51
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Akhmetova K, Balasov M, Chesnokov I. Drosophila STING protein has a role in lipid metabolism. eLife 2021; 10:e67358. [PMID: 34467853 PMCID: PMC8443252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role in innate immunity by controlling type I interferon response against invaded pathogens. In this work, we describe a previously unknown role of STING in lipid metabolism in Drosophila. Flies with STING deletion are sensitive to starvation and oxidative stress, have reduced lipid storage, and downregulated expression of lipid metabolism genes. We found that Drosophila STING interacts with lipid synthesizing enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). ACC and FASN also interact with each other, indicating that all three proteins may be components of a large multi-enzyme complex. The deletion of Drosophila STING leads to disturbed ACC localization and decreased FASN enzyme activity. Together, our results demonstrate a previously undescribed role of STING in lipid metabolism in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Akhmetova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of MedicineBirminghamUnited States
| | - Maxim Balasov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of MedicineBirminghamUnited States
| | - Igor Chesnokov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of MedicineBirminghamUnited States
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52
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Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Li T, Ge Z. Nanoparticle-Mediated STING Agonist Delivery for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100133. [PMID: 34117839 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, which have been demonstrated to show considerable potentials to achieve efficient antitumor immunity by inducing various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as type I interferons. A variety of STING agonists have been prepared for STING activation, and many of them have been promoted to preclinical trials or clinical applications for the immunotherapy of cancers. However, the intrinsic disadvantages of the small molecule STING agonists can limit the in vivo application and final therapeutic efficacy due to low bioavailability of targeting tissues. Moreover, a cascade of physiological barriers for in vivo STING activation also limit the accumulation of STING agonists in targeting tissues. Drug delivery systems play an important role to improve the STING activation efficiency. In recent years, a variety of nanoparticle-mediated STING agonist delivery systems have been engineered and exploited to address the challenges related to the in vivo STING activation, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymersomes, and so on. In this review article, the progresses concerning STING agonists and related delivery systems in recent years will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Taiyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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53
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Kelly SM, Larsen KR, Darling R, Petersen AC, Bellaire BH, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and durable humoral immunity and toxin neutralizing antibody responses against Bacillus anthracis. Vaccine 2021; 39:3862-3870. [PMID: 34090702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, continues to be a prominent biological warfare and bioterrorism threat. Vaccination is likely to remain the most effective and user-friendly public health measure to counter this threat in the foreseeable future. The commercially available AVA BioThrax vaccine has a number of shortcomings where improvement would lead to a more practical and effective vaccine for use in the case of an exposure event. Identification of more effective adjuvants and novel delivery platforms is necessary to improve not only the effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine, but also enhance its shelf stability and ease-of-use. Polyanhydride particles have proven to be an effective platform at adjuvanting the vaccine-associated adaptive immune response as well as enhancing stability of encapsulated antigens. Another class of adjuvants, the STING pathway-targeting cyclic dinucleotides, have proven to be uniquely effective at inducing a beneficial inflammatory response that leads to the rapid induction of high titer antibodies post-vaccination capable of providing protection against bacterial pathogens. In this work, we evaluate the individual contributions of cyclic di-GMP (CDG), polyanhydride nanoparticles, and a combination thereof towards inducing neutralizing antibody (nAb) against the secreted protective antigen (PA) from B. anthracis. Our results show that the combination nanovaccine elicited rapid, high titer, and neutralizing IgG anti-PA antibody following single dose immunization that persisted for at least 108 DPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina R Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ross Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States.
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54
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Elmanfi S, Yilmaz M, Ong WWS, Yeboah KS, Sintim HO, Gürsoy M, Könönen E, Gürsoy UK. Bacterial Cyclic Dinucleotides and the cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway: A Role in Periodontitis? Pathogens 2021; 10:675. [PMID: 34070809 PMCID: PMC8226932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cells can recognize cytosolic double-stranded DNAs and endogenous second messengers as cyclic dinucleotides-including c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, and cGAMP-of invading microbes via the critical and essential innate immune signaling adaptor molecule known as STING. This recognition activates the innate immune system and leads to the production of Type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we (1) focus on the possible role of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides and the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and the regulation of periodontal immune response, and (2) review and discuss activators and inhibitors of the STING pathway as immune response regulators and their potential utility in the treatment of periodontitis. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched with the terms "STING", "TBK 1", "IRF3", and "cGAS"-alone, or together with "periodontitis". Current studies produced evidence for using STING-pathway-targeting molecules as part of anticancer therapy, and as vaccine adjuvants against microbial infections; however, the role of the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in periodontal disease pathogenesis is still undiscovered. Understanding the stimulation of the innate immune response by cyclic dinucleotides opens a new approach to host modulation therapies in periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Elmanfi
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Wilson W. S. Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN 47907, USA; (W.W.S.O.); (K.S.Y.)
| | - Kofi S. Yeboah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN 47907, USA; (W.W.S.O.); (K.S.Y.)
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN 47907, USA; (W.W.S.O.); (K.S.Y.)
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K. Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
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55
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Kwon Y, Park C, Lee J, Park DH, Jeong S, Yun CH, Park OJ, Han SH. Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation and Activation by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115805. [PMID: 34071605 PMCID: PMC8197933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of bone homeostasis. In particular, the modulation of innate immunity and bone homeostasis is mediated through the interaction between microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the host pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains. Pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus tend to induce bone destruction and cause various inflammatory bone diseases including periodontal diseases, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. On the other hand, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can prevent bone loss. In addition, bacterial metabolites and various secretory molecules such as short chain fatty acids and cyclic nucleotides can also affect bone homeostasis. This review focuses on the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast by MAMPs including cell wall components and secretory microbial molecules under in vitro and in vivo conditions. MAMPs could be used as potential molecular targets for treating bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Chaeyeon Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (O.-J.P.); (S.H.H.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (O.-J.P.); +82-2-880-2310 (S.H.H.)
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (O.-J.P.); (S.H.H.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (O.-J.P.); +82-2-880-2310 (S.H.H.)
