict affected the neural conflict monitoring response. CONCLUSIONS Together, the findings suggest that caffeine leads to exaggeration of attentional resource utilization, which could provide short-term benefits but lead to problems conserving resources for when they are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bailey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael T. Amlung
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David H. Morris
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mason H. Price
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Curtis Von Gunten
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Denis M. McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Alford
- Affiliations: C. Alford is with the Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. A. Scholey and J.C. Verster are with the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia. J.C. Verster is with the Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Affiliations: C. Alford is with the Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. A. Scholey and J.C. Verster are with the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia. J.C. Verster is with the Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris C Verster
- Affiliations: C. Alford is with the Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. A. Scholey and J.C. Verster are with the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia. J.C. Verster is with the Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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70
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Miller KE, Quigley BM, Eliseo-Arras RK, Ball NJ. Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Use as an Event-Level Predictor of Physical and Verbal Aggression in Bar Conflicts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:161-9. [PMID: 26727532 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adult use of alcohol mixed with caffeinated energy drinks (AmEDs) has been globally linked with increased odds of interpersonal aggression, compared with the use of alcohol alone. However, no prior research has linked these behaviors at the event level in bar drinking situations. The present study assessed whether AmED use is associated with the perpetration of verbal and physical aggression in bar conflicts at the event level. METHODS In Fall 2014, a community sample of 175 young adult AmED users (55% female) completed a web survey describing a recent conflict experienced while drinking in a bar. Use of both AmED and non-AmED alcoholic drinks in the incident were assessed, allowing calculation of our main predictor variable, the proportion of AmEDs consumed (AmED/total drinks consumed). To measure perpetration of aggression, participants reported on the occurrence of 6 verbal and 6 physical acts during the bar conflict incident. RESULTS Linear regression analyses showed that the proportion of AmEDs consumed predicted scores for perpetration of both verbal aggression (β = 0.16, p < 0.05) and physical aggression (β = 0.19, p < 0.01) after controlling for gender, age, sensation-seeking and aggressive personality traits, aggressive alcohol expectancies, aggressogenic physical and social bar environments, and total number of drinks. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that in alcohol-related bar conflicts, higher levels of young adult AmED use are associated with higher levels of aggression perpetration than alcohol use alone and that the elevated risk is not attributable to individual differences between AmED users and nonusers or to contextual differences in bar drinking settings. While future research is needed to identify motivations, dosages, and sequencing issues associated with AmED use, these beverages should be considered a potential risk factor in the escalation of aggressive bar conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Miller
- From the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Brian M Quigley
- From the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rebecca K Eliseo-Arras
- From the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Natalie J Ball
- From the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Patrick ME, Macuada C, Maggs JL. Who uses alcohol mixed with energy drinks? Characteristics of college student users. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:74-79. [PMID: 26010549 PMCID: PMC4719146 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1042877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine characteristics associated with alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use in a sample of college students. PARTICIPANTS College students (N = 614, 53% female) in their second year of college participated during the fall of 2008. METHODS Students completed a cross-sectional survey with questions regarding AmED use. RESULTS AmED use in the last 30 days was reported by 27% of participants. Logistic regression analyses found that risk factors for AmED included participating in a fraternity/sorority; participating in athletics; living off-campus; having greater fun/social, relax, and image motives for alcohol consumption; and binge drinking. Protective factors included early morning classes, honors program participation, and greater physical/behavioral motives for not drinking. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for AmED use can identify college students most likely to consume AmEDs and thereby inform screening and intervention efforts to reduce negative AmED-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Megan E. Patrick (Corresponding Author), Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA, 734-763-7107,
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72
