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Rodríguez-Rabassa M, López P, Sánchez R, Hernández C, Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Santiago RE, Orengo JC, Green V, Yamamura Y, Rivera-Amill V. Inflammatory Biomarkers, Microbiome, Depression, and Executive Dysfunction in Alcohol Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030689. [PMID: 31973090 PMCID: PMC7037324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related disorders (ARD) are highly prevalent among Latin American-Caribbean countries. Mental disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with ARD. However, the etiology of the association between ARD and mental disorders remains unclear. We examined the association of inflammatory cytokines, microbiome, and other biomakers with measures of depression, social anxiety, and executive functions. We observed a significant increase in cytokine and chemokine expression levels in saliva and plasma in the alcohol group (AG) samples. Also, the salivary bacterial composition in the AG revealed an abundance of Prevotella. Depression symptomatology was markedly higher in the AG, but social anxiety levels were negligible. AG also exhibited executive dysfunctions, which negatively correlated with increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased salivary concentrations of Prevotella bacteria. Our study suggests that chronic alcohol use correlates with executive dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and dysbiosis of the salivary microbiota. Additional studies are needed to understand the role of the microbiome and inflammation in alcohol use and mental comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
- Clinical Psychology Program, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Pablo López
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Raphael Sánchez
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Cyanela Hernández
- Clinical Psychology Program, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Cesarly Rodríguez
- Clinical Psychology Program, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Juan C. Orengo
- Public Health Program, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (J.C.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Vivian Green
- Public Health Program, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (J.C.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamura
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Vanessa Rivera-Amill
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA; (M.R.-R.); (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.E.R.-S.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(787)-841-5150; Fax: +1-(787)-841-5159
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García-Calvo X, Bolao F, Sanvisens A, Zuluaga P, Tor J, Muga R, Fuster D. Significance of Markers of Monocyte Activation (CD163 and sCD14) and Inflammation (IL-6) in Patients Admitted for Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:152-158. [PMID: 31797394 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte activation and inflammation are prominent features of alcohol-related liver disease; however, they have not been thoroughly assessed in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) without overt liver disease. This study aimed to analyze associations among clinical and laboratory variables and markers of monocyte activation (CD163 and sCD14), and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-6) among AUD patients. METHODS We analyzed the aforementioned associations in the highest quartile in 289 patients (77.5% male; median age, 50 years) consecutively admitted for alcohol detoxification in 2 tertiary hospitals in the Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain. RESULTS Median alcohol intake was 142 g/d; median glucose, albumin, creatinine, and bilirubin levels (mg/dl), 92, 40, 0.78, and 0.69, respectively; median AST, 41 U/l; median hemoglobin, median corpuscular volume, and platelet count, 14.1 g/dl, 94.8 fL, and 189 × 109 /l, respectively; median cholesterol, triglyceride, fibrinogen, and ferritin levels, 187 mg/dl, 109.3 mg/dl, 341 mg/dl, and 177 ng/ml, respectively. In addition, 36.7% patients had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate >20 mm, 32.5% had a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of >5 mg/l, and 10.9% were hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive. Median CD163, sCD14, and IL-6 levels were 759, 1.68 × 106 , and 4.37 pg/ml, respectively. On logistic regression analyses, glucose, AST, bilirubin, hemoglobin levels, and HCV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aORs]: 1.01, 1.02, 3.04, and 9.73, respectively) were associated with CD163. Glucose, AST, triglyceride, and CRP >5 mg/l (aORs: 1.02, 1.01, 1.00, and 3.49, respectively) were associated with sCD14. Alcohol consumption upon admission, MCV, total cholesterol levels, and CRP >5 mg/l (aORs: 0.99, 1.05, 0.99, and 2.56, respectively) were associated with IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Monocyte activation and systemic inflammation are associated with higher glucose, liver enzyme, and lipid levels, HCV infections, and CRP of >5 mg/l, thus potentially identifying patients with AUD at high risk of midterm poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier García-Calvo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Bolao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantza Sanvisens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Zuluaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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A Simulated Microgravity Environment Causes a Sustained Defect in Epithelial Barrier Function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17531. [PMID: 31772208 PMCID: PMC6879622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) junctions constitute a robust barrier to invasion by viruses, bacteria and exposure to ingested agents. Previous studies showed that microgravity compromises the human immune system and increases enteropathogen virulence. However, the effects of microgravity on epithelial barrier function are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to identify if simulated microgravity alters intestinal epithelial barrier function (permeability), and susceptibility to barrier-disrupting agents. IECs (HT-29.cl19a) were cultured on microcarrier beads in simulated microgravity using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) for 18 days prior to seeding on semipermeable supports to measure ion flux (transepithelial electrical resistance (TER)) and FITC-dextran (FD4) permeability over 14 days. RWV cells showed delayed apical junction localization of the tight junction proteins, occludin and ZO-1. The alcohol metabolite, acetaldehyde, significantly decreased TER and reduced junctional ZO-1 localization, while increasing FD4 permeability in RWV cells compared with static, motion and flask control cells. In conclusion, simulated microgravity induced an underlying and sustained susceptibility to epithelial barrier disruption upon removal from the microgravity environment. This has implications for gastrointestinal homeostasis of astronauts in space, as well as their capability to withstand the effects of agents that compromise intestinal epithelial barrier function following return to Earth.
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Turpin W, Espin-Garcia O, Bedrani L, Madsen K, Meddings JB, Raygoza Garay JA, Silverberg MS, Smith MI, Griffiths AM, Moayyedi P, Marshall JK, Mack D, Seidman EG, Ropeleski M, Feagan BG, Jacobson K, Turner D, Walters T, Paterson AD, Xu W, Croitoru K, Croitoru K, Dieleman L, Feagan B, Griffiths A, Guttman D, Jacobson K, Kaplan G, Krause DO, Madsen K, Marshall J, Moayyedi P, Ropeleski M, Seidman E, Silverberg M, Snapper S, Stadnyk A, Steinhart H, Surette M, Turner D, Walters T, Vallance B, Aumais G, Bitton A, Cino M, Critch J, Denson L, Deslandres C, El-Matary W, Herfarth H, Higgins P, Huynh H, Hyams J, Mack D, McGrath J, Cvitkovitch D, Otley A, Panancionne R, Bernstein C, Deslandres C, Leddin D, Daly D, Saibil F, Aumais G, Huynh H, Brill H, Steinhart H, Wrobel I, Critch J, Hyams J, Jones J, McGrath J, Dieleman L, Cino M, Dirks M, Leleiko N, Pare P, Panancionne R, Silverberg MS, Griffiths AM, Marshall JK, Mack D, Seidman EG, Ropeleski M, Feagan BG, Jacobson K, Walters T, Xu W, Croitoru K. Analysis of Genetic Association of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-degree Relatives of Patients with Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1796-1804. [PMID: 31251335 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive intestinal permeability or intestinal barrier dysfunction as measured by various assays has been observed in various diseases. However, little is known about the factors contributing to altered gut permeability in these diseases. Our objective was to determine the genetic determinants of altered gut permeability as measured by the lactulose mannitol fractional excretion ratio (LacMan ratio) in 1075 healthy first-degree relatives of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). In a targeted analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in genes associated with intestinal barrier function related or not to inflammatory bowel disease, we did not find a significant association with intestinal permeability. In an untargeted genome-wide association analysis, the top 100 associations were located in 22 genomic loci, although they were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (raw P values [1.8 × 10-7 - 1.4 × 10-5]. The lowest P value was obtained for rs9616637 (22q13.33, C22orf34), for which the minor allele A was associated with a decreased LacMan ratio. These results suggest that host genetic background has limited contribution toward intestinal permeability. Despite this, our study is currently the largest of its kind assessing gut permeability in vivo. It remains possible that smaller genetic effect sizes on LacMan ratio are not detectable in this sized cohort. Larger studies are warranted to identify the potential genetic contribution to intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Turpin