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56
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Pimková Polidarová M, Břehová P, Kaiser MM, Smola M, Dračínský M, Smith J, Marek A, Dejmek M, Šála M, Gutten O, Rulíšek L, Novotná B, Brázdová A, Janeba Z, Nencka R, Boura E, Páv O, Birkuš G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phosphoester and Phosphorothioate Prodrugs of STING Agonist 3',3'-c-Di(2'F,2'dAMP). J Med Chem 2021; 64:7596-7616. [PMID: 34019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluate the activity of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) and its phosphorothioate analogues against five STING allelic forms in reporter-cell-based assays and rationalize our findings with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. We show that the presence of fluorine in the 2' position of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) improves its activity not only against the wild type (WT) but also against REF and Q STING. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of the acyloxymethyl and isopropyloxycarbonyl phosphoester prodrugs of CDNs. Masking the negative charges of the CDNs results in an up to a 1000-fold improvement of the activities of the prodrugs relative to those of their parent CDNs. Finally, the uptake and intracellular cleavage of pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs to the parent CDN is rapid, reaching a peak intracellular concentration within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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57
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Yu L, Liu P. Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:170. [PMID: 33927185 PMCID: PMC8085147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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58
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Abstract
Technologies for RNA imaging in live cells play an important role in understanding the function and regulatory process of RNAs. One approach for genetically encoded fluorescent RNA imaging involves fluorescent light-up aptamers (FLAPs), which are short RNA sequences that can bind cognate fluorogens and activate their fluorescence greatly. Over the past few years, FLAPs have emerged as genetically encoded RNA-based fluorescent biosensors for the cellular imaging and detection of various targets of interest. In this review, we first give a brief overview of the development of the current FLAPs based on various fluorogens. Then we further discuss on the photocycles of the reversibly photoswitching properties in FLAPs and their photostability. Finally, we focus on the applications of FLAPs as genetically encoded RNA-based fluorescent biosensors in biosensing and bioimaging, including RNA, non-nucleic acid molecules, metal ions imaging and quantitative imaging. Their design strategies and recent cellular applications are emphasized and summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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59
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Chávez-Arroyo A, Portnoy DA. Why is Listeria monocytogenes such a potent inducer of CD8+ T-cells? Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13175. [PMID: 32185899 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a rapidly growing, Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen that has been used for over 5 decades as a model to study basic aspects of infection and immunity. In a murine intravenous infection model, immunisation with a sublethal infection of L. monocytogenes initially leads to rapid intracellular multiplication followed by clearance of the bacteria and ultimately culminates in the development of long-lived cell-mediated immunity (CMI) mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Importantly, effective immunisation requires live, replicating bacteria. In this review, we summarise the cell and immunobiology of L. monocytogenes infection and discuss aspects of its pathogenesis that we suspect lead to robust CMI. We suggest five specific features of L. monocytogenes infection that positively impact the development of CMI: (a) the bacteria have a predilection for professional antigen-presenting cells; (b) the bacteria escape from phagosomes, grow, and secrete antigens into the host cell cytosol; (c) bacterial-secreted proteins enter the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation; (d) the bacteria do not induce rapid host cell death; and (e) cytosolic bacteria induce a cytokine response that favours CMI. Collectively, these features make L. monocytogenes an attractive vaccine vector for both infectious disease applications and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Chávez-Arroyo
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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60
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Gutten O, Jurečka P, Aliakbar Tehrani Z, Buděšínský M, Řezáč J, Rulíšek L. Conformational energies and equilibria of cyclic dinucleotides in vacuo and in solution: computational chemistry vs. NMR experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7280-7294. [PMID: 33876088 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Performance of computational methods in modelling cyclic dinucleotides - an important and challenging class of compounds - has been evaluated by two different benchmarks: (1) gas-phase conformational energies and (2) qualitative agreement with NMR observations of the orientation of the χ-dihedral angle in solvent. In gas-phase benchmarks, where CCSD(T) and DLPNO-CCSD(T) methods have been used as the reference, most of the (dispersion corrected) density functional approximations are accurate enough to justify prioritizing computational cost and compatibility with other modelling options as the criterion of choice. NMR experiments of 3'3'-c-di-AMP, 3'3'-c-GAMP, and 3'3'-c-di-GMP show the overall prevalence of the anti-conformation of purine bases, but some population of syn-conformations is observed for guanines. Implicit solvation models combined with quantum-chemical methods struggle to reproduce this behaviour, probably due to a lack of dynamics and explicitly modelled solvent, leading to structures that are too compact. Molecular dynamics simulations overrepresent the syn-conformation of guanine due to the overestimation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Our combination of experimental and computational benchmarks provides "error bars" for modelling cyclic dinucleotides in solvent, where such information is generally difficult to obtain, and should help gauge the interpretability of studies dealing with binding of cyclic dinucleotides to important pharmaceutical targets. At the same time, the presented analysis calls for improvement in both implicit solvation models and force-field parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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61
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Yin W, Cai X, Ma H, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Chou SH, Galperin MY, He J. A decade of research on the second messenger c-di-AMP. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:701-724. [PMID: 32472931 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dimeric adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is an emerging second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is synthesized from two molecules of ATP by diadenylate cyclases and degraded to pApA or two AMP molecules by c-di-AMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Through binding to specific protein- and riboswitch-type receptors, c-di-AMP regulates a wide variety of prokaryotic physiological functions, including maintaining the osmotic pressure, balancing central metabolism, monitoring DNA damage and controlling biofilm formation and sporulation. It mediates bacterial adaptation to a variety of environmental parameters and can also induce an immune response in host animal cells. In this review, we discuss the phylogenetic distribution of c-di-AMP-related enzymes and receptors and provide some insights into the various aspects of c-di-AMP signaling pathways based on more than a decade of research. We emphasize the key role of c-di-AMP in maintaining bacterial osmotic balance, especially in Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, we discuss the future direction and trends of c-di-AMP regulatory network, such as the likely existence of potential c-di-AMP transporter(s), the possibility of crosstalk between c-di-AMP signaling with other regulatory systems, and the effects of c-di-AMP compartmentalization. This review aims to cover the broad spectrum of research on the regulatory functions of c-di-AMP and c-di-AMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Hongdan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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62
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Chen NN, Zhang H, You QD, Xu XL. Agonist of stimulator of interferon genes as antitumor agents: a patent review (2008-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:563-584. [PMID: 33459063 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1877660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a transmembrane protein that localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. As a crucial adaptor protein in the pathway of sensing cytosolic DNA, STING can regulate innate immune response by inducing the secretion of type Ι interferons and other cytokines after recognizing endogenous or exogenous DNA. Due to the key role of STING in the innate immune system, activation of the STING signaling pathway is expected to be an efficacious immunotherapeutic tactic for cancer and infectious diseases caused by pathogens. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the structures and biological activities of STING agonists published from 2008 to present, the progress in its structural modification of STING agonists, and the development of their clinical study. EXPERT OPINION STING is an important adaptor protein in the process of triggering the innate immune response to viral infection. So far, substantial STING agonists and inhibitors have been published, and their viable curative effects for diverse diseases prove that STING is a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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63
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Lum KK, Cristea IM. Host Innate Immune Response and Viral Immune Evasion During Alphaherpesvirus Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 42:635-686. [PMID: 33640867 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the development of the mammalian innate immune system and the antagonistic strategies acquired by alphaherpesviruses to dismantle it have been shaped by co-evolving virus-host interactions over millions of years. Here, we review mechanisms employed by mammalian cells to detect pathogen molecules, such as viral glycoproteins and nucleic acids, and induce innate immune signaling upon infection with alphaherpesviruses. We further explore strategies acquired by these viruses to bypass immune detection and activation, thereby supporting virus replication and spread. Finally, we discuss the contributions of advanced 'omics' and microscopy methods to these discoveries in immune signaling and highlight emerging technologies that can help to further our understanding of the dynamic interplay between host innate immune responses and virus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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64
