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Raikwar S, Jain A, Saraf S, Bidla PD, Panda PK, Tiwari A, Verma A, Jain SK. Opportunities in combinational chemo-immunotherapy for breast cancer using nanotechnology: an emerging landscape. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:247-268. [PMID: 35184620 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2044785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death among women, which is due to the poor response to conventional therapy. There are several complications associated with monotherapy for cancer, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells, multidrug resistance (MDR), side effects, and limited applications. To overcome these challenges, a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines) has been introduced. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have more applications in BC treatment owing to their controlled and targeted drug release with lower toxicity and reduced adverse drug effects. Several nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles, have been used for the effective delivery of drugs. AREAS COVERED This article presents opportunities and challenges in BC treatment, the rationale for cancer immunotherapy, and several combinational approaches with their applications for BC treatment. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology can be used for the early prognosis and cure of BC. Several novel and targeted DDSs have been developed to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs. This article aims to understand new strategies for the treatment of BC and the appropriate design of nanocarriers used as a combinational DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pooja Das Bidla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pritish Kumar Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
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The use of supercytokines, immunocytokines, engager cytokines, and other synthetic cytokines in immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:192-209. [PMID: 35043005 PMCID: PMC8803834 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been clearly established, and there are often problems associated with toxicity or lack of efficacy. The key reasons can be attributed to the pleiotropy of cytokine receptors and undesired activation of off-target cells. With a deeper understanding of the structural principles and functional signals of cytokine-receptor interactions, artificial modification of cytokine signaling through protein engineering and synthetic immunology has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Engineered cytokines are designed to selectively target cells. Herein, the theoretical and experimental evidence of cytokine engineering is reviewed, and the "supercytokines" resulting from structural enhancement and the "immunocytokines" generated by antibody fusion are described. Finally, the "engager cytokines" formed by the crosslinking of cytokines and bispecific immune engagers and other synthetic cytokines formed by nonnatural analogs are also discussed.
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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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Excretory-secretory product of Trichinella spiralis inhibits tumor cell growth by regulating the immune response and inducing apoptosis. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106172. [PMID: 34627760 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The excretory-secretory product (ESP) of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been reported to inhibit the growth of various tumor cells, but the mechanism is not yet clear. To explore the effect and mechanism of ESP on liver cancer cells, tumor models were established with H22 cells and then infected with T. spiralis. The results showed that the growth of tumors in mice infected with T. spiralis was significantly inhibited. ESP from adult worms or muscle larvae were then incubated with H22 cells in vitro, and it was found that the ESP could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Subsequently, apoptosis-related proteins in stimulated H22 cells were evaluated, and ESP was found to induce cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, Th-related cytokines were investigated in vivo, and the results showed that the levels of Th1 cytokines were significantly increased in the early stage of T. spiralis infection, while Th2 cytokines increased later than Th1 cytokines, implying that Th1 cytokines with antitumor effects may play a role in inhibiting tumor growth at early stage. In short, ESP can directly induce tumor cell apoptosis and indirectly inhibit tumor cell growth through the host immune system, which may be the antitumor mechanism of T. spiralis infection.
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Zhang Q, Hresko ME, Picton LK, Su L, Hollander MJ, Nunez-Cruz S, Zhang Z, Assenmacher CA, Sockolosky JT, Garcia KC, Milone MC. A human orthogonal IL-2 and IL-2Rβ system enhances CAR T cell expansion and antitumor activity in a murine model of leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg6986. [PMID: 34936380 PMCID: PMC9116279 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a central T cell cytokine that promotes T cell proliferation and effector function; however, toxicity due to its pluripotency limits its application to enhance CAR T cell immunotherapy. Previously, mouse IL-2 and its cognate receptor were engineered to create an orthogonal (ortho) cytokine-cytokine receptor pair capable of delivering an IL-2 signal without toxicity. Here, we engineered a human orthogonal IL-2 (ortho-hIL-2) and human orthogonal IL-2Rβ (ortho-hIL-2Rβ) pair, containing human-specific mutations. Ortho-hIL-2 is selective toward ortho-hIL-2Rβ–expressing cells with no appreciable signaling on wild-type T cells. Ortho-hIL-2 induces IL-2 receptor signaling and supports proliferation of both an IL-2–dependent cell line and primary T cells transduced to express the ortho-hIL-2Rβ. Using CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, we show that ortho-hIL-2 induces a dose-dependent increase in ortho-hIL-2Rβ+ CAR T cell expansion in vivo by as much as 1000-fold at 2 weeks after adoptive transfer into immunodeficient mice bearing CD19+ Nalm6 leukemia xenografts. Ortho-hIL-2 can rescue the antileukemic effect of an otherwise suboptimal CAR T cell dose. In addition, ortho-hIL-2 administration initiated at the time of leukemic relapse after CAR T cell therapy can rescue an otherwise failed antileukemic response. These data highlight the potential of combining an orthogonal cytokine approach with T cell–based immunotherapies to augment the antitumor efficacy of engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Morgan E. Hresko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lora K Picton
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leon Su
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J. Hollander
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Jonathan T Sockolosky
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Li G, Zhang Q, Han Z, Zhu Y, Shen H, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Ding W, Han S, He J, Yin Z, Zhou J, Ou R, Luo M, Liu S. IL-7 and CCR2b Co-Expression-Mediated Enhanced CAR-T Survival and Infiltration in Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:734593. [PMID: 34778046 PMCID: PMC8579717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.734593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are not effective in solid tumor treatment due to reduced invasion and expansion, and short survival time. This study aimed to explore whether interleukin (IL)-7 and CCR2b expression could improve GD2-CAR-T cell survival and infiltration in neuroblastoma and melanoma treatment. IL-7 and CCR2b were inserted into the classical second-generation CAR structure to construct 7×2b CAR. The 7×2b CAR-T cell phenotypes were evaluated by flow cytometry and the chemokine levels by ELISA. The 7×2b CAR-T cell migration and anti-tumor abilities were detected by Transwell assay and animal experiments in vivo. We report that compared with that of CAR-T cells, 7×2b CAR-T cell IL-7 secretion and CCR2b expression did not affect the T cell surface expression of CAR or CAR-T specificity and efficacy against tumor cells. The 7×2b CAR-T cells could induce IFN-γ secretion in GD2-positive tumor cells, killing them as well as conventional CAR-T cells. Moreover, IL-7 and CCR2b co-expression enhanced the 7×2b CAR-T cell survival and migration. Similar to conventional CAR-T, 7×2b CAR-T cells could also inhibit tumor growth and increase IFN-γ, Gzms-B, and IL-2 expression. Finally, unlike in mice injected with CAR-T cells, CD3 expression was the most abundant in the spleen and tumor tissues in mice injected with 7×2b CAR-T cells. Our study demonstrates that IL-7 and CCR2b co-expression in GD2-CAR-T cells exhibit stronger anti-tumor activity than classical second-generation CAR-T cells, shedding light on the potential novel GD2-positive neuroblastoma and melanoma treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeping Han
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangmin Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Shen
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zhou
- Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhua He
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Ruiming Ou
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Toyama S, Tominaga M, Takamori K. Connections between Immune-Derived Mediators and Sensory Nerves for Itch Sensation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12365. [PMID: 34830245 PMCID: PMC8624544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histamine is a well-known itch mediator, histamine H1-receptor blockers often lack efficacy in chronic itch. Recent molecular and cellular based studies have shown that non-histaminergic mediators, such as proteases, neuropeptides and cytokines, along with their cognate receptors, are involved in evocation and modulation of itch sensation. Many of these molecules are produced and secreted by immune cells, which act on sensory nerve fibers distributed in the skin to cause itching and sensitization. This understanding of the connections between immune cell-derived mediators and sensory nerve fibers has led to the development of new treatments for itch. This review summarizes current knowledge of immune cell-derived itch mediators and neuronal response mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic agents that target these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Toyama
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Genetically-engineered "all-in-one" vaccine platform for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3622-3635. [PMID: 34900541 PMCID: PMC8642616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential step for cancer vaccination is to break the immunosuppression and elicit a tumor-specific immunity. A major hurdle against cancer therapeutic vaccination is the insufficient immune stimulation of the cancer vaccines and lack of a safe and efficient adjuvant for human use. We discovered a novel cancer immunostimulant, trichosanthin (TCS), that is a clinically used protein drug in China, and developed a well-adaptable protein-engineering method for making recombinant protein vaccines by fusion of an antigenic peptide, TCS, and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), termed an “all-in-one” vaccine, for transcutaneous cancer immunization. The TCS adjuvant effect on antigen presentation was investigated and the antitumor immunity of the vaccines was investigated using the different tumor models. The vaccines were prepared via a facile recombinant method. The vaccines induced the maturation of DCs that subsequently primed CD8+ T cells. The TCS-based immunostimulation was associated with the STING pathway. The general applicability of this genetic engineering strategy was demonstrated with various tumor antigens (i.e., legumain and TRP2 antigenic peptides) and tumor models (i.e., colon tumor and melanoma). These findings represent a useful protocol for developing cancer vaccines at low cost and time-saving, and demonstrates the adjuvant application of TCS—an old drug for a new application.
