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MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI ABDOLLAH, SHERWIN CATHERINEM, HEIDARI-SOURESHJANI SAEID. Do statins play any role in reducing the incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2020; 61:E331-E339. [PMID: 33150223 PMCID: PMC7595068 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between statin consumption and risk of incidence of ovarian cancer (OC) and associated mortality. Methods Computerized searches were conducted in three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Two calibrated authors performed the publications selection, data extraction, and quality assessment of the selected publications. The quality of the included articles was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies, and Jadad criteria for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The electronic searches retrieved 2272 titles/abstracts. After the deletion of duplicate publications, 2030 titles/abstracts were assessed. Eighteen articles were included. Results Meta-analysis demonstrated that risk ratio (RR) of the association between statin consumption and OC incidence was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.75-1.03, P = 0.109). Patients receiving statin were less likely to die than those who did not receive statin, with a statistically significant association [RR = 0.76 (95% CI 0.67-0.86, P = 0.0001)]. There was no evidence of publication bias in examining the association between statin consumption and the risk of incidence and mortality from OC. Conclusions This study determined that statin use reduced the incidence risk of OC and significantly increased the survival in OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ABDOLLAH MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children’s Hospital, One Children’s Plaza, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - CATHERINE M.T. SHERWIN
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children’s Hospital, One Children’s Plaza, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - SAEID HEIDARI-SOURESHJANI
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Correspondence: Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani, Circuit of Research and Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran - Tel. +98 9131833509 - Fax: +98 383351031 - E-mail:
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Prabhu N, Kapur N, Catalona W, Leikin R, Helenowski I, Jovanovich B, Gurley M, Okwuosa TM, Kuzel TM. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:130.e9-130.e15. [PMID: 33132024 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have investigated the role of statins in prostate cancer (CaP), the leading cause of cancer related death in men. Retrospective cohort studies investigating the correlation between statin use and biochemical recurrence free (BCRF) survival in men with CaP have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES In the largest reported surgical cohort to date, we investigated the effect of statin therapy on BCRF and overall survival in patients with CaP who have undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of men (n = 3,088) participating in the NCI funded Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in CaP at Northwestern University (NM) in Chicago, Illinois. Patients were treated with RP between 2002 and 2015. Patients in the statin users group received treatment within 2 years prior to or subsequent to RP. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare age, race, Gleason score, clinical staging, and pathological stage between statin users and nonstatin users. RESULTS The analysis identified 1,222 statin users and 1,865 nonusers (mean age 71 years, 92% Caucasian). After a median follow-up time of 49.0 months, the 5-year BCRF survival rate was 93.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 91.9-94.8%) among statin users and 88.6% (95% CI: 87.1%-90%) among nonusers (log-rank P< 0.001). After 10 years, the progression-free survival (PFS) was 91.7% (95% CI: 90.1%-93.3%) among statin users and 86.5% (95% CI: 84.4%-88.2%) among nonusers (log-rank P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Extended follow-up data in this large surgical cohort show statin use improves BCRF but not overall survival in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prabhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Navina Kapur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| | | | - Robin Leikin
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Borko Jovanovich
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Gurley
- Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Chicago, IL
| | - Tochi M Okwuosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Current Perspectives on Therapies, Including Drug Delivery Systems, for Managing Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2962-2977. [PMID: 32945654 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a standout among the most dangerous class of central nervous system (CNS) cancer, is most common and is an aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. In spite of developments in modality therapy, it remains mostly incurable. Consequently, the need for novel systems, strategies, or therapeutic approaches for enhancing the assortment of active agents meant for GBM becomes an important criterion. Currently, cancer research focuses mainly on improving the treatment of GBM via diverse novel drug delivery systems. The treatment options at diagnosis are multimodal and include radiation therapy. Moreover, significant advances in understanding the molecular pathology of GBM and associated cell signaling pathways have opened opportunities for new therapies. Innovative treatment such as immunotherapy also gives hope for enhanced survival. The objective of this work was to collect and report the recent research findings to manage GBM. The present review includes existing novel drug delivery systems and therapies intended for managing GBM. Reported novel drug delivery systems and diverse therapies seem to be precise, secure, and relatively effective, which could lead to a new track for the obliteration of GBM.
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Role of cholesterol metabolism in the anticancer pharmacology of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:101-115. [PMID: 32931953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and possess estrogen agonist or antagonist actions in different tissues. As such, they are widely used drugs. For instance, tamoxifen, the most prescribed SERM, is used to treat ERα-positive breast cancer. Aside from their therapeutic targets, SERMs have the capacity to broadly affect cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling, mainly through ER-independent mechanisms. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is crucial to meet the needs of cancer cells, and different key processes involved in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with cancer progression. Therefore, the effects of SERMs on cholesterol homeostasis may be relevant to carcinogenesis, either by contributing to the anticancer efficacy of these compounds or, conversely, by promoting resistance to treatment. Understanding these aspects of SERMs actions could help to design more efficacious therapies. Herein we review the effects of SERMs on cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling and discuss their potential in anticancer pharmacology.