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López-Villamizar I, Cabezas A, Pinto RM, Canales J, Ribeiro JM, Rodrigues JR, Costas MJ, Cameselle JC. Molecular Dissection of Escherichia coli CpdB: Roles of the N Domain in Catalysis and Phosphate Inhibition, and of the C Domain in Substrate Specificity and Adenosine Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041977. [PMID: 33671286 PMCID: PMC7922932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CpdB is a 3′-nucleotidase/2′3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, active also with reasonable efficiency on cyclic dinucleotides like c-di-AMP (3′,5′-cyclic diadenosine monophosphate) and c-di-GMP (3′,5′-cyclic diadenosine monophosphate). These are regulators of bacterial physiology, but are also pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by STING to induce IFN-β response in infected hosts. The cpdB gene of Gram-negative and its homologs of gram-positive bacteria are virulence factors. Their protein products are extracytoplasmic enzymes (either periplasmic or cell–wall anchored) and can hydrolyze extracellular cyclic dinucleotides, thus reducing the innate immune responses of infected hosts. This makes CpdB(-like) enzymes potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases, bringing about the necessity to gain insight into the molecular bases of their catalytic behavior. We have dissected the two-domain structure of Escherichia coli CpdB to study the role of its N-terminal and C-terminal domains (CpdB_Ndom and CpdB_Cdom). The specificity, kinetics and inhibitor sensitivity of point mutants of CpdB, and truncated proteins CpdB_Ndom and CpdB_Cdom were investigated. CpdB_Ndom contains the catalytic site, is inhibited by phosphate but not by adenosine, while CpdB_Cdom is inactive but contains a substrate-binding site that determines substrate specificity and adenosine inhibition of CpdB. Among CpdB substrates, 3′-AMP, cyclic dinucleotides and linear dinucleotides are strongly dependent on the CpdB_Cdom binding site for activity, as the isolated CpdB_Ndom showed much-diminished activity on them. In contrast, 2′,3′-cyclic mononucleotides and bis-4-nitrophenylphosphate were actively hydrolyzed by CpdB_Ndom, indicating that they are rather independent of the CpdB_Cdom binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iralis López-Villamizar
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Alicia Cabezas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Rosa María Pinto
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - José Canales
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - João Meireles Ribeiro
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Joaquim Rui Rodrigues
- Laboratório Associado LSRE-LCM, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - María Jesús Costas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - José Carlos Cameselle
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-470
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65
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Karanja CW, Yeboah KS, Sintim HO. Identification of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cyclic Dinucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:309-317. [PMID: 33492938 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells sense bacteria-derived c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP as well as host-derived cGAMP, which is synthesized by cGAS upon binding to the pathogen's DNA, to mount an immunological response (cytokine production) via the STING-TBK1 pathway. Successful pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and group B streptococcus, harbor phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that can cleave bacterial c-di-AMP as well as host-derived cGAMP to blunt the host's response to infection. Selective inhibitors of bacterial cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) PDEs are needed as tool compounds to study the role(s) of CDN PDEs during infection and they could also become bona fide antivirulence compounds, but there is a paucity of such compounds. Using a high-throughput assay, we identified six inhibitors of MTB CDN PDE (CdnP). The most potent inhibitor, C82 with an IC50 of ∼18 μM, did not inhibit the enzymatic activities of three other bacterial CDN PDEs (Yybt, RocR, and GBS-CdnP), a viral CDN PDE (poxin) or mammalian ENPP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W. Karanja
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Kofi S. Yeboah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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66
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She L, Barrera GD, Yan L, Alanazi HH, Brooks EG, Dube PH, Sun Y, Zan H, Chupp DP, Zhang N, Zhang X, Liu Y, Li XD. STING activation in alveolar macrophages and group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppresses IL-33-driven type 2 immunopathology. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143509. [PMID: 33400692 PMCID: PMC7934858 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is known as a nonclassical second messenger and small immune modulator that possesses potent antitumor and antiviral activities via inducing the stimulator of IFN genes-mediated (STING-mediated) signaling pathway. However, its function in regulating type 2 immune responses remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine a role of STING activation by 2'3'-cGAMP in type 2 inflammatory reactions in multiple mouse models of eosinophilic asthma. We discovered that 2'3'-cGAMP administration strongly attenuated type 2 lung immunopathology and airway hyperreactivity induced by IL-33 and a fungal allergen, Aspergillus flavus. Mechanistically, upon the respiratory delivery, 2'3'-cGAMP was mainly internalized by alveolar macrophages, in which it activated the STING/IFN regulatory factor 3/type I IFN signaling axis to induce the production of inhibitory factors containing IFN-α, which blocked the IL-33-mediated activation of group 2 innate lymphoid (ILC2) cells in vivo. We further demonstrated that 2'3'-cGAMP directly suppressed the proliferation and function of both human and mouse ILC2 cells in vitro. Taken together, our findings suggest that STING activation by 2'3'-cGAMP in alveolar macrophages and ILC2 cells can negatively regulate type 2 immune responses, implying that the respiratory delivery of 2'3'-cGAMP might be further developed as an alternative strategy for treating type 2 immunopathologic diseases such as eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li She
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gema D. Barrera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Liping Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hamad H. Alanazi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Edward G. Brooks
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Peter H. Dube
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel P. Chupp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, and
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, and
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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67
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Fantoni NZ, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T. A Hitchhiker's Guide to Click-Chemistry with Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7122-7154. [PMID: 33443411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry is an immensely powerful technique for the fast and efficient covalent conjugation of molecular entities. Its broad scope has positively impacted on multiple scientific disciplines, and its implementation within the nucleic acid field has enabled researchers to generate a wide variety of tools with application in biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Azide-alkyne cycloadditions (AAC) are still the leading technology among click reactions due to the facile modification and incorporation of azide and alkyne groups within biological scaffolds. Application of AAC chemistry to nucleic acids allows labeling, ligation, and cyclization of oligonucleotides efficiently and cost-effectively relative to previously used chemical and enzymatic techniques. In this review, we provide a guide to inexperienced and knowledgeable researchers approaching the field of click chemistry with nucleic acids. We discuss in detail the chemistry, the available modified-nucleosides, and applications of AAC reactions in nucleic acid chemistry and provide a critical view of the advantages, limitations, and open-questions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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68
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Balka KR, De Nardo D. Molecular and spatial mechanisms governing STING signalling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5504-5529. [PMID: 33237620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids via innate immune receptors is critical for establishing host defence against pathogens. The DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway has gained increasing attention in the last decade as a key pathway for combating viral and bacterial infections. cGAS-STING activation primarily promotes the secretion of antiviral type I IFNs via the key transcription factor, IRF3. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling also elicits proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB activity. Activation of IRF3 and NF-κB is mediated by the chief signalling receptor protein STING. Interestingly, STING undergoes significant trafficking events across multiple subcellular locations, which regulates both the activation of downstream signalling pathways, as well as appropriate termination of the responses. Studies to date have provided a comprehensive view of the regulation and role of the IRF3-IFN pathway downstream of STING. However, many aspects of STING signalling remain relatively poorly defined. This review will explore the current understanding of the mechanisms through which STING elicits inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, focusing on the precise signalling and intracellular trafficking events that occur. We will also discuss exciting and emerging concepts in the field, including the importance of IFN-independent STING responses for host defence and during STING-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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69
