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Vannice KS, Cassetti MC, Eisinger RW, Hombach J, Knezevic I, Marston HD, Wilder-Smith A, Cavaleri M, Krause PR. Demonstrating vaccine effectiveness during a waning epidemic: A WHO/NIH meeting report on approaches to development and licensure of Zika vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2019; 37:863-868. [PMID: 30639461 PMCID: PMC6357529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since its peak in early 2016, the incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) cases has declined to such low levels that Phase 3 field efficacy trials may be infeasible. While great progress was made to rapidly advance several vaccine candidates into Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials, in the absence of sustained viral transmission it may be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of ZIKV vaccine candidates by conducting traditional clinical disease endpoint efficacy studies. However, ZIKV is still circulating at low levels in some areas and is likely to re-emerge in naïve populations or in sites of prior epidemics once population immunity wanes. Therefore, the public health need for a ZIKV vaccine remains. To facilitate continued ZIKV vaccine development efforts, the World Health Organization's Initiative for Vaccine Research and the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases co-hosted a meeting of experts in March 2018 to identify strategies to demonstrate vaccine effectiveness in view of waning ZIKV disease incidence. This paper outlines points for consideration for developers, regulators, and other stakeholders working towards a licensed ZIKV vaccine. These deliberations may also be applicable to development of vaccines for other emerging infections where the size, unpredictability, and ephemeral nature of outbreaks makes clinical disease endpoint efficacy trials to demonstrate vaccine effectiveness infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten S Vannice
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - M Cristina Cassetti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Eisinger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joachim Hombach
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hilary D Marston
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip R Krause
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
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52
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Masel J, McCracken MK, Gleeson T, Morrison B, Rutherford G, Imrie A, Jarman RG, Koren M, Pollett S. Does prior dengue virus exposure worsen clinical outcomes of Zika virus infection? A systematic review, pooled analysis and lessons learned. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007060. [PMID: 30682026 PMCID: PMC6370234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) recently caused a pandemic complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and birth defects. ZIKV is structurally similar to the dengue viruses (DENV) and in vitro studies suggest antibody dependent enhancement occurs in ZIKV infections preceded by DENV; however, the clinical significance of this remains unclear. We undertook a PRISMA-adherent systematic review of all current human and non-human primate (NHP) data to determine if prior infection with DENV, compared to DENV-naïve hosts, is associated with a greater risk of ZIKV clinical complications or greater ZIKV peak viremia in vivo. We identified 1146 studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the grey literature, of which five studies were eligible. One human study indicated no increase in the risk of GBS in ZIKV infections with prior DENV exposure. Two additional human studies showed a small increase in ZIKV viremia in those with prior DENV exposure; however, this was not statistically significant nor was it associated with an increase in clinical severity or adverse pregnancy outcomes. While no meta-analysis was possible using human data, a pooled analysis of the two NHP studies leveraging extended data provided only weak evidence of a 0.39 log10 GE/mL rise in ZIKV viremia in DENV experienced rhesus macaques compared to those with no DENV exposure (p = 0.22). Using a customized quality grading criteria, we further show that no existing published human studies have offered high quality measurement of both acute ZIKV and antecedent DENV infections. In conclusion, limited human and NHP studies indicate a small and non-statistically significant increase in ZIKV viremia in DENV-experienced versus DENV-naïve hosts; however, there is no evidence that even a possible small increase in ZIKV viremia would correlate with a change in ZIKV clinical phenotype. More data derived from larger sample sizes and improved sero-assays are needed to resolve this question, which has major relevance for clinical prognosis and vaccine design. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito borne virus that recently caused a large epidemic with some cases complicated by ascending paralysis (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and birth defects. One major concern is that such complications may be more common in those who have had previous infection with the closely related mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) which also circulates in the tropics. Here, we undertook a thorough, structured review of all human and high-order animal literature to synthesize the current evidence about whether ZIKV outcomes are worse in those with previous DENV exposure. We further undertook a pooled analysis across the two major non-human primate studies to improve statistical power. We summarize that, in humans and in non-human primates, prior DENV exposure may lead to a small increase in ZIKV viral load during infection. However, we do not show that any possible increase in ZIKV viral replication is associated with a higher rate of Zika complications or Zika clinical severity. We further graded the quality of these published literature and indicate that substantial improvements in the immunological measurement of ZIKV and DENV exposure in humans are needed to answer these and other pertinent questions about these two epidemic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Masel
- Department of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael K. McCracken
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Todd Gleeson
- Department of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brian Morrison
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - George Rutherford
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Koren
- Department of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Simon Pollett
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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53
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Gorshkov K, Shiryaev SA, Fertel S, Lin YW, Huang CT, Pinto A, Farhy C, Strongin AY, Zheng W, Terskikh AV. Zika Virus: Origins, Pathological Action, and Treatment Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3252. [PMID: 30666246 PMCID: PMC6330993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) global epidemic prompted the World Health Organization to declare it a 2016 Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The overwhelming experience over the past several years teaches us that ZIKV and the associated neurological complications represent a long-term world-wide challenge to public health. Although the number of ZIKV cases in the Western Hemisphere has dropped since 2016, the need for basic research and anti-ZIKV drug development remains strong. Re-emerging viruses like ZIKV are an ever-present threat in the 21st century where fast transcontinental travel lends itself to viral epidemics. Here, we first present the origin story for ZIKV and review the rapid progress researchers have made toward understanding of the ZIKV pathology and in the design, re-purposing, and testing–particularly in vivo–drug candidates for ZIKV prophylaxis and therapy ZIKV. Quite remarkably, a short, but intensive, drug-repurposing effort has already resulted in several readily available FDA-approved drugs that are capable of effectively combating the virus in infected adult mouse models and, most importantly, in both preventing maternal-fetal transmission and severe microcephaly in newborns in pregnant mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sophie Fertel
