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Wang H, Liu N, Wei Y, Pei H, Liu M, Diao X, Zhang H, Li H. Efficacy and safety of Shenmayizhi decoction as an adjuvant treatment for vascular dementia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18326. [PMID: 31852125 PMCID: PMC6922576 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia. The treatment of VaD still remains a challenge so far. Traditional Chinese Herbal medicine is a promising therapy due to their multiple components and targets. Shenmayizhi decoction (SMYZD), a Chinese Herbal prescription, has been reported its effective in alleviating cognitive dysfunction in clinical practice. However, strong clinical research of SMYZD in the treatment of VaD was lack. Therefore, we design this study to evaluate the adjuvant role of SMYZD in the treatment of VaD. METHODS This is a multicenter, randomized, blind, controlled trial. A total of 196 eligible patients will be assigned to receive Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs) plus SMYZD granule or GBEs plus SMYZD mimetic granule in a 1:1 ratio. The duration of the trial will be 12 weeks, and a follow-up will be performed at the 24th week. The primary outcomes are the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) and the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog). The secondary outcomes include the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scale, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), concentrations of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and homocysteine (HCY) in serum. Researchers will record any adverse events throughout the trial. DISCUSSION This study will provide evidences to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SMYZD in combination with GBEs in treatment of VaD, as well as the adjuvant role of SMYZD in combination. TRIAL IS REGISTERED AT CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ChiCTR1800017359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichan Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Nanyang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - XueMei Diao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Luo Z, Deng H, Fang Z, Zeng A, Chen Y, Zhang W, Lu Q. Ligustilide Inhibited Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration via c-Myc/MMP2 and ROCK/JNK Signaling Pathway. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3573-3583. [PMID: 31762036 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) excessive migration, a basic change of pathological intimal thickening, can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Ligustilide (LIG), the main active ingredient of angelica volatile oil, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, circulatory system, and immune function. However, whether it protects against intimal thickening and VSMCs excessive migration and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LIG on VSMCs migration and its underlying mechanism. The protective effect of LIG on VSMCs excessive migration was assessed using an atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rat model and an angiotensin II (AngII)-induced VSMCs migration model. The results showed that LIG exerted a protective effect against pathological intimal thickening as demonstrated by decreasing VSMCs migration in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, intimal thickening and VSMCs migration were inhibited and LIG performed a suppressive effect on the expression of c-Myc protein while enhanced phenotypic transformation related proteins α-SMA expression. Meanwhile, the administration of LIG significantly lowered the blood pressure and blood lipids level in atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rats. In vitro, LIG suppressed AngII-induced VSMCs migration and downregulated the expression of migration related protein c-Myc, MMP2, ROCK1, ROCK2, p-JNK, and JNK. These findings suggested the protective effect of LIG on VSMCs migration was associated with the decrement of c-Myc/MMP2 signaling pathway and ROCK-JNK signaling pathway. Thus, LIG may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huijian Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zicen Fang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China.,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ao Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuankun Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qun Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical Univ., Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bang J, Kim MS, Jeon WK. Mumefural Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion via Regulating the Septohippocampal Cholinergic System and Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112755. [PMID: 31766248 PMCID: PMC6893811 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) causes cognitive impairment and neurogenic inflammation by reducing blood flow. We previously showed that Fructus mume (F. mume) improves cognitive impairment and inhibits neuroinflammation in a CCH rat model. One of the components of F. mume, Mumefural (MF), is known to improve blood flow and inhibit platelet aggregation. Whether MF affects cerebral and cognitive function remains unclear. We investigated the effects of MF on cognitive impairment and neurological function-related protein expression in the rat CCH model, established by bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion (BCCAo). Three weeks after BCCAo, MF (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) was orally administrated once a day for 42 days. Using Morris water maze assessment, MF treatment significantly improved cognitive impairment. MF treatment also inhibited cholinergic system dysfunction, attenuated choline acetyltransferase-positive cholinergic neuron loss, and regulated cholinergic system-related protein expressions in the basal forebrain and hippocampus. MF also inhibited myelin basic protein degradation and increased the hippocampal expression of synaptic markers and cognition-related proteins. Moreover, MF reduced neuroinflammation, inhibited gliosis, and attenuated the activation of P2X7 receptor, TLR4/MyD88, NLRP3, and NF-κB. This study indicates that MF ameliorates cognitive impairment in BCCAo rats by enhancing neurological function and inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Bang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-868-9505
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The Importance of Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: An Overview. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3642491. [PMID: 32676138 PMCID: PMC7336207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3642491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) face devastating health, social, and financial consequences, as well as their families and caregivers. Reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are essential strategies for SCI treatment. Some compounds from traditional medicine could be useful to decrease ROS generated after SCI. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of some natural compounds with antioxidant capacity used in traditional medicine to treat traumatic SCI. An electronic search of published articles describing animal models of SCI treated with natural compounds from traditional medicine was conducted using the following terms: Spinal Cord Injuries (MeSH terms) AND Models, Animal (MeSH terms) AND [Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH terms) AND/OR Oxidative Stress (MeSH term)] AND Medicine, Traditional (MeSH terms). Articles reported from 2010 to 2018 were included. The results were further screened by title and abstract for studies performed in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates. The effects of these natural compounds are discussed, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of natural compounds were emphasized since oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the generation and progression of several pathologies of the nervous system. The use of these compounds diminishes toxic effects due to their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have been tested in animal models with promising results; however, no clinical studies have been conducted in humans. Further research of these natural compounds is crucial to a better understanding of their effects in patients with SCI.
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Protective role of exogenous recombinant peroxiredoxin 6 under ischemia-reperfusion injury of kidney. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:319-332. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sharapov MG, Novoselov VI, Penkov NV, Fesenko EE, Vedunova MV, Bruskov VI, Gudkov SV. Protective and adaptogenic role of peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) in neutralization of oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:76-86. [PMID: 30605715 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A radioprotective effect of exogenous recombinant peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) was revealed and characterized using an animal model of whole body X-ray irradiation at sublethal and lethal doses. Prx2 belongs to an evolutionarily ancient family of peroxidases that are involved in enzymatic degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic hydroperoxides. Apart from that, the oxidized form of Prx2 also exhibits chaperone activity, thereby preventing protein misfolding and aggregation under oxidative stress. Intravenous administration of Prx2 in animals at a concentration of 20 µg/g 15 min before exposure to ionizing radiation contributes to a significantly higher survival rate, suppresses the development of leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, as well as protects the bone marrow cells from genome DNA damage. Moreover, injection of Prx2 leads to suppression of apoptosis, stimulates cell proliferation and results in a more rapid recovery of the cell redox state. Exogenous Prx2 neutralizes the effect of the priming dose on the second irradiation of the cells. The radioprotective properties of exogenous Prx2 are stipulated by its broad substrate peroxidase activity, chaperone activity in the oxidized state, and are also due to the signal-regulatory function of Prx2 mediated by the regulation of the level of hydroperoxides as well as via interaction with redox-sensitive regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - V I Novoselov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - N V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - E E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - M V Vedunova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - V I Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - S V Gudkov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, Russia.