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Longo J, van Leeuwen JE, Elbaz M, Branchard E, Penn LZ. Statins as Anticancer Agents in the Era of Precision Medicine. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5791-5800. [PMID: 32887721 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate metabolic pathway. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that certain cancers depend on the mevalonate pathway for growth and survival, and, therefore, are vulnerable to statin therapy. However, these immediately available, well-tolerated, and inexpensive drugs have yet to be successfully repurposed and integrated into cancer patient care. In this review, we highlight recent advances and outline important considerations for advancing statins to clinical trials in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Longo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenna E van Leeuwen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamad Elbaz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Branchard
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Johnson KE, Siewert KM, Klarin D, Damrauer SM, Chang KM, Tsao PS, Assimes TL, Maxwell KN, Voight BF. The relationship between circulating lipids and breast cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003302. [PMID: 32915777 PMCID: PMC7485834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of epidemiological and genetic studies have attempted to determine whether levels of circulating lipids are associated with risks of various cancers, including breast cancer (BC). However, it remains unclear whether a causal relationship exists between lipids and BC. If alteration of lipid levels also reduced risk of BC, this could present a target for disease prevention. This study aimed to assess a potential causal relationship between genetic variants associated with plasma lipid traits (high-density lipoprotein, HDL; low-density lipoprotein, LDL; triglycerides, TGs) with risk for BC using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS AND FINDINGS Data from genome-wide association studies in up to 215,551 participants from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) were used to construct genetic instruments for plasma lipid traits. The effect of these instruments on BC risk was evaluated using genetic data from the BCAC (Breast Cancer Association Consortium) based on 122,977 BC cases and 105,974 controls. Using MR, we observed that a 1-standard-deviation genetically determined increase in HDL levels is associated with an increased risk for all BCs (HDL: OR [odds ratio] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.13, P < 0.001). Multivariable MR analysis, which adjusted for the effects of LDL, TGs, body mass index (BMI), and age at menarche, corroborated this observation for HDL (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03-1.10, P = 4.9 × 10-4) and also found a relationship between LDL and BC risk (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07, P = 0.02). We did not observe a difference in these relationships when stratified by breast tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. We repeated this analysis using genetic variants independent of the leading association at core HDL pathway genes and found that these variants were also associated with risk for BCs (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06-1.16, P = 1.5 × 10-6), including locus-specific associations at ABCA1 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1), APOE-APOC1-APOC4-APOC2 (Apolipoproteins E, C1, C4, and C2), and CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein). In addition, we found evidence that genetic variation at the ABO locus is associated with both lipid levels and BC. Through multiple statistical approaches, we minimized and tested for the confounding effects of pleiotropy and population stratification on our analysis; however, the possible existence of residual pleiotropy and stratification remains a limitation of this study. CONCLUSIONS We observed that genetically elevated plasma HDL and LDL levels appear to be associated with increased BC risk. Future studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying this putative causal relationship, with the goal of developing potential therapeutic strategies aimed at altering the cholesterol-mediated effect on BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Johnson
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Siewert
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek Klarin
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Mandal CC. Osteolytic metastasis in breast cancer: effective prevention strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:797-811. [PMID: 32772585 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1807950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women throughout the world. Patients who are diagnosed early generally have better prognosis and survivability. Indeed, advanced stage breast cancer often develops osteolytic metastases, leading to bone destruction. Although there are select drugs available to treat bone metastatic disease, these drugs have shown limited success. AREA COVERED This paper emphasizes updated mechanisms of bone remodeling and osteolytic bone metastases of breast cancer. This article also aims to explore the potential of novel natural and synthetic therapeutics in the effective prevention of breast cancer-induced osteolysis and osteolytic metastases of breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION Targeting TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways, along with osteoclast activity, appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy in the prevention of breast cancer-induced osteolytic bone destruction and metastatic growth at bone metastatic niches. Pilot studies in animal models suggest various natural and synthetic compounds and monoclonal antibodies as putative therapeutics in the prevention of breast cancer stimulated osteolytic activity. However, comprehensive pre-clinical studies demonstrating the PK/PD and in-depth understanding of molecular mechanism(s) by which these potential molecules exhibit anti-tumor growth and anti-osteolytic activity are still required to develop effective therapies against breast cancer-induced osteolytic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer, India
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Trotta F, Avena P, Chimento A, Rago V, De Luca A, Sculco S, Nocito MC, Malivindi R, Fallo F, Pezzani R, Pilon C, Lasorsa FM, Barile SN, Palmieri L, Lerario AM, Pezzi V, Casaburi I, Sirianni R. Statins Reduce Intratumor Cholesterol Affecting Adrenocortical Cancer Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1909-1921. [PMID: 32546662 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotane causes hypercholesterolemia in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). We suppose that cholesterol increases within the tumor and can be used to activate proliferative pathways. In this study, we used statins to decrease intratumor cholesterol and investigated the effects on ACC growth related to estrogen receptor α (ERα) action at the nuclear and mitochondrial levels. We first used microarray to investigate mitotane effect on genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and evaluated their relationship with patients' survival in ACC TCGA. We then blocked cholesterol synthesis with simvastatin and determined the effects on H295R cell proliferation, estradiol production, and ERα activity in vitro and in xenograft tumors. We found that mitotane increases intratumor cholesterol content and expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, among them INSIG, whose expression affects patients' survival. Treatment of H295R cells with simvastatin to block cholesterol synthesis decreased cellular cholesterol content, and this affected cell viability. Simvastatin reduced estradiol production and decreased nuclear and mitochondrial ERα function. A mitochondrial target of ERα, the respiratory complex IV (COXIV), was reduced after simvastatin treatment, which profoundly affected mitochondrial respiration activating apoptosis. Additionally, simvastatin reduced tumor volume and weight of grafted H295R cells, intratumor cholesterol content, Ki-67 and ERα, COXIV expression and activity and increase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a reduction in intratumor cholesterol content prevents estradiol production and inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain-inducing apoptosis in ACC cells. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by simvastatin represents a novel strategy to counteract ACC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Arianna De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sara Sculco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marta C Nocito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Malivindi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Catia Pilon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco M Lasorsa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona N Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Brånvall E, Ekberg S, Eloranta S, Wästerlid T, Birmann BM, Smedby KE. Statin use is associated with improved survival in multiple myeloma: A Swedish population-based study of 4315 patients. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:652-661. [PMID: 32141627 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Statin use has been associated with reduced cancer-specific mortality among patients with several cancer types, including multiple myeloma (MM). We aimed to further elucidate the association of statin use and dose intensity with MM survival. Using Swedish population-based national health registers, we identified all incident MM diagnoses occurring January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2013 and their drug dispensations and comorbidities. We assessed statin exposure in 6-month periods pre- and post-diagnosis, treated diagnosis as baseline for calculating survival time, and calculated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure-related MM-specific and all-cause mortality using Cox regression. We assessed statin exposure during the entire follow-up and risk of MM-specific mortality in a nested case-control analysis. We classified dose intensity according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommendations. We ascertained 4315 MM cases during follow-up. Statin use was associated with reduced MM-specific mortality (pre-diagnosis use multivariate-adjusted HR, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.71-0.96; 6 months post-diagnosis: 0.73, 0.60-0.89; entire follow-up: 0.65, 0.52-0.80) and (more weakly) with all-cause mortality. Intensity analyses suggested a dose-response; MM-specific mortality decreased with increasing statin intensity in all time windows (eg, 6 months post-diagnosis: low [0.76 (0.56-1.03)], medium [0.73 (0.58-0.92)], high [0.33 (0.08-1.32)] intensity). However, relatively few patients received high intensity treatment, and the trend was statistically significant only for unadjusted pre-diagnosis use. In this large population-based MM cohort, statin use was associated with improved MM-specific survival in both sexes. Randomized prospective studies are warranted to evaluate statins as adjuvant treatment in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Brånvall
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyCapio S:t Görans Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sara Ekberg
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sandra Eloranta
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tove Wästerlid
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyKarolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Brenda M. Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Karin E. Smedby
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyKarolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Cholesterol and beyond - The role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188351. [PMID: 32007596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted global disease. Transformation of a normal to a malignant cell takes several steps, including somatic mutations, epigenetic alterations, metabolic reprogramming and loss of cell growth control. Recently, the mevalonate pathway has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor biology and a potential therapeutic target. This pathway controls cholesterol production and posttranslational modifications of Rho-GTPases, both of which are linked to several key steps of tumor progression. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway induce pleiotropic antitumor-effects in several human malignancies, identifying the pathway as an attractive candidate for novel therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview about the role and regulation of the mevalonate pathway in certain aspects of cancer initiation and progression and its potential for therapeutic intervention in oncology.
