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Tuzet A, Rahantaniaina MS, Noctor G. Analyzing the Function of Catalase and the Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in H 2O 2 Processing: Insights from an Experimentally Constrained Kinetic Model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1238-1268. [PMID: 30044135 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Plant stress involves redox signaling linked to reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be generated at high rates in photosynthetic cells. The systems that process H2O2 include catalase (CAT) and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but interactions between them remain unclear. Modeling can aid interpretation and pinpoint areas for investigation. Recent Advances: Based on emerging data and concepts, we introduce a new experimentally constrained kinetic model to analyze interactions between H2O2, CAT, ascorbate, glutathione, and NADPH. The sensitivity points required for accurate simulation of experimental observations are analyzed, and the implications for H2O2-linked redox signaling are discussed. CRITICAL ISSUES We discuss several implications of the modeled results, in particular the following. (i) CAT and ascorbate peroxidase can share the load in H2O2 processing even in optimal conditions. (ii) Intracellular H2O2 concentrations more than the low μM range may rarely occur. (iii) Ascorbate redox turnover is largely independent of glutathione until ascorbate peroxidation exceeds a certain value. (iv) NADPH availability may determine glutathione redox status through its influence on monodehydroascorbate reduction. (v) The sensitivity of glutathione status to oxidative stress emphasizes its potential suitability as a sensor of increased H2O2. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Important future questions include the roles of other antioxidative systems in interacting with CAT and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway as well as the nature and significance of processes that achieve redox exchange between different subcellular compartments. Progress in these areas is likely to be favored by integrating kinetic modeling analyses into experimentally based programs, allowing each approach to inform the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Tuzet
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.,2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- 2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
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Huang Y, Ren J, Qu X. Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Activity Regulation, and Applications. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4357-4412. [PMID: 30801188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1515] [Impact Index Per Article: 303.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of the high catalytic activities and substrate specificity, natural enzymes have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields, etc. Although promising, they often suffer from intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost, low operational stability, and difficulties of recycling. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have been devoted to the exploration of artificial enzyme mimics for a long time. Since the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with intrinsic horseradish peroxidase-like activity in 2007, a large amount of studies on nanozymes have been constantly emerging in the next decade. Nanozymes are one kind of nanomaterials with enzymatic catalytic properties. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages such as low cost, high stability and durability, which have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields. A thorough understanding of the possible catalytic mechanisms will contribute to the development of novel and high-efficient nanozymes, and the rational regulations of the activities of nanozymes are of great significance. In this review, we systematically introduce the classification, catalytic mechanism, activity regulation as well as recent research progress of nanozymes in the field of biosensing, environmental protection, and disease treatments, etc. in the past years. We also propose the current challenges of nanozymes as well as their future research focus. We anticipate this review may be of significance for the field to understand the properties of nanozymes and the development of novel nanomaterials with enzyme mimicking activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
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Osmolovskaya N, Shumilina J, Kim A, Didio A, Grishina T, Bilova T, Keltsieva OA, Zhukov V, Tikhonovich I, Tarakhovskaya E, Frolov A, Wessjohann LA. Methodology of Drought Stress Research: Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4089. [PMID: 30563000 PMCID: PMC6321153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major stress factors affecting the growth and development of plants. In this context, drought-related losses of crop plant productivity impede sustainable agriculture all over the world. In general, plants respond to water deficits by multiple physiological and metabolic adaptations at the molecular, cellular, and organism levels. To understand the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance, adequate stress models and arrays of reliable stress markers are required. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively address currently available models of drought stress, based on culturing plants in soil, hydroponically, or in agar culture, and critically discuss advantages and limitations of each design. We also address the methodology of drought stress characterization and discuss it in the context of real experimental approaches. Further, we highlight the trends of methodological developments in drought stress research, i.e., complementing conventional tests with quantification of phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS), measuring antioxidant enzyme activities, and comprehensively profiling transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Osmolovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia Shumilina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anna Didio
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Tatiana Grishina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Bilova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Olga A Keltsieva
- Institute of Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Science, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Igor Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena Tarakhovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Scientific Information, Russian Academy of Sciences Library, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199904 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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54
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Yang C, Zhong Y, Powell CA, Doud MS, Duan Y, Huang Y, Zhang M. Antimicrobial Compounds Effective against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Discovered via Graft-based Assay in Citrus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17288. [PMID: 30470774 PMCID: PMC6251869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease, is caused by three species of phloem-limited Candidatus Liberibacter. Chemical control is a critical short-term strategy against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las). Currently, application of antibiotics in agricultural practices is limited due to public concerns regarding emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and potential side effects in humans. The present study screened 39 antimicrobials (non-antibiotics) for effectiveness against Las using an optimized graft-based screening system. Results of principal component, hierarchical clustering and membership function analyses demonstrated that 39 antimicrobials were clustered into three groups: "effective" (Group I), "partly effective" (Group II), and "ineffective" (Group III). Despite different modes of action, 8 antimicrobials (aluminum hydroxide, D,L-buthionine sulfoximine, nicotine, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, SilverDYNE, colloidal silver, EBI-601, and EBI-602), were all as highly effective at eliminating or suppressing Las, showing both the lowest Las infection rates and titers in treated scions and inoculated rootstock. The ineffective group, which included 21 antimicrobials, did not eliminate or suppress Las, resulting in plants with increased titers of Candidatus Liberibacter. The other 10 antimicrobials partly eliminated/suppressed Las in treated and graft-inoculated plants. These effective antimicrobials are potential candidates for HLB control either via rescuing infected citrus germplasms or restricted field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
- Fruit research institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Charles A Powell
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Melissa S Doud
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Youzong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China.