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Factors influencing young people's use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks. Appetite 2016; 96:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Verster JC, Benson S, Johnson SJ, Scholey A, Alford C. Mixing alcohol with energy drink (AMED) and total alcohol consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2016; 31:2-10. [PMID: 26781580 PMCID: PMC4765368 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) may increase total alcohol consumption. Aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were (i) to compare alcohol consumption of AMED consumers with alcohol only (AO) consumers (between-group comparisons), and (ii) to examine if alcohol consumption of AMED consumers differs on AMED and AO occasions (within-subject comparisons). A literature search identified fourteen studies. Meta-analyses of between-group comparisons of N = 5212 AMED consumers and N = 12,568 AO consumers revealed that on a typical single drinking episode AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than AO consumers (p = 0.0001, ES = 0.536, 95%CI: 0.349 to 0.724). Meta-analyses of within-subject comparisons among N = 2871 AMED consumers revealed no significant difference in overall alcohol consumption on a typical drinking episode between AMED and AO occasions (p = 0.465, ES = -0.052, 95%CI: -0.192 to 0.088). In conclusion, between-group comparisons suggest that heavy alcohol consumption is one of the several phenotypical differences between AMED and AO consumers. Within-subject comparisons revealed, however, that AMED consumption does not increase the total amount of alcohol consumed on a single drinking episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C. Verster
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sean J. Johnson
- Centre for Research in BiosciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Chris Alford
- Centre for Research in BiosciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
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Magnezi R, Bergman LC, Grinvald-Fogel H, Cohen HA. A survey of energy drink and alcohol mixed with energy drink consumption. Isr J Health Policy Res 2015; 4:55. [PMID: 26629327 PMCID: PMC4665319 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-015-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Energy drink consumption among youth is increasing despite recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics to eliminate consumption by youth. This study provides information on consumption of energy drinks and alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) in a sample of Israeli youth and how consumer knowledge about the risks affects consumption rates. Methods The study was conducted in three Tel Aviv public schools, with a total enrollment of 1,253 students in grades 8 through 12. Among them, 802 students completed a 49-item questionnaire about energy drink and AmED consumption, for a 64 % response rate Non-responders included 451 students who were absent or refused to participate. All students in the same school were administered the questionnaire on the same day. Results Energy drinks are popular among youth (84.2 % have ever drunk). More tenth through twelfth grade students consumed energy drinks than eighth and ninth grade students. Students who began drinking in elementary school (36.8 %) are at elevated risk for current energy drink (P < .001) and AmED (P = .002) use. Knowledge about amounts consumed and recommended allowances is associated with less consumption (OR 1.925; 95 %CI 1.18–3.14). Discussion The association between current AmED consumption and drinking ED at a young age is important. Boys and those who start drinking early have a greater risk of both ED and AmED consumption. The characteristics of early drinkers can help increase awareness of potential at-risk youth, such as junior and senior high school students with less educated or single parents. Conclusions Risks posed by early use on later energy drink and AmED consumption are concerning. We suggest that parents should limit accessibility. Increased knowledge about acceptable and actual amounts of caffeine in a single product might decrease consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheli Magnezi
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lisa Carroll Bergman
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Haya Grinvald-Fogel
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Herman Avner Cohen
- Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Clalit Health Services, Petach Tikva, Israel ; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Motives for mixing alcohol with energy drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages and its effects on overall alcohol consumption among UK students. Appetite 2015; 96:588-597. [PMID: 26463015 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A UK student survey examined the motivations for consuming energy drinks alone and mixed with alcohol, and aimed to determine whether the type of motive had a differential effect on overall alcohol consumption. METHODS The online survey (N = 1873) assessed alcohol consumption and motivations for consumption when mixed with energy drinks (AMED) and mixed with other non-alcoholic beverages (AMOB) using a within-subject design. RESULTS The most frequent neutral motives reported for AMED consumption included "I like the taste" (66.5%), and "to celebrate a special occasion" (35.2%). 52.6% of AMED consumers reported consuming AMED for at least one of five negative motives, primarily "to get drunk" (45.6%). Despite these negative motives those students reported consuming significantly less alcohol and fewer negative alcohol-related consequences on AMED occasions compared to alcohol-only (AO) occasions. Although the motives for consuming AMED and AMOB were comparable, more participants reported consuming AMED "to celebrate a special occasion", "to get drunk", because they "received the drink from someone else" or "because others drink it as well". However, significantly more students reported consuming AMOB than AMED because "It feels like I can drink more alcohol". Alcohol consumption was significantly less on AMED occasions compared to AMOB occasions, and both occasions significantly less than AO occasions. CONCLUSION The majority of reasons for consuming AMED relate to neutral motives. Although 52.6% of students reported one or more negative motives for AMED consumption (predominantly "to get drunk") this had no differential effect on total alcohol consumption. The differences in motives suggest AMED is consumed more to enjoy special occasions and as a group-bonding experience, however alcohol consumption is significantly lower on such occasions in comparison to when AMOB or AO are consumed.