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Audebrand A, Désaubry L, Nebigil CG. Targeting GPCRs Against Cardiotoxicity Induced by Anticancer Treatments. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 6:194. [PMID: 32039239 PMCID: PMC6993588 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel anticancer medicines, including targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have greatly improved the management of cancers. However, both conventional and new anticancer treatments induce cardiac adverse effects, which remain a critical issue in clinic. Cardiotoxicity induced by anti-cancer treatments compromise vasospastic and thromboembolic ischemia, dysrhythmia, hypertension, myocarditis, and cardiac dysfunction that can result in heart failure. Importantly, none of the strategies to prevent cardiotoxicity from anticancer therapies is completely safe and satisfactory. Certain clinically used cardioprotective drugs can even contribute to cancer induction. Since G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are target of forty percent of clinically used drugs, here we discuss the newly identified cardioprotective agents that bind GPCRs of adrenalin, adenosine, melatonin, ghrelin, galanin, apelin, prokineticin and cannabidiol. We hope to provoke further drug development studies considering these GPCRs as potential targets to be translated to treatment of human heart failure induced by anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Canan G. Nebigil
- Laboratory of CardioOncology and Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS, Illkirch, France
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Statin and Cancer Mortality and Survival: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020326. [PMID: 31979352 PMCID: PMC7074262 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide an overview and understand the strength of evidence and the extent of potential biases and the validity of claimed associations between the use of statins and cancer mortality or survival. We performed a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematically appraised the relevant meta-analyses of observational studies on the associations between statin use and cancer mortality or survival in various kinds of cancer. We searched the PubMed database and screened the reference list of relevant articles. We obtained the summary effect, 95% confidence interval, heterogeneity, and also examined small study effects and 95% prediction intervals for effect sizes, and the level of evidence was determined from the criteria. Regarding cancer mortality, statin use showed convincing evidence for an association with a reduced cancer-specific mortality rate for colorectal cancer. Four associations with reduced all-cause mortality (for breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endocrine-related gynecological cancer, and ovarian cancer) had a suggestive evidence. Moreover, analyses in nine cancers showed a weak level of evidence, while the remaining 15 did not indicate significant changes in either direction. Although there was a preventive effect of statin on cancer mortality in some cancer types, the evidence supporting the use of statins to reduce cancer mortality or survival was low.
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Herrera-Martínez AD, Venegas-Moreno E, L-López F, Fanciulli A, Moreno-Moreno P, Alhambra-Expósito MR, Barrera-Martín A, Dios E, Blanco-Acevedo C, Solivera J, Granata R, Kineman RD, Gahete MD, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Statins Directly Regulate Pituitary Cell Function and Exert Antitumor Effects in Pituitary Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1028-1041. [PMID: 31940630 DOI: 10.1159/000505923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the most abundant of all intracranial tumors, entail severe comorbidities. First-line therapy is transsphenoidal surgery, but subsequent pharmacological therapy is often required. Unfortunately, many patients are/become unresponsive to available drugs (somatostatin analogues [SSAs]/dopamine agonists), underscoring the need for new therapies. Statins are well-known drugs commonly prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia/cardiovascular diseases, but can convey additional beneficial effects, including antitumor actions. The direct effects of statins on normal human pituitary or PitNETs are poorly known. Thus, we aimed to explore the direct effects of statins, especially simvastatin, on key functional parameters in normal and tumoral pituitary cells, and to evaluate the combined effects of simvastatin with metformin (MF) or SSAs. METHODS Effects of statins in cell proliferation/viability, hormone secretion, and signaling pathways were evaluated in normal pituitary cells from a primate model (Papio anubis), tumor cells from corticotropinomas, somatotropinomas, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors, and PitNET cell-lines (AtT20/GH3-cells). RESULTS All statins decreased AtT20-cell proliferation, simvastatin showing stronger effects. Indeed, simvastatin reduced cell viability and/or hormone secretion in all PitNETs subtypes and cell-lines, and ACTH/GH/PRL/FSH/LH secretion (but not expression), in primate cell cultures, by modulating MAPK/PI3K/mTOR pathways and expression of key receptors (GH-releasing hormone-receptor/ghrelin-R/Kiss1-R) regulating pituitary function. Addition of MF or SSAs did not enhance simvastatin antitumor effects. CONCLUSION Our data reveal direct antitumor effects of simvastatin on PitNET-cells, paving the way to explore these compounds as a possible tool to treat PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alessandro Fanciulli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Paloma Moreno-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María R Alhambra-Expósito
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Research and Developments, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain,
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain,
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain,
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Effects of medication-assisted treatment on mortality among opioids users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1868-1883. [PMID: 29934549 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with a high risk of premature death. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is the primary treatment for opioid dependence. We comprehensively assessed the effects of different MAT-related characteristics on mortality among those with OUD by a systematic review and meta-analysis. The all-cause and overdose crude mortality rates (CMRs) and relative risks (RRs) by treatment status, different type, period, and dose of medication, and retention time were pooled using random effects, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. Thirty cohort studies involving 370,611 participants (1,378,815 person-years) were eligible in the meta-analysis. From 21 studies, the pooled all-cause CMRs were 0.92 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.79-1.04) while receiving MAT, 1.69 (1.47-1.91) after cessation, and 4.89 (3.54-6.23) for untreated period. Based on 16 studies, the pooled overdose CMRs were 0.24 (0.20-0.28) while receiving MAT, 0.68 (0.55-0.80) after cessation of MAT, and 2.43 (1.72-3.15) for untreated period. Compared with patients receiving MAT, untreated participants had higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR 2.56 [95% CI: 1.72-3.80]) and overdose mortality (8.10 [4.48-14.66]), and discharged participants had higher risk of all-cause death (2.33 [2.02-2.67]) and overdose death (3.09 [2.37-4.01]). The all-cause CMRs during and after opioid substitution treatment with methadone or buprenorphine were 0.93 (0.76-1.10) and 1.79 (1.47-2.10), and corresponding estimate for antagonist naltrexone treatment were 0.26 (0-0.59) and 1.97 (0-5.18), respectively. Retention in MAT of over 1-year was associated with a lower mortality rate than that with retention ≤1 year (1.62, 1.31-1.93 vs. 5.31, -0.09-10.71). Improved coverage and adherence to MAT and post-treatment follow-up are crucial to reduce the mortality. Long-acting naltrexone showed positive advantage on prevention of premature death among persons with OUD.
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Plummer C, Steingart RM, Jurczak W, Iakobishvili Z, Lyon AR, Plastaras JP, Minotti G. Treatment specific toxicities: Hormones, antihormones, radiation therapy. Semin Oncol 2019; 46:414-420. [PMID: 31784040 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Session IV of the Second International Colloquium on Cardio-Oncology held in Kraków, focused on the cardiovascular risks of using hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer and androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and continued the theme from Session 3 with a discussion of risk reduction strategies. The discussion then moved to an overview of modern radiation therapy and evolving mechanisms of cardioprotection. The risks and late cardiotoxic effects that must be considered in patients treated prior to the "modern era" were enumerated stressing the importance of long term follow-up of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M Steingart
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Wojcech Jurczak
- Department of Haematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Alex R Lyon
- Cardio-Oncology Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Plastaras
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Giorgio Minotti
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21,00128 Rome, Italy.