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Du Preez S, Cabanas H, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Potential Implications of Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 in the Pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10708. [PMID: 34682454 PMCID: PMC8535478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels is involved in the molecular mechanisms that mediate neuroimmune interactions and activities. Recent advancements in neuroimmunology have identified a role for TRP cation channels in several neuroimmune disorders including amyotropic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a debilitating disorder with an obscure aetiology, hence considerable examination of its pathobiology is warranted. Dysregulation of TRP melastatin (TRPM) subfamily members and calcium signalling processes are implicated in the neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic impairments inherent in ME/CFS. In this review, we present TRPM7 as a potential candidate in the pathomechanism of ME/CFS, as TRPM7 is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms affecting neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. A focused examination of the biochemistry of TRPM7, the role of this protein in the aforementioned systems, and the potential of TRPM7 as a molecular mechanism in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS will be discussed in this review. TRPM7 is a compelling candidate to examine in the pathobiology of ME/CFS as TRPM7 fulfils several key roles in multiple organ systems, and there is a paucity of literature reporting on its role in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Du Preez
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia; (D.S.); (S.M.-G.)
- Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
| | - Helene Cabanas
- Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia;
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia; (D.S.); (S.M.-G.)
- Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia;
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia; (D.S.); (S.M.-G.)
- Consortium Health International for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia;
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Shi L, Sheng J, Chen G, Zhu P, Shi C, Li B, Park C, Wang J, Zhang B, Liu Z, Yang X. Combining IL-2-based immunotherapy with commensal probiotics produces enhanced antitumor immune response and tumor clearance. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000973. [PMID: 33028692 PMCID: PMC7542661 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-2 (IL-2) serves as a pioneer of immunotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment. However, there is a considerable proportion of patients who cannot benefit from this therapy due to the limited clinical responses and dose-limiting toxicities. Mounting evidence indicates that commensal microbiota shapes the outcome of cancer immunotherapies. In this study, we aim to investigate the enhancing effect of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), a beneficial commensal microbe receiving considerable attentions, on the antitumor efficacy of IL-2 and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods Colorectal carcinoma patient-derived tumor tissues were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of combination treatment. AKK was orally delivered to B16F10 and CT26 tumor-bearing mice along with systemic IL-2 treatment. Flow cytometry was carried out to analyze the tumor immune microenvironment. The molecular mechanism of the enhanced therapeutic efficacy was explored by RNA-seq and then verified in tumor-bearing mice. Results Combined treatment with IL-2 and AKK showed a stronger antitumor efficacy in colorectal cancer patient-derived tumor tissues. Meanwhile, the therapeutic outcome of IL-2 was significantly potentiated by oral administration of AKK in subcutaneous melanoma and colorectal tumor-bearing mice, resulting from the strengthened antitumor immune surveillance. Mechanistically, the antitumor immune response elicited by AKK was partially mediated by Amuc, derived from the outer membrane protein of AKK, through activating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway. Besides, oral supplementation with AKK protected gut barrier function and maintained mucosal homeostasis under systemic IL-2 treatment. Conclusion These findings propose that IL-2 combined with AKK is a novel therapeutic strategy with prospecting application for cancer treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyong Sheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changping Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaiwoo Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zeng Y, Xiang Y, Sheng R, Tomás H, Rodrigues J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Gong Q, Luo K. Polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy: A review. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3358-3382. [PMID: 33817416 PMCID: PMC8005658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an effective antitumor approach through activating immune systems to eradicate tumors by immunotherapeutics. However, direct administration of "naked" immunotherapeutic agents (such as nucleic acids, cytokines, adjuvants or antigens without delivery vehicles) often results in: (1) an unsatisfactory efficacy due to suboptimal pharmacokinetics; (2) strong toxic and side effects due to low targeting (or off-target) efficiency. To overcome these shortcomings, a series of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles have been developed to carry immunotherapeutics to enhance antitumor immune responses with reduced toxicity and side effects. Polysaccharides are a family of natural polymers that hold unique physicochemical and biological properties, as they could interact with immune system to stimulate an enhanced immune response. Their structures offer versatility in synthesizing multifunctional nanocomposites, which could be chemically modified to achieve high stability and bioavailability for delivering therapeutics into tumor tissues. This review aims to highlight recent advances in polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy and propose new perspectives on the use of polysaccharide-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zeng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufan Xiang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Zeng Y, Xiang Y, Sheng R, Tomás H, Rodrigues J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Gong Q, Luo K. Polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy: A review. Bioact Mater 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jagodinsky JC, Morris ZS. Priming and Propagating Anti-tumor Immunity: Focal Hypofractionated Radiation for in Situ Vaccination and Systemic Targeted Radionuclide Theranostics for Immunomodulation of Tumor Microenvironments. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 30:181-186. [PMID: 32381297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have elucidated mechanisms whereby radiation therapy influences the anti-tumor immune response. Immunogenic cell death and phenotypic changes in tumor cells surviving radiation may underlie this effect and contribute to the capacity of radiation to elicit an in situ tumor vaccine effect. In situ vaccination is a therapeutic strategy that seeks to convert a patient's own tumor into a source of enhanced antigen recognition for the purpose of augmenting a systemic anti-tumor immune response. Capitalizing on the in situ vaccine effect of radiation, several groups have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models by combining radiation with immune checkpoint blockade. Local delivery of immune adjuvants and/or immune stimulatory cytokines via direct injection into the radiated tumor microenvironment may further increase the in situ vaccine capacity of radiation therapy. However, recent studies suggest that in some contexts this effect is antagonized by the presence of distant untreated sites of disease that may dampen the systemic immune response generated by in situ vaccination through a phenomenon termed concomitant immune tolerance. Concomitant immune tolerance may be overcome by delivering radiation to all sites of metastatic disease, however this is often not possible to safely achieve using external beam radiation therapy without considerable risk of lymphopenia that would negate the immune effects of in situ vaccination. For patients with widespread metastatic disease, alternative strategies may include systemic treatment with targeted radionuclide therapies alone or in combination with an external beam radiation therapy-based in situ vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, consisting of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among the known NK cell receptors, the family of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory receptors that interact with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells. In particular, the expression of peculiar KIRs have been reported to be associated to viral infection susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant association between the development and onset of different human pathologies, such as tumors, neurodegeneration and infertility, and a clonal KIRs expression on NK cells has been described in presence of viral infections, supporting the crucial role of KIRs in defining the effect of viral infections in different tissues and organs. This review aims to report the state of art about the role of KIRs receptors in NK cell activation and viral infection control.
