51
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Ramachandra Rao S, Skelton LA, Wu F, Onysk A, Spolnik G, Danikiewicz W, Butler MC, Stacks DA, Surmacz L, Mu X, Swiezewska E, Pittler SJ, Fliesler SJ. Retinal Degeneration Caused by Rod-Specific Dhdds Ablation Occurs without Concomitant Inhibition of Protein N-Glycosylation. iScience 2020; 23:101198. [PMID: 32526701 PMCID: PMC7287266 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) catalyzes the committed step in dolichol synthesis. Recessive mutations in DHDDS cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP59), resulting in blindness. We hypothesized that rod photoreceptor-specific ablation of Dhdds would cause retinal degeneration due to diminished dolichol-dependent protein N-glycosylation. Dhddsflx/flx mice were crossed with rod-specific Cre recombinase-expressing (Rho-iCre75) mice to generate rod-specific Dhdds knockout mice (Dhddsflx/flx iCre+). In vivo morphological and electrophysiological evaluation of Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ retinas revealed mild retinal dysfunction at postnatal (PN) 4 weeks, compared with age-matched controls; however, rapid photoreceptor degeneration ensued, resulting in almost complete loss of rods and cones by PN 6 weeks. Retina dolichol levels were markedly decreased by PN 4 weeks in Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ mice, relative to controls; despite this, N-glycosylation of retinal proteins, including opsin (the dominant rod-specific glycoprotein), persisted in Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ mice. These findings challenge the conventional mechanistic view of RP59 as a congenital disorder of glycosylation. Deletion of Dhdds in rod cells caused rapid retinal degeneration in mice Retinal dolichol levels markedly decreased before onset of degeneration Protein N-glycosylation was uncompromised despite Dhdds deletion Degeneration also involved gliosis, microglial activation, and phagoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 142015, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Lara A Skelton
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 142015, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Agnieszka Onysk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02106, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02106, Poland
| | - Mark C Butler
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 142015, USA
| | - Delores A Stacks
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Vision Science Research Center, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steven J Pittler
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Vision Science Research Center, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 142015, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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52
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SRD5A3 defective congenital disorder of glycosylation: clinical utility gene card. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1297-1300. [PMID: 32424323 PMCID: PMC7609305 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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53
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Baran NM, Streelman JT. Ecotype differences in aggression, neural activity and behaviorally relevant gene expression in cichlid fish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12657. [PMID: 32323443 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Lake Malawi, two ecologically distinct lineages of cichlid fishes (rock- vs sand-dwelling ecotypes, each comprised of over 200 species) evolved within the last million years. The rock-dwelling species (Mbuna) are aggressively territorial year-round and males court and spawn with females over rocky substrate. In contrast, males of sand-dwelling species are not territorial and instead aggregate on seasonal breeding leks in which males construct courtship "bowers" in the sand. However, little is known about how phenotypic variation in aggression is produced by the genome. In this study, we first quantify and compare behavior in seven cichlid species, demonstrating substantial ecotype and species differences in unconditioned mirror-elicited aggression. Second, we compare neural activity in mirror-elicited aggression in two representative species, Mchenga conophoros (sand-dwelling) and Petrotilapia chitimba (rock-dwelling). Finally, we compare gene expression patterns between these two species, specifically within neurons activated during mirror aggression. We identified a large number of genes showing differential expression in mirror-elicited aggression, as well as many genes that differ between ecotypes. These genes, which may underly species differences in behavior, include several neuropeptides, genes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and neurotransmitter activity. This work lays the foundation for future experiments using this emerging genetic model system to investigate the genomic basis of evolved species differences in both brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Baran
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Todd Streelman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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54
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Robitaille J, Langlois VS. Consequences of steroid-5α-reductase deficiency and inhibition in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113400. [PMID: 31981690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1974, a lack of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), the most potent androgen across species except for fish, was shown to be the origin of a type of pseudohermaphrodism in which boys have female-like external genitalia. This human intersex condition is linked to a mutation in the steroid-5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5α2) gene, which usually produces an important enzyme capable of reducing the Δ4-ene of steroid C-19 and C-21 into a 5α-stereoisomer. Seeing the potential of SRD5α2 as a target for androgen synthesis, pharmaceutical companies developed 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs), such as finasteride (FIN) and dutasteride (DUT) to target SRD5α2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia. In addition to human treatment, the development of 5ARIs also enabled further research of SRD5α functions. Therefore, this review details the morphological, physiological, and molecular effects of the lack of SRD5α activity induced by both SRD5α mutations and inhibitor exposures across species. More specifically, data highlights 1) the role of 5α-DHT in the development of male secondary sexual organs in vertebrates and sex determination in non-mammalian vertebrates, 2) the role of SRD5α1 in the synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), which are involved in anxiety and sexual behavior, respectively, and 3) the role of SRD5α3 in N-glycosylation. This review also features the lesser known functions of SRD5αs in steroid degradation in the uterus during pregnancy and glucocorticoid clearance in the liver. Additionally, the review describes the regulation of SRD5αs by the receptors of androgens, progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones, as well as their differential DNA methylation. Factors known to be involved in their differential methylation are age, inflammation, and mental stimulation. Overall, this review helps shed light on the various essential functions of SRD5αs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Robitaille
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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55
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Zhang WF, Li T, Lin SX. Meta-Analysis of steroid-converting enzymes and related receptors in prostate cancer suggesting novel combined therapies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105559. [PMID: 31783154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for prostate cancer (PC) progression and treatment. Experiments have demonstrated that the intratumoral androgen levels are not affected by circulating androgen levels, but rather modulated by local steroid-converting enzyme activities. The expression modulation status of human steroid-converting enzymes and nuclear receptors are of great promise to identify novel therapeutic targets. Meta-analysis was performed with 9 cohorts (1093 specimens) from Gene Expression Omnibus, 16 cohorts (933 specimens) from Oncomine and the TCGA cohort (550 specimens). We found significant up regulation of 5α-reductase type 1 and type 3 in both primary and metastatic PC, together with the down regulation of AKR1C2 in primary PC, contributing to the high intratumoral DHT levels. The expression of AR in metastatic PC was up regulated, indicating the importance of AR signaling in the progression of this cancer. The down regulations of HSD11B1 and NR3C1 in primary and metastatic PC may diminish the anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation effects of glucocorticoids signaling. Furthermore, the decrease of progesterone receptor (PGR) expression in primary and metastatic PC was also observed, relieving the suppression effect of PGR on PC proliferation. The clinical evidences of the remarkable expression modulation of steroid-converting enzymes and receptors in PC may indicate novel combined treatment against this highly incident cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fa Zhang
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Tang Li
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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56
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Falvo E, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Physiopathological role of the enzymatic complex 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in the generation of progesterone and testosterone neuroactive metabolites. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100836. [PMID: 32217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic complex 5α-reductase (5α-R) and 3α/3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (HSOR) is expressed in the nervous system, where it transforms progesterone (PROG) and testosterone (T) into neuroactive metabolites. These metabolites regulate myelination, brain maturation, neurotransmission, reproductive behavior and the stress response. The expression of 5α-R and 3α-HSOR and the levels of PROG and T reduced metabolites show regional and sex differences in the nervous system and are affected by changing physiological conditions as well as by neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. A decrease in their nervous tissue levels may negatively impact the course and outcome of some pathological events. However, in other pathological conditions their increased levels may have a negative impact. Thus, the use of synthetic analogues of these steroids or 5α-R modulation have been proposed as therapeutic approaches for several nervous system pathologies. However, further research is needed to fully understand the consequences of these manipulations, in particular with 5α-R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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57