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
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55
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Yan Y, Pan C, Du Y, Li D, Liu W. Exogenous salicylic acid regulates reactive oxygen species metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. under salinity stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:577-589. [PMID: 30042614 PMCID: PMC6041230 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 0.5-1.5 mM salicylic acid (SA) on modulating reactive oxygen species metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione cycle in NaCl-stressed Nitraria tangutorum seedlings was investigated. The individual plant fresh weight (PFW) and plant dry weight (PDW) significantly increased under 100 mM NaCl while remained unchanged or decreased under 200-400 mM NaCl compared to the control. Superoxide anion (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased whereas the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG decreased under varied NaCl treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were enhanced while dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities remained unvaried under 100-400 mM NaCl stresses. In addition, exogenous SA further increased PFW, PDW and root/shoot ratio. SA effectively diminished O2·- accumulation. H2O2 and TBARS decreased under 0.5 and 1.0 mM SA treatments compared to those without SA. 0.5 mM of SA increased while 1.0 and 1.5 mM SA decreased APX activities. DHAR activities were elevated by 0.5 and 1.0 mM SA but not by 1.5 mM SA. MDHAR and GR activities kept constant or significantly increased at varying SA concentrations. Under SA treatments, AsA and GSH contents further increased, DHA and GSSG levels remained unaltered, while the decreases in AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios were inhibited. The above results demonstrated that the enhanced tolerance of N. tangutorum seedlings conferred by SA could be attributed mainly to the elevated GR and DHAR activities as well as the increased AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Chenhui Pan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yuling Du
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin, 150030 China
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56
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Ortega-Villasante C, Burén S, Blázquez-Castro A, Barón-Sola Á, Hernández LE. Fluorescent in vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species and redox potential in plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:202-220. [PMID: 29627452 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of aerobic metabolism, and excessive production can result in oxidative stress and cell damage. In addition, ROS function as cellular messengers, working as redox regulators in a multitude of biological processes. Understanding ROS signalling and stress responses requires methods for precise imaging and quantification to monitor local, subcellular and global ROS dynamics with high selectivity, sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge for in vivo plant ROS imaging and detection, using both chemical probes and fluorescent protein-based biosensors. Certain characteristics of plant tissues, for example high background autofluorescence in photosynthetic organs and the multitude of endogenous antioxidants, can interfere with ROS and redox potential detection, making imaging extra challenging. Novel methods and techniques to measure in vivo plant ROS and redox changes with better selectivity, accuracy, and spatiotemporal resolution are therefore desirable to fully acknowledge the remarkably complex plant ROS signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ortega-Villasante
- Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Stefan Burén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Barón-Sola
- Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis E Hernández
- Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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57
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Volpert A, Graff van Creveld S, Rosenwasser S, Vardi A. Diurnal fluctuations in chloroplast GSH redox state regulate susceptibility to oxidative stress and cell fate in a bloom-forming diatom. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:329-341. [PMID: 29505088 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are one of the key phytoplankton groups in the ocean, forming vast oceanic blooms and playing a significant part in global primary production. To shed light on the role of redox metabolism in diatom's acclimation to light-dark transition and its interplay with cell fate regulation, we generated transgenic lines of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana that express the redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein targeted to various subcellular organelles. We detected organelle-specific redox patterns in response to oxidative stress, indicating compartmentalized antioxidant capacities. Monitoring the GSH redox potential (EGSH ) in the chloroplast over diurnal cycles revealed distinct rhythmic patterns. Intriguingly, in the dark, cells exhibited reduced basal chloroplast EGSH but higher sensitivity to oxidative stress than cells in the light. This dark-dependent sensitivity to oxidative stress was a result of a depleted pool of reduced glutathione which accumulated during the light period. Interestingly, reduction in the chloroplast EGSH was observed in the light phase prior to the transition to darkness, suggesting an anticipatory phase. Rapid chloroplast EGSH re-oxidation was observed upon re-illumination, signifying an induction of an oxidative signaling during transition to light that may regulate downstream metabolic processes. Since light-dark transitions can dictate metabolic capabilities and susceptibility to a range of environmental stress conditions, deepening our understanding of the molecular components mediating the light-dependent redox signals may provide novel insights into cell fate regulation and its impact on oceanic bloom successions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Volpert
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shiri Graff van Creveld
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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58
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Suppression of External NADPH Dehydrogenase-NDB1 in Arabidopsis thaliana Confers Improved Tolerance to Ammonium Toxicity via Efficient Glutathione/Redox Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051412. [PMID: 29747392 PMCID: PMC5983774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses, including ammonium (NH4+) nourishment, can damage key mitochondrial components through the production of surplus reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, alternative electron pathways are significant for efficient reductant dissipation in mitochondria during ammonium nutrition. The aim of this study was to define the role of external NADPH-dehydrogenase (NDB1) during oxidative metabolism of NH4+-fed plants. Most plant species grown with NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source experience a condition known as “ammonium toxicity syndrome”. Surprisingly, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants suppressing NDB1 were more resistant to NH4+ treatment. The NDB1 knock-down line was characterized by milder oxidative stress symptoms in plant tissues when supplied with NH4+. Mitochondrial ROS accumulation, in particular, was attenuated in the NDB1 knock-down plants during NH4+ treatment. Enhanced antioxidant defense, primarily concerning the glutathione pool, may prevent ROS accumulation in NH4+-grown NDB1-suppressing plants. We found that induction of glutathione peroxidase-like enzymes and peroxiredoxins in the NDB1-surpressing line contributed to lower ammonium-toxicity stress. The major conclusion of this study was that NDB1 suppression in plants confers tolerance to changes in redox homeostasis that occur in response to prolonged ammonium nutrition, causing cross tolerance among plants.