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larbi Bedrani
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Madsen
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Meddings
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mark S Silverberg
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle I Smith
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne M Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Mack
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ernest G Seidman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Ropeleski
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian G Feagan
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan Turner
- The Juliet Keidan Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thomas Walters
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xu
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ding Q, Jin Z, Dong J, Wang Z, Jiang K, Ye Y, Dou X, Ding B. Bioactivity Evaluation of Pinocembrin Derivatives From Penthorum chinense Pursh Stems. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19875892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP), a well-known Miao herb medicine, has been used as a key component for a Chinese patented drug to treat several kinds of liver-related diseases. In this work, 3 pinocembrin derivatives, S1, S2, and S3, were isolated from PCP stems and identified with high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. The molecular masses of S1, S2, and S3 were identical to Pinocembrin-7-O-[4″,6″-hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)]-β-D-glucose, Pinocembrin-7-O-[3″-O-galloyl-4″,6″-(s)-HHDP)-β-D-glucose, and Thonningianin A, respectively. Their free radical scavenging capability was evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The half-maximal effective concentrations of S1, S2, and S3 were 26.75, 9.06, and 5.50 μg/mL, respectively. In vitro AML-12 assays demonstrated that S1 (5-20 μg/mL), S2 (10-40 μg/mL), and S3 (10-40 μg/mL) not only protected cells from H2O2-induced oxidation and alcohol-induced cell damages, but also reduced oleic acid (OA)-induced triglyceride accumulations in a dose-dependent manner. However, the 3 compounds potently exhibited similar cytotoxicity effect at high concentrations. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of S1, S2, and S3 to AML-12 cells were 74.19, 85.86, and 80.43 μg/mL. In addition, the 3 compounds also showed antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchao Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahui Dong
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaolei Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Jiang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingyan Ye
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate in the Treatment of Liver Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1475163. [PMID: 31531108 PMCID: PMC6721266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1475163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Goji berry, Lycium barbarum, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), but its properties have not been studied until recently. The fruit is a major source of zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD), a xanthophyll carotenoid shown to benefit the liver. Liver disease is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. Some conditions, such as chronic hepatitis B virus, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, remain incurable. Managing them can constitute an economic burden for patients and healthcare systems. Hence, development of more effective pharmacological drugs is warranted. Studies have shown the hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antitumor, and chemopreventive properties of ZD. These findings suggest that ZD-based drugs could hold promise for many liver disorders. In this paper, we reviewed the current literature regarding the therapeutic effects of ZD in the treatment of liver disease.
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Fang TJ, Guo JT, Lin MK, Lee MS, Chen YL, Lin WH. Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in the murine model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8597-8608. [PMID: 31515596 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term alcohol consumption causes liver injuries such as alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and endotoxemia. Some probiotics were demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CMU995 against alcohol-induced liver injury. The mice were orally administered L. plantarum CMU995 for 1 week, followed by the administration of alcohol and different tested substances daily for 6 weeks. The liver injury was examined by measuring the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-oxidative enzyme, endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid accumulation in the liver or serum among different groups. L. plantarum CMU995 exhibited beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury via reduction in the serum concentration of AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we also found that the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intestinal tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were considerably higher in L. plantarum CMU995-fed groups when compared with placebo group. Meanwhile, the protective effects were demonstrated biological gradients as controversial dose-dependent. We speculate that L. plantarum CMU995 inhibited the migration of alcohol-derived endotoxin into the blood and liver, thereby improving the intestinal barrier. The present evidence may provide a novel microbiota-based strategy to prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Fang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiun-Ting Guo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Alcoholic Liver Disease: Current Mechanistic Aspects with Focus on Their Clinical Relevance. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030068. [PMID: 31491888 PMCID: PMC6783919 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is broad and includes alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma, best explained as a five-hit sequelae of injurious steps. ALD is not primarily the result of malnutrition as assumed for many decades but due to the ingested alcohol and its metabolic consequences although malnutrition may marginally contribute to disease aggravation. Ethanol is metabolized in the liver to the heavily reactive acetaldehyde via the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). The resulting disturbances modify not only the liver parenchymal cells but also non-parenchymal cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These are activated by acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endotoxins, which are produced from bacteria in the gut and reach the liver due to gut leakage. A variety of intrahepatic signaling pathways and innate or acquired immune reactions are under discussion contributing to the pathogenesis of ALD via the five injurious hits responsible for disease aggravation. As some of the mechanistic steps are based on studies with in vitro cell systems or animal models, respective proposals for humans may be considered as tentative. However, sufficient evidence is provided for clinical risk factors that include the amount of alcohol used daily for more than a decade, gender differences with higher susceptibility of women, genetic predisposition, and preexisting liver disease. In essence, efforts within the last years were devoted to shed more light in the pathogenesis of ALD, much has been achieved but issues remain to what extent results obtained from experimental studies can be transferred to humans.
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Fan J, Wang Y, You Y, Ai Z, Dai W, Piao C, Liu J, Wang Y. Fermented ginseng improved alcohol liver injury in association with changes in the gut microbiota of mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:5566-5573. [PMID: 31429848 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions among the liver, intestine and immune system play an important role in alcoholic liver injury. In this study, C57BL/6N mice with alcoholic injury were treated with unfermented and Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng. The indicators of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and injury were evaluated. The number of beneficial and harmful bacteria in the mice ileum and colon was counted by a traditional method; moreover, the diversity analysis of the cecum flora was performed. The alcohol exposure increased the levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory factors and liver steatosis. In addition, the alcohol-fed miceexhibited a lower number of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the ileum and colon; the cecum flora diversity in the mice showed that alcohol obviously enhanced the abundance of the unclassified S24-7 of the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Proteobacteria genus of the Sutterella phylum and reduced the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria such as Akkermansia in the Verrucomicrobia phylum and those belonging to the Allobaculum genus, the Ruminococcus genus, and the Adlercreutzia genus in the Actinobacteria phylum. All these changes were improved by fermented ginseng. Conclusively, fermented ginseng could alleviate the alcoholic liver injury and disorder of the intestine by adjusting the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyi Ai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China and National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and technology, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China and National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and technology, Changchun, China.
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China and National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and technology, Changchun, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, China and Jilin province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China and National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and technology, Changchun, China.