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Ilie G, Boak A, Mann RE, Adlaf EM, Hamilton H, Asbridge M, Rehm J, Cusimano MD. Energy Drinks, Alcohol, Sports and Traumatic Brain Injuries among Adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135860. [PMID: 26375286 PMCID: PMC4572704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance The high prevalence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among adolescents has brought much focus to this area in recent years. Sports injuries have been identified as a main mechanism. Although energy drinks, including those mixed with alcohol, are often used by young athletes and other adolescents they have not been examined in relation to TBI. Objective We report on the prevalence of adolescent TBI and its associations with energy drinks, alcohol and energy drink mixed in with alcohol consumption. Design, Settings and Participants Data were derived from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health’s 2013 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS). This population-based cross-sectional school survey included 10,272 7th to 12th graders (ages 11–20) who completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires in classrooms. Main Outcome Measures Mild to severe TBI were defined as those resulting in a loss of consciousness for at least five minutes, or being hospitalized for at least one night. Mechanism of TBI, prevalence estimates of TBI, and odds of energy drink consumption, alcohol use, and consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol are assessed. Results Among all students, 22.4% (95% CI: 20.7, 24.1) reported a history of TBI. Sports injuries remain the main mechanism of a recent (past year) TBI (45.5%, 95% CI: 41.0, 50.1). Multinomial logistic regression showed that relative to adolescents who never sustained a TBI, the odds of sustaining a recent TBI were greater for those consuming alcohol, energy drinks, and energy drinks mixed in with alcohol than abstainers. Odds ratios were higher for these behaviors among students who sustained a recent TBI than those who sustained a former TBI (lifetime but not past 12 months). Relative to recent TBI due to other causes of injury, adolescents who sustained a recent TBI while playing sports had higher odds of recent energy drinks consumption than abstainers. Conclusions and Relevance TBI remains a disabling and common condition among adolescents and the consumption of alcohol, energy drinks, and alcohol mixed with energy drinks further increase the odds of TBI among adolescents. These associations warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ilie
- Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela Boak
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert E. Mann
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward M. Adlaf
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hayley Hamilton
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jürgen Rehm
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D. Cusimano
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Testing a model of caffeinated alcohol-specific expectancies. Addict Behav 2015; 47:38-41. [PMID: 25864133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study sought to further understand the association between caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use and alcohol-related risks. In particular, we focused on the role of two identified expectancies specific to CAB use: intoxication enhancement and avoidance of negative consequences. Although outcome expectancies are consistent predictors of substance use, limited research has examined expectancies related to CAB use and their association with alcohol-related behaviors, such as protecting themselves from alcohol-related harms. Consequently, the present study examined CAB-specific expectancies and protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as mediators of CAB use and negative consequences. METHODS Participants were 322 (219 women) college drinkers who completed self-report measures of typical CAB and alcohol use, CAB-specific expectancies, PBS use, and alcohol-related harms. RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed, after controlling for typical non-CAB heavy alcohol use, a significant indirect effect of CAB use to alcohol-related problems through avoidance of negative consequences CAB expectancies and PBS use. However, intoxication enhancement expectancies did not mediate this association. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that heavier CAB use was associated with stronger expectations that drinking CABs can help avoid negative consequences. These beliefs were related to using fewer PBS when drinking and a greater likelihood of experiencing problems. Given that these expectancies may be underlying mechanisms of CAB use, their inclusion in existing alcohol interventions may be beneficial.
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Pennay A, Cheetham A, Droste N, Miller P, Lloyd B, Pennay D, Dowling N, Jackson A, Lubman DI. An Examination of the Prevalence, Consumer Profiles, and Patterns of Energy Drink Use, With and Without Alcohol, in Australia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1485-92. [PMID: 26061635 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a significant growth in the energy drink (ED) market in Australia and around the world; however, most research investigating the popularity of ED and alcohol and energy drink (AED) use has focused on specific subpopulations such as university students. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, consumption patterns, and sociodemographic correlates of ED and combined AED use among a representative Australian population sample. METHODS A computer-assisted telephone interview survey (n = 2,000) was undertaken in March-April 2013 of persons aged 18 years and over. Half of the interviews were obtained through randomly generated landline telephone numbers and half through mobile phones. Approximately half of the sample was female (55.5%; n = 1,110) and the mean age of participants was 45.9 (range 18 to 95, SD 20.0). RESULTS Less than 1 in 6 Australians reported ED use (13.4%, n = 268) and 4.6% (n = 91) reported AED use in the past 3 months. Majority of ED and AED users consumed these beverages monthly or less. ED and AED users are more likely to be aged 18 to 24 years, live in a metropolitan area, and be moderate risk or problem gamblers. AED consumers are more likely to report moderate levels of psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in relation to problem gambling and psychological distress are novel and require further targeted investigation. Health promotion strategies directed toward reducing ED and AED use should focus on young people living in metropolitan areas and potentially be disseminated through locations where gambling takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pennay
- Centre for Health Equity , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research , Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Cheetham
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nic Droste
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology , Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Miller
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology , Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Lloyd
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren Pennay
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian National University , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicki Dowling
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alun Jackson
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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79
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Slade T, Kaye S. First Steps in Estimating Population Prevalence of Combined Alcohol and Energy Drink Use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1328-9. [PMID: 26147284 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Slade