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Cardoso P, Corticeiro S, Freitas R, Figueira E. Different efficiencies of the same mechanisms result in distinct Cd tolerance within Rhizobium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:260-269. [PMID: 29289861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with metals is a widespread problem posing risks to humans and ecosystems. Metal contaminated soils often hold poor microbial density and biodiversity. Among soil bacteria, rhizobia have a great agronomic and environmental significance and are major contributors to a sustainable maintenance of soil fertility. This group of microorganisms are severely affected by metals, such as cadmium (Cd), but information about metal resistance mechanisms in rhizobia is still limited. A concerted approach of the different mechanisms conferring Cd tolerance to rhizobia was conducted using two Rhizobium strains with contrasting tolerances to Cd. Results show that both strains resort to the same mechanisms (extracellular immobilization, periplasmic allocation, cytoplasmic sequestration and biotransformation of toxic products) to overcome stress, but differences in the efficiencies of some mechanisms were noticed. The ability of Rhizobium to increase glutathione in the presence of Cd emerges as a central factor in the tolerance to Cd and is as a feature to be looked for when screening or transforming microorganisms to integrate plant-microbe consortia. These could promote plant growth at contaminated sites, being more efficient for the cleanup of metals from contaminated sites and the restoration of soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cardoso
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Corticeiro
- Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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60
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Hepel M, Stobiecka M. Supramolecular interactions of oxidative stress biomarker glutathione with fluorone black. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:146-152. [PMID: 29128748 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress biomarkers, including glutathione (GSH) and related compounds, are involved in a variety of interactions enabling redox potential maintenance in living cells and protection against radicals. Since the oxidative stress is promoting and, in many cases, inducing serious illnesses, monitoring of GSH levels can aid in diagnostics and disease prevention. Herein, we report on the discovery of the formation of a supramolecular ensemble of GSH with fluorone black (9-phenyl fluorone, FB) which is optically active and enables sensitive determination of GSH by resonance elastic light scattering (RELS). We have found that supramolecular interactions of GSH with FB can be probed with spectroscopic, RELS, and electrochemical methods. Our investigations show that RELS intensity for FB solutions increases with GSH concentration while fluorescence emission of FB is not affected, as quenching begins only above 0.8mM GSH. The UV-Vis difference spectra show a positive peak at 383nm and a negative peak at 458nm, indicating a higher-energy absorbing complex in comparison to the non-bonded FB host. Supramolecular interactions of FB with GSH have also been corroborated by electrochemical measurements involving two configurations of FB-GSH ensembles on electrodes: (i) an inverted orientation on Au-coated quartz crystal piezoelectrode (Au@SG-FB), with strong thiolate bonding to gold, and (ii) a non-inverted orientation on glassy carbon electrode (GCE@FB-GS), with weak π-π stacking attachment and efficient charge mediation through the ensemble. The formation of a supramolecular ensemble with hydrogen bonding has also been confirmed by quantum mechanical calculations. The discovery of supramolecular FB-GSH ensemble formation enables elucidating the mechanisms of strong RELS responses, changes in UV-Vis absorption spectra, and the electrochemical reactivity. Also, it provides new insights to the understanding of the efficient charge-transfer in redox potential homeostasis which is likely based on an intermediate formation of a similar type of supramolecular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hepel
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA.
| | - Magdalena Stobiecka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA.
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Esposito S, Masala A, Sanna S, Rassu M, Pimxayvong V, Iaccarino C, Crosio C. Redox-sensitive GFP to monitor oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:133-144. [PMID: 28030361 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes are key events in the degenerative cascade of many adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but the biological relevance of a single redox change is often dependent on the redox couple involved and on its subcellular origin. The biosensors based on engineered fluorescent proteins (redox-sensitive GFP [roGFP]) offer a unique opportunity to monitor redox changes in both physiological and pathological contexts in living animals and plants. Here, we review the use of roGFPs to monitor oxidative stress in different three adult-onset NDs: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite the many differences spanning from incidence to onset, the hypotheses on biological processes underlying both sporadic and familiar ND forms in humans outline a model in which noncompeting mechanisms are likely to converge in various unsuccessful patterns to mediate the selective degeneration of a specific neuronal population. roGFPs, targeted to different cell compartments, are successfully used as specific markers of cell toxicity, induced by expression of causative genes linked to a determined ND. We also report the use of roGFP to monitor oxidative stress induced by the expression of the ALS-causative gene SOD1.