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chen Farhy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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54
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Carlin AF, Wen J, Vizcarra EA, McCauley M, Chaillon A, Akrami K, Kim C, Ngono AE, Lara-Marquez ML, Smith DM, Glass CK, Schooley RT, Benner C, Shresta S. A longitudinal systems immunologic investigation of acute Zika virus infection in an individual infected while traveling to Caracas, Venezuela. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007053. [PMID: 30596671 PMCID: PMC6329527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus linked to devastating neurologic diseases. Immune responses to flaviviruses may be pathogenic or protective. Our understanding of human immune responses to ZIKV in vivo remains limited. Therefore, we performed a longitudinal molecular and phenotypic characterization of innate and adaptive immune responses during an acute ZIKV infection. We found that innate immune transcriptional and genomic responses were both cell type- and time-dependent. While interferon stimulated gene induction was common to all innate immune cells, the upregulation of important inflammatory cytokine genes was primarily limited to monocyte subsets. Additionally, genomic analysis revealed substantial chromatin remodeling at sites containing cell-type specific transcription factor binding motifs that may explain the observed changes in gene expression. In this dengue virus-experienced individual, adaptive immune responses were rapidly mobilized with T cell transcriptional activity and ZIKV neutralizing antibody responses peaking 6 days after the onset of symptoms. Collectively this study characterizes the development and resolution of an in vivo human immune response to acute ZIKV infection in an individual with pre-existing flavivirus immunity. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flaviviral infection that causes significant clinical disease. It is estimated that approximately one half of the world’s population is at risk for ZIKV infection. There are only a limited number of studies describing the human immune response to ZIKV infection. Carlin et al. combined conventional and genomic approaches to longitudinally analyze the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute ZIKV infection and its resolution in a person who was infected while traveling in Venezuela during the 2016 ZIKV epidemic year. Genome-wide sequencing in individual cell types revealed that although many populations respond to interferon stimulation, only specific cell populations within peripheral blood mononuclear cells upregulate important inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Additionally, analysis of open chromatin using ATAC-seq suggests that chromatin remodeling at sites containing cell-type specific transcription factor binding motifs may help us understand changes in gene expression. Consistent with previous reports, this individual with prior exposure to dengue virus (DENV), rapidly developed neutralizing anti-ZIKV responses that were cross-reactive with multiple DENV serotypes. Collectively this study combines traditional and genomic approaches to characterize the cell-type specific development of an in vivo human immune response to acute ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFC); (SS)
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie McCauley
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Antoine Chaillon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kevan Akrami
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Luz Lara-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Schooley
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFC); (SS)
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55
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Soto-Acosta R, Xie X, Shan C, Baker CK, Shi PY, Rossi SL, Garcia-Blanco MA, Bradrick S. Fragile X mental retardation protein is a Zika virus restriction factor that is antagonized by subgenomic flaviviral RNA. eLife 2018; 7:39023. [PMID: 30511641 PMCID: PMC6279352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subgenomic flaviviral RNA (sfRNA) accumulates during infection due to incomplete degradation of viral genomes and interacts with cellular proteins to promote infection. Here we identify host proteins that bind the Zika virus (ZIKV) sfRNA. We identified fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) as a ZIKV sfRNA-binding protein and confirmed this interaction in cultured cells and mouse testes. Depletion of FMRP elevated viral translation and enhanced ZIKV infection, indicating that FMRP is a ZIKV restriction factor. We further observed that an attenuated ZIKV strain compromised for sfRNA production was disproportionately stimulated by FMRP knockdown, suggesting that ZIKV sfRNA antagonizes FMRP activity. Importantly, ZIKV infection and expression of ZIKV sfRNA upregulated endogenous FMRP target genes in cell culture and ZIKV-infected mice. Together, our observations identify FMRP as a ZIKV restriction factor whose activity is antagonized by the sfRNA. Interaction between ZIKV and FMRP has significant implications for the pathogenesis of ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Coleman K Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shelton Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
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56
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Zika virus: lessons learned in Brazil. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:661-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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57
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Xie X, Kum DB, Xia H, Luo H, Shan C, Zou J, Muruato AE, Medeiros DBA, Nunes BTD, Dallmeier K, Rossi SL, Weaver SC, Neyts J, Wang T, Vasconcelos PFC, Shi PY. A Single-Dose Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccine with Controlled Infection Rounds that Protects against Vertical Transmission. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:487-499.e5. [PMID: 30308155 PMCID: PMC6188708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of the mother during pregnancy causes devastating Zika congenital syndrome in the offspring. A ZIKV vaccine with optimal safety and immunogenicity for use in pregnant women is critically needed. Toward this goal, we have developed a single-dose live-attenuated vaccine candidate that infects cells with controlled, limited infection rounds. The vaccine contains a 9-amino-acid deletion in the viral capsid protein and replicates to titers of > 106 focus-forming units (FFU)/mL in cells expressing the full-length capsid protein. Immunization of A129 mice with one dose (105 FFU) did not produce viremia, but elicited protective immunity that completely prevented viremia, morbidity, and mortality after challenge with an epidemic ZIKV strain (106 PFU). A single-dose vaccination also fully prevented infection of pregnant mice and maternal-to-fetal transmission. Intracranial injection of the vaccine (104 FFU) to 1-day-old mice did not cause any disease or death, underscoring the safety of this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Dieudonné B Kum
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemoth, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniele B A Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Bruno T D Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemoth, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemoth, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pedro F C Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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58