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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80
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Bulut B, Beyhun NE, Topbaş M, Çan G. Energy drink use in university students and associated factors. J Community Health 2015; 39:1004-11. [PMID: 24610561 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young age groups. The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption status in students at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey and the factors affecting this. The research was performed at the Karadeniz Technical University among a total of 2001 students attending the Administration Department, the Physical Education Department, the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department and the Faculty of Medicine. The research data were collected using the supervised questionnaire method. The 53.5 % (n = 1070) of students had never tried energy drinks, 22.5 % (n = 450) had tried them once only, 1.5 % (n = 30) had used them for a time and then gave up, 21.1 % (n = 422) consumed occasionally and 1.4 % (n = 29) regularly. The risks of regular energy drink consuming were male gender [2.4 (1.8-3.2)] [OR (95 %CI)], studying at night [1.6 (1.2-2.2)], having friends consuming energy drinks [3.6 (2.6-5.0)], regular physical activity [1.9 (1.4-2.5)], being an alcohol drinker [2.4 (1.7-3.2)]. This study revealed that almost half of university students had experience of energy drinks and that approximately one-fourth still used them. It will be useful for these factors listed above to be borne in mind in the development of policies aimed at protecting young people from the health impacts of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey,
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81
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Patrick ME, Evans-Polce RJ, Maggs JL. Use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks as a predictor of alcohol-related consequences two years later. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:753-7. [PMID: 25208192 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) as a predictor of alcohol problems and alcohol-related consequences and accidents two years later in a college student sample. METHOD Longitudinal data on AmED use, alcohol consequences, and alcohol problems were collected from the fall of students' second year of college to the fall of their fourth year (N = 620, 49% male). RESULTS After we controlled for demographic indicators and heavy episodic drinking, AmED use was a consistent predictor of negative alcohol-related outcomes 2 years later. Compared with no AmED use, both infrequent (i.e., one to three times per month) and frequent (i.e., one or more times per week) AmED use were associated with an increased risk of negative alcohol consequences and harmful/hazardous alcohol use (≥8 on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]). Frequent AmED use was also associated with serious alcohol problems ≥16 on AUDIT) and an increased risk of alcohol-related accidents in the subsequent 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Prospective risks of alcohol consequences related to AmED use suggest a continued need for research and policy to address the surveillance, etiology, and prevention of AmED use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca J Evans-Polce
- Methodology Center and Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, and Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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82
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Peacock A, Bruno R. Young adults who mix alcohol with energy drinks: typology of risk-taking behaviour. Addict Behav 2015; 45:252-8. [PMID: 25744713 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contrary to predictions, several studies have shown that people who consume alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) display low odds of risk-taking during AmED versus alcohol drinking sessions. However, these results are based on treating AmED consumers as a homogeneous group. The aim of the present study was to determine typologies of AmED risk-taking behaviour amongst consumers, as well as identifying correlates of AmED risk-taking class membership. METHODS AmED consumers (N=403) completed an online survey where they reported whether they had engaged in risk behaviours in the preceding six months during AmED and alcohol drinking sessions. Latent class models were estimated based on AmED risk-taking data; univariate multinomial logistic regression was conducted to determine correlates of class membership. RESULTS A 3-class model was selected based on fit and parsimony, identifying: 1) Low risk-taking consumers (38%): low probability of any AmED risk behaviours; 2) disinhibited intake consumers (48%): high probability of drinking and spending more than intended; and 3) high risk-taking consumers (14%): high probability of most AmED risk behaviours assessed. The latter two groups had significantly higher odds of being male and reporting hazardous alcohol use, more frequent AmED use, greater alcohol and ED intake in AmED sessions, and higher trait impulsivity scores. The latter two groups also reported significantly greater odds of risk-taking behaviours regardless of whether consuming alcohol only or AmED. CONCLUSIONS AmED consumers are not a homogeneous group in regard to their risk-taking behaviours post-consumption. High likelihood of risk-taking behaviour in AmED sessions, as well as elevated risk-taking in alcohol drinking sessions, highlights the need for targeted harm minimisation policies and programmes for a significant minority of consumers.
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83
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A comprehensive review of the effects of mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:15-30. [PMID: 25861944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to concern about whether mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol (AED) increases alcohol consumption and related harm, and the role of industry in this debate, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research evidence on the effects of AED and documented industry involvement in this research. METHOD A systematic review of 6 databases. Studies must have examined the effect of consuming alcohol with energy drinks (ED) or caffeine on alcohol-related outcomes. RESULTS 62 studies were identified; 29 were experiments, 9 had industry ties (8 with Red Bull GmbH). Young adults who consumed AED drank more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related harm than other drinkers. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that AED led to increased alcohol consumption or altered the nature of alcohol-related harm. However, AED consumers reported that AED increased stimulation and alertness, offset fatigue from drinking, and facilitated drinking. Experimental research also found that combining ED or caffeine with alcohol increased stimulation and alertness, offset alcohol-related fatigue and increased the desire to keep drinking. It did not change BAC, perceived intoxication, perceived impairment and it did not reverse alcohol-induced impairment on simple psychomotor tasks. Combining ED/caffeine with alcohol reduced alcohol-induced impairment on some but not all aspects of complex tasks. Although few in number, studies with industry ties presented contrary evidence. CONCLUSION A growing body of evidence suggests that AED may facilitate drinking and related harms via its effects on intoxication but a causal link needs to be confirmed. The influence of industry involvement in this area of research needs to be monitored.