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Ma J, Xu Y, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Hu M, Ma F, Long H, Qin Z, Tao N. Ligustilide inhibits the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Life Sci 2019; 218:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pacifici F, Della Morte D, Capuani B, Pastore D, Bellia A, Sbraccia P, Di Daniele N, Lauro R, Lauro D. Peroxiredoxin6, a Multitask Antioxidant Enzyme Involved in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:399-414. [PMID: 29160110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. NCDs mainly comprise diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and neurological degenerative diseases, which kill more than 80% of population, especially the elderly, worldwide. Recent Advances: Several recent theories established NCDs as multifactorial diseases, where a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contributes to their pathogenesis. Nevertheless, recent findings suggest that the common factor linking all these pathologies is an increase in oxidative stress and the age-related loss of the antioxidant mechanisms of defense against it. Impairment in mitochondrial homeostasis with consequent deregulation in oxidative stress balance has also been suggested. CRITICAL ISSUES Therefore, antioxidant proteins deserve particular attention for their potential role against NCDs. In particular, peroxiredoxin(Prdx)6 is a unique antioxidant enzyme, belonging to the Prdx family, with double properties, peroxidase and phospholipase activities. Through these activities, Prdx6 has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant enzyme, implicated in the pathogenesis of different NCDs. Recently, we described a phenotype of diabetes mellitus in Prdx6 knockout mice, suggesting a pivotal role of Prdx6 in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing awareness on the role of antioxidant defenses in the pathogenesis of NCDs may open novel therapeutic approaches to reduce the burden of this pandemic phenomenon. However, knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in NCD prevention and pathogenesis is still not clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacifici
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - David Della Morte
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,2 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Capuani
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pastore
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,3 Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital , Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,3 Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital , Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,3 Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital , Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Lauro
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy .,3 Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital , Rome, Italy
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Sharapov MG, Novoselov VI, Gudkov SV. Radioprotective Role of Peroxiredoxin 6. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 30621289 PMCID: PMC6356814 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a member of an evolutionary ancient family of peroxidase enzymes with diverse functions in the cell. Prdx6 is an important enzymatic antioxidant. It reduces a wide range of peroxide substrates in the cell, thus playing a leading role in the maintenance of the redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Beside peroxidase activity, Prdx6 has been shown to possess an activity of phospholipase A2, an enzyme playing an important role in membrane phospholipid metabolism. Moreover, Prdx6 takes part in intercellular and intracellular signal transduction due to its peroxidase and phospholipase activity, thus facilitating the initiation of regenerative processes in the cell, suppression of apoptosis, and activation of cell proliferation. Being an effective and important antioxidant enzyme, Prdx6 plays an essential role in neutralizing oxidative stress caused by various factors, including action of ionizing radiation. Endogenous Prdx6 has been shown to possess a significant radioprotective potential in cellular and animal models. Moreover, intravenous infusion of recombinant Prdx6 to animals before irradiation at lethal or sublethal doses has shown its high radioprotective effect. Exogenous Prdx6 effectively alleviates the severeness of radiation lesions, providing normalization of the functional state of radiosensitive organs and tissues, and leads to a significant elevation of the survival rate of animals. Prdx6 can be considered as a potent and promising radioprotective agent for reducing the pathological effect of ionizing radiation on mammalian organisms. The radioprotective properties and mechanisms of radioprotective action of Prdx6 are discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars G Sharapov
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Reception, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Novoselov
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Reception, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Wave Research Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Experimental Clinical Studies, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 129110 Moscow, Russia.
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.
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Park JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Noh YH, Kim SS, Lee TK, Lee JC, Shin BN, Sim TH, Lee HS, Cho JH, Hwang IK, Kang IJ, Kim JD, Won MH. Pretreated Oenanthe Javanica extract increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, attenuates gliosis, and protects hippocampal neurons following transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1536-1543. [PMID: 31089052 PMCID: PMC6557097 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that Oenanthe javanica extract (OJE) displays strong neuroprotective effect against ischemic damage after transient global cerebral ischemia. However, neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE have not been fully identified. Thus, this study investigated the neuroprotection of OJE in the hippocampal CA1 area and its anti-inflammatory activity in gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. We treated the animals by intragastrical injection of OJE (100 and 200 mg/kg) once daily for 1 week prior to transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotection of OJE was observed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclear antigen and histofluorescence staining for Fluoro-Jade B. Immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 was done for astrocytosis and microgliosis, respectively. To investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE, we performed immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 for pro-inflammatory function and interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 for anti-inflammatory function. When we treated the animals by intragastrical administration of 200 mg/kg of OJE, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from transient global cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-induced gliosis was inhibited in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 area. We also found that interleukin-4 and -13 immunoreactivities were significantly increased in pyramidal neurons of the ischemic CA1 area after OJE pretreatment, and the increased immunoreactivities were sustained in the CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient global cerebral ischemia. However, OJE pretreatment did not increase interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. Our findings suggest that pretreatment with OJE can protect neurons and attenuate gliosis from transient global cerebral ischemia via increasing expressions of interleukin-4 and -13. The experimental plan of this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in Kangwon National University (approval No. KW-160802-1) on August 10, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hun Noh
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich-Na Shin
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heung Sim
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sam Lee
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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Arevalo JA, Vázquez-Medina JP. The Role of Peroxiredoxin 6 in Cell Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120172. [PMID: 30477202 PMCID: PMC6316032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6, 1-cys peroxiredoxin) is a unique member of the peroxiredoxin family that, in contrast to other mammalian peroxiredoxins, lacks a resolving cysteine and uses glutathione and π glutathione S-transferase to complete its catalytic cycle. Prdx6 is also the only peroxiredoxin capable of reducing phospholipid hydroperoxides through its glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity. In addition to its peroxidase activity, Prdx6 expresses acidic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT) activities in separate catalytic sites. Prdx6 plays crucial roles in lung phospholipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation repair, and inflammatory signaling. Here, we review how the distinct activities of Prdx6 are regulated during physiological and pathological conditions, in addition to the role of Prdx6 in cellular signaling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Arevalo
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94705, USA.