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Storozynsky Q, Hitt MM. The Impact of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage on cGAS-STING-Mediated Immune Responses to Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8877. [PMID: 33238631 PMCID: PMC7700321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a major modality used to combat a wide range of cancers. Classical radiobiology principles categorize ionizing radiation (IR) as a direct cytocidal therapeutic agent against cancer; however, there is an emerging appreciation for additional antitumor immune responses generated by this modality. A more nuanced understanding of the immunological pathways induced by radiation could inform optimal therapeutic combinations to harness radiation-induced antitumor immunity and improve treatment outcomes of cancers refractory to current radiotherapy regimens. Here, we summarize how radiation-induced DNA damage leads to the activation of a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediated by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The activation of cGAS-STING initiates innate immune signaling that facilitates adaptive immune responses to destroy cancer. In this way, cGAS-STING signaling bridges the DNA damaging capacity of IR with the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of cancer-highlighting a molecular pathway radiotherapy can exploit to induce antitumor immune responses. In the context of radiotherapy, we further report on factors that enhance or inhibit cGAS-STING signaling, deleterious effects associated with cGAS-STING activation, and promising therapeutic candidates being investigated in combination with IR to bolster immune activation through engaging STING-signaling. A clearer understanding of how IR activates cGAS-STING signaling will inform immune-based treatment strategies to maximize the antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy, improving therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary M. Hitt
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
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70
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Rosenthal K, Becker M, Rolf J, Siedentop R, Hillen M, Nett M, Lütz S. Catalytic Promiscuity of cGAS: A Facile Enzymatic Synthesis of 2'-3'-Linked Cyclic Dinucleotides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3225-3228. [PMID: 32633874 PMCID: PMC7754487 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that catalyzes the synthesis of the cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotide 2'3'-cGAMP. 2'3'-cGAMP functions as inducer for the production of type I interferons. Derivatives of this important second messenger are highly valuable for pharmaceutical applications. However, the production of these analogues requires complex, multistep syntheses. Herein, human cGAS is shown to react with a series of unnatural nucleotides, thus leading to novel cyclic dinucleotides. Most substrate derivatives with modifications at the nucleobase, ribose, and the α-thio phosphate were accepted. These results demonstrate the catalytic promiscuity of human cGAS and its utility for the biocatalytic synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Jascha Rolf
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Regine Siedentop
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
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71
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Chang D, Whiteley AT, Bugda Gwilt K, Lencer WI, Mekalanos JJ, Thiagarajah JR. Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27502-27508. [PMID: 33087577 PMCID: PMC7959571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015919117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers used by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, cytosolic CDNs bind STING (stimulator of IFN gene), resulting in the production of type I IFN. Extracellular CDNs can enter the cytosol through several pathways but how CDNs work from outside eukaryotic cells remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells for extracellular CDNs. We found that CDNs containing adenosine induced a robust CFTR-mediated chloride secretory response together with cAMP-mediated inhibition of Poly I:C-stimulated IFNβ expression. Signal transduction was strictly polarized to the serosal side of the epithelium, dependent on the extracellular and sequential hydrolysis of CDNs to adenosine by the ectonucleosidases ENPP1 and CD73, and occurred via activation of A2B adenosine receptors. These studies highlight a pathway by which microbial and host produced extracellular CDNs can regulate the innate immune response of barrier epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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72
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Yu Y, Yang W, Bilotta AJ, Yu Y, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Yao S, Xu J, Zhou J, Dann SM, Li Y, Cong Y. STING controls intestinal homeostasis through promoting antimicrobial peptide expression in epithelial cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:15417-15430. [PMID: 32969062 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been shown to play a critical role in orchestrating immune responses to various pathogens through sensing cyclic dinucleotides. However, how STING regulates intestinal homeostasis is still not completely understood. In this study, we found that STING-/- mice were more susceptible to enteric infection with Citrobacter rodentium compared to wild-type (WT) mice evidenced by more severe intestinal inflammation and impaired bacterial clearance. STING-/- mice demonstrated lower expression of REG3γ but not β-defensins and Cramp in IECs. Consistently, STING-/- IECs showed reduced capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. STING agonists, both 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), promoted REG3γ expression IECs. Furthermore, STING agonists promoted WT but not REG3γ-deficient IEC bacterial killing. Mechanistically, STING agonists activated STAT3 and promoted glycolysis in IECs. Inhibition of STAT3 pathway and glycolysis suppressed STING-induced REG3γ production in IECs, and abrogated STING-mediated IEC killing of C. rodentium. Additionally, treatment with the STING ligand, 2,3-cGAMP, inhibited C. rodentium-induced colitis in vivo. Overall, STING promotes IEC REG3γ expression to inhibit enteric infection and intestinal inflammation, thus, maintaining the intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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73
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Chin EN, Yu C, Vartabedian VF, Jia Y, Kumar M, Gamo AM, Vernier W, Ali SH, Kissai M, Lazar DC, Nguyen N, Pereira LE, Benish B, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Chu A, Johnson KA, Sander PN, Martínez-Peña F, Hampton EN, Young TS, Wolan DW, Chatterjee AK, Schultz PG, Petrassi HM, Teijaro JR, Lairson LL. Antitumor activity of a systemic STING-activating non-nucleotide cGAMP mimetic. Science 2020; 369:993-999. [PMID: 32820126 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) links innate immunity to biological processes ranging from antitumor immunity to microbiome homeostasis. Mechanistic understanding of the anticancer potential for STING receptor activation is currently limited by metabolic instability of the natural cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) ligands. From a pathway-targeted cell-based screen, we identified a non-nucleotide, small-molecule STING agonist, termed SR-717, that demonstrates broad interspecies and interallelic specificity. A 1.8-angstrom cocrystal structure revealed that SR-717 functions as a direct cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) mimetic that induces the same "closed" conformation of STING. SR-717 displayed antitumor activity; promoted the activation of CD8+ T, natural killer, and dendritic cells in relevant tissues; and facilitated antigen cross-priming. SR-717 also induced the expression of clinically relevant targets, including programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), in a STING-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chenguang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana M Gamo
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Vernier
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sabrina H Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mildred Kissai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brent Benish
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashley K Woods
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp N Sander
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Martínez-Peña
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric N Hampton
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis S Young
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis W Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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74
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Murthy AMV, Robinson N, Kumar S. Crosstalk between cGAS-STING signaling and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2989-3003. [PMID: 32948836 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic nucleic acid sensors have a critical role in detecting endogenous nucleic acids to initiate innate immune responses during microbial infections and/or cell death. Several seminal studies over the past decade have delineated the conserved mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and the downstream signaling adapter stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in mediating innate immune signaling pathways as a host defense mechanism. Besides the predominant role in microbial infections and inflammatory diseases, there is an increased attention on alternative functional responses of cGAS-STING-mediated signaling. Here we review the complexity of interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling and cell death pathways. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of this interplay is important with regard to the development of new therapeutics targeting cGAS-STING signaling in cancer, infectious, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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75
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Abstract
The activation of the cGAS-STING pathway has tremendous potential to improve anti-tumor immunity by generating type I interferons. In recent decades, we have witnessed that producing dsDNA upon various stimuli is an initiative factor, triggering the cGAS-SING pathway for a defensive host. The understanding of both intracellular cascade reaction and the changes of molecular components gains insight into type I IFNs and adaptive immunity. Based on the immunological study, the STING-cGAS pathway is coupled to cancer biotherapy. The most challenging problem is the limited therapeutic effect. Therefore, people view 5, 6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, cyclic dinucleotides and various derivative as cGAS-STING pathway agonists. Even so, these agonists have flaws in decreasing biotherapeutic efficacy. Subsequently, we exploited agonist delivery systems (nanocarriers, microparticles and hydrogels). The article will discuss the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and underlying mechanisms, with an introduction of cGAS-STING agonists, related clinical trials and agonist delivery systems.