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84
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Peacock A, Droste N, Pennay A, Miller P, Lubman DI, Bruno R. Typology of alcohol mixed with energy drink consumers: motivations for use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1083-92. [PMID: 25988585 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has shown that use is typically driven by hedonistic, social, functional, and intoxication-related motives, with differential associations with alcohol-related harm across these constructs. There has been no research looking at whether there are subgroups of consumers based on patterns of motivations. Consequently, the aims were to determine the typology of motivations for AmED use among a community sample and to identify correlates of subgroup membership. In addition, we aimed to determine whether this structure of motivations applied to a university student sample. METHODS Data were used from an Australian community sample (n = 731) and an Australian university student sample (n = 594) who were identified as AmED consumers when completing an online survey about their alcohol and ED use. Participants reported their level of agreement with 14 motivations for AmED use; latent classes of AmED consumers were identified based on patterns of motivation endorsement using latent class analysis. RESULTS A 4-class model was selected using data from the community sample: (i) taste consumers (31%): endorsed pleasurable taste; (ii) energy-seeking consumers (24%): endorsed functional and taste motives; (iii) hedonistic consumers (33%): endorse pleasure and sensation-seeking motives, as well as functional and taste motives; and (iv) intoxication-related consumers (12%): endorsed motives related to feeling in control of intoxication, as well as hedonistic, functional, and taste motives. The consumer subgroups typically did not differ on demographics, other drug use, alcohol and ED use, and AmED risk taking. The patterns of motivations for the 4-class model were similar for the university student sample. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated the existence of 4 subgroups of AmED consumers based on their patterns of motivations for AmED use consistently structured across the community and university student sample. These findings lend support to the growing conceptualization of AmED consumers as a heterogeneous group in regard to motivations for use, with a hierarchical and cumulative class order in regard to the number of types of motivation for AmED use. Prospective research may endeavor to link session-specific motives and outcomes, as it is apparent that primary consumption motives may be fluid between sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peacock
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicolas Droste
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Pennay
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health (Centre for Health Equity), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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85
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Mallett KA, Scaglione N, Reavy R, Turrisi R. Longitudinal patterns of alcohol mixed with energy drink use among college students and their associations with risky drinking and problems. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 76:389-96. [PMID: 25978824 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) is a form of risky drinking among college students, a population already in danger of heavy drinking and associated consequences. The goals of the current longitudinal study were to (a) identify types of AmED users between the first and second year of college and (b) examine differences among these groups in rates of highrisk drinking and consequences over time. METHOD A random sample of college student drinkers (n = 1,710; 57.7% female) completed baseline and 6-month follow-up measures assessing alcohol-related behaviors. RESULTS AmED use was endorsed by 40% of participants during the course of the study. As anticipated, four distinct groups of AmED users were identified (nonusers, initiators, discontinuers, and continuous users) and were significantly different from one another on drinking and consequence outcomes. Further, significant Time × Group interaction effects were observed for drinking and overall consequences. Generally, across all outcomes and time points, nonusers reported the lowest rates of drinking and consequences, whereas continuous users consistently reported the highest rates of drinking and consequences. Students who initiated AmED use during the course of the study also reported anabrupt increase in alcohol use and reported consequences. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest students who consistently engage in and initiate AmED use also engage in riskier drinking behaviors and experience higher rates of consequences. Interventions that specifically target AmED use may be warranted and have the potential to reduce alcohol-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Mallett
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Nichole Scaglione
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Racheal Reavy
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Rob Turrisi
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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86
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Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: what are the risks? Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:98-107. [PMID: 25293549 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are popular beverages that typically include high levels of caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, or caffeine-containing herbs, such as guarana. While energy drinks are often consumed alone, they are also frequently used as mixers for alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes what is known about the scope of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the risks associated with such mixtures, and the objective laboratory data examining how the effects of their consumption differ from consuming alcohol alone. The weight of the evidence reveals that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks is riskier than consuming alcohol alone and constitutes a public health concern. Consumption of these mixed beverages is frequent, especially in young and underage drinkers, and compared with alcohol alone, their use is associated with elevated rates of binge drinking, impaired driving, risky sexual behavior, and risk of alcohol dependence. Laboratory research (human and animal) has demonstrated that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks leads to altered subjective states including decreased perceived intoxication, enhanced stimulation, and increased desire to drink/increased drinking compared to consuming alcohol alone. Possible underlying mechanisms explaining these observations are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA
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87
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Martz ME, Patrick ME, Schulenberg JE. Alcohol mixed with energy drink use among u.s. 12th-grade students: prevalence, correlates, and associations with unsafe driving. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:557-63. [PMID: 25907654 PMCID: PMC4409661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a risky drinking behavior, most commonly studied using college samples. We know little about rates of AmED use and its associations with other risk behaviors, including unsafe driving, among high school students. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of AmED use among high school seniors in the United States. METHODS Nationally representative analytic samples included 6,498 12th-grade students who completed Monitoring the Future surveys in 2012 and 2013. Focal measures included AmED use, sociodemographic characteristics, academic and social factors, other substance use, and unsafe driving (i.e., tickets/warnings and accidents) after alcohol consumption. RESULTS Approximately one in four students (24.8%) reported AmED use during the past 12 months. Rates of AmED use were highest among males and white students. Using multivariable logistic regression models controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, results indicate that students who cut class, spent more evenings out for fun and recreation, and reported binge drinking, marijuana use, and illicit drug use had a greater likelihood of AmED use. AmED use was also associated with greater odds of alcohol-related unsafe driving, even after controlling for sociodemographic, academic, and social factors and other substance use. CONCLUSIONS AmED use among 12th-grade students is common and associated with certain sociodemographic, academic, social, and substance use factors. AmED use is also related to alcohol-related unsafe driving, which is a serious public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Martz