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The neuroprotective effects and probable mechanisms of Ligustilide and its degradative products on intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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63
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Li M, Liu J, Bi Y, Chen J, Zhao L. Potential Medications or Compounds Acting on Toll-like Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:160-175. [PMID: 28571545 PMCID: PMC5883378 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors play an integral role in the process of inflammatory response after ischemic in-jury. The therapeutic potential acting on TLRs is worth of evaluations. The aim of this review was to introduce readers some potential medications or compounds which could alleviate the ischemic damage via TLRs. Methods: Research articles online on TLRs were reviewed. Categorizations were listed according to the follows, methods acting on TLRs directly, modulations of MyD88 or TRIF signaling pathway, and the ischemic tolerance induced by the pre-conditioning or postconditioning with TLR ligands or minor cerebral ischemia via acting on TLRs. Results: There are only a few studies concerning on direct effects. Anti-TLR4 or anti-TLR2 therapies may serve as promis-ing strategies in acute events. Approaches targeting on inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing interferon regu-latory factor dependent signaling have attracted great interests. Not only drugs but compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have been used to identify their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. In addition, many re-searchers have reported the positive therapeutic effects of preconditioning with agonists of TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9. Several trails have also explored the potential of postconditioning, which provide a new idea in ischemic treatments. Considering all the evidence above, many drugs and new compounds may have great potential to reduce ischemic insults. Conclusion: This review will focus on promising therapies which exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by acting on TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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64
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Mo ZZ, Lin ZX, Su ZR, Zheng L, Li HL, Xie JH, Xian YF, Yi TG, Huang SQ, Chen JP. Angelica sinensis Supercritical Fluid CO 2 Extract Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Liver and Kidney Impairment in Mice by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. J Med Food 2018; 21:887-898. [PMID: 30109956 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelica sinensis (AS, Danggui in Chinese) is an important herbal component of various traditional formulae for the management of asthenia and its tonic effects. Although AS has been shown to ameliorate cognitive damage and nerve toxicity in D-galactose (D-gal)-elicited senescent mice brain, its effects on liver and kidney injury have not yet been explored. In this work, mice were subjected to hypodermic injection with D-gal (200 mg/kg) and orally gavaged with AS (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) once a day for 8 successive weeks. Results revealed that AS significantly improved liver and kidney function as assessed by organ index and functional parameters. In addition, AS pretreatment effectively ameliorated the histological deterioration. AS attenuated the MDA level and markedly enhanced the activities and gene expressions of antioxidative enzymes, namely Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT, and GPx. Furthermore, AS markedly inhibited the D-gal-mediated increment of expressions of inflammatory cytokines iNOS, COX-2, IκBα, p-IκBα, and p65 and promoted the IκBα expression level in both hepatic and renal tissues. In sum, AS pretreatment could effectively guard the liver and kidney of mice from D-gal-induced injury, and the underlying mechanism was deemed to be intimately related to attenuating oxidative response and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhun Mo
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China .,2 School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- 2 School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China .,3 Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Dongguan, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- 4 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- 4 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Hui Xie
- 5 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- 2 School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tie-Gang Yi
- 4 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen, China
| | - Shui-Qing Huang
- 6 School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- 4 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen, China
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65
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Sharapov MG, Fesenko EE, Novoselov VI. The Role of Peroxiredoxins in Various Diseases Caused by Oxidative Stress and the Prospects of Using Exogenous Peroxiredoxins. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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66
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Chi K, Fu RH, Huang YC, Chen SY, Hsu CJ, Lin SZ, Tu CT, Chang LH, Wu PA, Liu SP. Adipose-derived Stem Cells Stimulated with n-Butylidenephthalide Exhibit Therapeutic Effects in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:456-470. [PMID: 29756519 PMCID: PMC6038049 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718757408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) causes motor dysfunction and dopaminergic cell death. Drug treatments can effectively reduce symptoms but often cause unwanted side effects. Stem cell therapies using cell replacement or indirect beneficial secretomes have recently emerged as potential therapeutic strategies. Although various types of stem cells have been proposed as possible candidates, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are easily obtainable, more abundant, less ethically disputed, and able to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. However, treatment of PD using adult stem cells is known to be less efficacious than neuron or embryonic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, improved therapies are urgently needed. n-Butylidenephthalide (BP), which is extracted from Angelica sinensis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Indeed, we previously demonstrated that BP treatment of ADSCs enhances the expression of neurogenesis and homing factors such as nuclear receptor related 1 protein, stromal-derived factor 1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In the present study, we examined the ability of BP-pretreated ADSC transplantation to improve PD motor symptoms and protect dopamine neurons in a mouse model of PD. We evaluated the results using neuronal behavior tests such as beam walking, rotarod, and locomotor activity tests. ADSCs with or without BP pretreatment were transplanted into the striatum. Our findings demonstrated that ADSC transplantation improved motor abilities with varied efficacies and that BP stimulation improved the therapeutic effects of transplantation. Dopaminergic cell numbers returned to normal in ADSC-transplanted mice after 22 d. In summary, stimulating ADSCs with BP improved PD recovery efficiency. Thus, our results provide important new strategies to improve stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chi
- Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Huei Fu
- Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Genetics Center, China Medical University
Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical
University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Genetics Center, China Medical University
Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical
University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Hsu
- Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation,
Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Tu
- Taiwan Mitochondrion Applied Technology Co., Ltd, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsun Chang
- Taiwan Mitochondrion Applied Technology Co., Ltd, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping-An Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation,
Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University,
Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Social Work, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Sharapov MG, Gordeeva AE, Goncharov RG, Tikhonova IV, Ravin VK, Temnov AA, Fesenko EE, Novoselov VI. The Effect of Exogenous Peroxiredoxin 6 on the State of Mesenteric Vessels and the Small Intestine in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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68
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Zhou HJ, Li H, Shi MQ, Mao XN, Liu DL, Chang YR, Gan YM, Kuang X, Du JR. Protective Effect of Klotho against Ischemic Brain Injury Is Associated with Inhibition of RIG-I/NF-κB Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:950. [PMID: 29403373 PMCID: PMC5778393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest independent risk factor for the occurrence of stroke and poor outcomes, at least partially through progressive increases in oxidative stress and inflammation with advanced age. Klotho is an antiaging gene, the expression of which declines with age. Klotho may protect against neuronal oxidative damage that is induced by glutamate. The present study investigated the effects of Klotho overexpression and knockdown by an intracerebroventricular injection of a lentiviral vector that encoded murine Klotho (LV-KL) or rat Klotho short-hairpin RNA (LV-KL shRNA) on cerebral ischemia injury and the underlying anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism. The overexpression of Klotho induced by LV-KL significantly improved neurobehavioral deficits and increased the number of live neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and caudate putamen subregions 72 h after cerebral hypoperfusion that was induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) in mice. The overexpression of Klotho significantly decreased the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, the expression of retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6) in 2VO mice. The knockdown of Klotho mediated by LV-KL shRNA in the brain exacerbated neurological dysfunction and cerebral infarct after 22 h of reperfusion following 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. These findings suggest that Klotho itself or enhancers of Klotho may compensate for its aging-related decline, thus providing a promising therapeutic approach for acute ischemic stroke during advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Na Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ran Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Miao Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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69
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Long FY, Shi MQ, Zhou HJ, Liu DL, Sang N, Du JR. Klotho upregulation contributes to the neuroprotection of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:198-205. [PMID: 29233659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Klotho, an aging-suppressor gene, encodes a protein that potentially acts as a neuroprotective factor. Our previous studies showed that ligustilide minimizes the cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate whether klotho is involved in the protective effects of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury in mice. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion. Neurobehavioral tests as well as Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B staining were used to evaluate the protective effects of ligustilide in cerebral ischemia, and Western blotting and ELISA approaches were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Administration of ligustilide prevented the development of neurological deficits and reduced neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region and the caudate putamen after cerebral ischemia. The protective effects were associated with inhibition of the RIG-I/NF-κB p65 and Akt/FoxO1 pathways and with prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Further, downregulation of klotho could attenuate the neuroprotection of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury. Ligustilide exerted neuroprotective effects in mice after cerebral ischemia by regulating anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant signaling pathways. Furthermore, klotho upregulation contributes to the neuroprotection of LIG against cerebral ischemic injury. These results indicated that ligustilide may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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70