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62
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Effect of isoquercitrin on membrane dynamics and apoptosis-like death in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:357-363. [PMID: 29155212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration of a compound that completely inhibits microbial growth. Antibacterial mechanisms of compounds have been investigated at their sub-MICs as well as at their MIC. In this study, the effects of sub-MIC and MIC of isoquercitrin on Escherichia coli were investigated. The antibacterial effect of isoquercitrin was tested using the microdilution method. Sub-MICs of isoquercitrin induced the production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione. The oxidative effects induced by sub-MICs of isoquercitrin could be prolonged, finally resulting in apoptosis-like death. DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization, which are regarded as the hallmarks of apoptosis, were evaluated using the TUNEL assay and Annexin V staining, respectively. Furthermore, isoquercitrin induced the peroxidation of membrane lipids and inner membrane permeabilization at both its sub-MIC and MIC. This suggested membrane damage in response to lipid oxidation. The uptake of membrane impermeable dyes, propidium iodide and calcein, demonstrated that isoquercitrin damaged the cell membrane at concentrations higher than its MIC. Thus, isoquercitrin induced apoptosis-like death and dysregulation of cell membrane dynamics.
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Gerna D, Roach T, Stöggl W, Wagner J, Vaccino P, Limonta M, Kranner I. Changes in low-molecular-weight thiol-disulphide redox couples are part of bread wheat seed germination and early seedling growth. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:568-581. [PMID: 28580817 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1338344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide antioxidant glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) essentially contributes to thiol-disulphide conversions, which are involved in the control of seed development, germination, and seedling establishment. However, the relative contribution of GSH metabolism in different seed structures is not fully understood. We studied the GSH/glutathione disulphide (GSSG) redox couple and associated low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols and disulphides related to GSH metabolism in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds, focussing on redox changes in the embryo and endosperm during germination. In dry seeds, GSH was the predominant LMW thiol and, 15 h after the onset of imbibition, embryos of non-germinated seeds contained 12 times more LMW thiols than the endosperm. In germinated seeds, the embryo contained 17 and 11 times more LMW thiols than the endosperm after 15 and 48 h, respectively. This resulted in the embryo having significantly more reducing half-cell reduction potentials of GSH/GSSG and cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) redox couples (EGSSG/2GSH and ECySS/2Cys, respectively). Upon seed germination and early seedling growth, Cys and CySS concentrations significantly increased in both embryo and endosperm, progressively contributing to the cellular LMW thiol-disulphide redox environment (Ethiol-disulphide). The changes in ECySS/2Cys could be related to the mobilisation of storage proteins in the endosperm during early seedling growth. We suggest that EGSSG/2GSH and ECySS/2Cys can be used as markers of the physiological and developmental stage of embryo and endosperm. We also present a model of interaction between LMW thiols and disulphides with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in redox regulation of bread wheat germination and early seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerna
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Thomas Roach
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johanna Wagner
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Patrizia Vaccino
- b Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria , Research Unit for Cereal Selection in Continental Areas, S . Angelo Lodigiano , Italy
| | - Margherita Limonta
- b Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria , Research Unit for Cereal Selection in Continental Areas, S . Angelo Lodigiano , Italy
| | - Ilse Kranner
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Anee TI, Fujita M. Glutathione in plants: biosynthesis and physiological role in environmental stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:249-268. [PMID: 28461715 PMCID: PMC5391355 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is a small intracellular thiol molecule which is considered as a strong non-enzymatic antioxidant. Glutathione regulates multiple metabolic functions; for example, it protects membranes by maintaining the reduced state of both α-tocopherol and zeaxanthin, it prevents the oxidative denaturation of proteins under stress conditions by protecting their thiol groups, and it serves as a substrate for both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. By acting as a precursor of phytochelatins, GSH helps in the chelating of toxic metals/metalloids which are then transported and sequestered in the vacuole. The glyoxalase pathway (consisting of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II enzymes) for detoxification of methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic molecule, also requires GSH in the first reaction step. For these reasons, much attention has recently been directed to elucidation of the role of this molecule in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. Recently, this molecule has drawn much attention because of its interaction with other signaling molecules and phytohormones. In this review, we have discussed the recent progress in GSH biosynthesis, metabolism and its role in abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Taufika Islam Anee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
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Marik A, Naiya H, Das M, Mukherjee G, Basu S, Saha C, Chowdhury R, Bhattacharyya K, Seal A. Split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid interaction reveals a novel interaction between a natural resistance associated macrophage protein and a membrane bound thioredoxin in Brassica juncea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:519-537. [PMID: 27534419 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural resistance associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) are evolutionarily conserved metal transporters involved in the transport of essential and nonessential metals in plants. Fifty protein interactors of a Brassica juncea NRAMP protein was identified by a Split-Ubiquitin Yeast-Two-Hybrid screen. The interactors were predicted to function as components of stress response, signaling, development, RNA binding and processing. BjNRAMP4.1 interactors were particularly enriched in proteins taking part in photosynthetic or light regulated processes, or proteins predicted to be localized in plastid/chloroplast. Further, many interactors also had a suggested role in cellular redox regulation. Among these, the interaction of a photosynthesis-related thioredoxin, homologous to Arabidopsis HCF164 (High-chlorophyll fluorescence164) was studied in detail. Homology modeling of BjNRAMP4.1 suggested that it could be redox regulated by BjHCF164. In yeast, the interaction between the two proteins was found to increase in response to metal deficiency; Mn excess and exogenous thiol. Excess Mn also increased the interaction in planta and led to greater accumulation of the complex at the root apoplast. Network analysis of Arabidopsis homologs of BjNRAMP4.1 interactors showed enrichment of many protein components, central to chloroplastic/cellular ROS signaling. BjNRAMP4.1 interacted with BjHCF164 at the root membrane and also in the chloroplast in accordance with its proposed function related to photosynthesis, indicating that this interaction occurred at different sub-cellular locations depending on the tissue. This may serve as a link between metal homeostasis and chloroplastic/cellular ROS through protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Marik