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65
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Estrada A, Rodriguez AC, Rodriguez G, Grant AH, Ayala-Marin YM, Arrieta AJ, Kirken RA. Phosphorylation of CrkL S114 induced by common gamma chain cytokines and T-cell receptor signal transduction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16951. [PMID: 34417497 PMCID: PMC8379229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation and cellular expansion by common gamma chain cytokines such as Interleukin-2 is necessary for adaptive immunity. However, when unregulated these same pathways promote pathologies ranging from autoimmune disorders to cancer. While the functional role of Interleukin-2 and downstream effector molecules is relatively clear, the repertoire of phosphoregulatory proteins downstream of this pathway is incomplete. To identify phosphoproteins downstream of common gamma chain receptor, YT cells were radiolabeled with [32P]-orthophosphate and stimulated with Interleukin-2. Subsequently, tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were immunopurified and subjected to tandem mass spectrometry-leading to the identification of CrkL. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed concurrent serine phosphorylation of CrkL and was later identified as S114 by mass spectrometry analysis. S114 was inducible through stimulation with Interleukin-2 or T-cell receptor stimulation. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against CrkL phospho-S114, and used to show its inducibility by multiple stimuli. These findings confirm CrkL as an Interleukin-2 responsive protein that becomes phosphorylated at S114 by a kinase/s downstream of PI3K and MEK/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Estrada
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Alejandro C Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Georgialina Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Alice H Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Yoshira M Ayala-Marin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Amy J Arrieta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Robert A Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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66
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Chi X, Liu Z, Wei W, Hu X, Wang Y, Wang H, Xu B. Selenium-rich royal jelly inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma through PI3K/AKT and VEGF pathways in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:9111-9127. [PMID: 34397053 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) and selenium (Se)-rich foods have well-known health benefits that are attributable to a broad range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunoregulatory activities. However, the physiological effects of Se-rich RJ, which is produced by feeding Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) sodium selenite sucrose solution, are not well understood. The anti-hepatoma activity and mechanism of Se-rich RJ in H22 tumor-bearing mice were investigated in the current study. The findings showed that the content of organic and inorganic Se in Se-rich RJ was significantly higher than that in RJ. Furthermore, interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in serum were increased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver was decreased in mice fed RJ and Se-rich RJ. 16SrRNA sequencing and serum untargeted metabolomics showed that RJ and Se-rich RJ could modulate the gut microbiota, and fisetin and l-glutathione oxidized were the main anti-tumor components in RJ and Se-rich RJ. Further analysis showed 11-deoxy prostaglandin F1β was the specific anti-tumor metabolite in mice treated with Se-rich RJ compared with RJ. The results indicated that RJ and Se-rich RJ could inhibit the expression of PI3K and phosphorylation of AKT, induce cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and regulate Bcl-2/Bax expression. RJ and Se-rich RJ also inhibited the expression of COX-2 and VEGF. To summarize, the findings clearly demonstrate that Se-rich RJ could inhibit tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis as well as exhibit anti-tumor effects by improving immune function and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that Se-rich RJ could be a potential functional food for the management and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Xiyi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong 271018, China.
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67
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Buchanan T, Amouzegar A, Luke JJ. Next-Generation Immunotherapy Approaches in Melanoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:116. [PMID: 34342752 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For patients with metastatic melanoma, immune checkpoint inhibition has drastically changed outcomes. Here, we review the current and next generations of immune-based anti-cancer therapeutics for patients with metastatic melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS The need for new anti-cancer therapeutics in patients with metastatic melanoma who have progression of disease despite immune checkpoint blockade is evident. Several novel agents are expected to have FDA approval within the next few years, as they have yielded impressive responses. Despite these optimistic agents, the field of immuno-oncology continues to expand and produce agents with novel mechanisms of action. The next generation of immunotherapy is based upon years of thoroughly researched immuno-oncology. Many of these agents are currently being evaluated in early phase clinical trials, and much of the preliminary data looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hillman Cancer Center, UPMC, 5150 Centre Ave. Room 564, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
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68
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Mikhailova V, Khokhlova E, Grebenkina P, Salloum Z, Nikolaenkov I, Markova K, Davidova A, Selkov S, Sokolov D. NK-92 cells change their phenotype and function when cocultured with IL-15, IL-18 and trophoblast cells. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152125. [PMID: 34365089 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NK cell development is affected by their cellular microenvironment and cytokines, including IL-15 and IL-18. NK cells can differentiate in secondary lymphoid organs, liver and within the uterus in close contact with trophoblast cells. The aim was to evaluate changes in the NK cell phenotype and function in the presence of IL-15, IL-18 and JEG-3, a trophoblast cell line. When cocultured with JEG-3 cells, IL-15 caused an increase in the number of NKG2D+ NK-92 cells and the intensity of CD127 expression. IL-18 stimulates an increase in the amount of NKp44+ NK-92 cells and in the intensity of NKp44 expression by pNK in the presence of trophoblast cells. NK-92 cell cytotoxic activity against JEG-3 cells increased only in presence of IL-18. Data on changes in the cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells against JEG-3 cells in the presence of IL-15 and IL-18 indicate the modulation of NK cell function both by the cytokine microenvironment and directly by target cells. IL-15 and IL-18 were present in conditioned media (CM) from 1st and 3rd trimester placentas. In the presence of 1st trimester CM and JEG-3 cells, NK-92 cells showed an increase in the intensity of NKG2D expression. In the presence of 3rd trimester CM and JEG-3 cells, a decrease in the expression of NKG2D by NK-92 cells was observed. Thus, culturing of NK-92 cells with JEG-3 trophoblast cells stimulated a pronounced change in the NK cell phenotype, bringing it closer to the decidual NK cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mikhailova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Evgeniia Khokhlova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Polina Grebenkina
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Zeina Salloum
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Igor Nikolaenkov
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Kseniya Markova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Alina Davidova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Sergey Selkov
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sokolov
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
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69
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Shi H, Li K, Ni Y, Liang X, Zhao X. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications in the Resistance of Malignant Tumors to T Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707198. [PMID: 34336860 PMCID: PMC8317971 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes function as major players in antigen-mediated cytotoxicity and have become powerful tools for exploiting the immune system in tumor elimination. Several types of T cell-based immunotherapies have been prescribed to cancer patients with durable immunological response. Such strategies include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapy, cancer vaccines, oncolytic virus, and modulatory cytokines. However, the majority of cancer patients still failed to take the advantage of these kinds of treatments. Currently, extensive attempts are being made to uncover the potential mechanism of immunotherapy resistance, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified as one of vital interpretable factors. Here, we discuss the immunosuppressive mechanism of MDSCs and their contributions to failures of T cell-based immunotherapy. Additionally, we summarize combination therapies to ameliorate the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houhui Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanghong Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Three-Dimensional Culture Models to Study Innate Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Advantages and Disadvantages. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143417. [PMID: 34298630 PMCID: PMC8303518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have shown that the immune response against tumors strongly affects patients' clinical outcome. Thus, the study of anti-tumor immunity is critical to understand and potentiate the mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are members of innate immunity and represent powerful anti-tumor effectors, able to eliminate tumor cells without a previous sensitization. Thus, the study of their involvement in anti-tumor responses is critical for clinical translation. This analysis has been performed in vitro, co-incubating NK with tumor cells and quantifying the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo confirmation has been applied to overcome the limits of in vitro testing, however, the innate immunity of mice and humans is different, leading to discrepancies. Different activating receptors on NK cells and counter-ligands on tumor cells are involved in the antitumor response, and innate immunity is strictly dependent on the specific microenvironment where it takes place. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, where NK and tumor cells can interact in a tissue-like architecture, have been created. For example, tumor cell spheroids and primary organoids derived from several tumor types, have been used so far to analyze innate immune response, replacing animal models. Herein, we briefly introduce NK cells and analyze and discuss in detail the properties of 3D tumor culture systems and their use for the study of tumor cell interactions with NK cells.