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Mao XN, Zhou HJ, Yang XJ, Zhao LX, Kuang X, Chen C, Liu DL, Du JR. Neuroprotective effect of a novel gastrodin derivative against ischemic brain injury: involvement of peroxiredoxin and TLR4 signaling inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90979-90995. [PMID: 29207618 PMCID: PMC5710899 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of extracellular inflammatory peroxiredoxin (Prx) signaling appears to be a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory injury after acute ischemic stroke. Gastrodin (Gas) is a phenolic glycoside that is used for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, accompanied by regulation of the autoimmune inflammatory response. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Gas and its derivative, Gas-D, with a focus on the potential mechanism associated with inflammatory Prx-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Gas-D significantly inhibited Prx1-, Prx2-, and Prx4-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and H2O2-mediated oxidative injury in SH-SY5Y nerve cells. In rats, intraperitoneal Gas-D administration 10 h after reperfusion following 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ameliorated neurological deficits, brain infarction, and neuropathological alterations, including neuron loss, astrocyte and microglia/macrophage activation, T-lymphocyte invasion, and lipid peroxidation. Delayed Gas-D treatment significantly inhibited postischemic Prx1/2/4 expression and spillage, TLR4 signaling activation, and inflammatory mediator production. In contrast, Gas had no significant effects in either cell model or in MCAO rats under the same conditions. These results indicate that Gas-D may be a drug candidate with an extended therapeutic time window that blocks inflammatory responses and attenuates the expression and secretome of inflammatory Prxs in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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71
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Neuroprotective Effect of Modified Xijiao Dihuang Decoction against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation-Induced Injury in PC12 Cells: Involvement of TLR4-MyD88/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3848595. [PMID: 29234386 PMCID: PMC5682898 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3848595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Modified Xijiao Dihuang (XJDH) decoction has been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties in clinical ischemic stroke treatment. It consists of 4 Chinese herbs: Buffalo Horn, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC, and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect and specific mechanisms of XJDH in protecting PC12 cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury were investigated. It was found that OGD/R significantly decreased the cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increased the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in PC12 cells, and these effects were suppressed by XJDH and one of its major active constituents, paeoniflorin. Additionally, XJDH inhibited caspase-3 activity and reduced cleaved caspase-3 level. Mechanistic studies showed that the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 were significantly lower in the XJDH-treated group than in the OGD/R control group. Additionally, XJDH reversed the OGD/R-induced increases in p-JNK and p-ERK1/2 expression. These results suggest that XJDH protects PC12 cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury, which may be associated with the inhibition of the TLR4-MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. As an anti-inflammation factor, XJDH might be used as a neuronal protection strategy for the ischemia injury and related diseases.
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72
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Xu Z, Han K, Chen J, Wang C, Dong Y, Yu M, Bai R, Huang C, Hou L. Vascular endothelial growth factor is neuroprotective against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting scavenger receptor A expression on microglia. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28632969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Kaiwei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Jigang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Mingkun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Rulin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Chenguang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery in Chang Zheng Hospital; Neurosurgery Research Institution of Shanghai; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
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73
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RNase alleviates neurological dysfunction in mice undergoing cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53084-53099. [PMID: 28881795 PMCID: PMC5581094 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the leading lethal factors. Despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedure has been consecutively improved and lots of new strategies have been developed, neurological outcome of the patients experienced CPR is still disappointing. Ribonuclease (RNase) has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in acute stroke and postoperative cognitive impairment, possibly through acting against endogenous RNA that released from damaged tissue. However, the role of RNase in post-cardiac arrest cerebral injury is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of RNase in neurological outcome of mice undergoing 5 minutes of CA and followed by CPR. RNase or the same dosage of normal saline was administrated. We found that RNase administration could: 1) improve neurologic score on day 1 and day 3 after CA/CPR performance; 2) improve memory and learning ability on day 3 after training in contextual fear-conditioning test; 3) reduce extracellular RNA (exRNA) level in plasma and hippocampus tissue, and hippocampal cytokines mRNA production on day 3 after CA/CPR procedure; 4) attenuate autophagy levels in hippocampus tissue on day 3 after CA/CPR procedure. In conclusion, RNase could improve neurological function by reducing inflammation response and autophagy in mice undergoing CA/CPR.
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74
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MAFB prevents excess inflammation after ischemic stroke by accelerating clearance of damage signals through MSR1. Nat Med 2017; 23:723-732. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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75
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Shanshan Y, Beibei J, Li T, Minna G, Shipeng L, Li P, Yong Z. Phospholipase A2 of Peroxiredoxin 6 Plays a Critical Role in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Inflammatory Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:99. [PMID: 28424593 PMCID: PMC5380807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammation is an important step in the progression of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the associated production of receptors of immunomoudulation, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) has been demonstrated as the endogenous antioxidant protein for its peroxidase properties. However, the role of the independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity of Prdx6 in stroke has not been well studied. In this study, we evaluated whether blocking the calcium-iPLA2 activity of Prdx6 using siRNA and inhibitors (1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethgl)-sn-glycerol-2 phosphomethanol, MJ33) would have a critical effect on inflammatory brain damage. We conducted oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/recovery (R) in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo in a microglia/neuron co-culture system and in rats. In vitro, we found that Prdx6-iPLA2 activity was associated with the secretion of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators interleukin1β (IL-1β), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) and elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), leading to the formation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in microglial cells. In vivo, combined treatment with Prdx6-iPLA2 activity inhibitor MJ33 showed a greater diminution in neurologic deficits, cerebral infarction, brain water content and inflammatory molecules than Prdx6-siRNA treatment alone. Our findings provide new insight into Prdx6-iPLA2 function in the brain. Inhibition of Prdx6-iPLA2 activity by gene therapy and/or pharmacology may constitute a promising new therapeutic approach to the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shanshan
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Jiang Beibei
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Gao Minna
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lei Shipeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangjin Center HospitalChongqing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhao Yong
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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The acute exposure of tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (a.k.a. chloranil) triggers inflammation and neurological dysfunction via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling: The protective role of melatonin preconditioning. Toxicology 2017; 381:39-50. [PMID: 28238930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the inflammation and neurological dysfunction induced by tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (TCBQ) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. We also investigated the protective role of melatonin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In vitro model was established by rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, meanwhile, TLR4 wild-type (C57BL/6) and knockout mice (C57BL/10ScNJ TLR4-/-) were used as in vivo model. In vitro study showed TCBQ exposure enhanced the expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. By contrast, melatonin decreased TLR4 and MyD88 expressions. Moreover, our result indicated that melatonin disrupted the formation of TLR4/MyD88/MD2/CD14 complex. In addition, melatonin terminated TCBQ-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling and hampered its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine releases. In vivo result also indicated TLR4 deficiency partially protected against TCBQ-induced morphological and neuropathological changes in mice brain, suggested the role of TLR4. In conclusion, melatonin modulates TCBQ-mediated inflammatory genes through TLR4/MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Our current study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first time show melatonin not only disrupt the binding of TLR4 and MyD88, but also restricted the formation of TLR4/MD2/CD14 complex, suggesting that melatonin supplementary may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy for inflammatory neurological dysfunction.