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O'Reilly KM, Lowe R, Edmunds WJ, Mayaud P, Kucharski A, Eggo RM, Funk S, Bhatia D, Khan K, Kraemer MUG, Wilder-Smith A, Rodrigues LC, Brasil P, Massad E, Jaenisch T, Cauchemez S, Brady OJ, Yakob L. Projecting the end of the Zika virus epidemic in Latin America: a modelling analysis. BMC Med 2018; 16:180. [PMID: 30285863 PMCID: PMC6169075 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region in 2013, with serious implications for population health in the region. In 2016, the World Health Organization declared the ZIKV outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern following a cluster of associated neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. In 2017, Zika cases declined, but future incidence in LAC remains uncertain due to gaps in our understanding, considerable variation in surveillance and the lack of a comprehensive collation of data from affected countries. METHODS Our analysis combines information on confirmed and suspected Zika cases across LAC countries and a spatio-temporal dynamic transmission model for ZIKV infection to determine key transmission parameters and projected incidence in 90 major cities within 35 countries. Seasonality was determined by spatio-temporal estimates of Aedes aegypti vectorial capacity. We used country and state-level data from 2015 to mid-2017 to infer key model parameters, country-specific disease reporting rates, and the 2018 projected incidence. A 10-fold cross-validation approach was used to validate parameter estimates to out-of-sample epidemic trajectories. RESULTS There was limited transmission in 2015, but in 2016 and 2017 there was sufficient opportunity for wide-spread ZIKV transmission in most cities, resulting in the depletion of susceptible individuals. We predict that the highest number of cases in 2018 would present within some Brazilian States (Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), Colombia and French Guiana, but the estimated number of cases were no more than a few hundred. Model estimates of the timing of the peak in incidence were correlated (p < 0.05) with the reported peak in incidence. The reporting rate varied across countries, with lower reporting rates for those with only confirmed cases compared to those who reported both confirmed and suspected cases. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the ZIKV epidemic is by and large over within LAC, with incidence projected to be low in most cities in 2018. Local low levels of transmission are probable, but the estimated rate of infection suggests that most cities have a population with high levels of herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M O'Reilly
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Philippe Mayaud
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Deepit Bhatia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Medicine and Public Health, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura C Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Massad
- School of Applied Mathematics, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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59
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Zou J, Xie X, Luo H, Shan C, Muruato AE, Weaver SC, Wang T, Shi PY. A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:92-102. [PMID: 30201444 PMCID: PMC6197676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are the most effective means to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) usually have the advantages of single dose, rapid onset of immunity, and durable protection. DNA vaccines have the advantages of chemical stability, ease of production, and no cold chain requirement. The ability to combine the strengths of LAV and DNA vaccines may transform future vaccine development by eliminating cold chain and cell culture with the potential for adventitious agents. METHODS A DNA-launched LAV was developed for ZIKV virus (ZIKV), a pathogen that recently caused a global public health emergency. The cDNA copy of a ZIKV LAV genome was engineered into a DNA plasmid. The DNA-LAV plasmid was delivered into mice using a clinically proven device TriGrid™ to launch the replication of LAV. FINDINGS A single-dose immunization as low as 0.5 μg of DNA-LAV plasmid conferred 100% seroconversion in A129 mice. All seroconverted mice developed sterilizing immunity, as indicated by no detectable infectious viruses and no increase of neutralizing antibody titers after ZIKV challenge. The immunization also elicited robust T cell responses. In pregnant mice, the DNA-LAV vaccination fully protected against ZIKV-induced disease and maternal-to-fetal transmission. High levels of neutralizing activities were detected in fetal serum, indicating maternal-to-fetal humoral transfer. In male mice, a single-dose vaccination completely prevented testis infection, injury, and oligospermia. INTERPRETATION The remarkable simplicity and potency of ZIKV DNA-LAV warrant further development of this vaccine candidate. The DNA-LAV approach may serve as a universal vaccine platform for other plus-sense RNA viruses. FUND: National Institute of Health, Kleberg Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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60
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Karna AK, Azar SR, Plante JA, Yun R, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC, Hansen IA, Hanley KA. Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World Mosquito Species, Shows a Low Vector Competence for Zika Virus Relative to Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2018; 10:E434. [PMID: 30115888 PMCID: PMC6116206 DOI: 10.3390/v10080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of Zika virus (ZIKV) to the Americas raised concern that the virus would spill back from human transmission, perpetuated by Aedes aegypti, into a sylvatic cycle maintained in wildlife and forest-living mosquitoes. In the Americas, Sabethes species are vectors of sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) and are therefore candidate vectors of a sylvatic ZIKV cycle. To test the potential of Sabethes cyaneus to transmit ZIKV, Sa. cyaneus and Ae. aegypti were fed on A129 mice one or two days post-infection (dpi) with a ZIKV isolate from Mexico. Sa. cyaneus were sampled at 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-feeding (dpf) and Ae. aegypti were sampled at 14 and 21 dpf. ZIKV was quantified in mosquito bodies, legs, and saliva to measure infection, dissemination, and potential transmission, respectively. Of 69 Sa. cyaneus that fed, ZIKV was detected in only one, in all body compartments, at 21 dpf. In contrast, at 14 dpf 100% of 20 Ae. aegypti that fed on mice at 2 dpi were infected and 70% had virus in saliva. These data demonstrate that Sa. cyaneus is a competent vector for ZIKV, albeit much less competent than Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K Karna
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Sasha R Azar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Rumei Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Immo A Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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61
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An Update on Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030066. [PMID: 30081445 PMCID: PMC6161238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the arthropod-borne flaviviruses (arboviruses) which are mainly transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. ZIKV infection has been known to be rather asymptomatic or presented as febrile self-limited disease; however, during the last decade the manifestation of ZIKV infection has been associated with a variety of neuroimmunological disorders including Guillain–Barré syndrome, microcephaly and other central nervous system abnormalities. More recently, there is accumulating evidence about sexual transmission of ZIKV, a trait that has never been observed in any other mosquito-borne flavivirus before. This article reviews the latest information regarding the latter and emerging role of ZIKV, focusing on the consequences of ZIKV infection on the male reproductive system and the epidemiology of human-to-human sexual transmission.