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Haraprasad Naiya
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Madhumanti Das
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Gairik Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Soumalee Basu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Chinmay Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Rajdeep Chowdhury
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Kankan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anindita Seal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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66
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Ortega-Villasante C, Burén S, Barón-Sola Á, Martínez F, Hernández LE. In vivo ROS and redox potential fluorescent detection in plants: Present approaches and future perspectives. Methods 2016; 109:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Thapa G, Das D, Gunupuru LR. Expression of Echmr gene from Eichhornia offers multiple stress tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:101-109. [PMID: 27457806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The detoxification of heavy metals frequently involves conjugation to glutathione prior to compartmentalization and eflux in higher plants. We have expressed a heavy metal stress responsive (Echmr) gene from water hyacinth, which conferred tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants against heavy metals and abiotic stresses. The recombinant E. coli Δgsh mutant cells showed better growth recovery and survival than control cells under Cd (200 μM), Pb(200 μM), heat shock (50 °C), cold stress at 4 °C for 4 h, and UV-B (20 min) exposure. The enhanced expression of Echmr gene revealed by northern analysis during above stresses further advocates its role in multi-stress tolerance. Heterologous expression of EcHMR from Eichhornia rescued Cd(2+) sensitive E. coli mutants from Cd(2+) toxicity and induced better recovery post abiotic stresses. This may suggests a possible role of Echmr in Cd(II) and desiccation tolerance in plants for enhanced stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thapa
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - D Das
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - L R Gunupuru
- Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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68
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Bratt A, Rosenwasser S, Meyer A, Fluhr R. Organelle redox autonomy during environmental stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1909-1919. [PMID: 27037976 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is generated in plants because of inequalities in the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging. The subcellular redox state under various stress conditions was assessed using the redox reporter roGFP2 targeted to chloroplastic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal and cytosolic compartments. In parallel, the vitality of the plant was measured by ion leakage. Our results revealed that during certain physiological stress conditions the changes in roGFP2 oxidation are comparable to application of high concentrations of exogenous H2 O2 . Under each stress, particular organelles were affected. Conditions of extended dark stress, or application of elicitor, impacted chiefly on the status of peroxisomal redox state. In contrast, conditions of drought or high light altered the status of mitochondrial or chloroplast redox state, respectively. Amalgamation of the results from diverse environmental stresses shows cases of organelle autonomy as well as multi-organelle oxidative change. Importantly, organelle-specific oxidation under several stresses proceeded cell death as measured by ion leakage, suggesting early roGFP oxidation as predictive of cell death. The measurement of redox state in multiple compartments enables one to look at redox state connectivity between organelles in relation to oxidative stress as well as assign a redox fingerprint to various types of stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishay Bratt
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Chemical Signaling Lab, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, D-53113
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 7610001
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69
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Eggert E, Obata T, Gerstenberger A, Gier K, Brandt T, Fernie AR, Schulze W, Kühn C. A sucrose transporter-interacting protein disulphide isomerase affects redox homeostasis and links sucrose partitioning with abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1366-1380. [PMID: 26670204 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose accumulation in leaves in response to various abiotic stresses suggests a specific role of this disaccharide for stress tolerance and adaptation. The high-affinity transporter StSUT1 undergoes substrate-induced endocytosis presenting the question as to whether altered sucrose accumulation in leaves in response to stresses is also related to enhanced endocytosis or altered activity of the sucrose transporter. StSUT1 is known to interact with several stress-inducible proteins; here we investigated whether one of the interacting candidates, StPDI1, affects its subcellular localization in response to stress: StPDI1 expression is induced by ER-stress and salt. Both proteins, StSUT1 and StPDI1, were found in the detergent resistant membrane (DRM) fraction, and this might affect internalization. Knockdown of StPDI1 expression severely affects abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic potato plants. Analysis of these plants does not reveal modified subcellular localization or endocytosis of StSUT1, but rather a disturbed redox homeostasis, reduced detoxification of reactive oxygen species and effects on primary metabolism. Parallel observations with other StSUT1-interacting proteins are discussed. The redox status in leaves seems to be linked to the sugar status in response to various stress stimuli and to play a role in stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Eggert
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- MPI Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anne Gerstenberger
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstanze Gier
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Brandt
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- MPI Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Waltraud Schulze
- MPI Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University Hohenheim, Department of Plant Systems Biology, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Kühn
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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70