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76
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Zhang Y, Shen T, Zhou S, Wang W, Lin S, Zhu G. pH-Responsive STING-Activating DNA Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:2000083. [PMID: 34337143 PMCID: PMC8323737 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as c-di-GMP (CDG), are agonists for stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and are promising for cancer immunotherapy. Yet, the therapeutic efficacy of CDNs has been limited by poor delivery and biostability. Here, STING-activating DNA nanovaccines (STING-NVs) are developed, which biostabilize, deliver, and conditionally release CDG in the endosome of immune cells, elicit potent antitumor immune responses in murine and human immune cells, ameliorate immunosuppression in vitro and in the tumor microenvironment, and mediate potent cancer immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. STING-NVs have PLA-b-PEG in the core and cytosine (C)-rich i-motif DNA on the surface. i-Motif DNA undergoes characteristic pH-responsive conformational switch, allowing efficient CDG loading via C:G base pairing at physiological pH, and CDG release in sensitive response to acidic environment such as cell endosome. STING-NVs protect CDG from enzymatic degradation. STING-NVs facilitate cell delivery. Remarkably, STING-NVs promote the endosome escape of CDG by ninefold, and potentiate antitumor immunity. STING-NVs repolarize immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages into antitumor M1-like macrophages in vitro and in the tumor microenvironment of melanoma. In a poorly immunogenic murine melanoma model, intralesional STING-NVs outperform liposomal CDG and fluoride-CDG for melanoma immunotherapy. These results suggest the great potential of STING-NVs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Tingting Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Weinan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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77
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Zheng J, Mo J, Zhu T, Zhuo W, Yi Y, Hu S, Yin J, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z. Comprehensive elaboration of the cGAS-STING signaling axis in cancer development and immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:133. [PMID: 32854711 PMCID: PMC7450153 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular recognition of microbial DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which the innate immune system detects pathogens. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream effector, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), are involved in mediating fundamental innate antimicrobial immunity by promoting the release of type I interferons (IFNs) and other inflammatory cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests that the activation of the cGAS-STING axis is critical for antitumor immunity. The downstream cytokines regulated by cGAS-STING, especially type I IFNs, serve as bridges connecting innate immunity with adaptive immunity. Accordingly, a growing number of studies have focused on the synthesis and screening of STING pathway agonists. However, chronic STING activation may lead to a protumor phenotype in certain malignancies. Hence, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway must be orchestrated properly when STING agonists are used alone or in combination. In this review, we discuss the dichotomous roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in tumor development and the latest advances in the use of STING agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Junluan Mo
- Shenzhen center for chronic disease control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueneng Yi
- Hunan Yineng Biological Medicine Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China.
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78
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Liu Z, Hong CJ, Yang Y, Dai L, Ho CL. Advances in Bacterial Biofilm Management for Maintaining Microbiome Homeostasis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900320. [PMID: 32510869 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Certain microbial biofilm in the human-microbiota community can negatively impact the host microbiome. This gives rise to various methods to prevent the formation of biofilms or to facilitate biofilm dispersal from surfaces and tissues in the host. Despite all these efforts, these persistent microbial biofilms on surfaces and in the host tissue can result in health problems to the host and its microbiome. It is the adaptive behavior of microbes within the biofilm that confers on these tenacious microbes the resistance to harsh environments, antibiotic treatments, and the ability to evade the host immune system. In this review, the approaches to combat microbial biofilm in the last decade are discussed. The biochemical pathway regulating biofilm formation is first discussed, followed by the discussion of the three approaches to combat biofilm formation: physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The advances in these approaches have given rise to methods of effectively dispersing the microbial biofilm and preventing the adherence of these microbial communities altogether. As there are numerous approaches to target biofilm, in this review the attempt is to provide insights on how these approaches have been used to modulate the host-microbiome by looking at the individual strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Can-Jian Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongshuai Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chun Loong Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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79
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Intercepting second-messenger signaling by rationally designed peptides sequestering c-di-GMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17211-17220. [PMID: 32611811 PMCID: PMC7382256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001232117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) regulates a wide range of bacterial cellular functions from biofilm formation to growth and survival. Based on the structural analysis of the complex of c-di-GMP with a bacterial effector protein followed by amino acid sequence optimization, we have developed a short peptide that binds c-di-GMP with nanomolar affinity and high specificity. This provides many opportunities for biotechnological and biomedical applications. In particular, we show that such an endogenously expressed peptide effectively reduces intracellular c-di-GMP and thereby inhibits and even disintegrates biofilms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) regulates a wide range of cellular functions from biofilm formation to growth and survival. Targeting a second-messenger network is challenging because the system involves a multitude of components with often overlapping functions. Here, we present a strategy to intercept c-di-GMP signaling pathways by directly targeting the second messenger. For this, we developed a c-di-GMP–sequestering peptide (CSP) that was derived from a CheY-like c-di-GMP effector protein. CSP binds c-di-GMP with submicromolar affinity. The elucidation of the CSP⋅c-di-GMP complex structure by NMR identified a linear c-di-GMP–binding motif, in which a self-intercalated c-di-GMP dimer is tightly bound by a network of H bonds and π-stacking interactions involving arginine and aromatic residues. Structure-based mutagenesis yielded a variant with considerably higher, low-nanomolar affinity, which subsequently was shortened to 19 residues with almost uncompromised affinity. We demonstrate that endogenously expressed CSP intercepts c-di-GMP signaling and effectively inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most widely used model for serious biofilm-associated medical implications.
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80
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Pattern Recognition Receptor-reactivity Screening of Liver Transplant Patients: Potential for Personalized and Precise Organ Matching to Reduce Risks of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury. Ann Surg 2020; 271:922-931. [PMID: 30480558 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune and parenchymal cells can detect danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from cells damaged during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), in heart attack or stroke settings, but also as an unavoidable consequence of solid organ transplantation. Despite IRI being a significant clinical problem across all solid organ transplants, there are limited therapeutics and patient-specific diagnostics currently available. METHODS We screened portal blood samples obtained from 67 human liver transplant recipients both pre- [portal vein (PV) sample] and post-(liver flush; LF) reperfusion for their ability to activate a panel of PRRs, and analyzed this reactivity in relation to biopsy-proven IRI. RESULTS PV samples from IRI+ orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients (n = 35) decreased activation of hTLR4- and hTLR9-transfected cells, whereas PV from IRI- patients (n = 32) primarily increased hTLR7 and hNOD2 activation. LF samples from OLT-IRI patients significantly increased activation of hTLR4 and hTLR9 over IRI- LF. In addition, the change from baseline reactivity to hTLR4/9/NOD2 was significantly higher in IRI+ than IRI- OLT patients. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TLR4/7/9 and NOD2 are involved in either promoting or attenuating hepatic IRI, and suggest a diagnostic screening of portal blood for reactivity to these PRRs might prove useful for prediction and/or therapeutic intervention in OLT patients before transplantation.
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81
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Lowey B, Whiteley AT, Keszei AFA, Morehouse BR, Mathews IT, Antine SP, Cabrera VJ, Kashin D, Niemann P, Jain M, Schwede F, Mekalanos JJ, Shao S, Lee ASY, Kranzusch PJ. CBASS Immunity Uses CARF-Related Effectors to Sense 3'-5'- and 2'-5'-Linked Cyclic Oligonucleotide Signals and Protect Bacteria from Phage Infection. Cell 2020; 182:38-49.e17. [PMID: 32544385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferase (CD-NTase) enzymes are immune sensors that synthesize nucleotide second messengers and initiate antiviral responses in bacterial and animal cells. Here, we discover Enterobacter cloacae CD-NTase-associated protein 4 (Cap4) as a founding member of a diverse family of >2,000 bacterial receptors that respond to CD-NTase signals. Structures of Cap4 reveal a promiscuous DNA endonuclease domain activated through ligand-induced oligomerization. Oligonucleotide recognition occurs through an appended SAVED domain that is an unexpected fusion of two CRISPR-associated Rossman fold (CARF) subunits co-opted from type III CRISPR immunity. Like a lock and key, SAVED effectors exquisitely discriminate 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-linked bacterial cyclic oligonucleotide signals and enable specific recognition of at least 180 potential nucleotide second messenger species. Our results reveal SAVED CARF family proteins as major nucleotide second messenger receptors in CBASS and CRISPR immune defense and extend the importance of linkage specificity beyond mammalian cGAS-STING signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Lowey
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian T Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sadie P Antine
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Victor J Cabrera
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dmitry Kashin
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Percy Niemann
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sichen Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy S Y Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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82
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The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:91. [PMID: 32532954 PMCID: PMC7293265 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is an indicator of pathogen invasion or DNA damage. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects DNA and then mediates downstream immune responses through the molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as MITA, MPYS, ERIS and TMEM173). Recent studies focusing on the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in evolutionary distant species have partly sketched how the mammalian cGAS-STING pathways are shaped and have revealed its evolutionarily conserved mechanism in combating pathogens. Both this pathway and pathogens have developed sophisticated strategies to counteract each other for their survival. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the interactions between the cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Deeper insight into these interactions might enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases and better harness the cGAS-STING pathway for antimicrobial methods.