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Alpini G. Sphingosine lipid signaling in alcoholic liver injury. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:1164-1165. [PMID: 31031176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Alpini
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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61
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Bellos DA, Sharma D, McMullen MR, Wat J, Saikia P, de la Motte CA, Nagy LE. Specifically Sized Hyaluronan (35 kDa) Prevents Ethanol-Induced Disruption of Epithelial Tight Junctions Through a layilin-Dependent Mechanism in Caco-2 Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1848-1858. [PMID: 31237689 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific-sized species of the carbohydrate hyaluronan elicit a variety of cellular responses mediating tissue integrity and repair, as well as regulating inflammatory responses. Orally provided hyaluronan with an average molecular weight of 35 kDa (HA35) protects mice from short-term ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury. This protection was associated with maintenance of the colocalization of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin at tight junctions in the proximal colon. However, it is not known whether HA35 also protects other regions of the intestine or whether protection is due to a direct and/or indirect interaction of HA35 with the intestinal epithelium. METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice were fed an EtOH containing diet or pair-fed control diet (4 days) and treated with or without HA35 via daily gavage during the last 3 days of EtOH feeding. Intestinal morphology and tight junction integrity were assessed. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were transfected or not with scrambled siRNA or siRNA targeting layilin, a hyaluronan receptor. Caco-2 cells were treated with or without HA35 prior to challenge with EtOH. Localization of tight junction proteins, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were evaluated. RESULTS While short-term EtOH did not result in any apparent changes in the gross morphology of the intestine, colocalization of ZO-1 and occludin at tight junctions was decreased in the proximal and distal colon. HA35 prevented these effects of EtOH. In differentiated Caco-2 cells, EtOH decreased the localization of ZO-1 and occludin at tight junctions and increased permeability of FITC-dextran. At higher concentrations, EtOH also decreased TEER. Pretreatment with HA35 prevented these changes. When the hyaluronan receptor layilin was knocked down in Caco-2 cells, HA35 no longer protected cells from EtOH-induced loss of tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that HA35 interacts with layilin on intestinal epithelial cells and maintains intestinal tight junction integrity during short-term EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Bellos
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dhara Sharma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan R McMullen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeanette Wat
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Paramananda Saikia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Alcohol-induced IL-17A production in Paneth cells amplifies endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and inflammasome-IL-18 activation in the proximal small intestine in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:930-944. [PMID: 31105269 PMCID: PMC6599481 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbial translocation contributes to alcoholic hepatitis. Using a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the effects of chronic alcohol plus binge and found increased abundance of Paneth cells and IL-17A in the proximal small intestine (PSI). Alcohol increased IL-17A production and pro-apoptotic signaling evidenced by Bax, Bim, caspase-3, and caspase-8 increases via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress indicated by C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) upregulation; this was prevented by the ER stress inhibitor, 4-PBA, in isolated crypts in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IL-17 augmented alcohol-induced ER stress in isolated crypts. In vivo IL-17A blocking antibody administration in alcohol-treated mice attenuated ER stress-mediated apoptosis and IL-18 induction and prevented alcohol-induced impairment of tight junctions in the PSI and LPS translocation to the liver. Acute-on-chronic alcohol resulted in inflammasome activation, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-18 production in the PSI. In vivo treatment with antibiotics or 4-PBA prevented CHOP upregulation and inflammasome activation. Our data suggest that alcohol upregulates innate immune mechanisms by increasing Paneth cell numbers and IL-17A release contributing to apoptosis amplification, inflammasome activation, and gut leakiness in the PSI. Binge alcohol-induced Paneth cell expansion, ER stress, and inflammasome activation in the PSI are modulated by the gut microbiome.
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Kong LZ, Chandimali N, Han YH, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim SU, Kim TD, Jeong DK, Sun HN, Lee DS, Kwon T. Pathogenesis, Early Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112712. [PMID: 31159489 PMCID: PMC6600448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to the damages to the liver and its functions due to alcohol overconsumption. It consists of fatty liver/steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease are extremely complicated due to the involvement of immune cells, adipose tissues, and genetic diversity. Clinically, the diagnosis of ALD is not yet well developed. Therefore, the number of patients in advanced stages has increased due to the failure of proper early detection and treatment. At present, abstinence and nutritional therapy remain the conventional therapeutic interventions for ALD. Moreover, the therapies which target the TNF receptor superfamily, hormones, antioxidant signals, and MicroRNAs are used as treatments for ALD. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target of ALD. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the current understandings of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ALD. Moreover, we also discuss the various existing treatment strategies while focusing on promising therapeutic approaches for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zu Kong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Nisansala Chandimali
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- Department of Disease Model Animal Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea.
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- Department of Disease Model Animal Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Korea.
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Fujisawa K, Takami T, Nagatomo T, Fukui Y, Hoshida H, Saeki I, Matsumoto T, Hidaka I, Yamamoto N, Sakaida I. Usefulness of adult medaka fish as a model for the evaluation of alcoholic fatty liver. Alcohol 2019; 77:147-154. [PMID: 30660600 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol has long been acknowledged to be one of the main causes of hepatic disorders. In recent years, with the advancements in antiviral therapies, the relative proportion that alcoholic liver disease contributes among liver diseases has increased, necessitating the establishment of a useful model for the elucidation of the mechanism of its development. In this study, we developed a model of alcoholic liver disease using medaka, a small-sized fish known for its usefulness as a model organism. After rearing medaka in water containing ethanol for 2 months, fat deposition was observed in their livers. In addition, on the basis of the metabolomic analysis of the liver to evaluate metabolic changes resulting from ethanol administration, the increases in ethanol metabolites and changes in lipid metabolism were assessed. As minimally invasive evaluation methods, transparent medaka enabled the macroscopic evaluation of the progression of alcoholic fatty liver, while ultrasonography enabled the quantification of the fatty deposition of the liver. Furthermore, intestinal microbiota, the composition of which is important for the development of alcoholic liver disease, was evaluated. Microbiota changes similar to those of humans with alcoholic liver disease were observed. This study demonstrates that the development of liver disease and its amelioration through drugs can be easily evaluated using the present model or modifications thereof. Thus, this study is expected to be useful in the elucidation of liver disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fujisawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Minami Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Nagatomo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yumi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Issei Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Isao Hidaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Minami Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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65
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Sureshchandra S, Raus A, Jankeel A, Ligh BJK, Walter NAR, Newman N, Grant KA, Messaoudi I. Dose-dependent effects of chronic alcohol drinking on peripheral immune responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7847. [PMID: 31127176 PMCID: PMC6534547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic heavy alcohol drinking (CHD) results in significant organ damage, increased susceptibility to infections, and poor outcomes following injury. In contrast, chronic moderate drinking (CMD) has been associated with improved cardiovascular health and immunity. These differential outcomes have been linked to alterations in both innate and adaptive branches of the immune system; however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this question, we determined the impact of chronic drinking on the transcriptional and functional responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from male rhesus macaques classified as CMD or CHD after 12 months of voluntary ethanol self-administration. Our analysis suggests that chronic alcohol drinking, regardless of dose alters resting transcriptomes of PBMC, with the largest impact seen in innate immune cells. These transcriptional changes are partially explained by alterations in microRNA profiles. Additionally, chronic alcohol drinking is associated with a dose dependent heightened inflammatory profiled at resting and following LPS stimulation. Moreover, we observed a dose-dependent shift in the kinetics of transcriptional responses to LPS. These findings may explain the dichotomy in clinical and immunological outcomes observed with moderate versus heavy alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anthony Raus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Brian Jin Kee Ligh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A R Walter
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 97006, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Natali Newman
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 97006, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 97006, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 97006, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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66
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Lou Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu C, Chen X, Shao T, Zhang K, Pan H. Linderae radix ethanol extract attenuates alcoholic liver injury via attenuating inflammation and regulating gut microbiota in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019; 52:e7628. [PMID: 31116255 PMCID: PMC6526752 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20197628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the influence of gut microbiota alterations induced by Linderae radix ethanol extract (LREE) on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in rats and to study the anti-inflammatory effect of LREE on ALD through the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. ALD rat models were established by intragastric liquor [50% (v/v) ethanol] administration at 10 mL/kg body weight for 20 days. Rats were divided into six groups: normal group (no treatment), model group (ALD rats), Essentiale group (ALD rats fed with Essentiale, 137 mg/kg), and LREE high/moderate/low dose groups (ALD rats fed with 4, 2, or 1 g LREE/kg). NF-κB and LPS levels were evaluated. Liver pathological changes and intestinal ultrastructure were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. The gut microbiota composition was evaluated by 16S rDNA sequencing. Expression levels of TLR4 and CD68 in liver tissue, and occludin and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue were measured. LREE treatment significantly reduced NF-κB and LPS levels, improved liver pathological changes, and ameliorated intestinal ultrastructure injury. Meanwhile, LREE-fed groups showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes than the rats in the model group. Administration of LREE suppressed TLR4 overexpression and promoted the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in intestine tissue. Thus, LREE could partly ameliorate microflora dysbiosis, suppress the inflammatory response, and attenuate liver injury in ALD rats. The protective effect of LREE might be related to the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohuan Lou
- Institute of Medical Material, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Tiantai County, Tiantai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, People's Hospital of Tiantai County, Tiantai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chandi Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Tiantai County, Tiantai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiejuan Shao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kena Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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67
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Oikonomou KG, Tsai E, Sarpel D, Dieterich DT. Liver Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Liver Dis 2019; 23:309-329. [PMID: 30947879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a main cause of morbidity and mortality. Liver-related morbidity and mortality can be caused by multiple etiologic factors, including opportunistic infections, direct and indirect effects of antiretrovirals, direct and indirect effects of HIV, and viral hepatitides. These factors present with varied liver pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to abnormalities in liver enzymes and synthetic function test, followed by distinct clinical presentations. This article elucidates the direct effects on HIV in the liver and explores the diagnostic and management challenges in patients with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina G Oikonomou
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Eugenia Tsai