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Liu T, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J, Tan M. Phytotoxicity of imidazolium-based ILs with different anions in soil on Vicia faba seedlings and the influence of anions on toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:269-76. [PMID: 26688264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the toxic effects of ionic liquids (ILs) in soil on plants at the molecular and cellular levels and to assess the influence of anions on IL toxicity, the toxic effects of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Demim]Cl), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Demim]Br) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([Demim]NO3) in soil on Vicia faba (V. faba) seedlings were studied for the first time. Our results show that these ILs had little impact on the growth of V. faba seedlings at 1, 5 and 25 mg kg(-1); however, the shoot length, root length, dry weight and pigment contents of the seedlings were significantly affected at 50 mg kg(-1). Furthermore, the EC50 values for effects of [Demim]Cl, [Demim]Br and [Demim]NO3 on the shoot length, root length and dry weight induced were consistent, indicating that the anion may have little influence on IL toxicity. ROS levels were also significantly enhanced at 50 mg kg(-1), resulting in cellular lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Meiying Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
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71
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Shahzad A, Siddiqui S, Bano A. Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon, prospects and future. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil refineries generate several tones of oily waste which is dumped in an open pit within the vicinity of oil field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Shahzad
- Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University
- Pakistan
- Department of Bio Sciences
- University of Wah
- Wah Cannt
| | - Samina Siddiqui
- National Center for Excellence in Geology
- University of Peshawar
- Pakistan
| | - Asghari Bano
- Department of Bio Sciences
- University of Wah
- Wah Cannt
- Pakistan
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72
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Carvalho LC, Coito JL, Gonçalves EF, Chaves MM, Amâncio S. Differential physiological response of the grapevine varieties Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira to combined heat, drought and light stresses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:101-11. [PMID: 26518605 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, extensive agricultural losses are attributed to drought, often in combination with heat in Mediterranean climate regions, where grapevine traditionally grows. The available scenarios for climate change suggest increases in aridity in these regions. Under natural conditions plants are affected by a combination of stresses, triggering synergistic or antagonistic physiological, metabolic or transcriptomic responses unique to the combination. However the study of such stresses in a controlled environment can elucidate important mechanisms by allowing the separation of the effects of individual stresses. To gather those effects, cuttings of two grapevine varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN) and Trincadeira (TR), were grown under controlled conditions and subjected to three abiotic stresses (drought - WS, heat - HS and high light - LS) individually and in combination two-by-two (WSHS, WSLS, HSLS) or all three (WSHSLS). Photosynthesis, water status, contents of H2 O2 , abscisic acid and metabolites of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were measured in the leaves. Common and distinct response features were identified in the different stress combinations. Photosynthesis was not hindered in TN by LS, while even individual stresses severely affect photosynthesis in TR. Abscisic acid may be implicated in grapevine osmotic responses since it is correlated with tolerance parameters, especially in combined stresses involving drought. Overall, the responses to drought-including treatments were clearly distinct to those without drought. From the specific behaviours of the varieties, it can be concluded that TN shows a higher capacity for heat dissipation and for withstanding high light intensities, indicating better adjustment to warm conditions, provided that water supply is plentiful.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Carvalho
- DRAT, LEAF, ISA, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J L Coito
- DRAT, LEAF, ISA, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E F Gonçalves
- DCEB, LEAF, ISA, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M M Chaves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- DRAT, LEAF, ISA, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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73
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Womersley JS, Uys JD. S-Glutathionylation and Redox Protein Signaling in Drug Addiction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:87-121. [PMID: 26809999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that comes at a high cost to individuals and society. Therefore understanding the mechanisms by which drugs exert their effects is of prime importance. Drugs of abuse increase the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species resulting in oxidative stress. This change in redox homeostasis increases the conjugation of glutathione to protein cysteine residues; a process called S-glutathionylation. Although traditionally regarded as a protective mechanism against irreversible protein oxidation, accumulated evidence suggests a more nuanced role for S-glutathionylation, namely as a mediator in redox-sensitive protein signaling. The reversible modification of protein thiols leading to alteration in function under different physiologic/pathologic conditions provides a mechanism whereby change in redox status can be translated into a functional response. As such, S-glutathionylation represents an understudied means of post-translational protein modification that may be important in the mechanisms underlying drug addiction. This review will discuss the evidence for S-glutathionylation as a redox-sensing mechanism and how this may be involved in the response to drug-induced oxidative stress. The function of S-glutathionylated proteins involved in neurotransmission, dendritic spine structure, and drug-induced behavioral outputs will be reviewed with specific reference to alcohol, cocaine, and heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joachim D Uys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Skryhan K, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Marri L, Mellor SB, Glaring MA, Jensen PE, Palcic MM, Blennow A. The Role of Cysteine Residues in Redox Regulation and Protein Stability of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Synthase 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136997. [PMID: 26367870 PMCID: PMC4569185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is strictly regulated. In leaf extracts, starch synthase 1 (AtSS1) responds to the redox potential within a physiologically relevant range. This study presents data testing two main hypotheses: 1) that specific thiol-disulfide exchange in AtSS1 influences its catalytic function 2) that each conserved Cys residue has an impact on AtSS1 catalysis. Recombinant AtSS1 versions carrying combinations of cysteine-to-serine