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Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), principally comprising cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is an industrially important natural hydrocarbon polymer because of its unique physical properties, which render it suitable for manufacturing items such as tires. Presently, industrial NR production depends solely on latex obtained from the Pará rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In latex, NR is enclosed in rubber particles, which are specialized organelles comprising a hydrophobic NR core surrounded by a lipid monolayer and membrane-bound proteins. The similarity of the basic carbon skeleton structure between NR and dolichols and polyprenols, which are found in most organisms, suggests that the NR biosynthetic pathway is related to the polyisoprenoid biosynthetic pathway and that rubber transferase, which is the key enzyme in NR biosynthesis, belongs to the cis-prenyltransferase family. Here, we review recent progress in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying NR biosynthesis through the identification of the enzymes that are responsible for the formation of the NR backbone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
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58
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Froukh T, Nafie O, Al Hait SAS, Laugwitz L, Sommerfeld J, Sturm M, Baraghiti A, Issa T, Al-Nazer A, Koch PA, Hanselmann J, Kootz B, Bauer P, Al-Ameri W, Abou Jamra R, Alfrook AJ, Hamadallah M, Sofan L, Riess A, Haack TB, Riess O, Buchert R. Genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders in 103 Jordanian families. Clin Genet 2020; 97:621-627. [PMID: 32056211 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We recruited 103 families from Jordan with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) and patterns of inheritance mostly suggestive of autosomal recessive inheritance. In each family, we investigated at least one affected individual using exome sequencing and an in-house diagnostic variant interpretation pipeline including a search for copy number variation. This approach led us to identify the likely molecular defect in established disease genes in 37 families. We could identify 25 pathogenic nonsense and 11 missense variants as well as 3 pathogenic copy number variants and 1 repeat expansion. Notably, 11 of the disease-causal variants occurred de novo. In addition, we prioritized a homozygous frameshift variant in PUS3 in two sisters with intellectual disability. To our knowledge, PUS3 has been postulated only recently as a candidate disease gene for intellectual disability in a single family with three affected siblings. Our findings provide additional evidence to establish loss of PUS3 function as a cause of intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfiq Froukh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Omar Nafie
- Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak, Jordan
| | | | - Lucia Laugwitz
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Sommerfeld
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aya Baraghiti
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tala Issa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Anis Al-Nazer
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Philipp A Koch
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hanselmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Beate Kootz
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Linda Sofan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Angelika Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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59
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George A, Cogliati T, Brooks BP. Genetics of syndromic ocular coloboma: CHARGE and COACH syndromes. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107940. [PMID: 32032630 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optic fissure closure defects result in uveal coloboma, a potentially blinding condition affecting between 0.5 and 2.6 per 10,000 births that may cause up to 10% of childhood blindness. Uveal coloboma is on a phenotypic continuum with microphthalmia (small eye) and anophthalmia (primordial/no ocular tissue), the so-called MAC spectrum. This review gives a brief overview of the developmental biology behind coloboma and its clinical presentation/spectrum. Special attention will be given to two prominent, syndromic forms of coloboma, namely, CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defect, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, and Ear anomalies/deafness) and COACH (Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, Oligophrenia, Ataxia, Coloboma, and Hepatic fibrosis) syndromes. Approaches employed to identify genes involved in optic fissure closure in animal models and recent advances in live imaging of zebrafish eye development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman George
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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60
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Beaudin M, Matilla-Dueñas A, Soong BW, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG, Mitoma H, Tsuji S, Schmahmann JD, Manto M, Rouleau GA, Klein C, Dupre N. The Classification of Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias: a Consensus Statement from the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias Task Force. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1098-1125. [PMID: 31267374 PMCID: PMC6867988 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no accepted classification of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, a group of disorders characterized by important genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. The objective of this task force was to build a consensus on the classification of autosomal recessive ataxias in order to develop a general approach to a patient presenting with ataxia, organize disorders according to clinical presentation, and define this field of research by identifying common pathogenic molecular mechanisms in these disorders. The work of this task force was based on a previously published systematic scoping review of the literature that identified autosomal recessive disorders characterized primarily by cerebellar motor dysfunction and cerebellar degeneration. The task force regrouped 12 international ataxia experts who decided on general orientation and specific issues. We identified 59 disorders that are classified as primary autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. For each of these disorders, we present geographical and ethnical specificities along with distinctive clinical and imagery features. These primary recessive ataxias were organized in a clinical and a pathophysiological classification, and we present a general clinical approach to the patient presenting with ataxia. We also identified a list of 48 complex multisystem disorders that are associated with ataxia and should be included in the differential diagnosis of autosomal recessive ataxias. This classification is the result of a consensus among a panel of international experts, and it promotes a unified understanding of autosomal recessive cerebellar disorders for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bing-Weng Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jose Luiz Pedroso
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando G Barsottini
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicolas Dupre
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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61
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Colldén H, Landin A, Wallenius V, Elebring E, Fändriks L, Nilsson ME, Ryberg H, Poutanen M, Sjögren K, Vandenput L, Ohlsson C. The gut microbiota is a major regulator of androgen metabolism in intestinal contents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1182-E1192. [PMID: 31689143 PMCID: PMC6962501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgens exert important effects both in androgen-responsive tissues and in the intestinal tract. To determine the impact of the gut microbiota (GM) on intestinal androgen metabolism, we measured unconjugated (free) and glucuronidated androgen levels in intestinal contents from the small intestine, with a low bacterial density, and from cecum and colon, with a high bacterial density. Using a specific, sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, we detected high levels of glucuronidated testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in small intestinal content of mice of both sexes, whereas in the distal intestine we observed remarkably high levels of free DHT, exceeding serum levels by >20-fold. Similarly, in young adult men high levels of unconjugated DHT, >70-fold higher than in serum, were detected in feces. In contrast to mice with a normal GM composition, germ-free mice had high levels of glucuronidated T and DHT, but very low free DHT levels, in the distal intestine. These findings demonstrate that the GM is involved in intestinal metabolism and deglucuronidation of DHT and T, resulting in extremely high free levels of the most potent androgen, DHT, in the colonic content of young and healthy mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Colldén
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Landin
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Elebring
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Fändriks
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Nilsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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62
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Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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63
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Inhibition of Dephosphorylation of Dolichyl Diphosphate Alters the Synthesis of Dolichol and Hinders Protein N-Glycosylation and Morphological Transitions in Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205067. [PMID: 31614738 PMCID: PMC6829516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of dolichyl phosphate (DolP) as a carbohydrate carrier during protein N-glycosylation is well established. The cellular pool of DolP is derived from de novo synthesis in the dolichol branch of the mevalonate pathway and from recycling of DolPP after each cycle of N-glycosylation, when the oligosaccharide is transferred from the lipid carrier to the protein and DolPP is released and then dephosphorylated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dephosphorylation of DolPP is known to be catalyzed by the Cwh8p protein. To establish the role of the Cwh8p orthologue in another distantly related yeast species, Candida albicans, we studied its mutant devoid of the CaCWH8 gene. A double Cacwh8∆/Cacwh8∆ strain was constructed by the URA-blaster method. As in S. cerevisiae, the mutant was impaired in DolPP recycling. This defect, however, was accompanied by an elevation of cis-prenyltransferase activity and higher de novo production of dolichols. Despite these compensatory changes, protein glycosylation, cell wall integrity, filamentous growth, and biofilm formation were impaired in the mutant. These results suggest that the defects are not due to the lack of DolP for the protein N-glycosylation but rather that the activity of oligosacharyltransferase could be inhibited by the excess DolPP accumulating in the mutant.