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Zhuang P, Wan Y, Geng S, He Y, Feng B, Ye Z, Zhou D, Li D, Wei H, Li H, Zhang Y, Ju A. Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) suppresses inflammatory responses in activated microglia to attenuate brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:194-204. [PMID: 28087473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory reactions induced by microglia in the brain play crucial roles in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cerebral injuries. Microglia activation has been shown to be closely related to TLR4/NF-κB signal pathways. Salvianolic acids for injection (SAFI) have been used in clinical practice to treat ischemic stroke with reported neuroprotective effects; however, the underlying mechanisms are still uncertain. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS First, we studied the effect of SAFI on inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Then, to discover whether the beneficial in vitro effects of SAFI lead to in vivo therapeutic effects, an MCAO (Middle cerebral artery occlusion) rat model was further employed to elucidate the probable mechanism of SAFI in treating ischemic stroke. Rats in the SAFI group were given SAFI (23 or 46mg/kg) before I/R injury. RESULTS The results showed that SAFI treatment significantly decreased neuroinflammation and the infarction volume compared with the vehicle group. Activation of microglia cells was reduced, and TLR4/NF-κB signals, which were markedly inhibited by SAFI treatment in ischemic hemisphere, were accompanied by reduced expression and release of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that SAFI effectively protects the brain after cerebral ischemia, which may be caused by attenuating inflammation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin JF-Pharmaland Technology Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Wan
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shihan Geng
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ying He
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin 300410, China; Tianjin Tasliy Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhengliang Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin 300410, China; Tianjin Tasliy Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
| | - Dazheng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin 300410, China; Tianjin Tasliy Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
| | - Dekun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin 300410, China; Tianjin Tasliy Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
| | - Hongjun Wei
- Tianjin JF-Pharmaland Technology Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Tianjin JF-Pharmaland Technology Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Aichun Ju
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin 300410, China; Tianjin Tasliy Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China.
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Sharapov MG, Novoselov VI, Fesenko EE, Bruskov VI, Gudkov SV. The role of peroxiredoxin 6 in neutralization of X-ray mediated oxidative stress: effects on gene expression, preservation of radiosensitive tissues and postradiation survival of animals. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:148-166. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1289377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. I. Novoselov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. E. Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. I. Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. V. Gudkov
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
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Kuang X, Zhou HJ, Thorne AH, Chen XN, Li LJ, Du JR. Neuroprotective Effect of Ligustilide through Induction of α-Secretase Processing of Both APP and Klotho in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:353. [PMID: 29163135 PMCID: PMC5673635 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alpha-processing single transmembrane proteins, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and anti-aging protein Klotho, are likely to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The natural phthalide Ligustilide (LIG) has been demonstrated to protect against aging- and amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced brain dysfunction in animal models. The present study is to investigate the effects of LIG on cognitive deficits and metabolism of both APP and Klotho and its underlying mechanism in AD double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice and cultured human cells. Our results show that treatment with LIG significantly ameliorated memory impairment and Aβ levels and plaques burden. Specifically, LIG might act as a potent enhancer of α-secretase, disintegrin, and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), leading to upregulation of alpha-processing of both APP and Klotho and subsequent increases in the levels of both soluble APP fragment (sAPPα) and soluble Klotho (sKL) with inhibition of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling in AD mice and cultured cells. Moreover, the specific ADAM10 inhibitor (G1254023X) effectively reversed LIG-induced alpha-processing of both APP and Klotho in vitro, while Klotho gene knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly blunted LIG-mediated inhibition of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling in vitro. Taken together with the reported neuroprotective effects of both sAPPα and sKL as well as autophagy induction by Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition, our findings suggest that neuroprotection of LIG against AD is associated with induction alpha-processing of APP and Klotho and potential Aβ clearance. Whether LIG might induce Aβ autophagic clearance and the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Amy H. Thorne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xi-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Rong Du,
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80
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Xia DY, Zhang HS, Wu LY, Zhang XS, Zhou ML, Hang CH. Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats: Possibly via Inhibiting TLR 4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:963-974. [PMID: 27933551 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) generally causes significant and lasting damage. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in several brain injury models, but the role of PTX with respect to EBI following SAH remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PTX on EBI after SAH in rats. Adult male Sprauge-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham and SAH groups. PTX (30 or 60 mg/kg) or an equal volume of the administration vehicle (normal saline) was administrated at 30 min intervals following SAH. Neurological scores, brain edema, and neural cell apoptosis were evaluated. In order to explore other mechanisms, changes in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, in terms of the levels of apoptosis-associated proteins, were also investigated. We found that administration of PTX (60 mg/kg) notably improved neurological function and decreased brain edema at both 24 and 72 h following SAH. Treatment with PTX (60 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the protein expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88 and the downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PTX also significantly reduced neural cell death and BBB permeability. Our observations may be the first time that PTX has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in EBI after SAH, potentially by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB inflammation-related pathway in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangshu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangshu Province, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Liu DL, Zhao LX, Zhang S, Du JR. Peroxiredoxin 1-mediated activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway contributes to neuroinflammatory injury in intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:82-89. [PMID: 27821296 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory properties of extracellular peroxiredoxins (Prxs) via induction of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation have been gradually revealed under diverse stress conditions, including cerebral ischemia but not hemorrhage. Prx1 is proposed to be a major hemorrhagic stress-inducible isoform of Prxs during acute and subacute phases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the potential of Prx1 in the neuroinflammatory injury after ICH remains unclear. This study investigated the proinflammatory effect and underlying mechanism of extracellular Prx1 in cultured murine macrophages and a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model. The current results show that incubation of exogenous Prx1 (0-50nM) with murine RAW264.7 macrophages resulted in increased expression of TLR4, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and production of proinflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-a and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, ICH induced murine neurological deficits, cerebral edema and neuropathological alterations, such as neuron injury, astrocyte and microglia/macrophage activation, and neutrophil and T lymphocyte invasion up to 72h after ICH. Moreover, ICH stimulated Prx1 expression and extracellular release, TLR4/NF-κB signaling activation, reflected by increases in TLR4 expression, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and NF-κB activation, and production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17). Taken together, these findings suggest that extracellular Prx1-mediated TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation probably contributes to neuroinflammatory injury after ICH, and thus blocking Prx1-TLR4 signaling might provide a novel anti-neuroinflammatory strategy with extended therapeutic window for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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82
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Choi TM, Yun M, Lee JK, Park JT, Park MS, Kim HS. Proteomic Analysis of a Rat Cerebral Ischemic Injury Model after Human Cerebral Endothelial Cell Transplantation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2016; 59:544-550. [PMID: 27847565 PMCID: PMC5106351 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.6.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral endothelial cells have unique biological features and are fascinating candidate cells for stroke therapy. Methods In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of human cerebral endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) transplantation in a rat stroke model, we performed proteomic analysis using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Protein expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Results Several protein spots were identified by gel electrophoresis in the sham, cerebral ischemia (CI), and CI with hCMEC/D3 treatment cerebral ischemia with cell transplantation (CT) groups, and we identified 14 differentially expressed proteins in the CT group. Proteins involved in mitochondrial dysfunction (paraplegin matrix AAA peptidase subunit, SPG7), neuroinflammation (peroxiredoxin 6, PRDX6), and neuronal death (zinc finger protein 90, ZFP90) were markedly reduced in the CT group compared with the CI group. The expression of chloride intracellular channel 4 proteins involved in post-ischemic vasculogenesis was significantly decreased in the CI group but comparable to sham in the CT group. Conclusion These results contribute to our understanding of the early phase processes that follow cerebral endothelial cell treatment in CI. Moreover, some of the identified proteins may present promising new targets for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Min Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.; Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Misun Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Kil Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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83