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Mohammadkhani N, Gharbi S, Rajani HF, Farzaneh A, Mahjoob G, Hoseinsalari A, Korsching E. Statins: Complex outcomes but increasingly helpful treatment options for patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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67
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The Influence of Statins on Risk and Patient Survival in Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2019; 53:699-701. [PMID: 28697149 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Begicevic RR, Arfuso F, Falasca M. Bioactive lipids in cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:693-704. [PMID: 31616544 PMCID: PMC6789187 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumours are known to be a heterogeneous group of cells, which is why they are difficult to eradicate. One possible cause for this is the existence of slow-cycling cancer stem cells (CSCs) endowed with stem cell-like properties of self-renewal, which are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In recent years, the role of lipid metabolism has garnered increasing attention in cancer. Specifically, the key roles of enzymes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in CSCs, have gained particular interest. However, despite accumulating evidence on the role of proteins in controlling lipid metabolism, very little is known about the specific role played by lipid products in CSCs. This review highlights recent findings on the role of lipid metabolism in CSCs, focusing on the specific mechanism by which bioactive lipids regulate the fate of CSCs and their involvement in signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana-Rea Begicevic
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Tavakol S, Ashrafizadeh M, Deng S, Azarian M, Abdoli A, Motavaf M, Poormoghadam D, Khanbabaei H, Afshar EG, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Yap CT, Mohammadinejad R, Kumar AP. Autophagy Modulators: Mechanistic Aspects and Drug Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E530. [PMID: 31557936 PMCID: PMC6843293 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy modulation is considered to be a promising programmed cell death mechanism to prevent and cure a great number of disorders and diseases. The crucial step in designing an effective therapeutic approach is to understand the correct and accurate causes of diseases and to understand whether autophagy plays a cytoprotective or cytotoxic/cytostatic role in the progression and prevention of disease. This knowledge will help scientists find approaches to manipulate tumor and pathologic cells in order to enhance cellular sensitivity to therapeutics and treat them. Although some conventional therapeutics suffer from poor solubility, bioavailability and controlled release mechanisms, it appears that novel nanoplatforms overcome these obstacles and have led to the design of a theranostic-controlled drug release system with high solubility and active targeting and stimuli-responsive potentials. In this review, we discuss autophagy modulators-related signaling pathways and some of the drug delivery strategies that have been applied to the field of therapeutic application of autophagy modulators. Moreover, we describe how therapeutics will target various steps of the autophagic machinery. Furthermore, nano drug delivery platforms for autophagy targeting and co-delivery of autophagy modulators with chemotherapeutics/siRNA, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of basic science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Motavaf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delaram Poormoghadam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Celestial T Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Beyond the boundaries of cardiology: Still untapped anticancer properties of the cardiovascular system-related drugs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chu DT, Phuong TNT, Tien NLB, Tran DK, Nguyen TT, Thanh VV, Quang TL, Minh LB, Pham VH, Ngoc VTN, Kushekhar K, Chu-Dinh T. The Effects of Adipocytes on the Regulation of Breast Cancer in the Tumor Microenvironment: An Update. Cells 2019; 8:E857. [PMID: 31398937 PMCID: PMC6721665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic and it is well evident that obesity is associated with the development of many disorders including many cancer types. Breast cancer is one of that associated with a high mortality rate. Adipocytes, a major cellular component in adipose tissue, are dysfunctional during obesity and also known to promote breast cancer development both in vitro and in vivo. Dysfunctional adipocytes can release metabolic substrates, adipokines, and cytokines, which promote proliferation, progression, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells. The secretion of adipocytes can alter gene expression profile, induce inflammation and hypoxia, as well as inhibit apoptosis. It is known that excessive free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, hormones, leptin, interleukins, and chemokines upregulate breast cancer development. Interestingly, adiponectin is the only adipokine that has anti-tumor properties. Moreover, adipocytes are also related to chemotherapeutic resistance, resulting in the poorer outcome of treatment and advanced stages in breast cancer. Evaluation of the adipocyte secretion levels in the circulation can be useful for prognosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of cancer therapy in the patients. Therefore, understanding about functions of adipocytes as well as obesity in breast cancer may reveal novel targets that support the development of new anti-tumor therapy. In this systemic review, we summarize and update the effects of secreted factors by adipocytes on the regulation of breast cancer in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- Former address: Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Nguyen Le Bao Tien
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang-Khoa Tran
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Pham Ngoc Thach, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tran-Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, E Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vo Van Thanh
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Department of Surgery, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Luu Quang
- Center for Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le Bui Minh
- NTT Hi-tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh St., Ward 13, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van Huy Pham
- AI Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Kushi Kushekhar
- Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thien Chu-Dinh
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam.
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Anticoagulants and cancer mortality in the Finnish randomized study of screening for prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:877-888. [PMID: 31209595 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anticoagulants may reduce mortality of cancer patients, though the evidence remains controversial. We studied the association between different anticoagulants and cancer death. METHODS All anticoagulant use during 1995-2015 was analyzed among 75,336 men in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. Men with prevalent cancer were excluded. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to compare risk of death from any cancer and disease-specific death from 9 specific cancer types between (1) anticoagulant users overall and (2) warfarin users compared to anticoagulant non-users and (3) warfarin or (4) low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) compared to users of other anticoagulants. Medication use was analyzed as time-dependent variable to minimize immortal time bias. 1-, 2- and 3-year lag-time analyses were performed. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 17.2 years, a total of 27,233 men died of whom 8033 with cancer as the primary cause of death. In total, 32,628 men (43%) used anticoagulants. Any anticoagulant use was associated with an increased risk of cancer death (HR = 2.50, 95% CI 2.37-2.64) compared to non-users. Risk was similar independent of the amount, duration, or intensity of use. The risk increase was observed both among warfarin and LMWH users, although not as strong in warfarin users. Additionally, cancer-specific risks of death were similar to overall cancer mortality in all anticoagulant categories. CONCLUSION Our study does not support reduced cancer mortality among anticoagulant users. Future studies on drug use and cancer mortality should be adjusted for anticoagulants as they are associated with significantly higher risk of cancer death.