substitutions were generated and characterized in vitro. The results demonstrate that AtSS1 is activated and deactivated by the physiological redox transmitters thioredoxin f1 (Trxf1), thioredoxin m4 (Trxm4) and the bifunctional NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). AtSS1 displayed an activity change within the physiologically relevant redox range, with a midpoint potential equal to -306 mV, suggesting that AtSS1 is in the reduced and active form during the day with active photosynthesis. Cys164 and Cys545 were the key cysteine residues involved in regulatory disulfide formation upon oxidation. A C164S_C545S double mutant had considerably decreased redox sensitivity as compared to wild type AtSS1 (30% vs 77%). Michaelis-Menten kinetics and molecular modeling suggest that both cysteines play important roles in enzyme catalysis, namely, Cys545 is involved in ADP-glucose binding and Cys164 is involved in acceptor binding. All the other single mutants had essentially complete redox sensitivity (98–99%). In addition of being part of a redox directed activity “light switch”, reactivation tests and low heterologous expression levels indicate that specific cysteine residues might play additional roles. Specifically, Cys265 in combination with Cys164 can be involved in proper protein folding or/and stabilization of translated protein prior to its transport into the plastid. Cys442 can play an important role in enzyme stability upon oxidation. The physiological and phylogenetic relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Morten M. Nielsen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Silas B. Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A. Glaring
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul E. Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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75
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Contributions of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to growth and physiology of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) plants subjected to drought stress. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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76
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Zhang D, Ren L, Chen GQ, Zhang J, Reed BM, Shen XH. ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event directly affect the cell viability of cryopreserved embryogenic callus in Agapanthus praecox. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1499-513. [PMID: 26104871 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis-like programmed cell death, induced in part by H 2 O 2 , are two key factors that damage cells during plant cryopreservation. Their inhibition can improve cell viability. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event induced by ROS seriously impact plant cell viability during cryopreservation. This study documented changes in cell morphology and ultrastructure, and detected dynamic changes in ROS components (O 2 (·-) , H2O2 and OH·), antioxidant systems, and programmed cell death (PCD) events during embryonic callus cryopreservation of Agapanthus praecox. Plasmolysis, organelle ultrastructure changes, and increases in malondialdehyde (a membrane lipid peroxidation product) suggested that oxidative damage and PCD events occurred at several early cryopreservation steps. PCD events including autophagy, apoptosis-like, and necrosis also occurred at later stages of cryopreservation, and most were apoptosis. H2O2 is the most important ROS molecule mediating oxidative damage and affecting cell viability, and catalase and AsA-GSH cycle are involved in scavenging the intracellular H2O2 and protecting the cells against stress damage in the whole process. Gene expression studies verified changes of antioxidant system and PCD-related genes at the main steps of the cryopreservation process that correlated with improved cell viability. Reducing oxidative stress or inhibition of apoptosis-like event by deactivating proteases improved cryopreserved cell viability from 49.14 to 86.85 % and 89.91 %, respectively. These results verify our model of ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event in plant cryopreservation. This study provided a novel insight into cell stress response mechanisms in cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Rd. Dong Chuan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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77
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Glowacz M, Rees D. Using jasmonates and salicylates to reduce losses within the fruit supply chain. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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78
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Tuttle JR, Nah G, Duke MV, Alexander DC, Guan X, Song Q, Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Haigler CH. Metabolomic and transcriptomic insights into how cotton fiber transitions to secondary wall synthesis, represses lignification, and prolongs elongation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:477. [PMID: 26116072 PMCID: PMC4482290 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The morphogenesis of single-celled cotton fiber includes extreme elongation and staged cell wall differentiation. Designing strategies for improving cotton fiber for textiles and other uses relies on uncovering the related regulatory mechanisms. In this research we compared the transcriptomes and metabolomes of two Gossypium genotypes, Gossypium barbadense cv Phytogen 800 and G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. When grown in parallel, the two types of fiber developed similarly except for prolonged fiber elongation in the G. barbadense cultivar. The data were collected from isolated fibers between 10 to 28 days post anthesis (DPA) representing: primary wall synthesis to support elongation; transitional cell wall remodeling; and secondary wall cellulose synthesis, which was accompanied by continuing elongation only in G. barbadense fiber. Results Of 206 identified fiber metabolites, 205 were held in common between the two genotypes. Approximately 38,000 transcripts were expressed in the fiber of each genotype, and these were mapped to the reference set and interpreted by homology to known genes. The developmental changes in the transcriptomes and the metabolomes were compared within and across genotypes with several novel implications. Transitional cell wall remodeling is a distinct stable developmental stage lasting at least four days (18 to 21 DPA). Expression of selected cell wall related transcripts was similar between genotypes, but cellulose synthase gene expression patterns were more complex than expected. Lignification was transcriptionally repressed in both genotypes. Oxidative stress was lower in the fiber of G. barbadense cv Phytogen 800 as compared to G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. Correspondingly, the G. barbadense cultivar had enhanced capacity for management of reactive oxygen species during its prolonged elongation period, as indicated by a 138-fold increase in ascorbate concentration at 28 DPA. Conclusions The parallel data on deep-sequencing transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics for two genotypes of single-celled cotton fiber showed that a discrete developmental stage of transitional cell wall remodeling occurs before secondary wall cellulose synthesis begins. The data showed how lignification can be transcriptionally repressed during secondary cell wall synthesis, and they implicated enhanced capacity to manage reactive oxygen species through the ascorbate-glutathione cycle as a positive contributor to fiber length. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1708-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Tuttle