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Zhao LX, Du JR, Zhou HJ, Liu DL, Gu MX, Long FY. Differences in Proinflammatory Property of Six Subtypes of Peroxiredoxins and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ligustilide in Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164586. [PMID: 27716839 PMCID: PMC5055302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are proposed to function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and contribute to post-ischemic neuroinflammation and brain injury by activating Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 at the acute and subacute phases after ischemic stroke. However, there are few studies concerning the inflammatory profiles of six distinct subtypes of Prxs (Prx1-Prx6). Our previous study demonstrated that the protective effect of ligustilide (LIG) against cerebral ischemia was associated with inhibition of neuroinflammatory response and Prx/TLR4 signaling in rats. Herein, the present study explored the inflammatory members of Prxs and the effect of LIG on their inflammatory responses in macrophages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The murine RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with each of exogenous recombinant Prxs at a range of 1 to 50 nM for 24 h. The WST-1 test showed that Prx3 exhibited a significant cytotoxicity, whereas the rest five Prxs did not affect cellular viability. The quantitative measurements with spectrometry or ELISA indicated that three subtypes, Prx1, Prx2 and Prx4, increased production of proinflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner. Immunostaining demonstrated that 20 nM Prx1, Prx2 or Prx4 significantly increased expression of TLR4 and iNOS and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. However, Prx5 and Prx6 showed no poinflammatory effect in macrophages. Remarkably, LIG treatment effectively inhibited the inflammatory response induced by Prx1, Prx2 and Prx4. CONCLUSION Three members of Prxs, Prx1, Prx2 and Prx4, are inflammatory DAMPs that induce TLR4 activation and inflammatory response in macrophages, which is effectively inhibited by LIG. These results suggest that inflammatory Prxs-activated macrophages may provide a novel cellular model for screening the potential inhibitors of DAMPs-associated inflammatory diseases such as stroke. Moreover, selective blocking strategies targeting the inflammatory subtypes of Prxs probably provide promising therapeutic approaches with a prolonged time window for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Man-Xia Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang-Yi Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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84
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Goulopoulou S, McCarthy CG, Webb RC. Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:142-67. [PMID: 26721702 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immune response by producing inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons (IFN), and other inflammatory mediators. TLR activation affects vascular function and remodeling, and these molecular events prime antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite the presence of TLRs in vascular cells, the exact mechanisms whereby TLR signaling affects the function of vascular tissues are largely unknown. Cardiovascular diseases are considered chronic inflammatory conditions, and accumulating data show that TLRs and the innate immune system play a determinant role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence unfolds a possibility that targeting TLRs and the innate immune system may be a novel therapeutic goal for these conditions. TLR inhibitors and agonists are already in clinical trials for inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, but their study in the context of cardiovascular diseases is in its infancy. In this article, we review the current knowledge of TLR signaling in the cardiovascular system with an emphasis on atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, we address the therapeutic potential of TLR as pharmacological targets in cardiovascular disease and consider intriguing research questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Goulopoulou
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Senkyunolide I attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced inflammation in microglial cells. Brain Res 2016; 1649:123-131. [PMID: 27524398 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over-activated microglia during stroke has been documented to aggravate brain damage. Our previous studies showed that senkyunolide I (SEI) exerted anti-inflammatory effects against endotoxin insult in vitro and ameliorative effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic stroke, we here investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of SEI on microglial cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. OGD for 3h followed by reoxygenation for 12h significantly enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expressions of inflammation-related enzymes in BV-2 cells, which was inhibited by pretreatment with SEI. To elucidate the mechanisms, we studied its effect on upstream signaling pathways. It was found that SEI suppressed the activation of NF-κB pathway induced by OGD/R and the MAPK pathway was shown not to be involved. Furthermore, SEI significantly down-regulated TLR4/MyD88 pathway with specifically improving inducible Hsp70 level through increasing HSF-1/DNA binding activity, and these regulations responsive to SEI were attenuated by transfecting Hsp70 siRNA and HSF-1 decoy ODNs. Additionally, SEI exerted similar influence on Hsp70/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat primary microglial cells. The results suggested that SEI had a potent effect against stroke-induced neuroinflammation through suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB pathway by up-regulating Hsp70 dependent on HSF-1.
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86
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Iizumi T, Takahashi S, Mashima K, Minami K, Izawa Y, Abe T, Hishiki T, Suematsu M, Kajimura M, Suzuki N. A possible role of microglia-derived nitric oxide by lipopolysaccharide in activation of astroglial pentose-phosphate pathway via the Keap1/Nrf2 system. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:99. [PMID: 27143001 PMCID: PMC4855896 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of stroke-induced inflammation. Both astroglia and microglia express TLR4, and endogenous ligands produced in the ischemic brain induce inflammatory responses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines produced by TLR4 activation play harmful roles in neuronal damage after stroke. Although astroglia exhibit pro-inflammatory responses upon TLR4 stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they may also play cytoprotective roles via the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), reducing oxidative stress by glutathione peroxidase. We investigated the mechanisms by which astroglia reduce oxidative stress via the activation of PPP, using TLR4 stimulation and hypoxia in concert with microglia. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed using cells prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats. Coexisting microglia in the astroglial culture were chemically eliminated using L-leucine methyl ester (LME). Cells were exposed to LPS (0.01 μg/mL) or hypoxia (1 % O2) for 12-15 h. PPP activity was measured using [1-(14)C]glucose and [6-(14)C]glucose. ROS and NO production were measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate, respectively. The involvement of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a cardinal transcriptional factor under stress conditions that regulates glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Cultured astroglia exposed to LPS elicited 20 % increases in PPP flux, and these actions of astroglia appeared to involve Nrf2. However, the chemical depletion of coexisting microglia eliminated both increases in PPP and astroglial nuclear translocation of Nrf2. LPS induced ROS and NO production in the astroglial culture containing microglia but not in the microglia-depleted astroglial culture. LPS enhanced astroglial ROS production after glutathione depletion. U0126, an upstream inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase, eliminated LPS-induced NO production, whereas ROS production was unaffected. U0126 also eliminated LPS-induced PPP activation in astroglial-microglial culture, indicating that microglia-derived NO mediated astroglial PPP activation. Hypoxia induced astroglial PPP activation independent of the microglia-NO pathway. Elimination of ROS and NO production by sulforaphane, a natural Nrf2 activator, confirmed the astroglial protective mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Astroglia in concert with microglia may play a cytoprotective role for countering oxidative stress in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iizumi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Mashima
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Minami
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Abe
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-shi, 545-8585, Osaka , Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.,JST Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.,JST Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mayumi Kajimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.,JST Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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87
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Park MH, Jo M, Kim YR, Lee CK, Hong JT. Roles of peroxiredoxins in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:1-23. [PMID: 27130805 PMCID: PMC7112520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are antioxidant enzymes, known to catalyze peroxide reduction to balance cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, which are essential for cell signaling and metabolism and act as a regulator of redox signaling. Redox signaling is a critical component of cell signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of cell growth, metabolism, hormone signaling, immune regulation and variety of other physiological functions. Early studies demonstrated that PRDXs regulates cell growth, metabolism and immune regulation and therefore involved in the pathologic regulator or protectant of several cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Oxidative stress and antioxidant systems are important regulators of redox signaling regulated diseases. In addition, thiol-based redox systems through peroxiredoxins have been demonstrated to regulate several redox-dependent process related diseases. In this review article, we will discuss recent findings regarding PRDXs in the development of diseases and further discuss therapeutic approaches targeting PRDXs. Moreover, we will suggest that PRDXs could be targets of several diseases and the therapeutic agents for targeting PRDXs may have potential beneficial effects for the treatment of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Future research should open new avenues for the design of novel therapeutic approaches targeting PRDXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - MiRan Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951.