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83
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Aline Dias da P, Nathalia Marins de A, Gabriel Guarany de A, Robson Francisco de S, Cristiane Rodrigues G. The World of Cyclic Dinucleotides in Bacterial Behavior. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102462. [PMID: 32466317 PMCID: PMC7288161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of multiple bacterial phenotypes was found to depend on different cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that constitute intracellular signaling second messenger systems. Most notably, c-di-GMP, along with proteins related to its synthesis, sensing, and degradation, was identified as playing a central role in the switching from biofilm to planktonic modes of growth. Recently, this research topic has been under expansion, with the discoveries of new CDNs, novel classes of CDN receptors, and the numerous functions regulated by these molecules. In this review, we comprehensively describe the three main bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, and cGAMP focusing on description of their three-dimensional structures and their structural similarities with other protein families, as well as the essential residues for catalysis. The diversity of CDN receptors is described in detail along with the residues important for the interaction with the ligand. Interestingly, genomic data strongly suggest that there is a tendency for bacterial cells to use both c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP signaling networks simultaneously, raising the question of whether there is crosstalk between different signaling systems. In summary, the large amount of sequence and structural data available allows a broad view of the complexity and the importance of these CDNs in the regulation of different bacterial behaviors. Nevertheless, how cells coordinate the different CDN signaling networks to ensure adaptation to changing environmental conditions is still open for much further exploration.
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84
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He J, Yin W, Galperin MY, Chou SH. Cyclic di-AMP, a second messenger of primary importance: tertiary structures and binding mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2807-2829. [PMID: 32095817 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diadenylate (c-di-AMP) is a widespread second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is involved in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, response to DNA damage, and control of central metabolism, biofilm formation, acid stress resistance, and other functions. The primary importance of c-di AMP stems from its essentiality for many bacteria under standard growth conditions and the ability of several eukaryotic proteins to sense its presence in the cell cytoplasm and trigger an immune response by the host cells. We review here the tertiary structures of the domains that regulate c-di-AMP synthesis and signaling, and the mechanisms of c-di-AMP binding, including the principal conformations of c-di-AMP, observed in various crystal structures. We discuss how these c-di-AMP molecules are bound to the protein and riboswitch receptors and what kinds of interactions account for the specific high-affinity binding of the c-di-AMP ligand. We describe seven kinds of non-covalent-π interactions between c-di-AMP and its receptor proteins, including π-π, C-H-π, cation-π, polar-π, hydrophobic-π, anion-π and the lone pair-π interactions. We also compare the mechanisms of c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP binding by the respective receptors that allow these two cyclic dinucleotides to control very different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
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85
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Li Y, Ludford PT, Fin A, Rovira AR, Tor Y. Enzymatic Syntheses and Applications of Fluorescent Cyclic Dinucleotides. Chemistry 2020; 26:6076-6084. [PMID: 32157755 PMCID: PMC7220823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) play important roles in regulating biofilm formation, motility and virulence. In eukaryotic cells, theses bacterial CDNs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger an innate immune response. We report the photophysical analyses of a novel group of enzymatically synthesized emissive CDN analogues comprised of two families of isomorphic ribonucleotides. The highly favorable photophysical features of the CDN analogues, when compared to their non-emissive natural counterparts, are used to monitor in real time the dinucleotide cyclase-mediated synthesis and phosphodiesterase (PDE)-mediated hydrolysis of homodimeric and mixed CDNs, providing effective means to probe the activities of two classes of bacterial enzymes and insight into their biomolecular recognition and catalytic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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86
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Jin JO, Kim G, Hwang J, Han KH, Kwak M, Lee PCW. Nucleic acid nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188377. [PMID: 32418899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most prevalent potentially lethal diseases. With the increase in the number of investigations into the uses of nanotechnology, many nucleic acid (NA)-based nanostructures such as small interfering RNA, microRNA, aptamers, and immune adjuvant NA have been applied to treat cancer. Here, we discuss studies on the applications of NA in cancer treatment, recent research trends, and the limitations and prospects of specific NA-mediated gene therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. The NA structures used for cancer therapy consist only of NA or hybrids comprising organic or inorganic substances integrated with functional NA. We also discuss delivery vehicles for therapeutic NA and anti-cancer agents, and recent trends in NA-based gene therapy and immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | - Gyurin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea; DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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87
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Guerra J, Valadao AL, Vlachakis D, Polak K, Vila IK, Taffoni C, Prabakaran T, Marriott AS, Kaczmarek R, Houel A, Auzemery B, Déjardin S, Boudinot P, Nawrot B, Jones NJ, Paludan SR, Kossida S, Langevin C, Laguette N. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase produces diadenosine tetraphosphate to curb STING-dependent inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax3333. [PMID: 32494729 PMCID: PMC7244319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential part of immunity against pathogens and tumors but can promote disease if not tightly regulated. Self and non-self-nucleic acids can trigger inflammation, through recognition by the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthetase (cGAS) and subsequent activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein. Here, we show that RNA:DNA hybrids can be detected by cGAS and that the Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) inhibits STING activation through two complementary mechanisms. First, LysRS interacts with RNA:DNA hybrids, delaying recognition by cGAS and impeding cGAMP production. Second, RNA:DNA hybrids stimulate LysRS-dependent production of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) that in turn attenuates STING-dependent signaling. We propose a model whereby these mechanisms cooperate to buffer STING activation. Consequently, modulation of the LysRS-Ap4A axis in vitro or in vivo interferes with inflammatory responses. Thus, altogether, we establish LysRS and Ap4A as pharmacological targets to control STING signaling and treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guerra
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - A.-L. Valadao
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K. Polak
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - I. K. Vila
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Taffoni
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A. S. Marriott
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - R. Kaczmarek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - A. Houel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B. Auzemery
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Déjardin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
| | - P. Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B. Nawrot
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - N. J. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - S. R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S. Kossida
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Langevin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N. Laguette
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
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88
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Zhou C, Chen X, Planells-Cases R, Chu J, Wang L, Cao L, Li Z, López-Cayuqueo KI, Xie Y, Ye S, Wang X, Ullrich F, Ma S, Fang Y, Zhang X, Qian Z, Liang X, Cai SQ, Jiang Z, Zhou D, Leng Q, Xiao TS, Lan K, Yang J, Li H, Peng C, Qiu Z, Jentsch TJ, Xiao H. Transfer of cGAMP into Bystander Cells via LRRC8 Volume-Regulated Anion Channels Augments STING-Mediated Interferon Responses and Anti-viral Immunity. Immunity 2020; 52:767-781.e6. [PMID: 32277911 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses cytosolic DNA in infected and malignant cells and catalyzes the formation of 2'3'cGMP-AMP (cGAMP), which in turn triggers interferon (IFN) production via the STING pathway. Here, we examined the contribution of anion channels to cGAMP transfer and anti-viral defense. A candidate screen revealed that inhibition of volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) increased propagation of the DNA virus HSV-1 but not the RNA virus VSV. Chemical blockade or genetic ablation of LRRC8A/SWELL1, a VRAC subunit, resulted in defective IFN responses to HSV-1. Biochemical and electrophysiological analyses revealed that LRRC8A/LRRC8E-containing VRACs transport cGAMP and cyclic dinucleotides across the plasma membrane. Enhancing VRAC activity by hypotonic cell swelling, cisplatin, GTPγS, or the cytokines TNF or interleukin-1 increased STING-dependent IFN response to extracellular but not intracellular cGAMP. Lrrc8e-/- mice exhibited impaired IFN responses and compromised immunity to HSV-1. Our findings suggest that cell-to-cell transmission of cGAMP via LRRC8/VRAC channels is central to effective anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Rosa Planells-Cases
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiachen Chu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Li Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Limin Cao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Karen I López-Cayuqueo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yadong Xie
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shiwei Ye
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Florian Ullrich
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shixin Ma