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62
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Weaver SC. Prediction and prevention of urban arbovirus epidemics: A challenge for the global virology community. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:80-84. [PMID: 29906475 PMCID: PMC6082388 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus in tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere took arbovirologists and public health officials by surprise, and the earlier transfers of West Nile and chikungunya viruses from the Old to the New World were also unexpected. These pandemics underscore the increasing threat of zoonotic arboviruses, especially those that are capable of entering into human-amplified, urban transmission cycles transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and sometimes other Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes. This review serves as an introduction to a World Health Organization-sponsored conference to be held on June 18-19, 2018 in Geneva, titled "From obscurity to urban epidemics: what are the next urban arboviruses?" It is intended to set the stage and fuel discussions of future urban arbovirus threats, how we can predict these risks from known and unknown viruses, and what factors may change these risks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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63
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Abstract
Why certain viruses cross the physical barrier of the human placenta but others do not is incompletely understood. Over the past 20 years, we have gained deeper knowledge of intrauterine infection and routes of viral transmission. This review focuses on human viruses that replicate in the placenta, infect the fetus, and cause birth defects, including rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and hepatitis E virus type 1. Detailed discussions include ( a) the architecture of the uterine-placental interface, ( b) studies of placental explants ex vivo that provide insights into the infection and spread of CMV and ZIKV to the fetal compartment and how these viruses undermine early development, and ( c) novel treatments and vaccines that limit viral replication and have the potential to reduce dissemination, vertical transmission and the occurrence of congenital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
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64
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Beaver JT, Lelutiu N, Habib R, Skountzou I. Evolution of Two Major Zika Virus Lineages: Implications for Pathology, Immune Response, and Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1640. [PMID: 30072993 PMCID: PMC6058022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a public health emergency of global concern in 2015 due to its rapid expansion from French Polynesia to Brazil, spreading quickly throughout the Americas. Its unexpected correlation to neurological impairments and defects, now known as congenital Zika syndrome, brought on an urgency to characterize the pathology and develop safe, effective vaccines. ZIKV genetic analyses have identified two major lineages, Asian and African, which have undergone substantial changes during the past 50 years. Although ZIKV infections have been circulating throughout Africa and Asia for the later part of the 20th century, the symptoms were mild and not associated with serious pathology until now. ZIKV evolution also took the form of novel modes of transmission, including maternal-fetal transmission, sexual transmission, and transmission through the eye. The African and Asian lineages have demonstrated differential pathogenesis and molecular responses in vitro and in vivo. The limited number of human infections prior to the 21st century restricted ZIKV research to in vitro studies, but current animal studies utilize mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) signaling in order to invoke enhanced viral pathogenesis. This review examines ZIKV strain differences from an evolutionary perspective, discussing how these differentially impact pathogenesis via host immune responses that modulate IFN signaling, and how these differential effects dictate the future of ZIKV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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65
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Tsai WY, Youn HH, Tyson J, Brites C, Tsai JJ, Pedroso C, Drexler JF, Balmaseda A, Harris E, Wang WK. Use of Urea Wash ELISA to Distinguish Zika and Dengue Virus Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1355-1359. [PMID: 29912689 PMCID: PMC6038735 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.171170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic testing remains crucial for Zika virus diagnosis. We found that urea wash in a Zika virus nonstructural protein 1 IgG ELISA distinguishes secondary dengue virus infection from Zika virus infection with previous dengue (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 93.8%). This test will aid serodiagnosis, serosurveillance, and monitoring of Zika complications in dengue-endemic regions.
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66
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Fink SL, Vojtech L, Wagoner J, Slivinski NSJ, Jackson KJ, Wang R, Khadka S, Luthra P, Basler CF, Polyak SJ. The Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Zika Virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8989. [PMID: 29895962 PMCID: PMC5997637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many emerging and re-emerging globally prevalent viruses for which there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral medicines. Arbidol (ARB, umifenovir), used clinically for decades in several countries as an anti-influenza virus drug, inhibits many other viruses. In the current study, we show that ARB inhibits six different isolates of Zika virus (ZIKV), including African and Asian lineage viruses in multiple cell lines and primary human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells. ARB protects against ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects. Time of addition studies indicate that ARB is most effective at suppressing ZIKV when added to cells prior to infection. Moreover, ARB inhibits pseudoviruses expressing the ZIKV Envelope glycoprotein. Thus, ARB, a broadly acting anti-viral agent with a well-established safety profile, inhibits ZIKV, likely by blocking viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natalie S J Slivinski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Konner J Jackson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sudip Khadka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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67
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Fontes-Garfias CR, Shan C, Luo H, Muruato AE, Medeiros DBA, Mays E, Xie X, Zou J, Roundy CM, Wakamiya M, Rossi SL, Wang T, Weaver SC, Shi PY. Functional Analysis of Glycosylation of Zika Virus Envelope Protein. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1180-1190. [PMID: 29091758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes devastating congenital abnormities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The ZIKV envelope (E) protein is responsible for viral entry and represents a major determinant for viral pathogenesis. Like other flaviviruses, the ZIKV E protein is glycosylated at amino acid N154. To study the function of E glycosylation, we generated a recombinant N154Q ZIKV that lacks the E glycosylation and analyzed the mutant virus in mammalian and mosquito hosts. In mouse models, the mutant was attenuated, as evidenced by lower viremia, decreased weight loss, and no mortality; however, knockout of E glycosylation did not significantly affect neurovirulence. Mice immunized with the mutant virus developed a robust neutralizing antibody response and were completely protected from wild-type ZIKV challenge. In mosquitoes, the mutant virus exhibited diminished oral infectivity for the Aedes aegypti vector. Collectively, the results demonstrate that E glycosylation is critical for ZIKV infection of mammalian and mosquito hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniele B A Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Mays
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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68
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Did Zika Virus Mutate to Cause Severe Outbreaks? Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:877-885. [PMID: 29903417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has challenged the assumed knowledge regarding the pathobiology of flaviviruses. Despite causing sporadic and mild disease in the 50 years since its discovery, Zika virus has now caused multiple outbreaks in dozens of countries worldwide. Moreover, the disease severity in recent outbreaks, with neurological disease in adult and devastating congenital malformations in fetuses, was not previously seen. One hypothesis is that the virus has acquired mutations that have increased its virulence. Indeed, mutations in other arboviruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), have enhanced outbreaks. This possibility, as well as alternative hypotheses, are explored here.