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Developmental Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Address correspondence to: Meghan Martz, 2044 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John E. Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Developmental Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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88
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Grandner MA, Knutson KL, Troxel W, Hale L, Jean-Louis G, Miller KE. Implications of sleep and energy drink use for health disparities. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:14-22. [PMID: 25293540 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of energy drinks has increased rapidly in the past decade. One of the main reasons people use energy drinks is to counteract effects of insufficient sleep or sleepiness. Risks associated with energy drink use, including those related to sleep loss, may be disproportionately borne by racial minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status. In this review, a brief introduction to the issue of health disparities is provided, population-level disparities and inequalities in sleep are described, and the social-ecological model of sleep and health is presented. Social and demographic patterns of energy drink use are then presented, followed by discussion of the potential ways in which energy drink use may contribute to health disparities, including the following: 1) effects of excessive caffeine in energy drinks, 2) effects of energy drinks as sugar-sweetened beverages, 3) association between energy drinks and risk-taking behaviors when mixed with alcohol, 4) association between energy drink use and short sleep duration, and 5) role of energy drinks in cardiometabolic disease. The review concludes with a research agenda of critical unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Grandner
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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89
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Cowie GA, Bolam B. An epidemic of energy? The case for stronger action on ‘energy drinks’. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:205-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Cowie
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; The Alfred Centre, Monash University; Victoria
| | - Bruce Bolam
- School of Population and Global Health; University of Melbourne; Victoria
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90
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Peacock A, Droste N, Pennay A, Lubman DI, Miller P, Newcombe D, Bruno R. Self-reported risk-taking behavior during matched-frequency sessions of alcohol versus combined alcohol and energy drinks consumption: does co-ingestion increase risk-taking? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:911-8. [PMID: 25827344 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that consumers of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) self-report lower odds of risk-taking after consuming AmED versus alcohol alone. However, these studies have been criticized for failing to control for relative frequency of AmED versus alcohol-only consumption sessions. These studies also do not account for quantity of consumption and general alcohol-related risk-taking propensity. The aims of the present study were to (i) compare rates of risk-taking in AmED versus alcohol sessions among consumers with matched frequency of use and (ii) identify consumption and person characteristics associated with risk-taking behavior in AmED sessions. METHODS Data were extracted from 2 Australian community samples and 1 New Zealand community sample of AmED consumers (n = 1,291). One-fifth (21%; n = 273) reported matched frequency of AmED and alcohol use. RESULTS The majority (55%) of matched-frequency participants consumed AmED and alcohol monthly or less. The matched-frequency sample reported significantly lower odds of engaging in 18 of 25 assessed risk behaviors in AmED versus alcohol sessions. Similar rates of engagement were evident across session type for the remaining behaviors, the majority of which were low prevalence (reported by <15%). Regression modeling indicated that risk-taking in AmED sessions was primarily associated with risk-taking in alcohol sessions, with increased average energy drink (ED) intake associated with certain risk behaviors (e.g., being physically hurt, not using contraception, and driving while over the legal alcohol limit). CONCLUSIONS Bivariate analyses from a matched-frequency sample align with past research showing lower odds of risk-taking behavior after AmED versus alcohol consumption for the same individuals. Multivariate analyses showed that risk-taking in alcohol sessions had the strongest association with risk-taking in AmED sessions. However, hypotheses of increased risk-taking post-AmED consumption were partly supported: Greater ED intake was associated with increased likelihood of specific behaviors, including drink-driving, sexual behavior, and aggressive behaviors in the matched-frequency sample after controlling for alcohol intake and risk-taking in alcohol sessions. These findings highlight the need to consider both personal characteristics and beverage effects in harm reduction strategies for AmED consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peacock
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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91
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Cheng WJ, Huang MC, Cheng Y, Chen CH, Chen CJ. Consumption of Alcoholic Energy Drinks Is Associated with Work-related Injury or Disease Among Manual Workers in Taiwan. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 50:458-62. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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92
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Reid JL, Hammond D, McCrory C, Dubin JA, Leatherdale ST. Use of caffeinated energy drinks among secondary school students in Ontario: Prevalence and correlates of using energy drinks and mixing with alcohol. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2015; 106:e101-8. [PMID: 26125234 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.106.4684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caffeinated energy drinks have become increasingly popular among young people, raising concern about possible adverse effects, including increased alcohol consumption and related risk behaviours. The current study examined consumption of caffeinated energy drinks and use of energy drinks with alcohol, as well as associations with socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, among a sample of secondary school students in Ontario. METHODS Survey data from 23,610 grade 9-12 students at 43 purposefully sampled Ontario secondary schools participating in the baseline wave (2012/13) of the COMPASS study were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Outcomes were any energy drink use, frequency of use, and use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks; covariates were age, sex, race, spending money, bodymass index (BMI), weight-related efforts and alcohol use. Two-way interactions between sex and other covariates were tested. RESULTS Nearly one in five students (18.2%) reported consuming energy drinks in a usual week. Use of energy drinks was associated (p < 0.01) with all socio-demographic variables examined and was more common among students who were male, off-reserve Aboriginal, had some spending money, had a BMI outside of "healthy" range, were trying to lose weight, and/or reported a higher intensity of alcohol use. Interactions with sex were observed for age, spending money and weight-related efforts. Use of energy drinks mixed with alcohol in the previous 12 months was reported by 17.3% of the sample, and was associated with race, spending money, and more frequent binge drinking. CONCLUSION Regular use of energy drinks was common among this sample of students and strongly linked to alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reid
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo.