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64
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van Tol W, Michelakakis H, Georgiadou E, van den Bergh P, Moraitou M, Papadimas GK, Papadopoulos C, Huijben K, Alsady M, Willemsen MA, Lefeber DJ. Toward understanding tissue-specific symptoms in dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthesis disorders; insight from DPM3-CDG. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:984-992. [PMID: 30931530 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inborn errors of metabolism with a great genetic heterogeneity. Most CDG are caused by defects in the N-glycan biosynthesis, leading to multisystem phenotypes. However, the occurrence of tissue-restricted clinical symptoms in the various defects in dolichol-phosphate-mannose (DPM) synthesis remains unexplained. To deepen our understanding of the tissue-specific characteristics of defects in the DPM synthesis pathway, we investigated N-glycosylation and O-mannosylation in skeletal muscle of three DPM3-CDG patients presenting with muscle dystrophy and hypo-N-glycosylation of serum transferrin in only two of them. In the three patients, O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (αDG) was strongly reduced and western blot analysis of beta-dystroglycan (βDG) N-glycosylation revealed a consistent lack of one N-glycan in skeletal muscle. Recently, defective N-glycosylation of βDG has been reported in patients with mutations in guanosine-diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase B (GMPPB). Thus, we suggest that aberrant O-glycosylation of αDG and N-glycosylation of βDG in skeletal muscle is indicative of a defect in the DPM synthesis pathway. Further studies should address to what extent hypo-N-glycosylation of βDG or other skeletal muscle proteins contribute to the phenotype of patients with defects in DPM synthesis. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the tissue-restricted phenotype of DPM3-CDG and other defects in the DPM synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walinka van Tol
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Elissavet Georgiadou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter van den Bergh
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, University Hospital St-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marina Moraitou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - George K Papadimas
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karin Huijben
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Alsady
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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65
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Synergistic enhancement of beta-lactam antibiotics by modified tunicamycin analogs TunR1 and TunR2. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:807-815. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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66
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Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030016. [PMID: 31416264 PMCID: PMC6787759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eye development is coordinated through an extensive network of genetic signalling pathways. Disruption of key regulatory genes in the early stages of eye development can result in aborted eye formation, resulting in an absent eye (anophthalmia) or a small underdeveloped eye (microphthalmia) phenotype. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity, with >90 identified associated genes. By understanding the roles of these genes in development, including their temporal expression, the phenotypic variation associated with AM can be better understood, improving diagnosis and management. This review describes the genetic and structural basis of eye development, focusing on the function of key genes known to be associated with AM. In addition, we highlight some promising avenues of research involving multiomic approaches and disease modelling with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which will aid in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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67
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Long-Chain Polyisoprenoids Are Synthesized by AtCPT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152789. [PMID: 31370240 PMCID: PMC6695881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots accumulate a complex mixture of dolichols composed of three families, (i.e., short-, medium- and long-chain dolichols), but until now none of the cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) predicted in the Arabidopsis genome has been considered responsible for their synthesis. In this report, using homo- and heterologous (yeast and tobacco) models, we have characterized the AtCPT1 gene (At2g23410) which encodes a CPT responsible for the formation of long-chain dolichols, Dol-18 to -23, with Dol-21 dominating, in Arabidopsis. The content of these dolichols was significantly reduced in AtCPT1 T-DNA insertion mutant lines and highly increased in AtCPT1-overexpressing plants. Similar to the majority of eukaryotic CPTs, AtCPT1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functional complementation tests using yeast rer2Δ or srt1Δ mutants devoid of medium- or long-chain dolichols, respectively, confirmed that this enzyme synthesizes long-chain dolichols, although the dolichol chains thus formed are somewhat shorter than those synthesized in planta. Moreover, AtCPT1 acts as a homomeric CPT and does not need LEW1 for its activity. AtCPT1 is the first plant CPT producing long-chain polyisoprenoids that does not form a complex with the NgBR/NUS1 homologue.
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68
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The Oculome Panel Test: Next-Generation Sequencing to Diagnose a Diverse Range of Genetic Developmental Eye Disorders. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:888-907. [PMID: 30653986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a comprehensive next-generation sequencing panel assay that screens genes known to cause developmental eye disorders and inherited eye disease and to evaluate its diagnostic yield in a pediatric cohort with malformations of the globe, anterior segment anomalies, childhood glaucoma, or a combination thereof. DESIGN Evaluation of diagnostic test. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred seventy-seven children, 0 to 16 years of age, diagnosed with nonsyndromic or syndromic developmental eye defects without a genetic diagnosis. METHODS We developed a new oculome panel using a custom-designed Agilent SureSelect QXT target capture method (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) to capture and perform parallel high-throughput sequencing analysis of 429 genes associated with eye disorders. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing confirmed suspected pathogenic variants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Collated clinical details and oculome molecular genetic results. RESULTS The oculome design covers 429 known eye disease genes; these are subdivided into 5 overlapping virtual subpanels for anterior segment developmental anomalies including glaucoma (ASDA; 59 genes), microphthalmia-anophthalmia-coloboma (MAC; 86 genes), congenital cataracts and lens-associated conditions (70 genes), retinal dystrophies (RET; 235 genes), and albinism (15 genes), as well as additional genes implicated in optic atrophy and complex strabismus (10 genes). Panel development and testing included analyzing 277 clinical samples and 3 positive control samples using Illumina sequencing platforms; more than 30× read depth was achieved for 99.5% of the targeted 1.77-Mb region. Bioinformatics analysis performed using a pipeline based on Freebayes and ExomeDepth to identify coding sequence and copy number variants, respectively, resulted in a definitive diagnosis in 68 of 277 samples, with variability in diagnostic yield between phenotypic subgroups: MAC, 8.2% (8 of 98 cases solved); ASDA, 24.8% (28 of 113 cases solved); other or syndromic, 37.5% (3 of 8 cases solved); RET, 42.8% (21 of 49 cases solved); and congenital cataracts and lens-associated conditions, 88.9% (8 of 9 cases solved). CONCLUSIONS The oculome test diagnoses a comprehensive range of genetic conditions affecting the development of the eye, potentially replacing protracted and costly multidisciplinary assessments and allowing for faster targeted management. The oculome enabled molecular diagnosis of a significant number of cases in our sample cohort of varied ocular birth defects.
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69
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Lu H, Sathe AA, Xing C, Lehrman MA. The Lec5 glycosylation mutant links homeobox genes with cholesterol and lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2019; 29:106-109. [PMID: 30388226 PMCID: PMC6330018 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 40 years ago, the Lec5 glycosylation mutant cell line has a complex recessive genotype and is characterized by accumulation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide assembly intermediates, reduced conversion of polyprenols to dolichols, and an unusual phenotypic dependence upon cell culture conditions such as temperature, plating density and medium quality. The heritable defect in Lec5 is unknown. Here we demonstrate an unexpected epigenetic basis for Lec5, with a surprising linkage to increased expression of homeobox genes, which in turn is associated with increased transcription of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. These results suggest testable hypotheses for the biochemical abnormalities of the Lec5 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adwait Amod Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX, USA
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70
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Medina-Cano D, Ucuncu E, Nguyen LS, Nicouleau M, Lipecka J, Bizot JC, Thiel C, Foulquier F, Lefort N, Faivre-Sarrailh C, Colleaux L, Guerrera IC, Cantagrel V. High N-glycan multiplicity is critical for neuronal adhesion and sensitizes the developing cerebellum to N-glycosylation defect. eLife 2018; 7:38309. [PMID: 30311906 PMCID: PMC6185108 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper brain development relies highly on protein N-glycosylation to sustain neuronal migration, axon guidance and synaptic physiology. Impairing the N-glycosylation pathway at early steps produces broad neurological symptoms identified in congenital disorders of glycosylation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects. We generated a cerebellum specific knockout mouse for Srd5a3, a gene involved in the initiation of N-glycosylation. In addition to motor coordination defects and abnormal granule cell development, Srd5a3 deletion causes mild N-glycosylation impairment without significantly altering ER homeostasis. Using proteomic approaches, we identified that Srd5a3 loss affects a subset of glycoproteins with high N-glycans multiplicity per protein and decreased protein abundance or N-glycosylation level. As IgSF-CAM adhesion proteins are critical for neuron adhesion and highly N-glycosylated, we observed impaired IgSF-CAM-mediated neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in Srd5a3 mutant cerebellum. Our results link high N-glycan multiplicity to fine-tuned neural cell adhesion during mammalian brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cano
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Ekin Ucuncu
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Lam Son Nguyen
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Michael Nicouleau
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Proteomics platform 3P5-Necker, Université Paris Descartes - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Thiel
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Kinderheilkunde I, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Foulquier
- Université Lille, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, CNRS, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Colleaux
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomics platform 3P5-Necker, Université Paris Descartes - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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71
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Khan AO. Early-onset retinal dystrophy and chronic dermatitis in a girl with an undiagnosed congenital disorder of glycosylation (SRD5A3-CDG). Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:628-630. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1498529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif O. Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio
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72
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Hypolipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effects of a Polyprenol-Containing Drug in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:319-321. [PMID: 29998439 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial POLYNCOR (registration No. NCT03122340 at clinicaltrials.gov ), lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects of polyprenol-containing drug Ropren were evaluated in patients with acute coronary syndrome. After 2-months therapy, total cholesterol and ALT in the patients receiving Ropren were significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the control group. The number of patients who needed to discontinue or reduce the dose of atorvastatin due to an increase in the level of transaminases in the main group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the control group: 0 (0%) vs. 5 (33.3%). The more pronounced decrease in cholesterol level and hepatoprotective effect of Ropren allowed recommending this preparation to patients with acute coronary syndrome in addition to standard therapy.