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72
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Tian Y, Zhang C, Ge K, Zhang J, Chang J, Wang H. Gold nanorods-mediated efficient synergistic immunotherapy for detection and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1978-1992. [PMID: 34386332 PMCID: PMC8343192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after surgery is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the initial stage of recurrence is not easy to detect, and it is difficult to cure in the late stage. In order to improve the life quality of postoperative patients, an efficient synergistic immunotherapy was developed to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of post-surgical tumor recurrence, simultaneously. In this paper, two kinds of theranostic agents based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) platform were prepared. AuNRs and quantum dots (QDs) in one agent was used for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to indicate the occurrence of in situ recurrence, while AuNRs in the other agent was used for photothermal therapy (PTT), together with anti-PDL1 mediated immunotherapy to alleviate the process of tumor metastasis. A series of assays indicated that this synergistic immunotherapy could induce tumor cell death and the increased generation of CD3+/CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD3+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Besides, more immune factors (IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ) produced by synergistic immunotherapy were secreted than mono-immunotherapy. This cooperative immunotherapy strategy could be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of postoperative tumor recurrence at the same time, providing a new perspective for basic and clinical research.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha fetoprotein
- AP1-QDs, CEA aptamer-modified CdTe QDs
- AP2-AuNRs, CEA aptamer-modified AuNRs
- AP2-AuNRs, and interferon-γ
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AuNRs, gold nanorods
- CA, cancer antigen
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CTAB, cetrimonium bromide
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CdCl2, cadmium chloride
- CdTe QDs, CdTe quantum dots
- DC, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GSH, glutathione
- Gold nanorods
- HAuCl4, gold chloride
- Helf, human embryonic lung fibroblasts lines
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ+QA, thermal responsive hydrogels co-loaded with AP1-QDs
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ, thermal responsive hydrogels loaded with interferon-γ
- ICG, indocyanine green
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IR, infrared
- LA+NIR, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- LA, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- LAI, liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- LLC, murine lung cancer cells
- Lung metastasis
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NIR, near-infrared irradiation
- NaBH4, sodium borohydride
- NaHTe, sodium hydrogen telluride
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDL1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLGA-PEG-PLGA, thermal responsive hydrogel
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- Phototherapy
- Post-surgical tumor recurrence
- QDs, quantum dots
- Synergistic immunotherapy
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- Theranostics
- aPDL1-LA+NIR, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- aPDL1-LA, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- aPDL1-LAI, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- anti-PDL1, anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Wu J, Chen J, Lv X, Yang Q, Yao S, Zhang D, Chen J. Clinical value of serum and exhaled breath condensate inflammatory factor IL-11 levels in non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical value of IL-11 in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2021; 36:64-76. [PMID: 34142593 DOI: 10.1177/17246008211023515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to observe and evaluate the clinical value of interleukin (IL)-11 in the serum and exhaled breath condensate of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 91 patients with NSCLC and 72 healthy volunteers were included in this study. IL-11 concentration was determined by ELISA, and the relationship between IL-11 expression in serum and exhaled breath condensate specimens, and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with NSCLC were analyzed. The relationship between serum IL-11 expression and traditional tumor markers and inflammation indicators of NSCLC was also analyzed. The correlation between serum IL-11 and exhaled breath condensate IL-11 level was determined. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of IL-11 and carcinoembryonic antigen single and combined detection for NSCLC. The published data from online databases were used to analyze the relationship between the expression of IL-11 and the prognosis of NSCLC. RESULTS IL-11 concentration in serum and exhaled breath condensate specimens of patients with NSCLC were significantly increased. IL-11 expression was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, tumor node metastasis stage, and tumor differentiation degree of NSCLC. The expression of IL-11 in serum was positively correlated with that in exhaled breath condensate specimens. IL-11 expression was closely related to that of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and carcinoembryonic antigen. The combination of serum IL-11 with exhaled breath condensate IL-11 and carcinoembryonic antigen showed significantly higher diagnostic value than any one marker alone. Besides, the high IL-11 expression was closely related to the poor prognosis of NSCLC. CONCLUSION IL-11 can be used as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuedong Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sumei Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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74
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Harris KE, Lorentsen KJ, Malik-Chaudhry HK, Loughlin K, Basappa HM, Hartstein S, Ahmil G, Allen NS, Avanzino BC, Balasubramani A, Boudreau AA, Chang K, Cuturi MC, Davison LM, Ho DM, Iyer S, Rangaswamy US, Sankaran P, Schellenberger U, Buelow R, Trinklein ND. A bispecific antibody agonist of the IL-2 heterodimeric receptor preferentially promotes in vivo expansion of CD8 and NK cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10592. [PMID: 34011961 PMCID: PMC8134639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) as a therapeutic protein has been limited by significant toxicities despite its demonstrated ability to induce durable tumor-regression in cancer patients. The adverse events and limited efficacy of IL-2 treatment are due to the preferential binding of IL-2 to cells that express the high-affinity, trimeric receptor, IL-2Rαβγ such as endothelial cells and T-regulatory cells, respectively. Here, we describe a novel bispecific heavy-chain only antibody which binds to and activates signaling through the heterodimeric IL-2Rβγ receptor complex that is expressed on resting T-cells and NK cells. By avoiding binding to IL-2Rα, this molecule circumvents the preferential T-reg activation of native IL-2, while maintaining the robust stimulatory effects on T-cells and NK-cells in vitro. In vivo studies in both mice and cynomolgus monkeys confirm the molecule's in vivo biological activity, extended pharmacodynamics due to the Fc portion of the molecule, and enhanced safety profile. Together, these results demonstrate that the bispecific antibody is a safe and effective IL-2R agonist that harnesses the benefits of the IL-2 signaling pathway as a potential anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ghenima Ahmil
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation Et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria-Cristina Cuturi
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation Et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of cytokines in harnessing the immune system to eradicate cancer has been an important treatment modality. However, the dose-limiting toxicities of these cytokines limited their usage in clinic. Here, we review the basic biology of cytokines involved in the treatment of melanoma and discuss their therapeutic applications. Moreover, we describe several innovative technological approaches that have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of these cytokines. RECENT FINDINGS The safety and the anti-tumor activity of newly engineered cytokines including PEGylated IL-2 (NKTR-214), PEGylated IL-10 (AM0010), and IL-15 super agonist (ALT-803) have been evaluated in clinical trials with encouraging clinical activity and acceptable safety profile, both as single agents and in combination with immuno-oncology agents. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of action and effective dosing of these newly engineered cytokine together with determination of optimum combination therapy regimens may yield greater clinical benefits in the future.