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Dost Sarpel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Douglas T Dieterich
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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68
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Champ CE, Kundu-Champ A. Maximizing Polyphenol Content to Uncork the Relationship Between Wine and Cancer. Front Nutr 2019; 6:44. [PMID: 31114789 PMCID: PMC6502998 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed conflicting results regarding the risk of cancer from alcohol consumption. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that wine may have benefits that separate it from other alcoholic beverages. As wine contains a significant amount of chemicals, specifically polyphenols like anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PA), that can affect cellular function and promote health, this hypothesis is reasonably supported by recent research. Polyphenols promote several anticancer cellular pathways, including xenobiotic metabolism, support of innate antioxidant production, and stimulation of phase I and II detoxification of carcinogens. However, the multitude of growing and production conditions of grapes, including temperature, water availability, soil type, maceration, and aging can result in a remarkably varying final product based on the available literature. Thus, we hypothesize that wines produced from grapes cultivated between steady daily temperatures at 15–25°C with moderate sun exposure from flowering to harvest, lower vine-water status, resulting either from lower precipitation, and irrigation practices or more permeable soil types, limitation of fertilizers, extended maceration, and aging in oak will impact the concentration of anthocyanins and PA in the finished wine and may have a differential impact on cancer. This higher concentration of polyphenols would, in theory, create a healthier wine, thus explaining the conflicting reports on the benefits or harms of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E. Champ
- Cancer Prevention Project, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Colin E. Champ
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69
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Oxidative Stress and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040872. [PMID: 31003450 PMCID: PMC6521137 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. The oxidative-stress theory of aging postulates that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of ROS-induced damage. Liver function impairment and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common among the elderly. NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and evolve to hepatic cirrhosis or hepatic carcinoma. Oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and inflammation play a key role in the progression of NAFLD. A growing body of evidence supports the therapeutic potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), mainly docosahaexenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on metabolic diseases based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we performed a systematic review of clinical trials analyzing the efficacy of n-3 PUFA on both systemic oxidative stress and on NAFLD/NASH features in adults. As a matter of fact, it remains controversial whether n-3 PUFA are effective to counteract oxidative stress. On the other hand, data suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation may be effective in the early stages of NAFLD, but not in patients with more severe NAFLD or NASH. Future perspectives and relevant aspects that should be considered when planning new randomized controlled trials are also discussed.
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70
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The Edible Insect Gryllus bimaculatus Protects against Gut-Derived Inflammatory Responses and Liver Damage in Mice after Acute Alcohol Exposure. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040857. [PMID: 30995745 PMCID: PMC6521266 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to excess alcohol exposure is a major cause of gut barrier disruption and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic inflammation, as well as liver steatosis and apoptosis. This study was designed to investigate protective effects of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, an edible insect recognized by the Korea Food and Drug Administration, against acute alcoholic liver damage in mice. Administration of G. bimaculatus extracts (GBE) attenuated alcohol-induced steatosis and apoptotic responses in the liver and intestinal permeability to bacterial endotoxin. These protective effects were associated with suppression of ROS-mediated oxidative stress in both the liver and small intestine. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that GBE inhibits LPS-induced Kupffer cell activation and subsequent inflammatory signaling. Importantly, the protective effects of GBE were more potent than those of silymarin, a known therapeutic agent for alcoholic liver diseases.
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71
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Akhmedov VA, Gaus OV. Role of intestinal microbiota in the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:143-148. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.02.000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The article provides an overview of modern views on the role of intestinal microbiota in the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The general questions of the pathogenesis of the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in the intestine, the participation of opportunistic microflora, the deficit of representatives of normal microflora, changes in the species composition of bile acids in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are considered.
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72
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Sundaram V, Morgan TR. Will Studies in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Help Manage Alcoholic Steatohepatitis? Clin Liver Dis 2019; 23:157-165. [PMID: 30454829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis have several etiologies; the most common are alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and obesity/metabolic syndrome-induced steatohepatitis, also known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although the etiology of these 2 conditions is different, they share pathways to disease progression and severity. They also have differences in physiologic pathways, and shared and divergent mechanisms can be therapeutic targets. There is no approved pharmacologic therapy for NASH, but several molecules are under study. Focus remains on modulation of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, the inflammatory cascade, hepatic fibrosis, and cell death. This review provides an overview of pathophysiologic similarities and differences between ASH and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sundaram
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 250, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 East Seventh Street - 11G, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
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Yang X, He F, Zhang Y, Xue J, Li K, Zhang X, Zhu L, Wang Z, Wang H, Yang S. Inulin Ameliorates Alcoholic Liver Disease via Suppressing LPS-TLR4-Mψ
Axis and Modulating Gut Microbiota in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:411-424. [PMID: 30589437 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Clinical Medical College; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
- Department of Gastroenterology; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Gastroenterology; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Ke Li
- Clinical Medical College; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Clinical Medical College; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Shaoqi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan Ningxia China
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74
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Andrade N, Silva C, Martel F. The effect of oxidative stress upon intestinal sugar transport: an in vitro study using human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1236-1246. [PMID: 30542607 PMCID: PMC6243649 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, is associated with increased oxidative stress levels. We aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBH) on the uptake of 3H-deoxy-d-glucose (3H-DG) and 14C-fructose by the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. TBH (500 μM; 24 h) increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels and was not cytotoxic. TBH (500 μM; 24 h) increased uptake of both low (SGLT1-mediated) and high concentrations (SGLT1- and GLUT2-mediated) of 3H-DG, but did not affect absorption of 14C-fructose (GLUT2- and GLUT5-mediated). The polyphenol chrysin abolished the increase in TBARS levels and the increase in uptake of both low and high concentrations of 3H-DG induced by TBH. On the other hand, TBH blocked the inhibitory effect of chrysin on 14C-fructose uptake. 3H-DG uptake, but not 14C-fructose uptake, was sensitive to sweet taste receptor (STRs) inhibition (with lactisole). The inhibitory effect of lactisole in relation to uptake of 3H-DG (10 nM) (SGLT1-mediated), but not in relation to uptake of 3H-DG (50 mM) (SGLT1- and GLUT2-mediated), was abolished in the presence of TBH. So, these results show that the stimulatory effect of STRs on SGLT1-mediated transport is dependent on oxidative stress levels. In conclusion, this work shows that uptake of both 3H-DG and 14C-fructose is sensitive to oxidative stress levels. Moreover, it suggests that the three distinct transporters involved in the intestinal absorption of glucose and fructose (SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) have different sensitivities to oxidative stress levels, SGLT1 being the most sensitive and GLUT5 the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Andrade
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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75
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Posteraro B, Paroni Sterbini F, Petito V, Rocca S, Cubeddu T, Graziani C, Arena V, Vassallo GA, Mosoni C, Lopetuso L, Lorrai I, Maccioni P, Masucci L, Martini C, Gasbarrini A, Sanguinetti M, Colombo G, Addolorato G. Liver Injury, Endotoxemia, and Their Relationship to Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Alcohol-Preferring Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2313-2325. [PMID: 30320890 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence that alcoholism leads to dysbiosis in both humans and animals. However, it is unclear how changes in the intestinal microbiota (IM) relate to ethanol (EtOH)-induced disruption of gut-liver homeostasis. We investigated this issue using selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats, a validated animal model of excessive EtOH consumption. METHODS Independent groups of male adult sP rats were exposed to the standard, home-cage 2-bottle "EtOH (10% v/v) versus water" choice regimen with unlimited access for 24 h/d (Group Et) for 3 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) consecutive months. Control groups (Group Ct) were composed of matched-age EtOH-naïve sP rats. We obtained samples from each rat at the end of each experimental time, and we used blood and colon tissues for intestinal barrier integrity and/or liver pathology assessments and used stool samples for IM analysis with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Rats in Group Et developed hepatic steatosis and elevated serum transaminases and endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels but no other liver pathological changes (i.e., necrosis/inflammation) or systemic inflammation. While we did not find any apparent alteration of the intestinal colonic mucosa, we found that rats in Group Et exhibited significant changes in IM composition compared to the rats in Group Ct. These changes were sustained throughout T1, T2, and T3. In particular, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Streptococcus were the differentially abundant microbial genera at T3. The KEGG Ortholog profile revealed that IM functional modules, such as biosynthesis, transport, and export of LPS, were also enriched in Group Et rats at T3. CONCLUSIONS We showed that chronic, voluntary EtOH consumption induced liver injury and endotoxemia together with dysbiotic changes in sP rats. This work sets the stage for improving our knowledge of the prevention and treatment of EtOH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Posteraro
- Institute of Medical Pathology and Semeiotics , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paroni Sterbini
- Institute of Microbiology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Petito
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cristina Graziani
- Alcohol Use Disorder Unit , Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pathology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pathology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele A Vassallo
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Alcohol Use Disorder Unit , Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Mosoni
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Lopetuso
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Neuroscience Institute , Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute , Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Masucci
- Institute of Microbiology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Institute of Microbiology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute , Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Addolorato
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Alcohol Use Disorder Unit , Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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76
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Pál L, Bujdosó O, Szűcs S, Baranyi G, Sebestyén V, Vámosi G, Rácz G, Ádány R, McKee M, Árnyas EM. How do methanol and higher alcohols found in alcoholic beverages affect membrane fluidity and migration of granulocytes? J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László Pál
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Orsolya Bujdosó
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gergő Baranyi
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Veronika Sebestyén
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - György Vámosi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gábor Rácz
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Martin McKee
- European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Ervin M. Árnyas
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuster
- From the Internal Medicine Service, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain (D.F.); and the Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, the Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health - all in Boston ( J.H.S.)