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73
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Sagami H, Swiezewska E, Shidoji Y. The history and recent advances in research of polyprenol and its derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:947-955. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1411775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reduction pathway leading to the formation of dolichol was clarified in 2010 with the identification of SRD5A3, which is the polyprenol reductase. The finding inspired us to reanalyze the length of the major chain of polyprenol and dolichol from several plant leaves, including mangrove plants, as well as from animal and fish livers by 2D-TLC. Polyprenol- and dolichol-derived metabolites such as polyprenylacetone and epoxydolichol were found together with rubber-like prenol. This review focuses on analyses of polyprenol and its derivatives, including recently found epoxypolyprenol and polyprenylacetone. Attention has also been paid to the chromatographic behavior of rubber-like prenol on TLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sagami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
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74
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Rossi M, Anheim M, Durr A, Klein C, Koenig M, Synofzik M, Marras C, van de Warrenburg BP. The genetic nomenclature of recessive cerebellar ataxias. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1056-1076. [PMID: 29756227 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recessive cerebellar ataxias are a large group of degenerative and metabolic disorders, the diagnostic management of which is difficult because of the enormous clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Because of several limitations, the current classification systems provide insufficient guidance for clinicians and researchers. Here, we propose a new nomenclature for the genetically confirmed recessive cerebellar ataxias according to the principles and criteria laid down by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Classification and Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders. We apply stringent criteria for considering an association between gene and phenotype to be established. The newly proposed list of recessively inherited cerebellar ataxias includes 62 disorders that were assigned an ATX prefix, followed by the gene name, because these typically present with ataxia as a predominant and/or consistent feature. An additional 30 disorders that often combine ataxia with a predominant or consistent other movement disorder received a double prefix (e.g., ATX/HSP). We also identified a group of 89 entities that usually present with complex nonataxia phenotypes, but may occasionally present with cerebellar ataxia. These are listed separately without the ATX prefix. This new, transparent and adaptable nomenclature of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will facilitate the clinical recognition of recessive ataxias, guide diagnostic testing in ataxia patients, and help in interpreting genetic findings. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 7501, Paris, France
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, EA7402, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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75
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Frau R, Bortolato M. Repurposing steroidogenesis inhibitors for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders: Promises and caveats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:55-65. [PMID: 29907425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroids exert a profound influence on behavioral reactivity, by modulating the functions of most neurotransmitters and shaping the impact of stress and sex-related variables on neural processes. This background - as well as the observation that most neuroactive steroids (including sex hormones, glucocorticoids and neurosteroids) are synthetized and metabolized by overlapping enzymatic machineries - points to steroidogenic pathways as a powerful source of targets for neuropsychiatric disorders. Inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes have been developed and approved for a broad range of genitourinary and endocrine dysfunctions, opening to new opportunities to repurpose these drugs for the treatment of mental problems. In line with this idea, preliminary clinical and preclinical results from our group have shown that inhibitors of key steroidogenic enzymes, such as 5α-reductase and 17,20 desmolase-lyase, may have therapeutic efficacy in specific behavioral disorders associated with dopaminergic hyperfunction. While the lack of specificity of these effects raises potential concerns about endocrine adverse events, these initial findings suggest that steroidogenesis modulators with greater brain specificity may hold significant potential for the development of alternative therapies for psychiatric problems. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Tourette Syndrome Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Sleep Medicine Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Brasil S, Pascoal C, Francisco R, Marques-da-Silva D, Andreotti G, Videira PA, Morava E, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. CDG Therapies: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051304. [PMID: 29702557 PMCID: PMC5983582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of genetic disorders that affect protein and lipid glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis. More than 100 different disorders have been reported and the number is rapidly increasing. Since glycosylation is an essential post-translational process, patients present a large range of symptoms and variable phenotypes, from very mild to extremely severe. Only for few CDG, potentially curative therapies are being used, including dietary supplementation (e.g., galactose for PGM1-CDG, fucose for SLC35C1-CDG, Mn2+ for TMEM165-CDG or mannose for MPI-CDG) and organ transplantation (e.g., liver for MPI-CDG and heart for DOLK-CDG). However, for the majority of patients, only symptomatic and preventive treatments are in use. This constitutes a burden for patients, care-givers and ultimately the healthcare system. Innovative diagnostic approaches, in vitro and in vivo models and novel biomarkers have been developed that can lead to novel therapeutic avenues aiming to ameliorate the patients’ symptoms and lives. This review summarizes the advances in therapeutic approaches for CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brasil
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Giuseppina Andreotti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Paula A Videira
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eva Morava
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen (UZ) and Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Schiffer L, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:4-26. [PMID: 28865807 PMCID: PMC6565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C19 androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C19 steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Zhang W, Li Q, Deyssenroth M, Lambertini L, Finik J, Ham J, Huang Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Pehme P, Buthmann J, Yoshida S, Chen J, Nomura Y. Timing of prenatal exposure to trauma and altered placental expressions of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes and genes driving neurodevelopment. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12581. [PMID: 29423924 PMCID: PMC5939590 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal stress increases the risk for negative developmental outcomes in offspring; however, the underlying biological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In the present study, alterations in placental gene expression associated with maternal stress were examined to clarify the potential underlying epi/genetic mechanisms. Expression levels of 40 selected genes involved in regulating foetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurodevelopment were profiled in placental tissues collected from a birth cohort established around the time of Superstorm Sandy. Objective prenatal traumatic stress was defined as whether mothers were exposed to Superstorm Sandy during pregnancy. Among the 275 mother-infant dyads, 181 dyads were delivered before Superstorm Sandy (ie, Control), 66 dyads were exposed to Superstorm Sandy during the first trimester (ie, Early Exposure) and 28 were exposed to Superstorm Sandy during the second or third trimester (ie, Mid-Late Exposure). Across all trimesters, expression of HSD11B2, MAOA, ZNF507 and DYRK1A was down-regulated among those exposed to Superstorm Sandy during pregnancy. Furthermore, trimester-specific differences were also observed: exposure during early gestation was associated with down-regulation of HSD11B1 and MAOB and up-regulation of CRHBP; exposure during mid-late gestation was associated with up-regulation of SRD5A3. The findings of the present study suggest that placental gene expression may be altered in response to traumatic stress exposure during pregnancy, and the susceptibility of these genes is dependent on the time of the exposure during pregnancy. Further studies should aim to clarify the biological mechanisms that underlie trimester-specific exposure by evaluating the differential impact on offspring neurodevelopment later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Queens College, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qian Li
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Deyssenroth
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jackie Finik
- Queens College, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, CUNY, New York, NY, United State
| | - Jacob Ham
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yongling Huang
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Patricia Pehme
- Queens College, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Buthmann
- Queens College, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sachiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental & Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Jia Chen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoko Nomura
- Queens College, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, Psychology, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
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Agopian AJ, Goldmuntz E, Hakonarson H, Sewda A, Taylor D, Mitchell LE. Genome-Wide Association Studies and Meta-Analyses for Congenital Heart Defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e001449. [PMID: 28468790 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and inherited (ie, case) genetic factors likely contribute to the pathogenesis of congenital heart defects, but it is unclear whether individual common variants confer a large risk. METHODS AND RESULTS To evaluate the relationship between individual common maternal/inherited genotypes and risk for heart defects, we conducted genome-wide association studies in 5 cohorts. Three cohorts were recruited at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: 670 conotruncal heart defect (CTD) case-parent trios, 317 left ventricular obstructive tract defect (LVOTD) case-parent trios, and 406 CTD cases (n=406) and 2976 pediatric controls. Two cohorts were recruited through the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium: 355 CTD trios and 192 LVOTD trios. We also conducted meta-analyses using the genome-wide association study results from the CTD cohorts, the LVOTD cohorts, and from the combined CTD and LVOTD cohorts. In the individual genome-wide association studies, several genome-wide significant associations (P≤5×10-8) were observed. In our meta-analyses, 1 genome-wide significant association was detected: the case genotype for rs72820264, an intragenetic single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with LVOTDs (P=2.1×10-8). CONCLUSIONS We identified 1 novel candidate region associated with LVOTDs and report on several additional regions with suggestive evidence for association with CTD and LVOTD. These studies were constrained by the relatively small samples sizes and thus have limited power to detect small to moderate associations. Approaches that minimize the multiple testing burden (eg, gene or pathway based) may, therefore, be required to uncover common variants contributing to the risk of these relatively rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Agopian
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anshuman Sewda
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- From the Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston (A.J.A., A.S., L.E.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.G.); and Division of Cardiology (E.G., H.H.), Center for Applied Genomics (H.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (D.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA.