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76
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Dixit N, Fanton C, Langowski JL, Kirksey Y, Kirk P, Chang T, Cetz J, Dixit V, Kim G, Kuo P, Maiti M, Tang Y, VanderVeen LA, Zhang P, Lee M, Ritz J, Kamihara Y, Ji C, Rubas W, Sweeney TD, Doberstein SK, Zalevsky J. NKTR-358: A novel regulatory T-cell stimulator that selectively stimulates expansion and suppressive function of regulatory T cells for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100103. [PMID: 34041473 PMCID: PMC8141531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and regulatory T-cell dysfunction have been implicated as immunological mechanisms central to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. NKTR-358, a novel regulatory T-cell stimulator, is an investigational therapeutic that selectively restores regulatory T-cell homeostasis in these diseases. We investigated NKTR-358's selectivity for regulatory T-cells, receptor-binding properties, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacodynamics, ability to suppress conventional T-cell proliferation in mice and non-human primates, and functional activity in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. In vitro, NKTR-358 demonstrated decreased affinity for IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rαβ compared with recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2). A single dose of NKTR-358 in cynomolgus monkeys produced a greater than 15-fold increase in regulatory T-cells, and the increase lasted until day 14, while daily rhIL-2 administration for 5 days only elicited a 3-fold increase, which lasted until day 7. Repeated dosing of NKTR-358 over 6 months in cynomolgus monkeys elicited cyclical, robust increases in regulatory T-cells with no loss in drug activity over the course of treatment. Regulatory T-cells isolated from NKTR-358-treated mice displayed a sustained, higher suppression of conventional T-cell proliferation than regulatory T-cells isolated from vehicle-treated mice. NKTR-358 treatment in a mouse model (MRL/MpJ-Faslpr) of systemic lupus erythematosus for 12 weeks maintained elevated regulatory T-cells for the treatment duration and ameliorated disease progression. Together, these results suggest that NKTR-358 has the ability to elicit sustained and preferential proliferation and activation of regulatory T-cells without corresponding effects on conventional T-cells, with improved pharmacokinetics compared with rhIL-2. NKTR-358 is a pegylated IL-2 designed to induce Treg activation and proliferation. This preclinical study compared NKTR-358 vs recombinant IL-2 for effects on Tregs. NKTR-358 induced a greater increase in Treg:CD8+ T cell ratio compared with rhIL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dixit
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christie Fanton
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - John L Langowski
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yolanda Kirksey
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Peter Kirk
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Thomas Chang
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Janet Cetz
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Vidula Dixit
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Peiwen Kuo
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mekhala Maiti
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yinyan Tang
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Laurie A VanderVeen
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Myong Lee
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yusuke Kamihara
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chunmei Ji
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Werner Rubas
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Theresa D Sweeney
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen K Doberstein
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan Zalevsky
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Basu A, Ramamoorthi G, Albert G, Gallen C, Beyer A, Snyder C, Koski G, Disis ML, Czerniecki BJ, Kodumudi K. Differentiation and Regulation of T H Cells: A Balancing Act for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669474. [PMID: 34012451 PMCID: PMC8126720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current success of immunotherapy in cancer has drawn attention to the subsets of TH cells in the tumor which are critical for activation of anti-tumor response either directly by themselves or by stimulating cytotoxic T cell activity. However, presence of immunosuppressive pro-tumorigenic TH subsets in the tumor milieu further contributes to the complexity of regulation of TH cell-mediated immune response. In this review, we present an overview of the multifaceted positive and negative effects of TH cells, with an emphasis on regulation of different TH cell subtypes by various immune cells, and how a delicate balance of contradictory signals can influence overall success of cancer immunotherapy. We focus on the regulatory network that encompasses dendritic cell-induced activation of CD4+ TH1 cells and subsequent priming of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, along with intersecting anti-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic TH2 cell activity. We further discuss how other tumor infiltrating immune cells such as immunostimulatory TH9 and Tfh cells, immunosuppressive Treg cells, and the duality of TH17 function contribute to tip the balance of anti- vs pro-tumorigenic TH responses in the tumor. We highlight the developing knowledge of CD4+ TH1 immune response against neoantigens/oncodrivers, impact of current immunotherapy strategies on CD4+ TH1 immunity, and how opposing action of TH cell subtypes can be explored further to amplify immunotherapy success in patients. Understanding the nuances of CD4+ TH cells regulation and the molecular framework undergirding the balancing act between anti- vs pro-tumorigenic TH subtypes is critical for rational designing of immunotherapies that can bypass therapeutic escape to maximize the potential of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Albert
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Corey Gallen
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Amber Beyer
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Colin Snyder
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gary Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Breast Cancer Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Krithika Kodumudi
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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Kaur J, Singh P, Enzler T, Sahai V. Emerging antibody therapies for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a review of recent phase 2 trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2021; 26:103-129. [PMID: 33734833 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2021.1905795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is now the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US which can be attributed to rising incidence, diagnosis at advanced stages and early development of metastasis. Systemic therapy remains palliative with early development of resistance possibly related to the constitutive activation of 'undruggable' KRAS, immunosuppressive microenvironment, and intense desmoplasia. The advancements in molecular biology has led to the development and investigation of targeted and immune therapeutics.Areas covered: This study provides a comprehensive review of the literature to further the understanding of molecular targets with their respective antibody-based therapies in clinical development in pancreatic cancer. PubMed was systematically searched for English-language articles discussing antibody-based therapies under phase 2 clinical trial investigation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Expert opinion: PDAC remains highly resistant to chemotherapy with no significant improvement in survival for patients with advanced or metastatic cancer. Unfortunately, the majority of the antibody-based targeted and immune therapeutics have failed to meet their primary efficacy endpoints in early phase trials. However, there are a few promising antibody-based drugs with intriguing preliminary data that merit further investigation, while many more continue to be developed and investigated preclinically, and in early phase trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI, USA
| | - Paramveer Singh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Enzler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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79
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Kaser EC, Zhao L, D'mello KP, Zhu Z, Xiao H, Wakefield MR, Bai Q, Fang Y. The role of various interleukins in acute myeloid leukemia. Med Oncol 2021; 38:55. [PMID: 33835290 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukins are signaling molecules involved in the immune system, and they play a variety of roles in different diseases and cancers. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia in adults, and survival rate after diagnosis is very low. Investigating the role interleukins play in AML can help understand the progression of the disease. There exists a need for more effective treatment of AML. Interleukins can be used to guide immunotherapy for AML. This review article will examine how specific interleukins play a role in AML disease progression and how they can be utilized as a future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Kaser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 2nd People's Hospital of Hefei and Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kyle P D'mello
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.,The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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80
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Lopes JE, Fisher JL, Flick HL, Wang C, Sun L, Ernstoff MS, Alvarez JC, Losey HC. ALKS 4230: a novel engineered IL-2 fusion protein with an improved cellular selectivity profile for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000673. [PMID: 32317293 PMCID: PMC7204809 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis due to its ability to stimulate numerous lymphocyte subsets including natural killer (NK) cells, effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Low concentrations of IL-2 induce signaling through the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) comprised of IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ, and common γ chain (γc), preferentially expressed on Tregs. Higher concentrations of IL-2 are necessary to induce signaling through the intermediate-affinity IL-2R, composed of IL-2Rβ and γc, expressed on memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) is approved for treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but adverse events including capillary leak syndrome, potentially mediated through interaction with the high-affinity IL-2R, limit its therapeutic use. Furthermore, antitumor efficacy of IL-2 may also be limited by preferential expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs. ALKS 4230 is an engineered fusion protein comprised of a circularly-permuted IL-2 with the extracellular domain of IL-2Rα, designed to selectively activate effector lymphocytes bearing the intermediate-affinity IL-2R. RESULTS ALKS 4230 was equipotent to rhIL-2 in activating human cells bearing the intermediate-affinity IL-2R, and less potent than rhIL-2 on cells bearing the high-affinity IL-2R. As observed in vitro with primary human cells from healthy donors and advanced cancer patients, ALKS 4230 induced greater activation and expansion of NK cells with reduced expansion of Tregs relative to rhIL-2. Similarly, in mice, ALKS 4230 treatment stimulated greater expansion of NK cells and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells at doses that did not expand or activate Tregs. ALKS 4230 treatment induced significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon gamma relative to rhIL-2. Furthermore, ALKS 4230 exhibited superior antitumor efficacy in the mouse B16F10 lung tumor model, where ALKS 4230 could be administered via multiple routes of administration and dosing schedules while achieving equivalent antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS ALKS 4230 exhibited enhanced pharmacokinetic and selective pharmacodynamic properties resulting in both improved antitumor efficacy and lower indices of toxicity relative to rhIL-2 in mice. These data highlight the potential of ALKS 4230 as a novel cancer immunotherapy, and as such, the molecule is being evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared E Lopes
- Research, Alkermes, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Chunhua Wang
- Research, Alkermes, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Research, Alkermes, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Juan C Alvarez
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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81
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Serum Cytokine Profiles of Melanoma Patients and Their Association with Tumor Progression and Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:6610769. [PMID: 33574842 PMCID: PMC7861916 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6610769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have shown that melanoma cells produce excessive levels of cytokines, which have various biological roles during melanoma development. The aim of this study was to expand the profile of serum cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and angiogenic factors that are associated with melanoma, to find more cytokines with abnormal concentrations in melanoma patients, to identify whether the level of cytokines correlated with prognostic variants, such as Breslow thickness and BRAF mutation, and, finally, to find out the cytokines that play important roles during melanoma development. Materials and Methods Multiplex immunobead assay technology and 45-plex immunoassays ProcartaPlex™ kits were used to simultaneously compare the levels of cytokines, growth factors, angiogenic factors, and chemokines between the serum of healthy patients (n = 30) and those with melanoma (n = 72). Data were analyzed according to the clinical characteristics of the designated patient subgroups. Results Compared to the control group, melanoma patients had higher levels of VEGF-A, PDGF-BB, IL-1RA, PIGF-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and SCF, but lower levels of BDNF, SDF-1α, MCP-1, Eotaxin, EGF, and IL-7. Furthermore, the levels of TNF-α (P=0.320, r = 0.019), IFN-γ (P=0.311, r = 0.023), VEGF-A (P=0.014, r = 0.337), and BDNF (0.004, r = -0.391) showed a significant correlation with Breslow thickness. IL-7 was of lower levels in patients harboring BRAF mutants. Melanoma patients with high levels of MIP-1α and MCP-1 showed the poorest overall survival. Conclusions We found that the levels of VEGF-A and PDGF-BB in the serum of both primary and metastatic melanoma patients are elevated. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and VEGF-A presented a positive correlation with Breslow thickness, whereas BDNF showed a negative association. MIP-1α and MCP-1 correlated negatively with survival. In addition, lower levels of IL-7 were found in patients harboring BRAF mutants. These findings indicate that these cytokines may play critical roles in the progression of melanoma.