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93
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Vida K, Rácz J. Prevalence and Consequences of the Consumption of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Vida
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Rácz
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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94
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Albers AB, Siegel M, Ramirez RL, Ross C, DeJong W, Jernigan DH. Flavored alcoholic beverage use, risky drinking behaviors, and adverse outcomes among underage drinkers: results from the ABRAND Study. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:810-5. [PMID: 25713955 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined associations between consumption of different types of flavored alcoholic beverages (FABs) and risky drinking and drinking-related harms among underage drinkers. METHODS For the Alcohol Brand Research among Underage Youth study, we applied multivariable logistic regression analyses to data from underage drinkers (n = 1031, aged 13-20 years), recruited from a national Internet panel in 2011 to 2012, to estimate associations between consumption of malt-based drinks; spirits-based, premixed- or ready-to-drink cocktails; and supersized alcopops, alone or in combination, and alcohol-related outcomes. RESULTS After adjustment for confounding variables, the exclusive consumption of alcopops was associated with episodic heavy drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 4.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 15.31; P < .05) and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 6.25; 95% CI = 1.34, 29.10; P < .05). Exclusive consumption of cocktails was associated with episodic heavy drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.26, 5.41; P < .05) and injuries requiring medical attention (OR = 6.50; 95% CI = 2.09, 20.17; P < .001. Exclusive consumption of 2 or more FABs was associated with episodic heavy drinking (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.25, 6.16; P < .05), fighting (OR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.46, 7.47; P < .001), and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.43, 5.58; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS FABs present an emerging public health problem among youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Burke Albers
- Alison Burke Albers, Michael Siegel, and William DeJong are with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rebecca L. Ramirez and David H. Jernigan are with the Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Craig Ross is with Fiorente Media Inc, Natick, MA
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95
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Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviours among young adults. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18:2794-803. [PMID: 25683863 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE National data for the USA show increases in sports and energy drink consumption over the past decade with the largest increases among young adults aged 20-34 years. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors and health-risk behaviours associated with sports and energy drink consumption among young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the third wave of a cohort study (Project EAT-III: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults). Regression models stratified on gender and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to examine associations of sports and energy drink consumption with eating behaviours, physical activity, media use, weight-control behaviours, sleep patterns and substance use. SETTING Participants completed baseline surveys in 1998-1999 as students at public secondary schools in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA and the EAT-III surveys online or by mail in 2008-2009. SUBJECTS The sample consisted of 2287 participants (55% female, mean age 25·3 years). RESULTS Results showed 31·0% of young adults consumed sports drinks and 18·8% consumed energy drinks at least weekly. Among men and women, sports drink consumption was associated with higher sugar-sweetened soda and fruit juice intake, video game use and use of muscle-enhancing substances like creatine (P≤0·01). Energy drink consumption was associated with lower breakfast frequency and higher sugar-sweetened soda intake, video game use, use of unhealthy weight-control behaviours, trouble sleeping and substance use among men and women (P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS Health professionals should consider the clustering of sports and energy drink consumption with other unhealthy behaviours in the design of programmes and services for young adults.