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Genetik der kortikalen Fehlbildungen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-017-0165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Kortikale Malformationen sind vielfältig und stellen eine wichtige Ursache der geistigen Entwicklungsstörung und der Epilepsie dar. Die Ätiologie der kortikalen Fehlbildungen ist sehr heterogen und beinhaltet sowohl rein exogene Ursachen als auch chromosomale und monogene Erkrankungen. Eine effiziente genetische Diagnostik bedarf der akkuraten Interpretation des Magnetresonanztomographie(MRT)-Musters. Bei einigen klinischen Formen kann eine zielgerichtete Einzelgendiagnostik erfolgen, die anderen klinischen Entitäten erfordern dagegen eine komplexe Stufendiagnostik und können nur mittels Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung aufgeklärt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden die 4 häufigsten kortikalen Fehlbildungen im Hinblick auf die typischen klinischen Symptome, MRT-Merkmale und den Algorithmus der genetischen Abklärung vorgestellt.
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Han W, Xie W, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zhang H, Han Y, Yuan Z, Weng Q. Seasonal expression of P450c17 and 5α-reductase-2 in the scented gland of male muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 254:60-67. [PMID: 28919450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (P450c17) is the key enzyme required for the production of androgenic sex steroids by converting progestogens to androgens. 5α-reductases are enzymes that convert testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which has a greater affinity for androgen receptors (AR) and stronger action than T. Our previous studies revealed that the scented glands of male muskrats expressed AR during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. To further seek evidence of the activities of androgens in scented glands, the expression patterns of P450c17 and 5α-reductase 2 were investigated in the scented glands of male muskrats during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. The weight and size of scented glands in the breeding season were significantly higher than those of the nonbreeding season. Immunohistochemical data showed that P450c17 and 5α-reductase 2 were presented in the glandular cells and epithelial cells of scented glands in both the seasons. The protein and mRNA expression of P450c17 and 5α-reductase 2 were significantly higher in the scented gland during the breeding season than those during the nonbreeding season. In addition, the levels of DHT and T in the scented gland were remarkably higher during the breeding season. Taken together, these results suggested that the scented glands of male muskrats were capable of locally synthesizing T and DHT, and T and DHT might play an important role in the scented glandular function via an autocrine or paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wenqian Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Zhang X, Biagini Myers JM, Yadagiri VK, Ulm A, Chen X, Weirauch MT, Khurana Hershey GK, Ji H. Nasal DNA methylation differentiates corticosteroid treatment response in pediatric asthma: A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186150. [PMID: 29028809 PMCID: PMC5640236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment response to systemic corticosteroid in asthmatic children is heterogeneous and may be mediated by epigenetic mechanism(s). We aim to identify DNA methylation (DNAm) changes responsive to steroid, and DNAm biomarkers that distinguish treatment response. MATERIALS AND METHODS We followed 33 children (ages 5-18) presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) for asthma exacerbation. Based on whether they met discharge criteria in ≤24 hours, participants were grouped into good and poor responders to steroid treatment. Nasal samples were collected upon presentation to the ED (T0) and 18-24 hours later (T1). Genome-wide DNAm was measured for both time points in 20 subjects, and compared between T0 and T1 in good and poor responders respectively. DNAm at T1 was also compared between two responder groups. DNAm of selected CpGs was verified in the complete cohort, and expression of associated genes was examined. Interactions between DNAm, common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at the CpG sites and treatment responses were assessed. RESULTS Three CpGs located in the OTX2 promoter showed responder-specific DNAm changes from T0 to T1, in which DNAm decreased in good but not in poor responders. Good and poor responders showed differential DNAm at T1 in 127 CpGs without and 182 CpGs with common SNP co-localization. Negative correlations between DNAm and gene expression were observed at CpGs located within the LDHC promoter, suggesting an impact of DNAm on gene regulation. Interactions between SNPs, DNAm and treatment response were detected. CONCLUSION Acute systemic steroid treatment modifies nasal DNAm in good responders. Nasal DNAm, dependent or independent of SNPs, can differentiate response to treatment in acute asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pyrosequencing lab for genomic and epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn M. Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Veda K. Yadagiri
- Pyrosequencing lab for genomic and epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ashley Ulm
- Pyrosequencing lab for genomic and epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Ji
- Pyrosequencing lab for genomic and epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Modified tunicamycins with reduced eukaryotic toxicity that enhance the antibacterial activity of β-lactams. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:1070-1077. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Marques-da-Silva D, Francisco R, Webster D, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Jaeken J, Pulinilkunnil T. Cardiac complications of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): a systematic review of the literature. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:657-672. [PMID: 28726068 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inborn errors of metabolism due to protein and lipid hypoglycosylation. This rapidly growing family of genetic diseases comprises 103 CDG types, with a broad phenotypic diversity ranging from mild to severe poly-organ -system dysfunction. This literature review summarizes cardiac involvement, reported in 20% of CDG. CDG with cardiac involvement were divided according to the associated type of glycosylation: N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, dolichol synthesis, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, COG complex, V-ATPase complex, and other glycosylation pathways. The aim of this review was to document and interpret the incidence of heart disease in CDG patients. Heart disorders were grouped into cardiomyopathies, structural defects, and arrhythmogenic disorders. This work may contribute to improved early management of cardiac complications in CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marques-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - R Francisco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - D Webster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Saint John Regional Hospital, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - V Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - J Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, UZ and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada.