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Li Y, He X, Ding Y, Chen H, Sun L. Statin uses and mortality in colorectal cancer patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3305-3313. [PMID: 31069997 PMCID: PMC6558478 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common types of cancer and a leading cause of death worldwide. Previous studies indicated that statins may have a potential protective effect on CRC. METHODS We conducted this meta-analysis to systematically assess the overall and cancer-specific survival benefit of statin uses on CRC patients. Related references were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS from inception to August 2017. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were adopted to calculate summary hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using a random-effects model. RESULTS Total fourteen studies involving 130 994 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Six studies reported the association between pre-diagnosis statin uses and CRC mortality, while 11 studies investigated mortality in patients using statins after CRC diagnosis. For pre-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality (ACM) was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92) and the pooled HR of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.86). In terms of post-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of ACM was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.98), and the pooled HR of CSM was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70-0.89). For post-diagnosis statin uses, there is no difference in ACM when stratified by KRAS gene (KRAS) mutation status. Results of ACM and CSM did not markedly alter in other subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrates that both pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis statin uses are associated with reduced ACM and CSM for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingkang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu'e Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leimin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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74
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Can cardiovascular drugs support cancer treatment? The rationale for drug repurposing. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1059-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Advances in our understanding of the disease have translated into better diagnostics and more effective therapeutics, leading to earlier detection and improved outcomes. Several studies have pointed at lifestyle and environmental factors as contributory for the onset and progression of the disease. Obesity and cholesterol stand out for their potential causal relationship with breast cancer and ease of modification. MAIN TEXT Obesity and cholesterol represent risk factors for breast cancer, but their impact is largely affected by cofounding variables including menopausal status, disease subtype, and inflammation. Establishing a causal relationship between lifestyle factors and clinical outcomes may be challenging. Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have rendered conflicting or sometimes contradictory results, possibly owing to the multifactorial nature of the disease. We discuss the supporting evidence and limitations in our understanding of obesity and cholesterol as risk factors for breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence that obesity and cholesterol impact clinical outcomes. Physicians are advised to take steps to help patients with their weight, such as recommending dietary and lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garcia-Estevez
- Breast Cancer Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Arturo Soria 270, 280339, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Breast Cancer Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Arturo Soria 270, 280339, Madrid, Spain.,Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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77
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Borgquist S, Broberg P, Tojjar J, Olsson H. Statin use and breast cancer survival - a Swedish nationwide study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:54. [PMID: 30634941 PMCID: PMC6330431 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sizeable body of evidence suggests that statins can cease breast cancer progression and prevent breast cancer recurrence. The latest studies have, however, not been supportive of such clinically beneficial effects. These discrepancies may be explained by insufficient power. This considerably sized study investigates the association between both pre- and post-diagnostic statin use and breast cancer outcome. METHODS A Swedish nation-wide retrospective cohort study of 20,559 Swedish women diagnosed with breast cancer (July 1st, 2005 through 2008). Dispensed statin medication was identified through the Swedish Prescription Registry. Breast cancer related death information was obtained from the national cause-of-death registry until December 31st, 2012. Cox regression models yielded hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) regarding associations between statin use and breast cancer-specific and overall mortality. RESULTS During a median follow-up time of 61.6 months, a total of 4678 patients died, of which 2669 were considered breast cancer related deaths. Compared to non- or irregular use, regular pre-diagnostic statin use was associated with lower risk of breast cancer related deaths (HR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.63-0.95, P = 0.014). Similarly, post-diagnostic statin use compared to non-use was associated with lower risk of breast cancer related deaths (HR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.75-0.93, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION This study supports the notion that statin use is protective regarding breast cancer related mortality in agreement with previous Scandinavian studies, although less so with studies in other populations. These disparities should be further investigated to pave the way for future randomized clinical trials investigating the role of statins in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Per Broberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jasaman Tojjar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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78
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Ross KH, Gogineni K, Subhedar PD, Lin JY, McCullough LE. Obesity and cancer treatment efficacy: Existing challenges and opportunities. Cancer 2019; 125:1588-1592. [PMID: 30633328 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Keerthi Gogineni
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Preeti D Subhedar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jolinta Y Lin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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79
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Kovač U, Skubic C, Bohinc L, Rozman D, Režen T. Oxysterols and Gastrointestinal Cancers Around the Clock. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 31379749 PMCID: PMC6653998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of oxidized sterols in three major gastrointestinal cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, and colon cancer) and how the circadian clock affects the carcinogenesis by regulating the lipid metabolism and beyond. While each field of research (cancer, oxysterols, and circadian clock) is well-studied within their specialty, little is known about the intertwining mechanisms and how these influence the disease etiology in each cancer type. Oxysterols are involved in pathology of these cancers, but final conclusions about their protective or damaging effects are elusive, since the effect depends on the type of oxysterol, concentration, and the cell type. Oxysterol concentrations, the expression of key regulators liver X receptors (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBP) family are modulated in tumors and plasma of cancer patients, exposing these proteins and selected oxysterols as new potential biomarkers and drug targets. Evidence about how cholesterol/oxysterol pathways are intertwined with circadian clock is building. Identified key contact points are different forms of retinoic acid receptor related orphan receptors (ROR) and LXRs. RORs and LXRs are both regulated by sterols/oxysterols and the circadian clock and in return also regulate the same pathways, representing a complex interplay between sterol metabolism and the clock. With this in mind, in addition to classical therapies to modulate cholesterol in gastrointestinal cancers, such as the statin therapy, the time is ripe also for therapies where time and duration of the drug application is taken as an important factor for successful therapies. The final goal is the personalized approach with chronotherapy for disease management and treatment in order to increase the positive drug effects.