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69
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Wilder-Smith A, Vannice K, Durbin A, Hombach J, Thomas SJ, Thevarjan I, Simmons CP. Zika vaccines and therapeutics: landscape analysis and challenges ahead. BMC Med 2018; 16:84. [PMID: 29871628 PMCID: PMC5989336 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine candidates are currently in development. Nevertheless, unique challenges in clinical development and regulatory pathways may hinder the licensure of high-quality, safe, and effective ZIKV vaccines. DISCUSSION Implementing phase 3 efficacy trials will be difficult given the challenges of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ZIKV transmission, the unpredictability of ZIKV epidemics, the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations making a single definite endpoint difficult, a lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, and the need for inclusion of vulnerable target populations. In addition to a vaccine, drugs for primary prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis, or treatment should also be developed to prevent or mitigate the severity of congenital Zika syndrome. CONCLUSION Establishing the feasibility of immune correlates and/or surrogates are a priority. Given the challenges in conducting phase 3 trials at a time of waning incidence, human challenge trials should be considered to evaluate efficacy. Continued financial support and engagement of industry partners will be essential to the successful development, licensure, and accessibility of Zika vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joachim Hombach
- Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Irani Thevarjan
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Institute of Vector-borne Disease, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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70
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Hall-Mendelin S, Pyke AT, Moore PR, Ritchie SA, Moore FAJ, van den Hurk AF. Characterization of a Western Pacific Zika Virus Strain in Australian Aedes aegypti. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:317-322. [PMID: 29694294 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a globally emerging arbovirus responsible for widespread epidemics in the western Pacific, the Americas, and Asia. The virus predominately circulates in urban transmission cycles between Aedes aegypti and humans. Australia is considered at risk to outbreaks of ZIKV due to the presence of A. aegypti populations in northern areas of the state of Queensland. Furthermore, close proximity to epidemic regions has led to almost 50% of imported cases reported since 2012 originating in the Pacific region. We conducted the first vector competence experiments with A. aegypti from three Australian populations for a western Pacific strain of ZIKV. When exposed to bloodmeals containing between 105 and 108 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50/mL of virus, infection, dissemination, and transmission, rates were <10%. In comparison to using frozen virus stock, exposing mosquitoes to freshly cultured virus also did not increase infection or transmission rates. It was only when bloodmeal titers exceeded 108 TCID50/mL that infection rates approached 50% and transmission rates increased to >20%. However, this concentration of virus is considerably higher than levels previously reported in blood samples from viremic humans. The Australian A. aegypti tested appear to express a midgut barrier to ZIKV infection, as 50% of mosquitoes that became infected developed a disseminated infection, and 50% of those mosquitoes transmitted the virus. Overall, these results suggest that while Australian A. aegypti strains are able to transmit the western Pacific ZIKV strain, they are relatively inefficient vectors of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- 1 Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services , Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Alyssa T Pyke
- 1 Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services , Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Peter R Moore
- 1 Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services , Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- 2 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University , Cairns, Australia
| | - Frederick A J Moore
- 1 Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services , Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- 1 Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services , Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Australia
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71
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Barrows NJ, Campos RK, Liao KC, Prasanth KR, Soto-Acosta R, Yeh SC, Schott-Lerner G, Pompon J, Sessions OM, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4448-4482. [PMID: 29652486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a staggeringly high number of humans every year. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by mosquitos, and not surprisingly, as the earth warms and human populations grow and move, their geographic reach is increasing. Flaviviruses are simple RNA-protein machines that carry out protein synthesis, genome replication, and virion packaging in close association with cellular lipid membranes. In this review, we examine the molecular biology of flaviviruses touching on the structure and function of viral components and how these interact with host factors. The latter are functionally divided into pro-viral and antiviral factors, both of which, not surprisingly, include many RNA binding proteins. In the interface between the virus and the hosts we highlight the role of a noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses to impair antiviral host immune responses. Throughout the review, we highlight areas of intense investigation, or a need for it, and potential targets and tools to consider in the important battle against pathogenic flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Barrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Rafael K Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Shih-Chia Yeh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Geraldine Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier 34090 , France
| | - October M Sessions
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
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72
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Prow NA, Liu L, Nakayama E, Cooper TH, Yan K, Eldi P, Hazlewood JE, Tang B, Le TT, Setoh YX, Khromykh AA, Hobson-Peters J, Diener KR, Howley PM, Hayball JD, Suhrbier A. A vaccinia-based single vector construct multi-pathogen vaccine protects against both Zika and chikungunya viruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 29581442 PMCID: PMC5964325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika and chikungunya viruses have caused major epidemics and are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The “Sementis Copenhagen Vector” (SCV) system is a recently developed vaccinia-based, multiplication-defective, vaccine vector technology that allows manufacture in modified CHO cells. Herein we describe a single-vector construct SCV vaccine that encodes the structural polyprotein cassettes of both Zika and chikungunya viruses from different loci. A single vaccination of mice induces neutralizing antibodies to both viruses in wild-type and IFNAR−/− mice and protects against (i) chikungunya virus viremia and arthritis in wild-type mice, (ii) Zika virus viremia and fetal/placental infection in female IFNAR−/− mice, and (iii) Zika virus viremia and testes infection and pathology in male IFNAR−/− mice. To our knowledge this represents the first single-vector construct, multi-pathogen vaccine encoding large polyproteins, and offers both simplified manufacturing and formulation, and reduced “shot burden” for these often co-circulating arboviruses. Zika and chikungunya virus are co-circulating in many regions and currently there is no approved vaccine for either virus. Here, the authors engineer one vaccinia virus based vaccine for both, Zika and chikungunya, and show protection from infection and pathogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, 4029 and 4072, Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | | | - Bing Tang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, 4029 and 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | | | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, 4029 and 4072, Australia.
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73
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Sariol CA, Nogueira ML, Vasilakis N. A Tale of Two Viruses: Does Heterologous Flavivirus Immunity Enhance Zika Disease? Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:186-190. [PMID: 29122447 PMCID: PMC6530781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rise of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its unusual clinical manifestations provided ground for speculative debate. The clinical severity of secondary dengue virus (DENV) infections is associated with antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and it was recently suggested that previous exposure to DENV may worsen ZIKV clinical outcomes. In this Opinion article we analyze the relationship among different flaviviruses and ADE. We discuss new evidence obtained in non-human primates and human cohorts demonstrating that there is no correlation to ADE when ZIKV infection occurs in the presence of pre-existing DENV immunity. We propose a redefinition of ADE in the context of complex immunological flavivirus interactions to provide a more objective perspective when translating in vitro or in vivo observations into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA; Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | | | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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74
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Haiku: New paradigm for the reverse genetics of emerging RNA viruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193069. [PMID: 29438402 PMCID: PMC5811033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetics is key technology for producing wild-type and genetically modified viruses. The ISA (Infectious Subgenomic Amplicons) method is a recent versatile and user-friendly reverse genetics method to rescue RNA viruses. The main constraint of its canonic protocol was the requirement to produce (e.g., by DNA synthesis or fusion PCR) 5' and 3' modified genomic fragments encompassing the human cytomegalovirus promoter (pCMV) and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme/simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal (HDR/SV40pA), respectively. Here, we propose the ultimately simplified "Haiku" designs in which terminal pCMV and HDR/SV40pA sequences are provided as additional separate DNA amplicons. This improved procedure was successfully applied to the rescue of a wide range of viruses belonging to genera Flavivirus, Alphavirus and Enterovirus in mosquito or mammalian cells using only standard PCR amplification techniques and starting from a variety of original materials including viral RNAs extracted from cell supernatant media or animal samples. We also demonstrate that, in specific experimental conditions, the presence of the HDR/SV40pA is not necessary to rescue the targeted viruses. These ultimately simplified "Haiku" designs provide an even more simple, rapid, versatile and cost-effective tool to rescue RNA viruses since only generation of overlapping amplicons encompassing the entire viral genome is now required to generate infectious virus. This new approach may completely modify our capacity to obtain infectious RNA viruses.