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Melcangi RC, Santi D, Spezzano R, Grimoldi M, Tabacchi T, Fusco ML, Diviccaro S, Giatti S, Carrà G, Caruso D, Simoni M, Cavaletti G. Neuroactive steroid levels and psychiatric and andrological features in post-finasteride patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:229-235. [PMID: 28408350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports show that, in patients treated with finasteride for male pattern hair loss, persistent side effects including sexual side effects, depression, anxiety and cognitive complaints may occur. We here explored the psychiatric and andrological features of patients affected by post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) and verified whether the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of neuroactive steroids (i.e., important regulators of nervous function) are modified. We found that eight out of sixteen PFS male patients considered suffered from a DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, all PFS patients showed erectile dysfunction (ED); in particular, ten patients showed a severe and six a mild-moderate ED. We also reported abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials of the pudendal nerve in PFS patients with severe ED, the first objective evidence of a neuropathy involving peripheral neurogenic control of erection. Testicular volume by ultrasonography was normal in PFS patients. Data obtained on neuroactive steroid levels also indicate interesting features. Indeed, decreased levels of pregnenolone, progesterone and its metabolite (i.e., dihydroprogesterone), dihydrotestosterone and 17beta-estradiol and increased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol were observed in CSF of PFS patients. Neuroactive steroid levels were also altered in plasma of PFS patients, however these changes did not reflect exactly what occurs in CSF. Finally, finasteride did not only affect, as expected, the levels of 5alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone and testosterone, but also the further metabolites and precursors suggesting that this drug has broad consequence on neuroactive steroid levels of PFS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grimoldi
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tabacchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fusco
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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86
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Traish A, Haider KS, Doros G, Haider A. Long-term dutasteride therapy in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia alters glucose and lipid profiles and increases severity of erectile dysfunction. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017. [PMID: 28632494 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Dutasteride has been successfully used in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, dutasteride inhibits 5α-reductase type 1 and type 2 enzymes and may compromises glucocorticoids and androgen metabolism and alters metabolic function resulting in undesirable metabolic and sexual adverse side effects. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term adverse effects of dutasteride therapy in men with BPH on: i) blood glucose, ii) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), iii) low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C); high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC), iv) testosterone (T), v) liver alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and vi) erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods A retrospective registry study, with a cohort of 230 men aged between 47 and 68 years (mean 57.78 ± 4.81) were treated with dutasteride (0.5 mg/day) for LUTS, secondary to BPH. A second cohort of 230 men aged between 52 and 72 years (mean 62.62 ± 4.65) were treated with tamsulosin (0.4 mg). All men were followed up for 36-42 months. At intervals of 3-6 months, and at each visit, plasma glucose, HbA1c, TC, LDL-cholesterol, T levels and liver alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. Further patient assessment was made by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) questionnaire, the Aging Male Symptom (AMS) and International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS). Results Long-term treatment with dutasteride therapy is associated with significant improvements in LUTS, as assessed by reduction in prostate volume, IPSS and prostate specific antigen (PSA). Long-term dutasteride therapy, however, resulted in increased blood glucose, HbA1c, TC and LDL levels, ALT and AST activities, AMS Score and reduced T levels and worsened ED as assessed by the IIEF-EF scores. No worsening of ED, glucose, HbA1c, ALT, AST, AMS were observed in men treated with tamsulosin. Most importantly, long-term dutasteride therapy resulted in reduction in total T levels, contributing to a state of hypogonadism. Conclusion Our findings suggest that long-term dutasteride therapy produces worsening of ED, reduced T levels and increased glucose, HbA1c and alters lipid profiles, suggesting induced imbalance in metabolic function. We strongly recommend that physicians discuss with their patients these potential serious adverse effects of long-term dutasteride therapy prior to instituting this form of treatment.
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Jozwiak A, Lipko A, Kania M, Danikiewicz W, Surmacz L, Witek A, Wojcik J, Zdanowski K, Pączkowski C, Chojnacki T, Poznanski J, Swiezewska E. Modeling of Dolichol Mass Spectra Isotopic Envelopes as a Tool to Monitor Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:857-874. [PMID: 28385729 PMCID: PMC5462023 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cooperation of the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, operating in parallel in plants to generate isoprenoid precursors, has been studied extensively. Elucidation of the isoprenoid metabolic pathways is indispensable for the rational design of plant and microbial systems for the production of industrially valuable terpenoids. Here, we describe a new method, based on numerical modeling of mass spectra of metabolically labeled dolichols (Dols), designed to quantitatively follow the cooperation of MVA and MEP reprogrammed upon osmotic stress (sorbitol treatment) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The contribution of the MEP pathway increased significantly (reaching 100%) exclusively for the dominating Dols, while for long-chain Dols, the relative input of the MEP and MVA pathways remained unchanged, suggesting divergent sites of synthesis for dominating and long-chain Dols. The analysis of numerically modeled Dol mass spectra is a novel method to follow modulation of the concomitant activity of isoprenoid-generating pathways in plant cells; additionally, it suggests an exchange of isoprenoid intermediates between plastids and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Magdalena Kania
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Witek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Jacek Wojcik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Konrad Zdanowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.);
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.);
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.);
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.);
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
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Pérez-Cerdá C, Girós ML, Serrano M, Ecay MJ, Gort L, Pérez Dueñas B, Medrano C, García-Alix A, Artuch R, Briones P, Pérez B. A Population-Based Study on Congenital Disorders of Protein N- and Combined with O-Glycosylation Experience in Clinical and Genetic Diagnosis. J Pediatr 2017; 183:170-177.e1. [PMID: 28139241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) identified in Spain during the last 20 years. STUDY DESIGN Patients were selected among those presenting with multisystem disease of unknown etiology. The isoforms of transferrin and of ApoC3 and dolichols were analyzed in serum; phosphomannomutase and mannosephosphate isomerase activities were measured in fibroblasts. Conventional or massive parallel sequencing (customized panel or Illumina Clinical-Exome Sequencing TruSight One Gene Panel) was used to identify genes and mutations. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients were diagnosed with 18 different CDG. Eighty-nine patients had a type 1 transferrin profile; 8 patients had a type 2 transferrin profile, with 6 of them showing an alteration in the ApoC3 isoform profile. A total of 75% of the patients had PMM2-CDG presenting with a heterogeneous mutational spectrum. The remaining patients showed mutations in any of the following genes: MPI, PGM1, GFPT1, SRD5A3, DOLK, DPGAT1, ALG1, ALG6, RFT1, SSR4, B4GALT1, DPM1, COG6, COG7, COG8, ATP6V0A2, and CCDC115. CONCLUSION Based on literature and on this population-based study of CDG, a comprehensive scheme including reported clinical signs of CDG is offered, which will hopefully reduce the timeframe from clinical suspicion to genetic confirmation. The different defects of CDG identified in Spain have contributed to expand the knowledge of CDG worldwide. A predominance of PMM2 deficiency was detected, with 5 novel PMM2 mutations being described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pérez-Cerdá
- Center of Molecular Biology-Severo Ochoa, University Autonomous of Madrid-Spanish National Research Council, La Paz Institute for Health Research, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ma Luisa Girós
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Serv., Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jesús Ecay
- Center of Molecular Biology-Severo Ochoa, University Autonomous of Madrid-Spanish National Research Council, La Paz Institute for Health Research, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gort
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Serv., Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez Dueñas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Medrano
- Center of Molecular Biology-Severo Ochoa, University Autonomous of Madrid-Spanish National Research Council, La Paz Institute for Health Research, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Alix
- Division of Neonatology, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital San Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paz Briones