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiyuan Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhikang Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shi-Qing Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China
| | - Tsan S Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Center for Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hui Xiao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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89
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He J, Yin W, Galperin MY, Chou SH. Cyclic di-AMP, a second messenger of primary importance: tertiary structures and binding mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2020. [PMID: 32095817 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa112"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diadenylate (c-di-AMP) is a widespread second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is involved in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, response to DNA damage, and control of central metabolism, biofilm formation, acid stress resistance, and other functions. The primary importance of c-di AMP stems from its essentiality for many bacteria under standard growth conditions and the ability of several eukaryotic proteins to sense its presence in the cell cytoplasm and trigger an immune response by the host cells. We review here the tertiary structures of the domains that regulate c-di-AMP synthesis and signaling, and the mechanisms of c-di-AMP binding, including the principal conformations of c-di-AMP, observed in various crystal structures. We discuss how these c-di-AMP molecules are bound to the protein and riboswitch receptors and what kinds of interactions account for the specific high-affinity binding of the c-di-AMP ligand. We describe seven kinds of non-covalent-π interactions between c-di-AMP and its receptor proteins, including π-π, C-H-π, cation-π, polar-π, hydrophobic-π, anion-π and the lone pair-π interactions. We also compare the mechanisms of c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP binding by the respective receptors that allow these two cyclic dinucleotides to control very different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
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90
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Shen T, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Lin S, Zhang XB, Zhu G. Nucleic Acid Immunotherapeutics for Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2838-2849. [PMID: 33681722 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the blossom of two fields: nucleic acid therapeutics and cancer immunotherapy. Unlike traditional small molecule medicines or protein biologics, nucleic acid therapeutics have characteristic features such as storing genetic information, immunomodulation, and easy conformational recovery. Immunotherapy uses the patients' own immune system to treat cancer. A variety of strategies have been developed for cancer immunotherapy including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer therapy, therapeutic vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy. Interestingly, nucleic acid therapeutics have emerged as a pivotal class of regimen for cancer immunotherapy. Examples of such nucleic acid immunotherapeutics include immunostimulatory DNA/RNA, mRNA/plasmids that can be translated into immunotherapeutic proteins/peptides, and genome-editing nucleic acids. Like many other therapeutic nucleic acids, nucleic acid immunotherapeutics often require chemical modifications to protect them from enzymatic degradation and need drug delivery systems for optimal delivery to target tissues and cells and subcellular locations. In this review, we attempted to summarize recent advancement in the interfacial field of nucleic acid immunotherapeutics for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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91
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Xiao Z, Mayer AT, Nobashi TW, Gambhir SS. ICOS Is an Indicator of T-cell-Mediated Response to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3023-3032. [PMID: 32156777 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is innovating clinical cancer management. Nevertheless, only a small fraction of patient's benefit from current immunotherapies. To improve clinical management of cancer immunotherapy, it is critical to develop strategies for response monitoring and prediction. In this study, we describe inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) as a conserved mediator of immune response across multiple therapy strategies. ICOS expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, 89Zr-DFO-ICOS mAb PET/CT imaging was performed on Lewis lung cancer models treated with different immunotherapy strategies, and the change in tumor volume was used as a read-out for therapeutic response. ImmunoPET imaging of ICOS enabled sensitive and specific detection of activated T cells and early benchmarking of immune response. A STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist was identified as a promising therapeutic approach in this manner. The STING agonist generated significantly stronger immune responses as measured by ICOS ImmunoPET and delayed tumor growth compared with programmed death-1 checkpoint blockade. More importantly, ICOS ImmunoPET enabled early and robust prediction of therapeutic response across multiple treatment regimens. These data show that ICOS is an indicator of T-cell-mediated immune response and suggests ICOS ImmunoPET as a promising strategy for monitoring, comparing, and predicting immunotherapy success in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: ICOS ImmunoPET is a promising strategy to noninvasively predict and monitor immunotherapy response.See related commentary by Choyke, p. 2975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyu Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aaron T Mayer
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tomomi W Nobashi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Bio-X Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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92
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Ahn J, Barber GN. STING signaling and host defense against microbial infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31827069 PMCID: PMC6906460 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first line of host defense against infectious agents involves activation of innate immune signaling pathways that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Key triggers of innate immune signaling are now known to include microbial-specific nucleic acid, which is rapidly detected in the cytosol of the cell. For example, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) have evolved to detect viral RNA species and to activate the production of host defense molecules and cytokines that stimulate adaptive immune responses. In addition, host defense countermeasures, including the production of type I interferons (IFNs), can also be triggered by microbial DNA from bacteria, viruses and perhaps parasites and are regulated by the cytosolic sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-dependent signaling is initiated by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) generated by intracellular bacteria following infection. CDNs can also be synthesized by a cellular synthase, cGAS, following interaction with invasive cytosolic self-DNA or microbial DNA species. The importance of STING signaling in host defense is evident since numerous pathogens have developed strategies to prevent STING function. Here, we review the relevance of STING-controlled innate immune signaling in host defense against pathogen invasion, including microbial endeavors to subvert this critical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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93
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Wu J, Zhao L, Hu H, Li W, Li Y. Agonists and inhibitors of the STING pathway: Potential agents for immunotherapy. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1117-1141. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Jun Wu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Hong‐Guo Hu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hao Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua University Beijing China
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94
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Wagner DA, Kelly SM, Petersen AC, Peroutka-Bigus N, Darling RJ, Bellaire BH, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and long-lived protection against pneumonic plague. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:326-337. [PMID: 31610342 PMCID: PMC7012387 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this pathogen; however, USAMRIID has developed a recombinant fusion protein, F1-V, that has been shown to induce protection against pneumonic plague. Many F1-V-based vaccine formulations require prime-boost immunization to achieve protective immunity, and there are limited reports of rapid induction of protective immunity (≤ 14 days post-immunization (DPI)). The STimulator of INterferon Genes agonists cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have been shown to be promising vaccine adjuvants. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have also shown to enhance immune responses due to their dual functionality as adjuvants and delivery vehicles. In this work, a combination nanovaccine was designed that comprised F1-V-loaded nanoparticles combined with the CDN, dithio-RP,RP-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate, to induce rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. All mice immunized with a single dose combination nanovaccine were protected from Y. pestis lethal challenge within 14 DPI and demonstrated enhanced protection over F1-V adjuvanted with CDNs alone at challenge doses ≥7000 CFU Y. pestis CO92. In addition, 75% of mice receiving the single dose of the combination nanovaccine were protected from challenge at 182 DPI, while maintaining high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG. ELISPOT analysis of vaccinated animals at 218 DPI revealed F1-V-specific long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow in mice vaccinated with CDN adjuvanted F1-V or the combination nanovaccine. Microarray analysis of serum from these vaccinated mice revealed the presence of serum antibody that bound to a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. These results demonstrate that combining the adjuvanticity of CDNs with a nanovaccine delivery system enables induction of both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against Y. pestis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this biodefense pathogen. • We designed a combination nanovaccine comprising of F1-V antigen-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles and a cyclic dinucleotide adjuvant to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. • Animals immunized with the combination nanovaccine maintained high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG and long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow and the serum antibody showed a high affinity for a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. • The combination nanovaccine is a promising next-generation vaccine platform against weaponized Y. pestis based on its ability to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nathan Peroutka-Bigus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ross J Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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95