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82
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Li H, Yang C, Cheng H, Huang S, Zheng Y. CAR-T cells for Colorectal Cancer: Target-selection and strategies for improved activity and safety. J Cancer 2021; 12:1804-1814. [PMID: 33613769 PMCID: PMC7890323 DOI: 10.7150/jca.50509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy is a novel method that is genetically engineered to recruit T cells against malignant disease. Administration of CAR-T cells has led to progress in hematological malignancies, and it has been proposed for solid tumors like colorectal cancer (CRC) for years. However, this method was not living up to expectations for the intrinsic challenges posed to CAR-T cells by solid tumors, which mainly due to the lacking of tumor-restricted antigens and adverse effects following treatment. New approaches are proposed to overcome the multiple challenges to alleviate the difficult situation of CAR-T cells in CRC, including engineering T cells with immune-activating molecules, regional administration of T cell, bispecific T cell engager, and combinatorial target-antigen recognition. In this review, we sum up the current stage of knowledge about target-selection, adverse events like on/off-tumor toxicity, the preclinical and clinical studies of CAR-T therapy, and the characteristics of strategies applied in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Huangrong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shuoyang Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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83
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Azadian S, Zahiri J, Shahriar Arab S, Hassan Sajedi R. Reconstruction of Intercellular Signaling Network by Cytokine-Receptor Interactions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2560. [PMID: 34179188 PMCID: PMC8217541 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The immune system function depends on the coordination activity of the components of system and communications between them
which leads to the formation of a complex communication network between immune cells.
In this network, cytokines have an important role in the communication between immune cells through the interaction to their specific receptors.
These molecules cause to cellular communications and normal function of a tissue. Reconstruction of such a complex network
can be a way to provide a better understanding of cytokines’ function. Objective: Our main goal from reconstructing such a network was investigation of expressed cytokines and cytokines receptors in various
lineage and tissues of immune cells and identifying the lineage and tissue with the highest expression of cytokines and their receptors. Materials and Methods: In this study, gene expression data related to part of the Immunological Genome Project (ImmGen) and receptor-ligand interactions
dataset were used to reconstruct the immune network in mouse. In next step, the topological properties of reconstructed network,
expression specificity of cytokines and their receptors and interactions specificity were analyzed. Results: The results of the network analysis were indicated that non- hematopoietic stromal cells have the highest expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors and interactions specificity is very high. Our results show that chemokine receptor of Ccr1 receives the largest number of signals between receptors and only expressed in three hematopoietic lineages. Conclusions: The most of the network communications belonged to non-hematopoietic stromal and macrophage cells. The relationships between stromal
cells and macrophages are necessary to create an appropriate environment for differentiation of immune cells.
Studying the cellular expression specificity of receptor and ligand genes reveal the high degree of specificity of these genes that
indicate non-random transfer of information between cells in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Azadian
- Department of Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Department of Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassan Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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84
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Zhang J, Huang Y. Low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of immune-related diseases. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211039935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in 1979, increasing attention has been focused on its role in regulating immune function. IL-2 has been found to play an important role in maintaining autoimmune tolerance, and it is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Other studies have found that the role of IL-2 in vivo is closely related to its concentration. Low-dose IL-2 selectively stimulates the proliferation of Treg cells in vivo, while high-dose IL-2 primarily promotes the proliferation of effector T cells. In view of these findings, an increasing number of studies have focused on the use of low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of immune-related diseases in recent years. The results have been encouraging, with mild adverse reactions. This article mainly focuses on the latest progress made in the IL-2 treatment of immune-related diseases and its regulatory effect on the immune status in different diseases, providing a reference for the rational clinical application of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakui Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Hefei Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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85
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Jamieson TR, Poutou J, Ilkow CS. Redirecting oncolytic viruses: Engineering opportunists to take control of the tumour microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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86
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Domagala J, Lachota M, Klopotowska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Domagala A, Zhylko A, Soroczynska K, Winiarska M. The Tumor Microenvironment-A Metabolic Obstacle to NK Cells' Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123542. [PMID: 33260925 PMCID: PMC7761432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells have unique capabilities of recognition and destruction of tumor cells, without the requirement for prior immunization of the host. Maintaining tolerance to healthy cells makes them an attractive therapeutic tool for almost all types of cancer. Unfortunately, metabolic changes associated with malignant transformation and tumor progression lead to immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, which in turn limits the efficacy of various immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a brief description of the metabolic changes characteristic for the tumor microenvironment. Both tumor and tumor-associated cells produce and secrete factors that directly or indirectly prevent NK cell cytotoxicity. Here, we depict the molecular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of immune effector cells by metabolic factors. Finally, we summarize the strategies to enhance NK cell function for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieszko Lachota
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Klopotowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Antoni Domagala
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
- Department of Urology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Soroczynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225-992-199
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87
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Taefehshokr N, Miao T, Symonds ALJ, Wang P, Li S. Egr2 regulation in T cells is mediated through IFNγ/STAT1 and IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153259. [PMID: 33099163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a host defence system to protect the body against foreign invaders. T cells are one of the major components of the immune cells and they are essential for immune responses. Early growth response gene (Egr2) in T cells is important for maintaining immune functions of T cells by promoting adaptive immune responses while controlling inflammation and preventing the development of autoimmune diseases. A study by our group demonstrated the function of Egr2 as a checkpoint regulator controlling the proliferation and differentiation of the T cells. In association, Egr2 and 3 play indispensable role in T cell immune response, but the mechanism regulating Egr2 expression in T cells is still unclear. In this study, we analysed the Egr2 expression mechanism in CD4 T cells under antigen stimulation. We found that Egr2 expression is regulated by different cytokines including IL-2 and IL-4, which increased Egr2 induction in activated T cells. However, inflammatory cytokines, including INFγ and IL-6, suppressed Egr2 expression through STAT1 and STAT3 signalling pathway respectively, highlighting a mechanism for tolergenic immune response on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Tizong Miao
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, LONDON E1 2AD, UK
| | - Suling Li
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, UK
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88
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Chanswangphuwana C, Allan DSJ, Chakraborty M, Reger RN, Childs RW. Augmentation of NK Cell Proliferation and Anti-tumor Immunity by Transgenic Expression of Receptors for EPO or TPO. Mol Ther 2020; 29:47-59. [PMID: 33010232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many investigational adoptive immunotherapy regimens utilizing natural killer (NK) cells require the administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-15, but these cytokines cause serious dose-dependent toxicities. To reduce or preclude the necessity for IL-2 use, we investigated whether genetic engineering of NK cells to express the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPOR) or thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (c-MPL) could be used as a method to improve NK cell survival and function. Viral transduction of NK-92 cells to express EPOR or c-MPL receptors conveyed signaling via appropriate pathways, protected cells from apoptosis, augmented cellular proliferation, and increased cell cytotoxic function in response to EPO or TPO ligands in vitro. In the presence of TPO, viral transduction of primary human NK cells to express c-MPL enhanced cellular proliferation and increased degranulation and cytokine production toward target cells in vitro. In contrast, transgenic expression of EPOR did not augment the proliferation of primary NK cells. In immunodeficient mice receiving TPO, in vivo persistence of primary human NK cells genetically modified to express c-MPL was higher compared with control NK cells. These data support the concept that genetic manipulation of NK cells to express hematopoietic growth factor receptors could be used as a strategy to augment NK cell proliferation and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantiya Chanswangphuwana
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - David S J Allan
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mala Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Reger