| | - Jeffrey H Samet
- From the Internal Medicine Service, Addiction Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain (D.F.); and the Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, the Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, and the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health - all in Boston ( J.H.S.)
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78
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Abstract
Lymph nodes have been studied for decades as the main site of the adaptive immune response. In this Viewpoint, we outline how the lymph nodes have another less appreciated function as an active innate barrier. Lymph nodes drain lymphatic fluid from tissues that are exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, lung, or gut. Pathogens that travel through lymphatics should be able to enter the circulation, if it were not for the strategic localization of lymph nodes along lymphatics which prevent systemic access. There is growing evidence for several populations of innate immune cells in the lymph node that function to control pathogens. Understanding how the lymph node functions as an active innate barrier can contribute to improving defenses against dissemination of infections in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Bogoslowski
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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79
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Shang Y, Li XF, Jin MJ, Li Y, Wu YL, Jin Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Jiang M, Cui BW, Lian LH, Nan JX. Leucodin attenuates inflammatory response in macrophages and lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes via P2x7 receptor pathway: A potential role in alcoholic liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:374-381. [PMID: 30099341 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed to reveal that leucodin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia capillaris could inhibit the inflammatory response in macrophages and the lipid accumulation in hepatocytes via P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Several types of macrophages including mouse peritoneal macrophages, mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and human macrophages THP-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of leucodin for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS and ATP. LPS plus ATP initiated IL-1β cleavage and release in mouse peritoneal macrophages and peaked at 4 h. Leucodin did not show significant toxicity within 200 μM and effectively inhibited pro-IL-1β cleavage and release of mature-IL-1β in macrophages. Also, P2x7R antagonist and caspase-1 inhibitor also decreased IL-1β release and cleavage. Additionally, leucodin suppressed P2x7R, TLR4 and NLRP3 expression in LPS/ATP-stimulated macrophages. HepG2 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of leucodin for 1 h and then exposed to ethanol for 24 h. Leucodin suppressed lipid accumulation and enhanced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in HepG2 cells exposed to ethanol. In addition, leucodin inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and ACC in ethanol-treated HepG2 cells. Leucodin possessed the capacity for inhibiting inflammatory response in macrophages and suppressing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, suggesting a promising therapeutic potential targeting inflammation and lipid metabolism in alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Xi-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ming-Ji Jin
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Quan Jin
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ben-Wen Cui
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Clinical Research Center, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
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80
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Zhang J, Ankawi G, Sun J, Digvijay K, Yin Y, Rosner MH, Ronco C. Gut-kidney crosstalk in septic acute kidney injury. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:117. [PMID: 29724256 PMCID: PMC5934860 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Septic AKI is a complex and multifactorial process that is incompletely understood. During sepsis, the disruption of the mucus membrane barrier, a shift in intestinal microbial flora, and microbial translocation may lead to systemic inflammation, which further alters host immune and metabolic homeostasis. This altered homeostasis may promote and potentiate the development of AKI. As part of this vicious cycle, when AKI develops, the clearance of inflammatory mediators and metabolic products is decreased. This will lead to further gut injury and breakdown in mucous membrane barriers. Thus, changes in the gut during sepsis can initiate and propagate septic AKI. This deleterious gut–kidney crosstalk may be a potential target for therapeutic maneuvers. This review analyses the underlying mechanisms in gut–kidney crosstalk in septic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), Vicenza, Italy
| | - Ghada Ankawi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), Vicenza, Italy
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kumar Digvijay
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yongjie Yin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
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81
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Borrelli A, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Goldfine ID, Evans JL, Buonaguro FM, Mancini A. Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2018; 15:467-479. [PMID: 29413959 PMCID: PMC5975181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. NAFLD progresses through the inflammatory phase of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis and cirrhosis, with some cases developing liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver biopsy remains the gold standard approach to a definitive diagnosis of NAFLD and the distinction between simple steatosis and NASH. The pathogenesis of NASH is still not clear. Several theories have been proposed ranging from the "Two Hit Theory" to the "Multiple Hit Theory". However, the general consensus is that the gut microbiota, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage play key roles in the pathogenesis of NASH. The interaction between the gut epithelia and some commensal bacteria induces the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main goal of any therapy addressing NASH is to reverse or prevent progression to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This problem represents the first "Achilles' heel" of the new molecules being evaluated in most ongoing clinical trials. The second is the inability of these molecules to reach the mitochondria, the primary sites of energy production and ROS generation. Recently, a variety of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches for NASH have been evaluated including vitamin E, the thiazolidinediones, and novel molecules related to NASH pathogenesis (including obeticholic acid and elafibranor). Recently, a new isoform of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was isolated and obtained in a synthetic recombinant form designated rMnSOD. This protein has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant capable of mediating ROS dismutation, penetrating biological barriers via its uncleaved leader peptide, and reducing portal hypertension and fibrosis in rats affected by liver cirrhosis. Based on these distinctive characteristics, it can be hypothesized that this novel recombinant protein (rMnSOD) potentially represents a new and highly efficient adjuvant therapy to counteract the progression from NASH to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Mancini
- Leadhexa Biotechnologies Inc., Belvedere, CA, USA
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82
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Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5724575. [PMID: 29850597 PMCID: PMC5926483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5724575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.