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Abstract
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 40 GVN Centers of Excellence and 6 Affiliate laboratories in 24 countries. The 2017 meeting was held from September 25–27 in Melbourne, Australia, and was hosted by the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Institut Pasteur. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including the recent Zika epidemic, infections by human papillomavirus, influenza, HIV, hepatitis C, HTLV-1, and chikungunya viruses, and new and emerging viruses in the Australasia region. Plans for the 2018 meeting also are noted. The GVN is an international research network comprised of 40 Centers of Excellence and 6 Affiliates in 24 countries. The 2017 Global Virus Network (GVN) Meeting was held in Melbourne, Australia from September 25–27. New data were presented on various aspects of medical virology, therapies, and emerging viruses in the Australasia region. International collaboration is critical to developing new and effective viral vaccines and therapeutics. The 2018 international GVN meeting will be held on November 28–30 in Annecy, France.
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76
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Basu R, Zhai L, Contreras A, Tumban E. Immunization with phage virus-like particles displaying Zika virus potential B-cell epitopes neutralizes Zika virus infection of monkey kidney cells. Vaccine 2018; 36:1256-1264. [PMID: 29395533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has re-emerged and is associated with many debilitating clinical manifestations. Research is currently being conducted to develop a prophylactic vaccine against the virus; however, there has not been any licensed ZIKV vaccine. Recent studies have identified potential B-cell epitopes (amino acids 241-259, 294-315, 317-327, 346-361, 377-388 and 421-437) on the envelope protein of ZIKV, which could be explored to develop peptide vaccines against ZIKV infection. Nevertheless, the immunogenicity of these epitopes has never been assessed. Here, we displayed these epitopes on highly immunogenic bacteriophage virus-like particles (VLPs; MS2, PP7 and Qβ) platforms and assessed their immunogenicity in mice. Mice immunized with a mixture of VLPs displaying ZIKV envelope B-cell epitopes elicited anti-ZIKV antibodies. Although, immunized mice were not protected against a high challenge dose of ZIKV, sera - albeit at low titers - from immunized mice neutralized (in vitro) a low dose of ZIKV. Taken together, these results show that these epitopes are B-cell epitopes and they are immunogenic when displayed on a Qβ VLP platform. Furthermore, the results also show that immunization with VLPs displaying a single B-cell epitope minimally reduces ZIKV infection whereas immunization with a mixture of VLPs displaying a combination of the B-cell epitopes neutralizes ZIKV infection. Thus, immunization with a mixture of VLPs displaying multiple ZIKV B-cell epitopes is a good strategy to enhance ZIKV neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsa Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Lukai Zhai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Alice Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ebenezer Tumban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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77
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Devillers J. Repurposing drugs for use against Zika virus infection. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:103-115. [PMID: 29299939 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1411642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus for which there are no vaccines or specific therapeutics. To find drugs active on the virus is a complex, expensive and time-consuming process. The prospect of drug repurposing, which consists of finding new indications for existing drugs, is an interesting alternative to expedite drug development for specific diseases. In theory, drug repurposing is also able to respond much more rapidly to a crisis than a classical drug discovery process. Consequently, the methodology is attractive for vector-borne diseases that can emerge or re-emerge worldwide with the risk to become pandemic quickly. Different drugs, showing various structures, have been repurposed to be used against ZIKV infection. They are reviewed in this study and the conditions for their potential use in practice are discussed.
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78
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Zmurko J, Vasey DB, Donald CL, Armstrong AA, McKee ML, Kohl A, Clayton RF. Mitigating the risk of Zika virus contamination of raw materials and cell lines in the manufacture of biologicals. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:219-229. [PMID: 29239715 PMCID: PMC5882083 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the virological safety of biologicals is challenging due to the risk of viral contamination of raw materials and cell banks, and exposure during in-process handling to known and/or emerging viral pathogens. Viruses may contaminate raw materials and biologicals intended for human or veterinary use and remain undetected until appropriate testing measures are employed. The outbreak and expansive spread of the mosquito-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) poses challenges to screening human- and animal -derived products used in the manufacture of biologicals. Here, we report the results of an in vitro study where detector cell lines were challenged with African and Asian lineages of ZIKV. We demonstrate that this pathogen is robustly detectable by in vitro assay, thereby providing assurance of detection of ZIKV, and in turn underpinning the robustness of in vitro virology assays in safety testing of biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zmurko
- Merck KGaA, BioReliance® Services, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 OXA, UK
| | - Douglas B. Vasey
- Merck KGaA, BioReliance® Services, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 OXA, UK
| | - Claire L. Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alison A. Armstrong
- Merck KGaA, BioReliance® Services, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 OXA, UK
| | - Marian L. McKee
- Merck KGaA, BioReliance® Services, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 OXA, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Reginald F. Clayton
- Merck KGaA, BioReliance® Services, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 OXA, UK
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79
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Miller LJ, Nasar F, Schellhase CW, Norris SL, Kimmel AE, Valdez SM, Wollen-Roberts SE, Shamblin JD, Sprague TR, Lugo-Roman LA, Jarman RG, Yoon IK, Alera MT, Bavari S, Pitt MLM, Haddow AD. Zika Virus Infection in Syrian Golden Hamsters and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:864-867. [PMID: 29405107 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate potential immunocompetent small animal models of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we inoculated Syrian golden hamsters (subcutaneously or intraperitoneally) and strain 13 guinea pigs (intraperitoneally) with Senegalese ZIKV strain ArD 41525 or Philippines ZIKV strain CPC-0740. We did not detect viremia in hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with either virus strain, although some hamsters developed virus neutralizing antibodies. However, we detected statistically significant higher viremias (P = 0.0285) and a higher median neutralization titer (P = 0.0163) in hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally with strain ArD 41525 compared with strain CPC-0740. Furthermore, some hamsters inoculated with strain ArD 41525 displayed mild signs of disease. By contrast, strain 13 guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with either strain did not have detectable viremias and less than half developed virus neutralizing antibodies. Our results support the use of the Syrian golden hamster intraperitoneal model to explore phenotypic variation between ZIKV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J Miller
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Veterinary Medicine Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Farooq Nasar
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christopher W Schellhase
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Pathology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Sarah L Norris
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Biostatistics Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Adrienne E Kimmel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Stephanie M Valdez
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Wollen-Roberts
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Thomas R Sprague
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Luis A Lugo-Roman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Veterinary Medicine Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Virology Division, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria T Alera
- Philippines-AFRIMS Virology Research Unit (PARVU), Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - M Louise M Pitt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Virology Division, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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80