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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89
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Li T, Li X, Guo Y, Zheng G, Yu T, Zeng W, Qiu L, He X, Yang Y, Zheng X, Li Y, Huang H, Liu X. Distinct mRNA and long non-coding RNA expression profiles of decidual natural killer cells in patients with early missed abortion. FASEB J 2020; 34:14264-14286. [PMID: 32915478 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000621r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early non-chromosome-related missed abortion (MA) is commonly associated with an altered immunological environment during pregnancy. Human decidual natural killer (dNK) cells, the most abundant lymphocyte population within the first-trimester maternal-fetal interface, are vital maternal regulators of immune tolerance mediating successful embryo implantation and placentation. Previous studies have shown that dNK cells may play a role in MA. However, the gene expression status and specific altered manifestations of dNK cells in patients with early MA remain largely unknown. Here, we show that MA dNK cells have distinct mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles through RNA sequencing, with a total of 276 mRNAs and 67 lncRNAs being differentially expressed compared with controls. Protein-protein interaction analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs was performed to identify hub genes and key modules. An lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network characterized by the small-world property was constructed to reveal the regulation of mRNA transcription by differential hub lncRNAs. Functional annotation of differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs was performed to disclose their potential roles in MA pathogenesis. Our data highlight several enriched biological processes (immune response, inflammatory response, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix [ECM] organization) and signaling pathways (cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and phosphatidylinositol signaling system) that may influence MA. This study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of altered mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles in the dNK cell pathogenesis of early MA, facilitating a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of novel MA therapeutic strategies targeting key mRNAs and lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinzhu Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ultrasonography, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zheng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Khoryati L, Pham MN, Sherve M, Kumari S, Cook K, Pearson J, Bogdani M, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. An IL-2 mutein engineered to promote expansion of regulatory T cells arrests ongoing autoimmunity in mice. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/50/eaba5264. [PMID: 32817295 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) controls the homeostasis and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and defects in the IL-2 pathway contribute to multiple autoimmune diseases. Although recombinant IL-2 therapy has been efficacious in certain inflammatory conditions, the capacity for IL-2 to also activate inflammatory effector responses highlights the need for IL-2-based therapeutics with improved Treg cell specificity. From a panel of rationally designed murine IL-2 variants, we identified IL-2 muteins with reduced potency and enhanced Treg cell selectivity due to increased dependence on the IL-2 receptor component CD25. As an Fc-fused homodimer, the optimal Fc.IL-2 mutein induced selective Treg cell enrichment and reduced agonism of effector cells across a wide dose range. Furthermore, despite being a weaker agonist, overall Treg cell growth was greater and more sustained due to reduced receptor-mediated clearance of the Fc.IL-2 mutein compared with Fc-fused wild-type IL-2. Preferential Treg cell enrichment was also observed in the presence of activated pathogenic T cells in the pancreas of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, despite a loss of Treg cell selectivity in an IL-2R proximal response. These properties facilitated potent and extended resolution of NOD diabetes with infrequent dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Khoryati
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Minh Nguyet Pham
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - McKenna Sherve
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swarnima Kumari
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kevin Cook
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Josh Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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91
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Han W, Xu J, Shen GL. Prognostic implication and functional annotations of APOBEC3G expression in patients with Melanoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:5245-5256. [PMID: 32742470 PMCID: PMC7378923 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is one of the most life-threatening malignancies damaging human health. APOBEC3G (A3G) has been found in several cancers; however, the role of A3G in SKCM is rarely studied. This study aimed to investigate the expression of A3G in tumor tissue and its prognostic value in SKCM patients. Method: A total of 512 SKCM patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (FAHSU) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were consecutively recruited in analyses. Differential transcriptional and proteome expression profiles were obtained from multiple datasets. GEPIA was used to assess the survival analysis between distinguished groups. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to address the influence of independent factors on disease-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). In addition, 31 SKCM and 31 nevus tissues were collected for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and evaluation. STRING, DAVID and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was utilized to conduct a network of related genes and significant pathways. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship of A3G with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) by TIMER and TISIDB. Result: We found both transcriptional and proteomics expressions of A3G were elevated in SKCM. Survival analysis and ROC curves showed significant diagnostic and prognostic ability of A3G. IHC results showed increased expression of A3G in SKCM compared to nevus tissues. Importantly, A3G expression was closely associated with the immune-infiltrating levels of B cells, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Conclusion: In summary, our study first reveals that elevated A3G expression is significantly correlated with better prognosis in SKCM patients. The role of A3G in SKCM demonstrated that it might be a prognostic and immunotherapeutic biomarker for SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000
| | - Guo-Liang Shen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215000
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92
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Petrini CG, Bastos LB, Duarte G, Dos Santos Melli PP, Alves-Filho JC, Quintana SM. Downregulation of IL-2 and IL-23 in Cervical Biopsies of Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Acta Cytol 2020; 64:442-451. [PMID: 32599588 DOI: 10.1159/000508015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and invasive cervical cancer. The host immune response plays a key role in whether HPV clears or persists. Most studies on local immune response to HPV collect cervical mucus in order to quantify secreted cytokines; however, cells located inside the tissue can release different cytokines associated with HPV infection. OBJECTIVE This study compared the cytokine levels in cervical biopsy specimens of women with abnormal colposcopic findings according to the histopathological results: low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), HSIL, and no intraepithelial lesion (NSIL). METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolling 141 cervical biopsy specimens examined the cytokine profile for interleukin (IL-) 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 and interferon-γ, using the Luminex assay/ELISA. Differences in cytokine levels among the cervical lesion groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The 141 specimens included 90 HSILs, 22 LSILs, and 29 NSILs. IL-2 levels were significantly higher in NSIL samples than in LSIL or in HSIL samples (p = 0.0001) and IL-23 levels were significantly higher in NSIL than in HSIL samples (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that in samples from the lesion site point, 2 important pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IL-23, are downregulated in HPV lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Galvão Petrini
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Brito Bastos
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Duarte
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Maria Quintana
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
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93
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Sliz A, Locker KCS, Lampe K, Godarova A, Plas DR, Janssen EM, Jones H, Herr AB, Hoebe K. Gab3 is required for IL-2- and IL-15-induced NK cell expansion and limits trophoblast invasion during pregnancy. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/38/eaav3866. [PMID: 31375526 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scaffolding protein Grb2-associated binding protein 3 (Gab3) is a member of the Gab family, whose functions have remained elusive. Here, we identify Gab3 as a key determinant of peripheral NK cell expansion. Loss of Gab3 resulted in impaired IL-2 and IL-15-induced NK cell priming and expansion due to a selective impairment in MAPK signaling but not STAT5 signaling. In vivo, we found that Gab3 is required for recognition and elimination of "missing-self" and tumor targets. Unexpectedly, our studies also revealed that Gab3 plays an important role during pregnancy. Gab3-deficient mice exhibited impaired uterine NK cell expansion associated with abnormal spiral artery remodeling and increased trophoblast invasion in the decidua basalis. This coincided with stillbirth, retained placenta, maternal hemorrhage, and undelivered fetoplacental units at term. Thus, Gab3 is a key component required for cytokine-mediated NK cell priming and expansion that is essential for antitumor responses and limits trophoblast cell invasion during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sliz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kathryn C S Locker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alzbeta Godarova
- Biomedical Informatics Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - David R Plas
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | - Helen Jones
- Division of General Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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94
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Kim KS, Park KS. XRP44X Enhances the Cytotoxic Activity of Natural Killer Cells by Activating the c-JUN N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathway. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:53-62. [PMID: 32411918 PMCID: PMC7201060 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an essential role in