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80
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Di Lorenzo G, Sonpavde G, Pond G, Lucarelli G, Rossetti S, Facchini G, Scagliarini S, Cartenì G, Federico P, Daniele B, Morelli F, Bellelli T, Ferro M, De Placido S, Buonerba C. Statin Use and Survival in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Abiraterone Acetate. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:874-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have, variably, shown the concomitant use of statin drugs to be beneficial to cancer outcomes. Statin drugs have been FDA approved for three decades for the treatment of high cholesterol and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and are widely used. This has engendered studies as to their influence on concomitant diseases, including cancers. In this context, statin use has been correlated, variably, with a decrease in deaths from breast cancer. However, there is no extant model for this effect, and the extent of efficacy is open to question.The overarching goal of this article is to communicate to the reader of the potential of statins to reduce breast cancer progression and mortality. This is the use as a secondary prevention measure, and not as a therapy to directly counter active cancer. First, salient aspects of statin pharmacology, as relates to cardiovascular disease, will be discussed. Second, the basic and clinical research studies that investigate statin usage in breast cancer will be presented. Additionally, statin effects in other cancer types will be included for context. Finally, proposals for future basic and clinical research studies to determine the role of statins in breast cancer management will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15231 USA
- Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, 15240 PA USA
| | - Adam Brufsky
- Magee-Women’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket St., Pittsburgh, 15213 PA USA
| | - Zoltán N. Oltvai
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15231 PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15231 USA
- Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, 15240 PA USA
- Magee-Women’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket St., Pittsburgh, 15213 PA USA
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82
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Liu Y, Zhang YL, Liu JW, Fang FQ, Li JM, Xia YL. Emergence, Development, and Future of Cardio-Oncology in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2640-2644. [PMID: 30381608 PMCID: PMC6213845 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.244101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Feng-Qi Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Yun-Long Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
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83
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Langballe R, Cronin-Fenton D, Dehlendorff C, Jensen MB, Ejlertsen B, Andersson M, Friis S, Mellemkjær L. Statin use and risk of contralateral breast cancer: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1297-1305. [PMID: 30353047 PMCID: PMC6251024 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have demonstrated antineoplastic effects in breast cancer cell lines, particularly in oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cell lines. However, epidemiological studies have not supported a preventive effect of statin use against breast cancer. Therefore, we examined the association between statin use and contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk among women with breast cancer. Methods We identified 52,723 women with non-metastatic breast cancer during 1996–2012 from the Danish Breast Cancer Group database. We defined time-varying post-diagnosis statin use as minimum two prescriptions lagged by 1 year. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CBC associated with statin use. Results Statin use was associated with a lower CBC risk (HR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.73–1.05). The inverse association was strongest for long-term use overall (HR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.43–0.96), although the HR specifically for long-term consistent use and high-intensity use approached unity. Among ER-negative breast cancer patients, statin use was associated with a CBC risk reduction (HR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–1.00). Conclusions We found some indication that statins reduce the risk of CBC. Further evaluations are needed to disentangle the equivocal results for long-term use and to establish if ER-negative breast cancer patients may benefit most from statin use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Danish Breast Cancer Group, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Friis
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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84
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Jang HJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, Lee J. The Effect of Statin Added to Systemic Anticancer Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100325. [PMID: 30287761 PMCID: PMC6210992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins have anticancer properties and act in an additive or synergistic way when combined with anticancer therapy. We conducted this meta-analysis of randomized, controlled phase II or III trials to evaluate the effect of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all randomized trials that were designed to investigate the effect of statins in patients with cancer using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (up to August 2018). From eight randomized controlled trials, 1760 patients were included in the pooled analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) and overall response rate (ORR) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The addition of statin to anticancer agents did not significantly increase the incidence of grade 3–5 AEs (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.81–1.29, p = 0.78). However, the combination of statin and anticancer agents did not improve ORR (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20, p = 0.72) compared with that of anticancer therapy alone. In addition, statins added to systemic anticancer therapy failed to prolong PFS (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.90–1.10, p = 0.92) and OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76–1.11, p = 0.52). In conclusion, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials does not support clinical benefits of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
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85
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Abstract
Statin drugs have been used for more than two decades to treat hypercholesterolemia and as cardio-preventive drugs, resulting in a marked decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Statins halt hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). The mevalonate pathway regulates a host of biochemical processes in addition to cholesterol production. Attenuation of these pathways is likely responsible for the myriad benefits of statin therapy beyond cholesterol reduction - the so-called pleiotropic effects of statins. Chief amongst these purported effects is anti-cancer activity. A considerable body of preclinical, epidemiologic and clinical evidence shows that statins impair proliferation of breast cancer cells and reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Potential mechanisms for this effect have been explored in laboratory models, but remain poorly understood and require further investigation. The number of clinical trials assessing the putative clinical benefit of statins in breast cancer is increasing. Currently, a total of 30 breast cancer/statin trials are listed at the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from performed trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant breast cancer setting. It would be imperative for such a trial to incorporate tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in its design and analysis plan. Ongoing translational clinical trials aimed at biomarker discovery will help identify, which breast cancer patients are most likely to benefit from adjuvant statin therapy, and will add valuable clinical knowledge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Borgquist
- Department of OncologyAarhus University HospitalAarhus CDenmark
- Division of Oncology and PathologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - S. Kimbung
- Division of Oncology and PathologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - T. P. Ahern
- Departments of Surgery and BiochemistryThe Robert Larner, MD College of MedicineThe University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
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86
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Bousset L, Rambur A, Fouache A, Bunay J, Morel L, Lobaccaro JMA, Baron S, Trousson A, de Joussineau C. New Insights in Prostate Cancer Development and Tumor Therapy: Modulation of Nuclear Receptors and the Specific Role of Liver X Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2545. [PMID: 30154328 PMCID: PMC6164771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence has been dramatically increasing these last years in westernized countries. Though localized PCa is usually treated by radical prostatectomy, androgen deprivation therapy is preferred in locally advanced disease in combination with chemotherapy. Unfortunately, PCa goes into a castration-resistant state in the vast majority of the cases, leading to questions about the molecular mechanisms involving the steroids and their respective nuclear receptors in this relapse. Interestingly, liver X receptors (LXRα/NR1H3 and LXRβ/NR1H2) have emerged as new actors in prostate physiology, beyond their historical roles of cholesterol sensors. More importantly LXRs have been proposed to be good pharmacological targets in PCa. This rational has been based on numerous experiments performed in PCa cell lines and genetic animal models pointing out that using selective liver X receptor modulators (SLiMs) could actually be a good complementary therapy in patients with a castration resistant PCa. Hence, this review is focused on the interaction among the androgen receptors (AR/NR3C4), estrogen receptors (ERα/NR3A1 and ERβ/NR3A2), and LXRs in prostate homeostasis and their putative pharmacological modulations in parallel to the patients' support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bousset
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amandine Rambur
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julio Bunay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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87