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83
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Repeated Binge-Like Alcohol Intoxication: Depot-Specific Adipose Tissue Immuno-Metabolic Dysregulation. Shock 2018; 48:243-250. [PMID: 28125531 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repeated binge-like alcohol intoxication (RBAI) induces whole-body insulin resistance, which is predicted to increase the risk for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Previously, we showed that acute alcohol intoxication increases mesenteric lymphatic permeability, perilymphatic adipose tissue (PLAT) inflammation, and circulating lipopolysaccharide levels in rats. We hypothesize that mesenteric lymphatic hyperpermeability, adipose tissue inflammation and associated dysregulated adipokine expression, and insulin signaling are central mechanisms underlying whole-body metabolic dysregulation resulting from RBAI. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats surgically fitted with an intragastric catheter received a bolus of 2.5 g/kg/day of alcohol (12.5% alcohol w/v) or isocaloric dextrose in Vanilla Ensure (116 kcal/kg/day) for 3 days. Mesenteric lymphatic permeability, mesenteric (MFAT = PLAT) and subcutaneous (SFAT) adipose tissue inflammatory milieu, circulating adipokines, and markers of insulin responsiveness (pAKT and PTP1B protein expression) were determined following the last alcohol/dextrose administration. RBAI resulted in increased lymphatic permeability, MFAT-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines and markers of inflammatory cells (macrophages, dendritic, and T cells), decreased circulating adiponectin and visfatin levels, and MFAT-specific attenuation of insulin-stimulated protein kinase B phosphorylation (Ser) compared with dextrose-treated control animals. These results suggest that RBAI-induced mesenteric lymphatic hyperpermeability promotes inflammatory milieu, decreased insulin-sensitizing adipokines, and impaired insulin signaling in MFAT, which we propose may be an early event preceding systemic metabolic dysregulation. We speculate that RBAI-induced increase in gut-derived toxins, promoting lymphatic leak, and MFAT inflammatory milieu are mechanisms deserving further investigation to elucidate lymphatic-MFAT crosstalk events that precede and predispose for alcohol-induced insulin resistance.
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84
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Uto-Kondo H, Hase A, Yamaguchi Y, Sakurai A, Akao M, Saito T, Kumagai H. S-Allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, a garlic odor precursor, suppresses elevation in blood ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from gut. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:724-731. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1447357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages are enjoyed together with meals worldwide, but their excessive intake is associated with an increased risk of various diseases. We investigated whether S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO), a sulfuric odor precursor of garlic, suppresses elevation in plasma ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from the gut in rats. ACSO and garlic extract with a high ACSO content (Garlic-H) suppressed elevation in concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in plasma and promoted the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, ACSO and Garlic-H did not affect plasma acetate so much. Furthermore, we examined the change in plasma ethanol concentration by injecting ACSO or Garlic-H into the ligated stomach or jejunum together with ethanol solution. ACSO and Garlic-H suppressed the absorption of ethanol from the stomach and jejunum, but suppression in the jejunum was less than in the stomach. In conclusion, ACSO inhibits ethanol absorption and accelerates ethanol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Uto-Kondo
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Akao
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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85
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Boyle M, Masson S, Anstee QM. The bidirectional impacts of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome: Cofactors for progressive fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 68:251-267. [PMID: 29113910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current medical practice artificially dichotomises a diagnosis of fatty liver disease into one of two common forms: alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Together, these account for the majority of chronic liver diseases worldwide. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome within the general population. These factors now coexist with alcohol consumption in a substantial proportion of the population. Each exposure sensitises the liver to the injurious effects of the other; an interaction that drives and potentially accelerates the genesis of liver disease. We review the epidemiological evidence and scientific literature that considers how alcohol consumption interacts with components of the metabolic syndrome to exert synergistic or supra-additive effects on the development and progression of liver disease, before discussing how these interactions may be addressed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boyle
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Masson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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86
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Saltzman ET, Palacios T, Thomsen M, Vitetta L. Intestinal Microbiome Shifts, Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 29441049 PMCID: PMC5797576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse fluctuations in the distribution of the intestinal microbiome cohort has been associated with the onset of intra- and extra-intestinal inflammatory conditions, like the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and it's hepatic manifestation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The intestinal microbial community of obese compared to lean subjects has been shown to undergo configurational shifts in various genera, including but not limited to increased abundances of Prevotella, Escherichia, Peptoniphilus, and Parabacteroides and decreased levels of Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, and Eubacteria genera. At the phylum level, decreased Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes have been reported. The intestinal microbiota therefore presents an important target for designing novel therapeutic modalities that target extra-intestinal inflammatory disorders, such as NAFLD. This review hypothesizes that disruption of the intestinal-mucosal macrophage interface is a key factor in intestinal-liver axis disturbances. Intestinal immune responses implicated in the manifestation, maintenance and progression of NAFLD provide insights into the dialogue between the intestinal microbiome, the epithelia and mucosal immunity. The pro-inflammatory activity and immune imbalances implicated in NAFLD pathophysiology are reported to stem from dysbiosis of the intestinal epithelia which can serve as a source of hepatoxic effects. We posit that the hepatotoxic consequences of intestinal dysbiosis are compounded through intestinal microbiota-mediated inflammation of the local mucosa that encourages mucosal immune dysfunction, thus contributing important plausible insight in NAFLD pathogenesis. The administration of probiotics and prebiotics as a cure-all remedy for all chronic diseases is not advocated, instead, the incorporation of evidence based probiotic/prebiotic formulations as adjunctive modalities may enhance lifestyle modification management strategies for the amelioration of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Saltzman
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Talia Palacios
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Thomsen
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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87
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Hagerty SL, Ellingson JM, Hutchison KE. Biological Systems Are a Common Link Between Alcohol Use Disorder and Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Medical Conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:248-251. [PMID: 29197116 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hagerty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jarrod M Ellingson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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88
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Kim BK, Lee IO, Tan PL, Eor JY, Hwang JK, Kim SH. Protective Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 in an Alcohol-Induced Rat Model of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:931-939. [PMID: 29725216 PMCID: PMC5932944 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex multifaceted disease that involves oxidative stress and inflammation as the key mediators. Despite decades of intensive research, there are no FDA-approved therapies, and/or no effective cure is yet available. Probiotics have received increasing attention in the past few years due to their well-documented gastrointestinal health-promoting effects. Interestingly, emerging studies have suggested that certain probiotics may offer benefits beyond the gut. Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 has been previously demonstrated to play a role in inflammatory-related disease. However, the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on ALD still remain to be explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver damage in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). Daily oral administration of L. fermentum LA12 in rat model of ASH for four weeks was shown to significantly reduced intestinal nitric oxide production and hyperpermeability. Moreover, small intestinal histological- and qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that L. fermentum LA12 treatment was capable of up-regulating the mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins, thereby stimulating the restitution of barrier structure and function. Serum and hepatic analyses also revealed that the restoration of epithelial barrier function may prevent the leakage of endotoxin into the blood, subsequently improve liver function and hepatic steatosis in the L. fermentum LA12-treated rats. Altogether, results in this study suggest that L. fermentum LA12 may be used as a dietary adjunct for the prevention and treatment of ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology & Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - In-Ock Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Pei-Lei Tan
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Eor
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology & Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sae-Hun Kim
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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89
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IL-10 control of CD11c+ myeloid cells is essential to maintain immune homeostasis in the small and large intestine. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32015-30. [PMID: 27027442 PMCID: PMC5077993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL-10 promotes a regulatory phenotype of CD11c+ dendritic cells and macrophages in vitro, the role of IL-10 signaling in CD11c+ cells to maintain intestinal tolerance in vivo remains elusive. To this aim, we generated mice with a CD11c-specific deletion of the IL-10 receptor alpha (Cd11ccreIl10rafl/fl). In contrast to the colon, the small intestine of Cd11ccreIl10rafl/fl mice exhibited spontaneous crypt hyperplasia, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria T cells, associated with elevated levels of T cell-derived IFNγ and IL-17A. Whereas naive mucosal T-cell priming was not affected and oral tolerance to ovalbumin was intact, augmented T-cell function in the lamina propria was associated with elevated numbers of locally dividing T cells, expression of T-cell attracting chemokines and reduced T-cell apoptosis. Upon stimulation, intestinal IL-10Rα deficient CD11c+ cells exhibited increased activation associated with enhanced IL-6 and TNFα production. Following colonization with Helicobacter hepaticus Cd11ccreIl10rafl/fl mice developed severe large intestinal inflammation characterized by infiltrating T cells and increased levels of Il17a, Ifng, and Il12p40. Altogether these findings demonstrate a critical role of IL-10 signaling in CD11c+ cells to control small intestinal immune homeostasis by limiting reactivation of local memory T cells and to protect against Helicobacter hepaticus-induced colitis.