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Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, Cruz OG, Honório NA, Kuper H, Carvalho MS. The Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil: From Discovery to Future Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E96. [PMID: 29315224 PMCID: PMC5800195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first confirmed case of Zika virus infection in the Americas was reported in Northeast Brazil in May 2015, although phylogenetic studies indicate virus introduction as early as 2013. Zika rapidly spread across Brazil and to more than 50 other countries and territories on the American continent. The Aedesaegypti mosquito is thought to be the principal vector responsible for the widespread transmission of the virus. However, sexual transmission has also been reported. The explosively emerging epidemic has had diverse impacts on population health, coinciding with cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome and an unexpected epidemic of newborns with microcephaly and other neurological impairments. This led to Brazil declaring a national public health emergency in November 2015, followed by a similar decision by the World Health Organization three months later. While dengue virus serotypes took several decades to spread across Brazil, the Zika virus epidemic diffused within months, extending beyond the area of permanent dengue transmission, which is bound by a climatic barrier in the south and low population density areas in the north. This rapid spread was probably due to a combination of factors, including a massive susceptible population, climatic conditions conducive for the mosquito vector, alternative non-vector transmission, and a highly mobile population. The epidemic has since subsided, but many unanswered questions remain. In this article, we provide an overview of the discovery of Zika virus in Brazil, including its emergence and spread, epidemiological surveillance, vector and non-vector transmission routes, clinical complications, and socio-economic impacts. We discuss gaps in the knowledge and the challenges ahead to anticipate, prevent, and control emerging and re-emerging epidemics of arboviruses in Brazil and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lowe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Christovam Barcellos
- Institute of Health Communication and Information, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Oswaldo G Cruz
- Scientific Computation Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Nildimar Alves Honório
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores-Nosmove/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Marilia Sá Carvalho
- Scientific Computation Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
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81
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Schmitt K, Charlins P, Veselinovic M, Kinner-Bibeau L, Hu S, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Olson KE, Aboellail T, Akkina R. Zika viral infection and neutralizing human antibody response in a BLT humanized mouse model. Virology 2018; 515:235-242. [PMID: 29310105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many murine and non-human primate animal models have been recently developed to understand Zika viral pathogenesis. However, a major limitation with these models is the inability to directly examine the human-specific immune response. Here, we utilized a BLT humanized mouse model endowed with a transplanted human immune system. Plasma viremia could be detected within 48h after viral challenge and viremia persisted for as long as 220 days in some mice. Neutralizing human antibody was detected in infected mice and mouse sera showed reactivity with the viral envelope and capsid proteins in a radio-immunoprecipitation assay. Human monocytes/macrophages, B cells and hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow were found to be virus infected. These data establish that BLT mice are permissive for Zika viral infection and are capable of generating viral-specific human immune responses thus providing a human surrogate model for future testing of vaccine and antiviral therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paige Charlins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Milena Veselinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren Kinner-Bibeau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shuang Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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82
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How Do Virus-Mosquito Interactions Lead to Viral Emergence? Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:310-321. [PMID: 29305089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses such as West Nile, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and yellow fever viruses have become highly significant global pathogens through unexpected, explosive outbreaks. While the rapid progression and frequency of recent arbovirus outbreaks is associated with long-term changes in human behavior (globalization, urbanization, climate change), there are direct mosquito-virus interactions which drive shifts in host range and alter virus transmission. This review summarizes how virus-mosquito interactions are critical for these viruses to become global pathogens at molecular, physiological, evolutionary, and epidemiological scales. Integrated proactive approaches are required in order to effectively manage the emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses, which appears likely to continue into the indefinite future.
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83
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The Structure of the Zika Virus Protease, NS2B/NS3pro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:131-145. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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84
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Pattnaik A, Palermo N, Sahoo BR, Yuan Z, Hu D, Annamalai AS, Vu HLX, Correas I, Prathipati PK, Destache CJ, Li Q, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK, Xiang SH. Discovery of a non-nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitor for blocking Zika virus replication through in silico screening. Antiviral Res 2017; 151:78-86. [PMID: 29274845 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arbovirus, has become a major human health concern globally due to its association with congenital abnormalities and neurological diseases. Licensed vaccines or antivirals against ZIKV are currently unavailable. Here, by employing a structure-based approach targeting the ZIKV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), we conducted in silico screening of a library of 100,000 small molecules and tested the top ten lead compounds for their ability to inhibit the virus replication in cell-based in vitro assays. One compound, 3-chloro-N-[({4-[4-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenyl}amino)carbonothioyl]-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide (TPB), potently inhibited ZIKV replication at sub-micromolar concentrations. Molecular docking analysis suggests that TPB binds to the catalytic active site of the RdRp and therefore likely blocks the viral RNA synthesis by an allosteric effect. The IC50 and the CC50 of TPB in Vero cells were 94 nM and 19.4 μM, respectively, yielding a high selective index of 206. In in vivo studies using immunocompetent mice, TPB reduced ZIKV viremia significantly, indicating TPB as a potential drug candidate for ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | | | - Bikash R Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Duoyi Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Arun S Annamalai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Correas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Destache
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fernando A Osorio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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85
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Zika virus: An emerging infectious disease with serious perinatal and neurologic complications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:482-490. [PMID: 29273403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector also important in transmission of the flaviviruses responsible for dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Because of occurrence in the same geographic regions, serologic cross-reactivity, and similar but often less severe clinical manifestations, such as dengue and chikungunya infections, ZIKV infection likely has gone undetected, misdiagnosed, or both for many years. ZIKV is somewhat unique among flaviviruses in its ability to also be transmitted through sexual contact, nonsexual body fluids, and perinatally. The relatively recent detection of the link between ZIKV infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal neurological defects, including microcephaly, has prompted intense efforts aimed at the development of new and specific diagnostic tests. Infection with ZIKV has been postulated to lead to a more severe clinical course from other structurally related viruses, especially dengue, and vice versa because of a phenomenon termed antibody-dependent enhancement. Inactivated whole virus, DNA, RNA, and vectored vaccine approaches to prevent ZIKV infection are in development, as are treatments for active disease that are safe in pregnant women. Here we summarize the important epidemiologic and clinical features of ZIKV infection, as well as the progress and challenges in developing rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests and vaccines to prevent disease. We used electronic databases to identify relevant published data regarding ZIKV MeSH searches.