preventing cancer development by performing immune surveillance to eradicate
abnormal cells. Since ex vivo expanded NK cells have cytotoxic
activity against various cancers, including breast cancers, their clinical
potential as immune-oncogenic therapeutics has been widely investigated. Here,
we report that the pyrazole chemical XRP44X, an inhibitor of Ras/ERK activation
of ELK3, stimulates NK-92MI cells to enhance cytotoxic activity against breast
cancer cells. Under XRP44X stimulation, NK cells did not show notable apoptosis
or impaired cell cycle progression. We demonstrated that XRP44X enhanced
interferon gamma expression in NK-92MI cells. We also elucidated that
potentiation of the cytotoxic activity of NK-92MI cells by XRP44X is induced by
activation of the c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Our data
provide insight into the evaluation of XRP44X as an immune stimulant and that
XRP44X is a potential candidate compound for the therapeutic development of NK
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Kim
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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95
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Shen S, Sckisel G, Sahoo A, Lalani A, Otter DD, Pearson J, DeVoss J, Cheng J, Casey SC, Case R, Yang M, Low R, Daris M, Fan B, Agrawal NJ, Ali K. Engineered IL-21 Cytokine Muteins Fused to Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Can Improve CD8+ T Cell Function and Anti-tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32457754 PMCID: PMC7225340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors that block the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway can potentiate endogenous antitumor immunity and have markedly improved cancer survival rates across a broad range of indications. However, these treatments work for only a minority of patients. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 inhibitors may be extended by cytokines, however, the incorporation of cytokines into therapeutic regimens has significant challenges. In their natural form when administered as recombinant proteins, cytokine treatments are often associated with low response rates. Most cytokines have a short half-life which limits their exposure and efficacy. In addition, cytokines can activate counterregulatory pathways, in the case of immune-potentiating cytokines this can lead to immune suppression and thereby diminish their potential efficacy. Improving the drug-like properties of natural cytokines using protein engineering can yield synthetic cytokines with improved bioavailability and tissue targeting, allowing for enhanced efficacy and reduced off-target effects. Using structure guided engineering we have designed a novel class of antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consisting of a PD-1 targeting antibody fused together with an interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine mutein. Our bifunctional fusion proteins can block PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction whilst simultaneously delivering IL-21 cytokine to PD-1 expressing T cells. Targeted delivery of IL-21 can improve T cell function in a manner that is superior to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Fusion of engineered IL-21 variants to anti-PD1 antibodies can improve the drug-like properties of IL-21 cytokine leading to improved cytokine serum half-life allowing for less frequent dosing. In addition, we show that targeted delivery of IL-21 can minimize any potential detrimental effect on local antigen-presenting cells. A highly attenuated IL-21 mutein variant (R9E:R76A) fused to a PD-1 antibody provides protection in a humanized mouse model of cancer that is refractory to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Collectively, our preclinical data demonstrate that this approach may improve upon and extend the utility of anti-PD-1 therapeutics currently in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanling Shen
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gail Sckisel
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Almin Lalani
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Doug Den Otter
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Josh Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jay Cheng
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Casey
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Yang
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Ray Low
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Mark Daris
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Neeraj J. Agrawal
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Khaled Ali
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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97
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Coleman MF, Cozzo AJ, Pfeil AJ, Etigunta SK, Hursting SD. Cell Intrinsic and Systemic Metabolism in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040852. [PMID: 32244756 PMCID: PMC7225951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown extraordinary promise at treating cancers otherwise resistant to treatment. However, for ICI therapy to be effective, it must overcome the metabolic limitations of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor metabolism has long been understood to be highly dysregulated, with potent immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, T cell activation and longevity within the tumor microenvironment are intimately tied to T cell metabolism and are required for the long-term efficacy of ICI therapy. We discuss in this review the intersection of metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment, T cell activation and metabolism, the roles of tumor cell metabolism in immune evasion, and the impact of host metabolism in determining immune surveillance and ICI therapy outcomes. We also discussed the effects of obesity and calorie restriction—two important systemic metabolic perturbations that impact intrinsic metabolic pathways in T cells as well as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Suhas K. Etigunta
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Correspondence:
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98
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Fu Y, Lin Q, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Therapeutic strategies for the costimulatory molecule OX40 in T-cell-mediated immunity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:414-433. [PMID: 32140389 PMCID: PMC7049610 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40 and its cognate ligand OX40L have attracted broad research interest as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated diseases. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the therapeutic efficacy of both agonist and blockade of the OX40-OX40L interaction. Despite this progress, many questions about the immuno-modulator roles of OX40 on T cell function remain unanswered. In this review we summarize the impact of the OX40-OX40L interaction on T cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Treg, Tfh, and CD8+ T cells, to gain a comprehensive understanding of anti-OX40 mAb-based therapies. The potential therapeutic application of the OX40-OX40L interaction in autoimmunity diseases and cancer immunotherapy are further discussed; OX40-OX40L blockade may ameliorate autoantigen-specific T cell responses and reduce immune activity in autoimmunity diseases. We also explore the rationale of targeting OX40-OX40L interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Ligation of OX40 with targeted agonist anti-OX40 mAbs conveys activating signals to T cells. When combined with other therapeutic treatments, such as anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 blockade, cytokines, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the anti-tumor activity of agonist anti-OX40 treatment will be further enhanced. These data collectively suggest great potential for OX40-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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99
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Cui WQ, Wang ST, Pan D, Chang B, Sang LX. Caffeine and its main targets of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:149-172. [PMID: 32104547 PMCID: PMC7031145 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and is widely consumed in coffee, soda, tea, chocolate and energy drinks. To date, a growing number of studies have indicated that caffeine is associated with many diseases including colorectal cancer. Caffeine exerts its biological activity through binding to adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterases, sensitizing calcium channels, antagonizing gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and stimulating adrenal hormones. Some studies have indicated that caffeine can interact with signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor β, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways through which caffeine can play an important role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis, metastasis and prognosis. Moreover, caffeine can act as a general antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress and also as a regulatory factor of the cell cycle that modulates the DNA repair system. Additionally, as for intestinal homeostasis, through the interaction with receptors and cytokines, caffeine can modulate the immune system mediating its effects on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, caffeine can not only directly inhibit species in the gut microbiome, such as Escherichia coli and Candida albicans but also can indirectly exert inhibition by increasing the effects of other antimicrobial drugs. This review summarizes the association between colorectal cancer and caffeine that is being currently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Tong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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100
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Terrén I, Orrantia A, Mikelez-Alonso I, Vitallé J, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020316. [PMID: 32013092 PMCID: PMC7072691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that are able to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization. It has been shown that NK cells play a pivotal role in a variety of cancers, highlighting their relevance in tumor immunosurveillance. NK cell infiltration has been reported in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most frequent kidney cancer in adults, and their presence has been associated with patients’ survival. However, the role of NK cells in this disease is not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the biology of NK cells and the mechanisms through which they are able to recognize and kill tumor cells. Furthermore, we discuss the role that NK cells play in renal cell carcinoma, and review current strategies that are being used to boost and exploit their cytotoxic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Idoia Mikelez-Alonso
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-600-6000 (ext. 7079)
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