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Serv., Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Center of Molecular Biology-Severo Ochoa, University Autonomous of Madrid-Spanish National Research Council, La Paz Institute for Health Research, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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Scaglione A, Montemiglio LC, Parisi G, Asteriti IA, Bruni R, Cerutti G, Testi C, Savino C, Mancia F, Lavia P, Vallone B. Subcellular localization of the five members of the human steroid 5α-reductase family. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2017; 4:99-106. [PMID: 29082129 PMCID: PMC5656259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans the steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A) family comprises five integral membrane enzymes that carry out reduction of a double bond in lipidic substrates: Δ4-3-keto steroids, polyprenol and trans-enoyl CoA. The best-characterized reaction is the conversion of testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone carried out by SRD5A1-2. Some controversy exists on their possible nuclear or endoplasmic reticulum localization. We report the cloning and transient expression in HeLa cells of the five members of the human steroid 5α-reductase family as both N- and C-terminus green fluorescent protein tagged protein constructs. Following the intrinsic fluorescence of the tag, we have determined that the subcellular localization of these enzymes is in the endoplasmic reticulum, upon expression in HeLa cells. The presence of the tag at either end of the polypeptide chain can affect protein expression and, in the case of trans enoyl-CoA reductase, it induces the formation of protein aggregates. All members of human testosterone 5α-reductase family were expressed in HeLa cells. Subcellular localization of SRD5A proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is reported. The effect of GFP tagging at N- or C-term on SRD5A proteins expression was assessed. The TECRL gene is expressed for the first time and its product localizes in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Scaglione
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Celeste Montemiglio
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Renato Bruni
- New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Testi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, IIT, V.le Regina Elena 291, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Beatrice Vallone
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.,Schaefer Research Scholar at Columbia University and Fellow of the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University
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90
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Eichler J, Guan Z. Lipid sugar carriers at the extremes: The phosphodolichols Archaea use in N-glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:589-599. [PMID: 28330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, a post-translational modification whereby glycans are covalently linked to select Asn residues of target proteins, occurs in all three domains of life. Across evolution, the N-linked glycans are initially assembled on phosphorylated cytoplasmically-oriented polyisoprenoids, with polyprenol (mainly C55 undecaprenol) fulfilling this role in Bacteria and dolichol assuming this function in Eukarya and Archaea. The eukaryal and archaeal versions of dolichol can, however, be distinguished on the basis of their length, degree of saturation and by other traits. As is true for many facets of their biology, Archaea, best known in their capacity as extremophiles, present unique approaches for synthesizing phosphodolichols. At the same time, general insight into the assembly and processing of glycan-bearing phosphodolichols has come from studies of the archaeal enzymes responsible. In this review, these and other aspects of archaeal phosphodolichol biology are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Eichenberger M, Lehka BJ, Folly C, Fischer D, Martens S, Simón E, Naesby M. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of dihydrochalcones with known antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweet tasting properties. Metab Eng 2016; 39:80-89. [PMID: 27810393 PMCID: PMC5249241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcones are plant secondary metabolites comprising molecules of significant commercial interest as antioxidants, antidiabetics, or sweeteners. To date, their heterologous biosynthesis in microorganisms has been achieved only by precursor feeding or as minor by-products in strains engineered for flavonoid production. Here, the native ScTSC13 was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase its side activity in reducing p-coumaroyl-CoA to p-dihydrocoumaroyl-CoA. De novo production of phloretin, the first committed dihydrochalcone, was achieved by co-expression of additional relevant pathway enzymes. Naringenin, a major by-product of the initial pathway, was practically eliminated by using a chalcone synthase from barley with unexpected substrate specificity. By further extension of the pathway from phloretin with decorating enzymes with known specificities for dihydrochalcones, and by exploiting substrate flexibility of enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, de novo production of the antioxidant molecule nothofagin, the antidiabetic molecule phlorizin, the sweet molecule naringin dihydrochalcone, and 3-hydroxyphloretin was achieved. De novo biosynthesis of phloretin in S. cerevisiae. De novo pathway extended to various dihydrochalcones of commercial interest. A barley CHS exhibits very high specificity for phloretin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichenberger
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beata Joanna Lehka
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - David Fischer
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Ernesto Simón
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland.
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92
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Lombard J. Early evolution of polyisoprenol biosynthesis and the origin of cell walls. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2626. [PMID: 27812422 PMCID: PMC5088576 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After being a matter of hot debate for years, the presence of lipid membranes in the last common ancestor of extant organisms (i.e., the cenancestor) now begins to be generally accepted. By contrast, cenancestral cell walls have attracted less attention, probably owing to the large diversity of cell walls that exist in the three domains of life. Many prokaryotic cell walls, however, are synthesized using glycosylation pathways with similar polyisoprenol lipid carriers and topology (i.e., orientation across the cell membranes). Here, we provide the first systematic phylogenomic report on the polyisoprenol biosynthesis pathways in the three domains of life. This study shows that, whereas the last steps of the polyisoprenol biosynthesis are unique to the respective domain of life of which they are characteristic, the enzymes required for basic unsaturated polyisoprenol synthesis can be traced back to the respective last common ancestor of each of the three domains of life. As a result, regardless of the topology of the tree of life that may be considered, the most parsimonious hypothesis is that these enzymes were inherited in modern lineages from the cenancestor. This observation supports the presence of an enzymatic mechanism to synthesize unsaturated polyisoprenols in the cenancestor and, since these molecules are notorious lipid carriers in glycosylation pathways involved in the synthesis of a wide diversity of prokaryotic cell walls, it provides the first indirect evidence of the existence of a hypothetical unknown cell wall synthesis mechanism in the cenancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lombard
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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93
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Li C, Tan BK, Zhao J, Guan Z. In Vivo and in Vitro Synthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol by an Escherichia coli Cardiolipin Synthase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25144-25153. [PMID: 27760827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) makes up 5-20% of the phospholipids of Escherichia coli and is essential for growth in wild-type cells. PG is synthesized from the dephosphorylation of its immediate precursor, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate (PGP) whose synthase in E. coli is PgsA. Using genetic, biochemical, and highly sensitive mass spectrometric approaches, we identified an alternative mechanism for PG synthesis in E. coli that is PgsA independent. The reaction of synthesis involves the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine and glycerol into PG and is catalyzed by ClsB, a phospholipase D-type cardiolipin synthase. This enzymatic reaction is demonstrated herein both in vivo and in vitro as well as by using the purified ClsB protein. When the growth medium was supplemented with glycerol, the expression of E. coli ClsB significantly increased PG and cardiolipin levels, with the growth deficiency of pgsA null strain also being complemented under such conditions. Identification of this alternative mechanism for PG synthesis not only expands our knowledge of bacterial anionic phospholipid biosynthesis, but also sheds light on the biochemical functions of the cls gene redundancy in E. coli and other bacteria. Finally, the PGP-independent PG synthesis in E. coli may also have important implications for the understanding of PG biosynthesis in eukaryotes that remains incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijun Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Brandon K Tan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jinshi Zhao
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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94
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Polyprenols of Ginkgo biloba Enhance Antibacterial Activity of Five Classes of Antibiotics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4191938. [PMID: 27642597 PMCID: PMC5011515 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4191938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyprenol (GBP) from Ginkgo biloba Leaves (GBL) is an important lipid with many bioactive effects. The effect of GBP on antibacterial properties of five antibiotics belonging to different classes was through analysis of inhibition halos, MIC, and FIC index. And we studied the time-killing curves and Ca(2+) mobilization assay in Staphylococcus aureus cells treated with GBP microemulsion and gentamicin sulfate under MIC/2 conditions. These results showed that the GBP microemulsion (average diameter 90.2 nm) combining with gentamicin sulfate had the highest enhancing antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, and the MIC value was 33.0 μg/mL. The increase of the antibacterial effect of tested antibiotics was positively correlated with the decrease of the average diameter of GBP microemulsion. Moreover, GBP microemulsion enhanced antibacterial effect and prolonged antibacterial time of GBP combining with gentamicin sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus. GBP microemulsion could enhance the ability of gentamicin inducing an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations to Staphylococcus aureus. GBP microemulsion could help some classes of antibiotics to inhibit or kill bacteria. This study supports the fact that GBP microemulsion obviously can not only reduce the dosage of some classes of antibiotics, but also reduce the frequency of the antibiotic use in vitro.