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86
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause devastating congenital abnormities or fetal demise. Zika virus infection could also cause Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Mosquito control, vaccine, and therapeutics are 3 potential, effective means to prevent ZIKV infection. Here we review the current status of ZIKV drug discovery. Both small molecule inhibitors and therapeutic antibodies have been identified, some of which have shown promising efficacy in mouse models. Most inhibitors were identified through screening US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and clinical trial compounds; however, none of them were potent enough to justify a ZIKV clinical trial. Such a repurposing approach has also been pursued for dengue therapy, with several compounds tested in clinical trials showing no clinical benefits. Because pregnant women are the main target population for ZIKV treatment, therapeutic candidates could be developed through a 2-stage path. The first stage should demonstrate safety and efficacy in nonpregnant patients. Once efficacy has been demonstrated in nonpregnant patients, the candidates should be rapidly advanced to stage 2 for safety and efficacy evaluation in pregnant patients. The 2-stage developmental path is supported by previous results from trials with other viral infections that showed that treatment of pregnant women with antiviral drugs or hyperimmunoglobulins significantly reduced congenital abnormalities in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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87
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Campos SS, Fernandes RS, Dos Santos AAC, de Miranda RM, Telleria EL, Ferreira-de-Brito A, de Castro MG, Failloux AB, Bonaldo MC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Zika virus can be venereally transmitted between Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:605. [PMID: 29246237 PMCID: PMC5731190 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative transmission routes have been described for Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we assessed for the first time the venereal transmission of ZIKV between Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. Results Orally-infected mosquito females were able to transmit the virus to males venereally, and males inoculated intrathoracically were capable of infecting females during mating. The genome of venereally-transmitted virus recovered from males was identical to that of ZIKV ingested by mated females. Conclusion We conclude that venereal transmission between Aedes mosquitoes might contribute to Zika virus maintenance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Silva Campos
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosilainy Surubi Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erich Loza Telleria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitos e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Minodier P. Zika en pédiatrie : que retenir ? Arch Pediatr 2017; 24 Suppl 3:S5-S8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(18)30037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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89
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Kalkeri R, Murthy KK. Zika virus reservoirs: Implications for transmission, future outbreaks, drug and vaccine development. F1000Res 2017; 6:1850. [PMID: 29225778 PMCID: PMC5710464 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12695.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was recently declared as a 'Global Health Emergency' by the World Health Organization. Various tissue reservoirs of ZIKV in infected humans and animals models have been observed, the implications of which are not known. Compared to other Flaviviruses, sexual transmission and persistence in the genitourinary tract seem to be unique to ZIKV. ZIKV persistence and shedding in bodily secretions (e.g. saliva, semen) is a concern for potential disease spread and could pose challenges in diagnosis, regulatory guidelines and drug/vaccine development. Murine and non-human primate models could be useful to study the role of tissue reservoirs in the development of prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. There is a need for meta-analysis of the ZIKV infection and virus shedding data from infected patients and ZIKV animal models, and additional research is needed to fully comprehend the long term implications of tissue reservoirs on ZIKV disease pathogenesis and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kalkeri
- Infectious Diseases Research, Southern Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
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90
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van den Hurk AF, Hall-Mendelin S, Jansen CC, Higgs S. Zika virus and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: a tenuous link. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1014-1016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aldunate F, Gámbaro F, Fajardo A, Soñora M, Cristina J. Evidence of increasing diversification of Zika virus strains isolated in the American continent. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2059-2063. [PMID: 28792064 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae. ZIKV emerged in Brazil in 2015, causing an unprecedented epidemic and since then the virus has rapidly spread throughout the Americas. These facts highlight the need of detailed phylogenetic studies to understand the emergence, spread, and evolution of ZIKV populations. For these reasons, a Bayesian coalescent Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis of complete genome sequences of ZIKV strains recently isolated in the American continent was performed. The results of these studies revealed an increasing diversification of ZIKV strains in different genetic lineages and co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages in several countries in the region. The time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was established to be around February 20, 2014 for ZIKV strains circulating in the American region. A mean rate of evolution of 1.55 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year was obtained for ZIKV strains included in this study. A Bayesian skyline plot indicate a sharp increase in population size from February 2014 to July 2015 and a decline during 2016. These results are discussed in terms of the emergence and evolution of ZIKV populations in the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Aldunate
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Gámbaro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro Fajardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Soñora
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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92
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Huits R, De Smet B, Ariën KK, Van Esbroeck M, Bottieau E, Cnops L. Zika virus in semen: a prospective cohort study of symptomatic travellers returning to Belgium. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95:802-809. [PMID: 29200521 PMCID: PMC5710082 DOI: 10.2471/blt.17.181370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prospectively monitor Zika viral loads in semen from Belgian travellers with confirmed Zika virus infection, who returned from the Americas during the 2016 Zika virus epidemic. Methods We recruited symptomatic travellers consulting our clinic and we confirmed infection with either reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or virus neutralization test. The participants produced semen samples weekly, either at the clinic or at home. For the initial sample, the laboratory staff did a microscopy analysis if they received the sample within an hour of production. Using RT–PCR, we monitored Zika virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) loads in semen until we obtained two negative results. Findings We detected Zika virus RNA in nine of 15 participants’ semen, one of whom was vasectomized. The median time to loss of RNA detection in semen was 83 days after symptom onset (95% confidence interval, CI: 57−108). The longest duration of viral shedding in semen before obtaining the first negative RT–PCR result was 144 days after symptom onset. All of the 11 participants, for whom we microscopically analysed their semen, had presence of leukocytes, 10 showed haematospermia and six showed oligospermia. These abnormalities occurred irrespective of Zika virus detection in semen. Conclusion The majority of men in our study had detectable Zika virus RNA in their semen. We recommend that semen from Zika virus-infected men should be analysed with RT–PCR and that health professionals should advise infected men, even if they are vasectomized, about current recommendations for prevention of sexual transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43/3, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43/3, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43/3, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43/3, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43/3, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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