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Kong Y, Cheng L, Mao F, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Farah E, Bosler J, Bai Y, Ahmad N, Kuang S, Li L, Liu X. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis overcomes enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14328-14341. [PMID: 30089652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide, a nonsteroidal second-generation antiandrogen, has been recently approved for the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although patients can benefit from enzalutamide at the beginning of this therapy, acquired enzalutamide resistance usually occurs within a short period. This motivated us to investigate the mechanism involved and possible approaches for overcoming enzalutamide resistance in CRPC. In the present study, we found that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), a crucial enzyme in the mevalonate pathway for sterol biosynthesis, is elevated in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. HMGCR knockdown could resensitize these cells to the drug, and HMGCR overexpression conferred resistance to it, suggesting that aberrant HMGCR expression is an important enzalutamide-resistance mechanism in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells were more sensitive to statins, which are HMGCR inhibitors. Of note, a combination of simvastatin and enzalutamide significantly inhibited the growth of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo Mechanistically, simvastatin decreased protein levels of the androgen receptor (AR), which was further reduced in combination with enzalutamide. We observed that the decrease in AR may occur through simvastatin-mediated inhibition of the mTOR pathway, whose activation was associated with increased HMGCR and AR expression. These results indicate that simvastatin enhances the efficacy of enzalutamide-based therapy, highlighting the therapeutic potential of statins to overcome enzalutamide resistance in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Kong
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Animal Sciences and
| | - Lijun Cheng
- the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Fengyi Mao
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Animal Sciences and
| | | | | | - Elia Farah
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | | | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- the Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Animal Sciences and.,the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Lang Li
- the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and .,the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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88
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Zhong S, Wu Y, Yan X, Tang J, Zhao J. Metformin use and survival of lung cancer patients: Meta-analysis findings. Indian J Cancer 2018; 54:63-67. [PMID: 29199666 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.219582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the association between metformin use and lung cancer survival have yielded mixed results. We aimed to perform a metaanalysis to assess the association with all available studies. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE to July 2016. We calculated the summary hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using randomeffects models. Twelve cohort studies involving 124,533 participants were included in this study. The results showed that metformin use was not associated with the overall survival of lung cancer patients (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62-1.02). In the subgroup analyses by country or subtype of lung cancer, although a beneficial effect of metformin use on overall survival was found in patients with smallcell lung cancer or in lung patients from China, it may be inappropriate draw a final conclusion considering small sample size, low study quality, and the limited number of studies in the subgroups. Further analyses found that metformin use after diagnosis showed a beneficial effect on both over survival (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72-0.87) and progressionfree survival (PFS; HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39-0.96) of lung cancer patients. In conclusion, metformin use after diagnosis is associated with improved overall survival and PFS of lung cancer patients. Nevertheless, this effect of metformin use is needed for further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - X Yan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - J Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - J Zhao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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A transcriptomic analysis of black cohosh: Actein alters cholesterol biosynthesis pathways and synergizes with simvastatin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:356-366. [PMID: 29969672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that the herb black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) and the triterpene glycoside actein inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells and activate stress-associated responses. This study assessed the transcriptomic effects of black cohosh and actein on rat liver tissue, using Ingenuity and ToxFX analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an extract of black cohosh enriched in triterpene glycosides (27%) for 24 h or actein for 6 and 24 h, at 35.7 mg/kg, and liver tissue collected for gene expression analysis. Ingenuity analysis indicates the top canonical pathways are, for black cohosh, RAR Activation, and, for actein, Superpathway of Cholesterol Biosynthesis, at 24 h. Actein alters the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes, but does not inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity. Black cohosh and actein inhibited the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells and synergized with the statin simvastatin. Combinations of black cohosh with certain classes of statins could enhance their activity, as well as toxic, such as inflammatory liver, side effects. Transcriptomic analysis indicates black cohosh and actein warrant further study to prevent and treat cancer and lipid disorders. This study lays the basis for an approach to characterize the mode of action and toxicity of herbal medicines.
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90
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Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Association between post-diagnostic use of cholera vaccine and risk of death in prostate cancer patients. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2367. [PMID: 29915319 PMCID: PMC6006429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cholera toxin might have multiple functions regarding the ability to regulate the immune system. However, it is unknown whether subsequent administration of cholera vaccine might affect the mortality rate in patients with prostate cancer. Here we report that patients in Sweden, who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between July 2005 and December 2014 and used cholera vaccine, have a decreased risk of death from prostate cancer (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) as compared to patients with prostate cancer but without cholera vaccine use, adjusted for a range of confounding factors. In addition, patients using cholera vaccine show a decreased risk of death overall (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69). The decreased mortality rate is largely consistent, irrespective of patients' age or tumor stage at diagnosis. In this population-based study, we suggest that subsequent administration of cholera vaccine after prostate cancer diagnosis might reduce the mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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91
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Sandelin M, Mindus S, Thuresson M, Lisspers K, Ställberg B, Johansson G, Larsson K, Janson C. Factors associated with lung cancer in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:1833-1839. [PMID: 29922050 PMCID: PMC5995277 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s162484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of dying of lung cancer is up to eightfold higher in patients with COPD than in age- and gender-matched controls. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with lung cancer in a large cohort of COPD patients from primary care centers. Methods To analyze whether age, gender, socioeconomic factors, comorbidity, and medication affect the risk of lung cancer in COPD, we used a COPD cohort of primary care patients. Data from primary care medical records and mandatory Swedish national registers were collected and linked in this population-based, retrospective observational registry study (NCT01146392). Results Of the total cohort, 19,894 patients were included in the study. Five hundred and ninety-four lung cancer cases were diagnosed, corresponding to 3.0% of the studied population. In a multivariate analysis, the risk of lung cancer was lower if the COPD patients had a concurrent asthma diagnosis (HR: 0.54, CI: 0.41–0.71), while the risk of lung cancer increased with increasing age. A decreased lung cancer risk was observed in an exposure-dependent manner in patients who were prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (HR: 0.52, CI: 0.37–0.73), while the opposite was found for the use of acetylsalicylic acid (HR: 1.58, CI: 1.15–2.16). Conclusion In this large population-based cohort, a concurrent asthma diagnosis and use of inhaled corticosteroids were independently related to decreased risk of lung cancer in COPD patients, while the use of acetylsalicylic acid was associated with an increased risk. The findings of the present study should be seen as hypothesis generating and need to be confirmed in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sandelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Mindus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Lisspers
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Ställberg
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Lung and Allergy Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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92
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Facchinetti F, Tiseo M. No room for statins in the quest for survival benefits in small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:S131-S133. [PMID: 29780705 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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93
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Nelson ER. The significance of cholesterol and its metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:73-80. [PMID: 28919300 PMCID: PMC5854519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although significant advances in the treatment of breast cancer have been made, in particular in the use of endocrine therapy, de novo and aquired resistance to therapy, and metastatic recurrence continue to be major clinical problems. Given the high prevalence of breast cancer, new life-style or chemotherapeutic approaches are required. In this regard, cholesterol has emerged as a risk factor for the onset of breast cancer, and elevated cholesterol is associated with a poor prognosis. While treatment with cholesterol lowering medication is not associated with breast cancer risk, it does appear to be protective against recurrence. Importantly, the cholesterol axis represents a potential target for both life-style and pharmacological intervention. This review will outline the clinical and preclinical data supporting a role for cholesterol in breast cancer pathophysiology. Specific focus is given to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC; (3β,25R)-Cholest-5-ene-3,26-diol)), a primary metabolite of cholesterol that has recently been defined as an endogenous Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator. Future perspectives and directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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94