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90
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Choi Y, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. Preventive effects of indole-3-carbinol against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms: Role of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 55:12-25. [PMID: 29331880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), found in Brassica family vegetables, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous properties. Here, we aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of I3C against ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury and study the protective mechanism(s) by using the well-established chronic-plus-binge alcohol exposure model. The preventive effects of I3C were evaluated by conducting various histological, biochemical, and real-time PCR analyses in mouse liver, adipose tissue, and colon, since functional alterations of adipose tissue and intestine can also participate in promoting EtOH-induced liver damage. Daily treatment with I3C alleviated EtOH-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis, but not steatosis, by attenuating elevated oxidative stress, as evidenced by the decreased levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, CYP2E1, NADPH-oxidase, and protein acetylation with maintenance of mitochondrial complex I, II, and III protein levels and activities. I3C also restored the hepatic antioxidant capacity by preventing EtOH-induced suppression of glutathione contents and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activity. I3C preventive effects were also achieved by attenuating the increased levels of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines, including IL1β, and neutrophil infiltration. I3C also attenuated EtOH-induced gut leakiness with decreased serum endotoxin levels through preventing EtOH-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis of enterocytes, and alteration of tight junction protein claudin-1. Furthermore, I3C alleviated adipose tissue inflammation and decreased free fatty acid release. Collectively, I3C prevented EtOH-induced liver injury via attenuating the damaging effect of ethanol on the gut-liver-adipose tissue axis. Therefore, I3C may also have a high potential for translational research in treating or preventing other types of hepatic injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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91
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Donnadieu-Rigole H, Pansu N, Mura T, Pelletier S, Alarcon R, Gamon L, Perney P, Apparailly F, Lavigne JP, Dunyach-Remy C. Beneficial Effect of Alcohol Withdrawal on Gut Permeability and Microbial Translocation in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:32-40. [PMID: 29030980 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiota exerts beneficial or harmful effects in several disorders. Many factors, including alcohol consumption, may influence its composition and trigger bacterial translocation. Excessive alcohol consumption increases gut permeability and translocation of endotoxin into peripheral circulation. Although plasma endotoxin concentrations have been measured often, quantitative changes following alcohol withdrawal have never been described in subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The aim of this study was to measure microbial translocation (MT) and gut permeability markers in patients with AUD, to compare these markers to healthy controls (HC) and to monitor markers during the first 6 weeks of abstinence. METHODS Sixty-five patients with AUD and hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal were included. Epidemiological, clinical, biological, and addictological data were gathered. Blood samples were collected at baseline, then 3 and 6 weeks after alcohol withdrawal. A hundred healthy volunteers were used as controls. Three markers of MT were monitored in plasma samples: sCD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were quantified using ELISA, and 16S rDNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Zonulin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) blood levels were also monitored as indirect markers of gut permeability, using ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, LBP, 16S rDNA, sCD14 and I-FABP markers were significantly higher in patients with AUD than in HC. Six weeks after alcohol withdrawal plasma levels of sCD14 and LBP decreased significantly. Cannabis consumption and body mass index (BMI) before alcohol withdrawal influenced baseline MT levels and the decrease in MT markers after 6 weeks. Finally, markers of MT and gut permeability did not correlate with each other before and after alcohol withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Before alcohol withdrawal, MT markers were higher in patients with AUD than in HC. After 6 weeks of abstinence, an improvement in MT markers was observed. Our data suggest that there is a link between MT, its improvement, BMI, and cannabis consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Donnadieu-Rigole
- Department of Addictology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Pansu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mura
- Department of Medical Information, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Régis Alarcon
- Department of Addictology, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Lucie Gamon
- Department of Medical Information, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Perney
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Addictology, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department for Osteoarticular Diseases, University Hospital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Microbiology, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France.,INSERM, U1047, Caremeau Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France.,INSERM, U1047, Caremeau Hospital, Nîmes, France
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92
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Zhou DX, Zhao Y, Baker JA, Gu Q, Hamre KM, Yue J, Jones BC, Cook MN, Lu L. The effect of alcohol on the differential expression of cluster of differentiation 14 gene, associated pathways, and genetic network. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178689. [PMID: 28575045 PMCID: PMC5456352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption affects human health in part by compromising the immune system. In this study, we examined the expression of the Cd14 (cluster of differentiation 14) gene, which is involved in the immune system through a proinflammatory cascade. Expression was evaluated in BXD mice treated with saline or acute 1.8 g/kg i.p. ethanol (12.5% v/v). Hippocampal gene expression data were generated to examine differential expression and to perform systems genetics analyses. The Cd14 gene expression showed significant changes among the BXD strains after ethanol treatment, and eQTL mapping revealed that Cd14 is a cis-regulated gene. We also identified eighteen ethanol-related phenotypes correlated with Cd14 expression related to either ethanol responses or ethanol consumption. Pathway analysis was performed to identify possible biological pathways involved in the response to ethanol and Cd14. We also constructed a genetic network for Cd14 using the top 20 correlated genes and present several genes possibly involved in Cd14 and ethanol responses based on differential gene expression. In conclusion, we found Cd14, along with several other genes and pathways, to be involved in ethanol responses in the hippocampus, such as increased susceptibility to lipopolysaccharides and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X. Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yinghong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jessica A. Baker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kristin M. Hamre
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Byron C. Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melloni N. Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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93
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Rattray NJW, Charkoftaki G, Rattray Z, Hansen JE, Vasiliou V, Johnson CH. Environmental influences in the etiology of colorectal cancer: the premise of metabolomics. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 3:114-125. [PMID: 28642837 PMCID: PMC5475285 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we discuss how environmental exposures predominate the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). With CRC being a personalized disease influenced by genes and environment, our goal was to explore the role metabolomics can play in identifying exposures, assessing the interplay between co-exposures, and the development of personalized therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Approximately 10 % of CRC cases can be explained by germ-line mutations, whereas the prevailing majority are caused by an initiating exposure event occurring decades prior to diagnosis. Recent research has shown that dietary metabolites are linked to a procarcinogenic or protective environment in the colon which is modulated by the microbiome. In addition, excessive alcohol has been shown to increase the risk of CRC and is dependent on diet (folate), the response of microbiome, and genetic polymorphisms within the folate and alcohol metabolic pathways. Metabolomics can not only be used to identify this modulation of host metabolism, which could affect the progression of the tumors but also response to targeted therapeutics. SUMMARY This review highlights the current understanding of the multifaceted etiology and mechanisms of CRC development but also highlights where the field of metabolomics can contribute to a greater understanding of environmental exposure in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. W. Rattray
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Zahra Rattray
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Yale University, CT, USA 06520
| | - James E. Hansen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Yale University, CT, USA 06520
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 06520
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
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94
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Tomaka J, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Morylowska-Topolska J, Dzikowski M, Juchnowicz D, Flis M, Siek A, Próchnicki M. Review paper. Gluten-related disorders and schizophrenia - potential linking mechanisms, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
More and more evidence confirms the theory that the intake of cereal products containing gluten may play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. There are also premises indicating the relationship between the so-called gluten-related diseases and the development and course of mental disorders, including schizophrenia.
The aim of this article is to review the literature on the potential relationship between the consumption of gluten and schizophrenia, considering the etiopathogenesis and the role of gluten-free diet in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Methods: There were analysed available research papers in PubMed and Google Scholar with the key words: schizophrenia, gluten- related disorders, allergy to grain products, celiac disease, microbiota, immune system, exorphins and time span: 1960-2016 .