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Sintim HO, Mikek CG, Wang M, Sooreshjani MA. Interrupting cyclic dinucleotide-cGAS-STING axis with small molecules. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1999-2023. [PMID: 32206239 PMCID: PMC7069516 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic dinucleotide-cGAS-STING axis plays important roles in host immunity. Activation of this signaling pathway, via cytosolic sensing of bacterial-derived c-di-GMP/c-di-AMP or host-derived cGAMP, leads to the production of inflammatory interferons and cytokines that help resolve infection. Small molecule activators of the cGAS-STING axis have the potential to augment immune response against various pathogens or cancer. The aberrant activation of this pathway, due to gain-of-function mutations in any of the proteins that are part of the signaling axis, could lead to various autoimmune diseases. Inhibiting various nodes of the cGAS-STING axis could provide relief to patients with autoimmune diseases. Many excellent reviews on the cGAS-STING axis have been published recently, and these have mainly focused on the molecular details of the cGAS-STING pathway. This review however focuses on small molecules that can be used to modulate various aspects of the cGAS-STING pathway, as well as other parallel inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Clinton G Mikek
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Modi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Moloud A Sooreshjani
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
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96
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Novotná B, Vaneková L, Zavřel M, Buděšínský M, Dejmek M, Smola M, Gutten O, Tehrani ZA, Pimková Polidarová M, Brázdová A, Liboska R, Štěpánek I, Vavřina Z, Jandušík T, Nencka R, Rulíšek L, Bouřa E, Brynda J, Páv O, Birkuš G. Enzymatic Preparation of 2'-5',3'-5'-Cyclic Dinucleotides, Their Binding Properties to Stimulator of Interferon Genes Adaptor Protein, and Structure/Activity Correlations. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10676-10690. [PMID: 31715099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are second messengers in the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which plays an important role in recognizing tumor cells and viral or bacterial infections. They bind to the STING adaptor protein and trigger expression of cytokines via TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signaling cascades. In this work, we describe an enzymatic preparation of 2'-5',3'-5'-cyclic dinucleotides (2'3'CDNs) with use of cyclic GMP-AMP synthases (cGAS) from human, mouse, and chicken. We profile substrate specificity of these enzymes by employing a small library of nucleotide-5'-triphosphate (NTP) analogues and use them to prepare 33 2'3'CDNs. We also determine affinity of these CDNs to five different STING haplotypes in cell-based and biochemical assays and describe properties needed for their optimal activity toward all STING haplotypes. Next, we study their effect on cytokine and chemokine induction by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and evaluate their cytotoxic effect on monocytes. Additionally, we report X-ray crystal structures of two new CDNs bound to STING protein and discuss structure-activity relationship by using quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vaneková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zavřel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Zahra Aliakbar Tehrani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Štěpánek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Vavřina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jandušík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague 166 28 , Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Bouřa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
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97
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Winnerdy FR, Das P, Heddi B, Phan AT. Solution Structures of a G-Quadruplex Bound to Linear- and Cyclic-Dinucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18038-18047. [PMID: 31661272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides have emerged as important secondary messengers and cell signaling molecules that regulate several cell responses. A guanine-deficit G-quadruplex structure formation by a sequence containing (4n - 1) guanines, n denoting the number of G-tetrad layers, was previously reported. Here, a (4n - 1) G-quadruplex structure is shown to be capable of binding guanine-containing dinucleotides in micromolar affinity. The guanine base of the dinucleotides interacts with a vacant G-triad, forming four additional Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to complete a G-tetrad. Solution structures of two complexes, both comprised of a (4n - 1) G-quadruplex structure, one bound to a linear dinucleotide (d(AG)) and the other to a cyclic dinucleotide (cGAMP), are solved using NMR spectroscopy. The latter suggests sufficiently strong interaction between the guanine base of the dinucleotide and the vacant G-triad, which acts as an anchor point of binding. The binding interfaces from the two solution structures provide useful information for specific ligand design. The results also infer that other guanine-containing metabolites of a similar size have the capability of binding G-quadruplexes, potentially affecting the expression of the metabolites and functionality of the bound G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernaldo Richtia Winnerdy
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Poulomi Das
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Brahim Heddi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore.,Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée , CNRS UMR 8113 , Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay , Cachan 94235 , France
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 636921 , Singapore
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98
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Su T, Zhang Y, Valerie K, Wang XY, Lin S, Zhu G. STING activation in cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7759-7771. [PMID: 31695799 PMCID: PMC6831454 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy modulates and leverages the host immune system to treat cancer. The past decade has witnessed historical advancement of cancer immunotherapy. A myriad of approaches have been explored to elicit or augment anticancer innate immunity and/or adaptive immunity. Recently, activation of stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), an intracellular receptor residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, has shown great potential to enhance antitumor immunity through the induction of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including type I IFNs. A number of natural and synthetic STING agonists have been discovered or developed, and tested in preclinical models and in the clinic for the immunotherapy of diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), are a class of STING agonists that can elicit immune responses. However, natural CDNs are hydrophilic small molecules with negative charges and are susceptible to enzymatic degradation, leading to low bioavailability in target tissues yet unwanted toxicities and narrow therapeutic windows. Drug delivery systems, coupled with nucleic acid chemistry, have been exploited to address these challenges. Here, we will discuss the underlying immunological mechanisms and approaches to STING activation, with a focus on the delivery of STING agonists, for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
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99
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Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation exacerbates experimental colitis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14281. [PMID: 31582793 PMCID: PMC6776661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of cytoplasmic DNA by the host’s innate immune system is essential for microbial and endogenous pathogen recognition. In mammalian cells, an important sensor is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, which upon activation by bacterially-derived cyclic dinucleotides (cDNs) or cytosolic dsDNA (dsDNA), triggers type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Given the abundance of bacterially-derived cDNs in the gut, we determined whether STING deletion, or stimulation, acts to modulate the severity of intestinal inflammation in the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of colitis. DSS was administered to Tmem173gt (STING-mutant) mice and to wild-type mice co-treated with DSS and a STING agonist. Colitis severity was markedly reduced in the DSS-treated Tmem173gt mice and greatly exacerbated in wild-type mice co-treated with the STING agonist. STING expression levels were also assessed in colonic tissues, murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), and human THP-1 cells. M1 and M2 polarized THP-1 and murine BMDMs were also stimulated with STING agonists and ligands to assess their responses. STING expression was increased in both murine and human M1 polarized macrophages and a STING agonist repolarized M2 macrophages towards an M1-like subtype. Our results suggest that STING is involved in the host’s response to acutely-induced colitis.
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100
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Kufer TA, Creagh EM, Bryant CE. Guardians of the Cell: Effector-Triggered Immunity Steers Mammalian Immune Defense. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:939-951. [PMID: 31500957 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system deals with invading pathogens and stress by activating pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in the host. Initially proposed to be triggered by the discrimination of defined molecular signatures from pathogens rather than from self, it is now clear that PRRs can also be activated by endogenous ligands, bacterial metabolites and, following pathogen-induced alterations of cellular processes, changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton. These processes are collectively referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we summarize the molecular and conceptual advances in our understanding of cell autonomous innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens, and discuss how classical activation of PRRs and ETI interplay to drive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Emma M Creagh
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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