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the number of cancer survivors continues to rise with improved early-detection methods and advancing therapies, along with it, there come adverse health outcomes as a result of physiological and psychological effects of cancer, as well as adverse effects of cancer treatment itself. This paper reviews the risk of cardiovascular disease in cancer survivors. RECENT FINDINGS Cancer survivors are at higher risk of having modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, tobacco smoking, and physical inactivity. Cardiotoxicity is a well-established adverse effect of various anticancer regimens, which further elevates the cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. The increased risk of CVD and CVD-related death in cancer survivors is likely to be multifactorial, involving cardiotoxic effects of cancer treatments as well as comorbidities and harmful lifestyle habits. Targeting and managing known cardiac risk factors should be a main target in CVD prevention in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Agmon Nardi
- Department of Internal Medicine F (Recanati), Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zaza Iakobishvili
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Cardiology, Holon Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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95
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Schnoeller TJ, Jentzmik F, Schrader AJ, Steinestel J. Influence of serum cholesterol level and statin treatment on prostate cancer aggressiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47110-47120. [PMID: 28445145 PMCID: PMC5564548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both cholesterol levels and the use of statins have been described to influence the development and prognosis of prostate cancer (PC). In this retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of consecutive cases from a tertiary referral center we evaluated an association between hypercholesterolemia (≥5.0mmol/l), the use of statins, and advanced/aggressive PC in 767 men with histologically confirmed, clinically localized PC awaiting radical prostatectomy. We found that patients with HCE (n=287, 37.4%) had a significantly higher incidence of poorly differentiated PC (Gleason score ≥7b, 81.1% vs. 4.9%), advanced local tumor stage (≥pT3, 57.7% vs. 22.2%), and nodal involvement (19.8% vs. 1.6%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for aggressive and/or advanced PC (OR 2.01, p<0.001) whereas statin intake showed an odds ratio of 0.49 (p=0.005) indicating a negative association with high-risk PC. Despite a limited number of patients using statins (~9.5%), adjusted and weighed multivariate logistic regression models revealed that preoperative hypercholesterolemia is associated with a diagnosis of high-risk PC which is negatively influenced by statin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Jentzmik
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Andres J Schrader
- Department of Urology, Muenster University Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Department of Urology, Muenster University Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
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96
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Statin use and survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide after docetaxel failure: the international retrospective observational STABEN study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19861-19873. [PMID: 29731989 PMCID: PMC5929432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins may potentiate the effects of anti-hormonal agents for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) through further disruption of essential steroidogenic processes. We investigated the effects of statin use on clinical outcomes in patients with mCRPC receiving abiraterone or enzalutamide. Materials and methods This was a retrospective multicenter study including patients that received abiraterone or enzalutamide for mCRPC. The effect of concurrent statin use on outcomes was evaluated. The associations of statins with early (≤12 weeks) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines (> 30%), cancer-specific survival and overall survival (OS) were evaluated after controlling for known prognostic factors. Results Five hundred and ninety-eight patients treated with second-line abiraterone or enzalutamide after docetaxel for mCRPC were included. A total of 199 men (33.3%) received statins during abiraterone/enzalutamide treatment. Median OS was 20.8 months (95% CI = 18.3–23.2) for patients who received statins, versus 12.9 months (95% CI = 11.4–14.6) for patients who did not receive statins (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, alkaline phosphatase, PSA, neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio, Charlson comorbidity score, Gleason score, visceral disease, hemoglobin, opiate use and abiraterone versus enzalutamide treatment, the use of statin therapy was associated with a 53% reduction in the overall risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.35–0.63; P < 0.001). Statin use was also associated with a 63% increased odds of a > 30% PSA decline within the first 12 weeks of treatment (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.03–2.60; P = 0.039). Conclusions In this retrospective cohort, statin use was significantly associated with both prolonged OS and cancer-specific survival and increased early > 30% PSA declines. Prospective validation is warranted.
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97
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Yin Y, Liu L, Zhao Z, Yin L, Bauer N, Nwaeburu CC, Gladkich J, Gross W, Hackert T, Sticht C, Gretz N, Strobel O, Herr I. Simvastatin inhibits sonic hedgehog signaling and stemness features of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 426:14-24. [PMID: 29627496 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has poor therapeutic options. Recent patient studies indicate that cholesterol-lowering statins have anti-tumor capacities. We examined several established and primary PDA and normal cell lines as well as PDA patient tissues (n = 68). We found that simvastatin inhibited viability, stemness, tumor growth and metastasis and that it enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine. These changes were associated with modulation of Shh-related gene expression. Overexpression of Shh prevented the anti-cancer effect of simvastatin, and inhibition of Shh mimicked the simvastatin effect. In PDA tissues, expression levels of Shh, downstream mediators of Shh and progression markers, namely, cMet, CxCR4 and Vimentin, were lower when patients were prescribed statin medication prior to surgery. These results suggested that statins are cost effective and well-tolerated drugs for prevention and co-treatment of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yin
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Li Liu
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Zhefu Zhao
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Libo Yin
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clifford C Nwaeburu
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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98
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Li X, Zhou J. Impact of postdiagnostic statin use on ovarian cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1109-1120. [PMID: 29453799 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To comprehensively evaluate the association between postdiagnostic statin use and mortality of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. METHODS Using a comprehensive strategy, multiple databases (Medline, Embase and Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify observational studies that examined the correlation between statin use and OC mortality up to 31 December 2017. The studies were independently reviewed and selected based on predetermined selection criteria. Data were extracted independently and in duplicate. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were summarized with a profile likelihood random effects model. RESULTS Of 269 studies, eight cohort studies of 19 904 OC patients met the inclusion criteria. Postdiagnostic statin use was inversely associated with all-cause mortality/overall survival (summarized HR = 0.74; 95%CI = 0.63-0.87; I2 = 55%; n = 7) and cancer-specific mortality (summarized HR = 0.87; 95%CI = 0.80-0.95; I2 = 0%; n = 3) of OC patients. These findings were consistent by subgroup analyses stratified by study and patient characteristics as well as adjustments made for potential confounders. A meta-regression analysis found no effect of modification by these variables. Of note, similar significant inverse effects were also observed when increasing the intensity (highest vs. lowest) of postdiagnostic statin use (summarized HR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.74-0.96; I2 = 0%; n = 3). CONCLUSION Postdiagnostic statin use can improve the survival of patients with OC. Further prospective cohort and randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the therapeutic role of statin use on the outcome of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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99
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Kässner F, Sauer T, Penke M, Richter S, Landgraf K, Körner A, Kiess W, Händel N, Garten A. Simvastatin induces apoptosis in PTEN‑haploinsufficient lipoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3691-3698. [PMID: 29568880 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue tumors (lipomas) frequently develop in patients with heterozygous germ line phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations. simvastatin has been demonstrated to exhibit antitumor effects, and so the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of simvastatin on the growth of human PTEN haploinsufficient lipoma cells. Whether the effects of simvastatin in lipomas are mediated via PTEN upregulation was also assessed. The results of the present study revealed that simvastatin treatment reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in human lipoma cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the expression of cellular PTEN mRNA and protein was increased following simvastatin stimulation. In addition, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and downstream targets of mammalian target of rapamycin and 4E‑binding protein (4E‑BP)‑1 was attenuated. It was also demonstrated that simvastatin induced PTEN transcriptional upregulation by increasing peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression. The small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of PPARγ abrogated the stimulatory effect of simvastatin on the PTEN protein, but did not influence apoptosis. The results of the present study suggest that simvastatin may be beneficial for patients with inoperable PTEN haploinsufficient lipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kässner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Sauer
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Penke
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandy Richter
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norman Händel
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
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100
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Chen MJ, Cheng AC, Lee MF, Hsu YC. Simvastatin induces G1
arrest by up-regulating GSK3β and down-regulating CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E1 in human primary colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4618-4625. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jenn Chen
- Department of Surgery; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Sports Management, College of Leisure and Recreation Management; Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science; Tainan Taiwan
| | - An-Ching Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fen Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- Department of Medical Sciences Industry, College of Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
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