Conclusions: Existing research results indicate a possible relationship between diet rich in grain products with high gluten content and the occurrence or exacerbation of schizophrenia symptoms. However, further studies are necessary to: 1) identify groups of patients for whom the consumption of cereal products (gluten) is associated with a particular risk of schizophrenia exacerbation, 2) determine the mechanisms relating the consumption of gluten with the mental state of schizophrenic patients, 3) get the possible benefits of implementing gluten-free diet in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tomaka
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin , Poland
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical Universtiy in Lublin , Poland
| | | | - Michał Dzikowski
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Marta Flis
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Siek
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Michał Próchnicki
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin , Poland
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95
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Chen XM, Kitts DD. Flavonoid composition of orange peel extract ameliorates alcohol-induced tight junction dysfunction in Caco-2 monolayer. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:398-406. [PMID: 28412402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry citrus peels, also known as "chenpi", have been traditionally used to treat and relieve intestinal inflammation. Recently we have reported that orange peel extracts (OPE) which contain relatively greater polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) content exhibit superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. Moreover, these bioactivities were notably greater than an equivalent flavonoid mixture (FM). The present study compares the effects of different OPE sources with distinct PMF composition on tight junction (TJ) dysfunction induced by ethanol. The OPE obtained from Xinhui, China, contained a 20-fold higher PMF content than extracts derived from the orange peels sourced from Guangxi. Xinhui-OPE treatment of ethanol treated Caco-2 cells corresponded to lower (P < 0.05) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and higher (P < 0.05) glutathione reductase activity. Both OPE and the FM prevented ethanol-induced increases in Caco-2 cell paracellular permeability and the dislocation of TJ proteins, including claudin 4, occludin, and zonulin occludin-1 (ZO-1), respectively. Xinhui-OPE increased the expression of claudin 4 and occludin protein, but not mRNA, whereas, Guangxi-OPE and Xinhui-FM had no effect on TJ protein expression. In conclusion, OPE derived from sources that contain higher concentrations of PMF are more effective at preventing intestinal barrier dysfunction of TJ proteins induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Min Chen
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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96
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Abstract
Background Alcoholism has a strong genetic component. Twin studies have demonstrated the heritability of a large proportion of phenotypic variance of alcoholism ranging from 50–80%. The search for genetic variants associated with this complex behavior has epitomized sequence-based studies for nearly a decade. The limited success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), possibly precipitated by the polygenic nature of complex traits and behaviors, however, has demonstrated the need for novel, multivariate models capable of quantitatively capturing interactions between a host of genetic variants and their association with non-genetic factors. In this regard, capturing the network of SNP by SNP or SNP by environment interactions has recently gained much interest. Results Here, we assessed 3,776 individuals to construct a network capable of detecting and quantifying the interactions within and between plausible genetic and environmental factors of alcoholism. In this regard, we propose the use of first-order dependence tree of maximum weight as a potential statistical learning technique to delineate the pattern of dependencies underpinning such a complex trait. Using a predictive based analysis, we further rank the genes, demographic factors, biological pathways, and the interactions represented by our SNP \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \times $$\end{document}×E network. The proposed framework is quite general and can be potentially applied to the study of other complex traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0403-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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97
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Lu R, Voigt RM, Zhang Y, Kato I, Xia Y, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A, Sun J. Alcohol Injury Damages Intestinal Stem Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:727-734. [PMID: 28195397 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is associated with intestinal injury including intestinal leakiness and the risk of developing progressive gastrointestinal cancer. Alcoholics have disruption of intestinal barrier dysfunction that persists weeks after stopping alcohol intake, and this occurs in spite of the fact that intestinal epithelial cells turn over every 3 to 5 days. The renewal and functional regulation of the intestinal epithelium largely relies on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Chronic inflammation and tissue damage in the intestine can injure stem cells including accumulation of mutations that may result in ISC dysfunction and transformation. ISCs are a key element in intestinal function and pathology; however, very little is known about the effects of alcohol on ISCs. We hypothesize that dysregulation of ISCs is one mechanism by which alcohol induces long-lasting intestinal damage. METHODS In Vivo: Small intestinal samples from alcohol- and control-fed mice were assessed for ISC markers (Lgr5 and Bmi1) and the changes of the β-catenin signaling using immunofluorescent microscopy, Western blotting, and RT-PCR. Ex Vivo: Organoids were generated from small intestine tissue and subsequently exposed to alcohol and analyzed for ISC markers, β-catenin signaling. RESULTS Chronic alcohol consumption significantly decreased the expression of stem cell markers, Bmi1 in the small intestine of the alcohol-fed mice and also resulted in dysregulation of the β-catenin signaling-an essential regulator of its target gene Lgr5 and ISC function. Exposure of small intestine-derived organoids to 0.2% alcohol significantly reduced the growth of the organoids, including budding, and total surface area of the organoid cultures. Alcohol also significantly decreased the expression of Lgr5, p-β-catenin (ser552), and Bmi1 in the organoid model. CONCLUSIONS Both chronic alcohol feeding and acute exposure of alcohol resulted in ISC dysregulation which might be one mechanism for alcohol-induced long-lasting intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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98
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Rachdaoui N, Sarkar DK. Pathophysiology of the Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Endocrine System. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:255-276. [PMID: 28988577 PMCID: PMC5513689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol can permeate virtually every organ and tissue in the body, resulting in tissue injury and organ dysfunction. Considerable evidence indicates that alcohol abuse results in clinical abnormalities of one of the body's most important systems, the endocrine system. This system ensures proper communication between various organs, also interfacing with the immune and nervous systems, and is essential for maintaining a constant internal environment. The endocrine system includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, and the hypothalamic-posterior pituitary axis, as well as other sources of hormones, such as the endocrine pancreas and endocrine adipose tissue. Alcohol abuse disrupts all of these systems and causes hormonal disturbances that may result in various disorders, such as stress intolerance, reproductive dysfunction, thyroid problems, immune abnormalities, and psychological and behavioral disorders. Studies in both humans and animal models have helped shed light on alcohol's effects on various components of the endocrine system and their consequences.
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99
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Varga ZV, Matyas C, Paloczi J, Pacher P. Alcohol Misuse and Kidney Injury: Epidemiological Evidence and Potential Mechanisms. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:283-288. [PMID: 28988579 PMCID: PMC5513691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for tissue injury. The link between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and kidney injury is intriguing but controversial, and the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol may damage the kidneys are poorly understood. Epidemiological studies attempting to link AUD and kidney disease are, to date, inconclusive, and there is little experimental evidence directly linking alcohol consumption to kidney injury. However, studies conducted primarily in other organs and tissues suggest several possible mechanisms by which alcohol may promote kidney dysfunction. One possible mechanism is oxidative stress resulting from increased production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to an excessive amount of free radicals, which in turn trigger tissue injury and increase inflammation. In addition, AUD's effect on other major organs (liver, heart, intestines, and skeletal muscle) appears to promote unfavorable pathological processes that are harmful to the kidneys. Notably, these mechanisms have not yet been validated experimentally in the kidney. Additional research is needed to clarify if alcohol does indeed promote kidney injury and the mechanisms by which alcohol-induced kidney injury may occur.
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100
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Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, Desai V, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol and Gut-Derived Inflammation. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:163-171. [PMID: 28988571 PMCID: PMC5513683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In large amounts, alcohol and its metabolites can overwhelm the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and liver and lead to damage both within the GI and in other organs. Specifically, alcohol and its metabolites promote intestinal inflammation through multiple pathways. That inflammatory response, in turn, exacerbates alcohol-induced organ damage, creating a vicious cycle and leading to additional deleterious effects of alcohol both locally and systemically. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake leads to intestinal inflammation, including altering intestinal microbiota composition and function, increasing the permeability of the intestinal lining, and affecting the intestinal immune homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms of alcohol-induced intestinal inflammation can aid in the discovery of therapeutic approaches to mitigate alcohol-induced organ dysfunctions.
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