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96
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Pennay A, Miller P, Busija L, Jenkinson R, Droste N, Quinn B, Jones SC, Lubman DI. 'Wide-awake drunkenness'? Investigating the association between alcohol intoxication and stimulant use in the night-time economy. Addiction 2015; 110:356-65. [PMID: 25220360 DOI: 10.1111/add.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested whether patrons of the night-time economy who had co-consumed energy drinks or illicit stimulants with alcohol had higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels than patrons who had consumed only alcohol. DESIGN Street intercept surveys (n = 4227) were undertaken between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. over a period of 7 months. SETTING Interviews were undertaken with patrons walking through entertainment precincts, queuing to enter venues or exiting venues in five Australian cities. PARTICIPANTS The response rate was 92.1%; more than half the study sample was male (60.2%) and the median age was 23 years (range 18-72). MEASUREMENTS Data were collected on demographics, length of drinking session, venue types visited, types and quantity of alcohol consumed and other substance use. A BAC reading was recorded and a subsample of participants was tested for other drug use. FINDINGS Compared with the total sample (0.068%), illicit stimulant consumers (0.080%; P = 0.004) and energy drink consumers (0.074%; P < 0.001) had a significantly higher median BAC reading, and were more likely to engage in pre-drinking (65.6, 82.1 and 77.6%, respectively, P < 0.001) and longer drinking sessions (4, 5 and 4.5 hours, respectively, P < 0.001). However, stimulant use was not associated independently with higher BAC in the final multivariable model (illicit stimulants P = 0.198; energy drinks P = 0.112). Interaction analyses showed that stimulant users had a higher BAC in the initial stages of the drinking session, but not after 4-6 hours. CONCLUSIONS While stimulant use does not predict BAC in and of itself, stimulants users are more likely to engage in prolonged sessions of heavy alcohol consumption and a range of risk-taking behaviours on a night out, which may explain higher levels of BAC among stimulants users, at least in the initial stages of the drinking session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pennay
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne and Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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97
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Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students. Addict Behav 2015; 41:136-41. [PMID: 25452057 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults are a population at great risk for problematic health behaviors. Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) consumption is a relatively popular health risk behavior among young adults. AmED consumption continues to illustrate negative outcomes in the research literature, having been linked with other substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, and sexual victimization. Limited research to date has examined associations between AmED consumption and patterns of alcohol dependence. METHODS Undergraduate college students (n=757) filled out an online survey which assessed their drinking habits in the past week and month, including their consumption of AmED beverages, personality characteristics, substance use, and problematic alcohol consumption via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). RESULTS A minority of participants reported AmED consumption in both the past month (11.6%) and past week (9.7%). Compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts, AmED consumers scored significantly higher on measures of impulsivity, and lower on anxiety sensitivity when compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts. In multivariate analyses, AmED consumption was robustly associated with patterns of alcohol dependence (AUDIT score≥8) among young adult college students, while controlling for energy drink use, alcohol use, personality factors, substance use, and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS AmED consumption in the past month is robustly associated with problematic alcohol consumption. The present study describes harmful outcomes associated with AmED consumption, and extends the literature on the combined effects of alcohol and energy drinks on young adult risk behaviors. Further research needs to address causal mechanisms for the AmED and problematic alcohol consumption relation.
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98
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Wells S. Commentary on Pennay et al. (2015): Measuring the effects of alcohol mixed with energy drinks on intoxication with real-world data. Addiction 2015; 110:366-7. [PMID: 25602045 DOI: 10.1111/add.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wells
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University
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99
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Cobb CO, Nasim A, Jentink K, Blank MD. The role of caffeine in the alcohol consumption behaviors of college students. Subst Abus 2015; 36:90-8. [PMID: 24965056 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2013.835763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that alcohol mixed with caffeine in any form may spur risky drinking behavior among young adults; however, most studies have only examined drinking behavior related to alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) compared with alcohol alone. This survey assessed the consumption patterns and reasons for use of alcohol mixed with any caffeinated beverages (alcohol-caffeine) versus alcohol-only beverages among current users. METHODS Students (N = 1174) at a large, urban university completed a Web-based survey in October-December of 2010. Predictors of alcohol-caffeine use versus alcohol-only use were examined, as were drinking characteristics and reasons for alcohol-caffeine consumption as a function of type of alcohol-caffeine beverage usually consumed. RESULTS Past-30-day prevalence was 34% for any alcohol-caffeine beverages and 36% for alcohol-only. The most frequent alcohol-caffeine beverages usually consumed were manufactured ready-to-drink AmED products (no longer sold in the United States; 50.3%), followed by self-mixed alcoholic beverages containing caffeinated sodas (26.4%) and energy drinks (18.5%). Users of alcohol-caffeine displayed a riskier drinking profile than alcohol-only users; however, there were few differences in overall alcohol drinking behaviors between consumers of AmEDs (manufactured or self-mixed) versus other caffeinated alcoholic beverages (e.g., alcohol mixed with caffeinated sodas). CONCLUSIONS Although alcohol-caffeine consumption was associated with heavier drinking characteristics compared with alcohol-only consumption, overall alcohol consumption patterns were similar between users of various alcohol-caffeine combinations. Future examinations should assess alcohol in combination with a variety of caffeine sources to determine whether energy drinks present a unique risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Cobb
- a The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy , Washington , DC , USA
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100
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James JE, Kristjansson AL, Sigfusdottir ID. A gender-specific analysis of adolescent dietary caffeine, alcohol consumption, anger, and violent behavior. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:257-67. [PMID: 25412411 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.977394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported dietary caffeine and alcohol consumption were examined in relation to anger and violent behavior in Icelandic tenth-graders. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate direct and indirect effects of measured and latent variables in the population sample of 3,670, controlling for parental financial standing, family structure, ADHD, and peer delinquency. Gender differences were observed that have not been reported previously, especially in relation to anger as a possible mediator of violent behavior against a background of caffeine and alcohol consumption. Study findings suggest the need to take account of caffeine consumption in relation to adolescent anger and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E James
- 1Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University , Reykjavík , Iceland
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