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88
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Wang CP, Shi YW, Tang M, Zhang XC, Gu Y, Liang XM, Wang ZW, Ding F. Isoquercetin Ameliorates Cerebral Impairment in Focal Ischemia Through Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Primary Culture of Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Hippocampal CA1 Region of Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2126-2142. [PMID: 26924319 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major disability and cause of death worldwide due to its narrow therapeutic time window. Neuroprotective agent is a promising strategy to salvage acutely ischemic brain tissue and extend the therapeutic time window for stroke treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin in (1) primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons exposure on oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and (2) rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. The results showed that isoquercetin post-treatment reduced the infarct size, number of apoptotic cells, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response after ischemia and reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanism study indicated that the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin were elicited via suppressing the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-1; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. In addition, isoquercetin also effectively alleviated hippocampus neuron apoptosis by regulation of cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Our report provided new considerations into the therapeutic action and the underlying mechanisms of isoquercetin to improve brain injury in individuals who have suffered from ischemic stroke. As a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compound with neuroprotective capacities, the beneficial effects of isoquercetin when used to treat ischemic stroke and related diseases in humans warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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89
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García Bueno B, Caso JR, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:134-47. [PMID: 26905767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity is a stereotyped first line of defense against pathogens and unspecified damage signals. One of main actors of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and one of the better characterized members of this family is TLR-4, that it is mainly activated by Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide. In brain, TLR-4 organizes innate immune responses against infections or cellular damage, but also possesses other physiological functions. In the last years, some evidences suggest a role of TLR-4 in stress and stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Peripheral and brain TLR-4 activation triggers sickness behavior, and its expression is a risk factor of depression. Some elements of the TLR-4 signaling pathway are up-regulated in peripheral samples and brain post-mortem tissue from depressed and suicidal patients. The "leaky gut" hypothesis of neuropsychiatric diseases is based on the existence of an increase of the intestinal permeability which results in bacterial translocation able to activate TLR-4. Enhanced peripheral TLR-4 expression/activity has been described in subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and in autistic children. A role for TLR-4 in drugs abuse has been also proposed. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological/genetic modulation of TLRs signaling pathways in neuropsychiatry is promising, but a great preclinical/clinical scientific effort is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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90
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Luo Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y. A systems pharmacology approach to decipher the mechanism of danggui-shaoyao-san decoction for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:66-81. [PMID: 26680587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is a time-dependent course for a sequence of conditions that primarily impact the neurons in the human brain, ultimately, resulting in persistence and progressive degeneration and / or death of nerve cells and reduction of cognition and memory function. Currently, there are no therapeutic approaches to cure neurodegeneration, except certain medicines that temporarily alleviate symptoms, facilitating the improvement of a patients' quality of life. Danggui-shaoyao-san (DSS), as a famous Chinese herbal formula, has been widely used in the treatment of various illnesses, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although well-practiced in clinical medicine, the mechanisms involved in DSS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, a novel systems pharmacology approach was developed to decipher the potential mechanism between DSS and neurodegenerative disorders, implicated in oral bioavailability screening, drug-likeness assessment, target identification and network analysis. RESULTS Based on a comprehensive systems approach, active compounds of DSS, relevant potential targets and targets associated with diseases were predicted. Active compounds, targets and diseases were used to construct biological networks, such as, compound-target interactions and target-disease networks, to decipher the mechanisms of DSS to address NDs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a well-understood picture of DSS, hallmarked by multiple herbs-compounds-targets-pathway-cooperation networks for the treatment of NDs, was revealed. Notably, this systems pharmacology approach provided a novel in silico approach for the development paradigm of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the generation of new strategies for the management of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Luo
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
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91
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Chi K, Fu RH, Huang YC, Chen SY, Lin SZ, Huang PC, Lin PC, Chang FK, Liu SP. Therapeutic Effect of Ligustilide-Stimulated Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a Mouse Thromboembolic Stroke Model. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:899-912. [PMID: 26787228 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a result of cerebral ischemia that triggers a cascade of both physiological and biochemical events. No effective treatment is available for stroke; however, stem cells have the potential to rescue tissue from the effects of stroke. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are an abundant source of adult stem cells; therefore, ADSC therapy can be considered as a future strategy for regenerative medicine. However, more research is required to improve the effectiveness of transplanted ADSCs as a treatment for stroke in the mouse stroke model. Ligustilide, isolated from the herb Angelica sinensis, exhibits a protective effect on neurons and inhibits inflammation. We also demonstrated that ligustilide treatment increases the expression levels of homing factors such as SDF-1 and CXCR4. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of ADSC transplantation and ligustilide treatment in a mouse thromboembolic stroke model by behavioral tests, including beam walking, locomotor activity, and rotarod analysis. ADSCs pretreated with ligustilide were transplanted into the brains of stroke mice. The results showed that the therapeutic effect of ADSCs pretreated with ligustilide was better than that of ADSCs without ligustilide pretreatment. There was no difference between the recovery of mice treated by ADSC transplantation combined with subcutaneous ligustilide injection and that of mice treated only with ADSCs. The TUNEL assay showed fewer apoptotic cells in the brains of mice transplanted with ADSCs pretreated with ligustilide as well as in those without pretreatment. In summary, pretreatment of ADSCs with ligustilide improves the therapeutic efficacy of ADSC transplantation. The results of this study will help improve stem cell therapies being developed for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chi
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
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92
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Wu MH, Huang CC, Chio CC, Tsai KJ, Chang CP, Lin NK, Lin MT. Inhibition of Peripheral TNF-α and Downregulation of Microglial Activation by Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Etanercept Protect Rat Brain Against Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4961-71. [PMID: 26374550 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of blood flow to the brain, would initiate microglia activation which contributes to neuronal damage. Therefore, inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation could be a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. This study was aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-lipoic acid and etanercept given either singly or in combination in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Both α-lipoic acid and etanercept markedly reduced cerebral infarct, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neurological motor deficits with the former drug being more effective with the dosage used. Furthermore, when used in combination, the reduction was more substantial. Remarkably, a greater diminution in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as the brain levels of microglial activation (e.g., microgliosis, amoeboid microglia, and microglial overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α) was observed with the combined drug treatment as compared to the drugs given separately. We conclude that inhibition of peripheral tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as downregulation of brain microglial activation by alpha-lipoic acid or etanercept protect rat brain against ischemic stroke. Moreover, when both drugs were used in combination, the stroke recovery was promoted more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, 736, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Lin
- Li-Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan.