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95
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Wheeler PG, Ng BG, Sanford L, Sutton VR, Bartholomew DW, Pastore MT, Bamshad MJ, Kircher M, Buckingham KJ, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Freeze HH. SRD5A3-CDG: Expanding the phenotype of a congenital disorder of glycosylation with emphasis on adult onset features. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3165-3171. [PMID: 27480077 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been reported recently resulting in an expansion of the phenotypes associated with this group of disorders. SRD5A3 codes for polyprenol reductase which converts polyprenol to dolichol. This is a major pathway for dolichol biosynthesis for N-glycosylation, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation, and GPI anchor synthesis. We present the features of five individuals (three children and two adults) with mutations in SRD5A3 focusing on the variable eye and skin involvement. We compare that to 13 affected individuals from the literature including five adults allowing us to delineate the features that may develop over time with this disorder including kyphosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataracts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby G Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - V Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Dennis W Bartholomew
- Section of Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Pastore
- Section of Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martin Kircher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kati J Buckingham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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96
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Austin DC, Strand DW, Love HL, Franco OE, Grabowska MM, Miller NL, Hameed O, Clark PE, Matusik RJ, Jin RJ, Hayward SW. NF-κB and androgen receptor variant 7 induce expression of SRD5A isoforms and confer 5ARI resistance. Prostate 2016; 76:1004-18. [PMID: 27197599 PMCID: PMC4912960 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is treated with 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARI). These drugs inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone resulting in apoptosis and prostate shrinkage. Most patients initially respond to 5ARIs; however, failure is common especially in inflamed prostates, and often results in surgery. This communication examines a link between activation of NF-κB and increased expression of SRD5A2 as a potential mechanism by which patients fail 5ARI therapy. METHODS Tissue was collected from "Surgical" patients, treated specifically for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to advanced BPH; and, cancer free transition zone from "Incidental" patients treated for low grade, localized peripheral zone prostate cancer. Clinical, molecular and histopathological profiles were analyzed. Human prostatic stromal and epithelial cell lines were genetically modified to regulate NF-κB activity, androgen receptor (AR) full length (AR-FL), and AR variant 7 (AR-V7) expression. RESULTS SRD5A2 is upregulated in advanced BPH. SRD5A2 was significantly associated with prostate volume determined by Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS), and with more severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) determined by American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS). Synthesis of androgens was seen in cells in which NF-κB was activated. AR-FL and AR-V7 expression increased SRD5A2 expression while forced activation of NF-κB increased all three SRD5A isoforms. Knockdown of SRD5A2 in the epithelial cells resulted in significant reduction in proliferation, AR target gene expression, and response to testosterone (T). In tissue recombinants, canonical NF-κB activation in prostatic epithelium elevated all three SRD5A isoforms and resulted in in vivo growth under castrated conditions. CONCLUSION Increased BPH severity in patients correlates with SRD5A2 expression. We demonstrate that NF-κB and AR-V7 upregulate SRD5A expression providing a mechanism to explain failure of 5ARI therapy in BPH patients. Prostate 76:1004-1018, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Austin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Harold L. Love
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Magdalena M. Grabowska
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicole L. Miller
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ren J. Jin
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois
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97
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Bissegger S, Langlois VS. Androgens modulate gene expression and specific DNA methylation pattern of steroid 5α-reductases in the frog Silurana tropicalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:123-32. [PMID: 26987288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, androgens are essential in many biological functions, including reproduction, immune system, metabolism, cardiovascular function, and the central nervous system. The most potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), which is actively involved in sexual differentiation and development, is converted from testosterone (T) by the steroid 5α-reductases type 1, 2, and 3 (Srd5α1, Srd5α2, and Srd5α3). Alternatively, steroid 5β-reductase (Srd5β) converts T to 5β-dihydrotestosterone (5β-DHT), a metabolite believed to be involved in steroid clearance. Recent studies suggested that Srd5 isoforms are targets for endocrine disruption. Thus, understanding the regulation of Srd5 is important to expand our knowledge on how exogenous compounds can interfere with these enzymes. In this study, we exposed frog brain, liver, and gonads ex vivo to T, 5α-DHT, and 5β-DHT in order to investigate the regulation of srd5 in response to androgens as a simulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals with androgenic properties. Androgens did not modulate srd5α2, suggesting that this isoform is not regulated by T and 5α-DHT in frogs. However, the DNA methylation of srd5α2 increased following 5α-DHT treatment suggesting that androgens can modulate epigenetic mechanisms in amphibians. In contrast, the DNA methylation of srd5α1 and srd5α3 remained stable after androgen exposure, but the mRNA levels of srd5α1 and srd5α3 were modulated by T, 5α-DHT, and 5β-DHT in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. While T positively regulates srd5α1 and srd5α3 in testes, T negatively regulates srd5α3 in ovaries. Moreover, exposure to T also increased the mRNA level of srd5β in the male brain suggesting a mechanism to protect the brain from androgen action by elimination of T into 5β-DHT. Thus, exogenous compounds with androgenic properties potentially interact with srd5 transcription and DNA methylation pattern, which could adversely affect biological functions of vertebrates during development and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Bissegger
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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98
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Sabry S, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Mintet E, Fasseu M, Valayannopoulos V, Héron D, Dorison N, Mignot C, Seta N, Chantret I, Dupré T, Moore SEH. A case of fatal Type I congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG I) associated with low dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) activity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:84. [PMID: 27343064 PMCID: PMC4919849 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG-I) are mostly complex multisystemic diseases associated with hypoglycosylated serum glycoproteins. A subgroup harbour mutations in genes necessary for the biosynthesis of the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (DLO) precursor that is essential for protein N-glycosylation. Here, our objective was to identify the molecular origins of disease in such a CDG-Ix patient presenting with axial hypotonia, peripheral hypertonia, enlarged liver, micropenis, cryptorchidism and sensorineural deafness associated with hypo glycosylated serum glycoproteins. RESULTS Targeted sequencing of DNA revealed a splice site mutation in intron 5 and a non-sense mutation in exon 4 of the dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase gene (DHDDS). Skin biopsy fibroblasts derived from the patient revealed ~20 % residual DHDDS mRNA, ~35 % residual DHDDS activity, reduced dolichol-phosphate, truncated DLO and N-glycans, and an increased ratio of [2-(3)H]mannose labeled glycoprotein to [2-(3)H]mannose labeled DLO. Predicted truncated DHDDS transcripts did not complement rer2-deficient yeast. SiRNA-mediated down-regulation of DHDDS in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells largely mirrored the biochemical phenotype of cells from the patient. The patient also harboured the homozygous ALG6(F304S) variant, which does not cause CDG but has been reported to be more frequent in PMM2-CDG patients with severe/fatal disease than in those with moderate presentations. WES did not reveal other strong candidate causal genes. CONCLUSIONS We describe a patient presenting with severe multisystem disease associated with DHDDS deficiency. As retinitis pigmentosa is the only clinical sign in previously reported cases, this report broadens the spectrum of phenotypes associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabry
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France.,Biochemical Genetics Department, Human Genetics Division, National Research Center NRC, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Vuillaumier-Barrot
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Biochimie, Paris, France
| | - E Mintet
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - M Fasseu
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - V Valayannopoulos
- Département de Pédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - D Héron
- Département de Génétique & Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique « Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme » UPMC, Paris, France
| | - N Dorison
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique « Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme » UPMC, Paris, France
| | - C Mignot
- Département de Génétique & Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique « Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme » UPMC, Paris, France.,Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - N Seta
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Biochimie, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - I Chantret
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - T Dupré
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Biochimie, Paris, France
| | - S E H Moore
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France. .,Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France.
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99
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Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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100
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Giatti S, Foglio B, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Panzica G, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Effects of Subchronic Finasteride Treatment and Withdrawal on Neuroactive Steroid Levels and Their Receptors in the Male Rat Brain. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:746-57. [PMID: 26646518 DOI: 10.1159/000442982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of progesterone and testosterone by the enzyme 5alpha-reductase exerts a crucial role in the control of nervous function. The effects of finasteride in the brain, an inhibitor of this enzyme used for the treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia, have been poorly explored. Therefore, the effects of a subchronic treatment with finasteride at low doses (3 mg/kg/day) and the consequences of its withdrawal on neuroactive steroid levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and some brain regions as well as on the expression of classical and non-classical steroid receptors have been evaluated in male rats. After subchronic treatment (i.e., for 20 days) the following effects were detected: (i) depending on the compartment considered, alteration in the levels of neuroactive steroids, not only in 5alpha-reduced metabolites but also in its precursors and in neuroactive steroids from other steroidogenic pathways and (ii) an upregulation of the androgen receptor in the cerebral cortex and beta3 subunit of the GABA-A receptor in the cerebellum. One month after the last treatment (i.e., withdrawal period), some of these effects persisted (i.e., the upregulation of the androgen receptor in the cerebral cortex, an increase of dihydroprogesterone in the cerebellum, a decrease of dihydrotestosterone in plasma). Moreover, other changes in neuroactive steroid levels, steroid receptors (i.e., an upregulation of the estrogen receptor alpha and a downregulation of the estrogen receptor beta in the cerebral cortex) and GABA-A receptor subunits (i.e., a decrease of alpha 4 and beta 3 mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex) were detected. These findings suggest that finasteride treatment may have broad consequences for brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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