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93
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Huo L, Zhang J, Qu Z, Chen H, Li Y, Gao W. Vasorelaxant effects of Shunaoxin pill are mediated by NO/cGMP pathway, HO/CO pathway and calcium channel blockade in isolated rat thoracic aorta. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:352-360. [PMID: 26239154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shunaoxin pill (SNX), one of the famous classical recipes in traditional Chinese medicine, is developed from the "Decoction of Xionggui". It has been used for treatment of cerebrovascular related diseases. It is well known that vasodilatation plays a very important role in cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of SNX on vasorelaxant activity has not yet been explored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant effects of SNX on isolated rat thoracic aorta so as to assess some of the possible mechanisms. We also investigate the gasotransmitter signaling pathway involved which has been rarely reported in isolated rat thoracic aorta before. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to examine the vasodilative activity of SNX and its mechanisms in isolated rat thoracic aorta. MATERIALS AND METHODS SNX was studied on isolated rat thoracic aorta in vitro, including endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. In present study, specific inhibitors including soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (INDO), NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) inhibitor DL-Propargylglycine (PAG), non-selective K(+) channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), KV channel inhibitor 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), and KATP channel inhibitor Glibenclamide (Gli) were used, they were added 20min before NE contraction and then added SNX to induce vasodilation. RESULTS Removal of endothelium or pretreatment of aortic rings (intact endothelium) with L-NAME, ODQ or ZnPP significantly blocked SNX-induced relaxation. Pretreatment with the non-selective K(+) channel inhibitor TEA, KV channel inhibitor 4-AP or the KATP channel inhibitor Gli, none of them had influences on the SNX-induced response (p>0.05). Besides, SNX inhibited the contraction triggered by NE in endothelium-denuded rings in Ca(2+)-free medium. SNX also produced rightward parallel displacement of CaCl2 curves. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SNX can induce less endothelium-dependent and more endothelium-independent vascular relaxation. The NO/cGMP and HO/CO pathways, blockade of Ca(2+) channels are inhibition of IP3R mediated Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores, are likely involved in this relaxation. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of combined compositions in SNX await further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Huo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China; Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Zhuo Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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94
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Chang CY, Kao TK, Chen WY, Ou YC, Li JR, Liao SL, Raung SL, Chen CJ. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits neutrophil activation following permanent cerebral ischemia in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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95
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Tao X, Sun X, Yin L, Han X, Xu L, Qi Y, Xu Y, Li H, Lin Y, Liu K, Peng J. Dioscin ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the downregulation of TLR4 signaling via HMGB-1 inhibition. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:103-115. [PMID: 25772012 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the promising effect of dioscin against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its effect on cerebral I/R injury remains unknown. In this work, an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model and an in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model were used. The results indicated that dioscin clearly protected PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons against OGD/R insult and significantly prevented cerebral I/R injury. Further research demonstrated that dioscin-induced neuroprotection was accompanied by a significant inhibition in the expression and the nuclear to cytosolic translocation of HMGB-1, reflected by decreased TLR4 expression. Blockade of the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway by dioscin inhibited NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activities, MAPK and STAT3 phosphorylation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, and upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory factors. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and overexpressed genes of HMGB-1 and TLR4 were applied in in vitro experiments, respectively, and the results further confirmed that dioscin showed an efficient neuroprotection because of its inhibiting effects on HMGB-1/TLR4 signaling and subsequent suppressing inflammation. These findings provide new insights that will aid in elucidating the effect of dioscin against cerebral I/R injury and support the development of dioscin as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental of Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Western Section of Lushun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lianhong Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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96
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Ligustilide Ameliorates Inflammatory Pain and Inhibits TLR4 Upregulation in Spinal Astrocytes Following Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Peripheral Injection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Shimizu S, Tanaka T, Tohyama M, Miyata S. Yokukansan normalizes glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in oligodendrocytes of the corpus callosum by regulating microRNA-124a expression after stress exposure. Brain Res Bull 2015; 114:49-55. [PMID: 25857947 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stressful events are known to down-regulate expression levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the brain. Recently, we reported that stressed mice with elevated plasma levels of corticosterone exhibit morphological changes in the oligodendrocytes of nerve fiber bundles, such as those in the corpus callosum. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of GR expression regulation in oligodendrocytes after stress exposure. A previous report has suggested that GR protein levels might be regulated by microRNA (miR)-18 and/or -124a in the brain. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the GR regulation mechanism in oligodendrocytes and evaluate the effects of yokukansan (YKS), a Kampo medicine, on GR protein regulation. Acute exposure to stress increased plasma corticosterone levels, decreased GR protein expression, and increased miR-124a expression in the corpus callosum of adult male mice, though the GR mRNA and miR-18 expression levels were not significant changes. YKS normalized the stress-induced changes in the plasma corticosterone, GR protein, and miR124a expression levels. An oligodendrocyte primary culture study also showed that YKS down-regulated miR-124a, but not miR-18, expression levels in dexamethasone-treated cells. These results suggest that the down-regulation of miR124a expression might be involved in the normalization of stress-induced decreases in GR protein in oligodendrocytes by YKS. This effect may imply the molecular mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of YKS on psychological symptoms and stress-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka 558-8558, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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98
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Zhu X, Jing L, Chen C, Shao M, Fan Q, Diao J, Liu Y, Lv Z, Sun X. Danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorates depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:86-93. [PMID: 25435286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the hypothesis that DXS treats depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the kynurenine (Kyn)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway toward the 5-HT pathway through the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical fingerprints of gardenoside, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, paeonol, and ligustilide in standard extraction were used as the material bases of DXS. Rats with depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were randomly divided into four groups, namely the control, model, DXS, and fluoxetine groups. Cytokines, IDO, and tryptophan (Trp) catabolites were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS DXS significantly increased crossing grid numbers, sucrose consumption, and body weight. This treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, DXS elicited no significant effects on IL-1β, IL-2, and interferon γ. DXS downregulated the activity of IDO and subsequent production of Kyn in the hippocampus. This treatment upregulated the hippocampal contents of Trp and 5-HT but did not influence 5-HT turnover. CONCLUSIONS DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Linlin Jing
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510305, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meng Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianxin Diao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanliang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiping Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuegang Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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99
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Li JJ, Zhu Q, Lu YP, Zhao P, Feng ZB, Qian ZM, Zhu L. Ligustilide prevents cognitive impairment and attenuates neurotoxicity in d-galactose induced aging mice brain. Brain Res 2015; 1595:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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100
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Shichita T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:319. [PMID: 25352781 PMCID: PMC4196547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation is important in ischemic stroke pathology. However, details of the inflammation process, its resolution after stroke and its effect on pathology and neural damage have not been clarified. Brain swelling, which is often fatal in ischemic stroke patients, occurs at an early stage of stroke due to endothelial cell injury and severe inflammation by infiltrated mononuclear cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. At early stage of inflammation, macrophages are activated by molecules released from necrotic cells [danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)], and inflammatory cytokines and mediators that increase ischemic brain damage by disruption of the blood–brain barrier are released. After post-ischemic inflammation, macrophages function as scavengers of necrotic cell and brain tissue debris. Such macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and neural cell regeneration by producing tropic factors. The mechanisms of inflammation resolution and conversion of inflammation to neuroprotection are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize information accumulated recently about DAMP-induced inflammation and the neuroprotective effects of inflammatory cells, and discuss next generation strategies to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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