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Mary V Duke
- USDA ARS Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | | | - Xueying Guan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Qingxin Song
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- USDA ARS Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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79
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Alvarez S, Roy Choudhury S, Sivagnanam K, Hicks LM, Pandey S. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Camelina sativa Seeds Overexpressing the AGG3 Gene to Identify the Proteomic Basis of Increased Yield and Stress Tolerance. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2606-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Alvarez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, United States
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, United States
| | - Kumaran Sivagnanam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leslie M. Hicks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, United States
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80
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Deng M, Liu R, Niu S, Fan G. Identification and functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in Platanus acerifolia under lead (Pb) stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7098-111. [PMID: 25830479 PMCID: PMC4425006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in development and stress responses in plants. Lead (Pb) is a non-essential element that is highly toxic to living organisms. Platanus acerifolia is grown as a street tree in cities throughout temperate regions for its importance in improving the urban ecological environment. MiRNAs that respond to abiotic stresses have been identified in plants; however, until now, the influence of Pb stress on P. acerifolia miRNAs has not been reported. To identify miRNAs and predict their target genes under Pb stress, two small RNA and two degradome libraries were constructed from Pb-treated and Pb-free leaves of P.acerifolia seedlings. After sequencing, 55 known miRNAs and 129 novel miRNAs were obtained, and 104 target genes for the miRNAs were identified by degradome sequencing. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were performed to predict the functions of the targets. The expressions of eight differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This is the first report about P. acerifolia miRNAs and their target genes under Pb stress. This study has provided data for further research into molecular mechanisms involved in resistance of P.acerifolia to Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Wang
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhenli Zhao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Minjie Deng
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Rongning Liu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Henan Vocational College of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 451450, China.
| | - Suyan Niu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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81
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Glowacz M, Colgan R, Rees D. The use of ozone to extend the shelf-life and maintain quality of fresh produce. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:662-671. [PMID: 24913013 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce has been recognised as a healthy food, thus there is increasing consumer demand for fresh fruit and vegetables. The shelf-life of fresh produce, however, is relatively short and is limited by microbial contamination or visual, textural and nutritional quality loss. There are many methods to reduce/eliminate microorganisms present in food and ozone treatment is one of them. The use of ozone by the fresh produce industry is a good alternative to chemical treatments, e.g. the use of chlorine. The effectiveness of ozone as an antimicrobial agent has previously been reviewed and has been updated here, with the latest findings. The main focus of this review is on the effects of ozone on the fresh produce quality, defined by maintenance of texture, visual quality, taste and aroma, and nutritional content. Furthermore, ozone has been found to be efficient in reducing pesticide residues from the produce. The treatments that have the ability to reduce microbial contamination of the product without having an adverse effect on its visual, textural and nutritional quality can be recommended and subsequently incorporated into the supply chain. A good understanding of all the benefits and limitations related to the use of ozone is needed, and relevant information has been reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Glowacz
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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82
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Chandra N, Pandey N. Influence of Sulfur Induced Stress on Oxidative Status and Antioxidative Machinery in Leaves of Allium cepa L. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:568081. [PMID: 27379315 PMCID: PMC4897235 DOI: 10.1155/2014/568081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A pot culture experiment was carried out to assess the effect of sulfur stress on growth, oxidative status, and antioxidative metabolism. Onion plants were treated with three different levels of sulfur, namely, 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mM S L(-1). Plants raised with 4.0 mM S L(-1) represent sufficient growth for the best vegetative yield. Plants supplied with 1.0 and 8.0 mM S L(-1) showed retarded growth, chlorosis, and reduction in biomass and photoassimilatory pigments. Tissue sulfur concentration and cysteine were increased with increasing sulfur supply. Carbohydrates (sugars and starch) were accumulated in sulfur stressed plants. Hydrogen peroxide levels were increased in sulfur stressed plants. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were also increased which was an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and nonenzymatic (asorbate) antioxidative components were enhanced in sulfur stressed plants. Glutathione was increased with increasing sulfur supply. The present study showed that the adverse effects of inadequate sulfur supply result in irregular metabolic activities and antioxidant machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Chandra
- Plant Nutrition and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Nalini Pandey
- Plant Nutrition and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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83
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Tian F, Gong J, Zhang J, Feng Y, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang W. Overexpression of monoubiquitin improves photosynthesis in transgenic tobacco plants following high temperature stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:92-100. [PMID: 25113454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (Ub/26S) is implicated in abiotic stress responses in plants. In this paper, transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Ta-Ub2 from wheat were used to study the functions of Ub in the improvement of photosynthesis under high temperature (45°C) stress. We observed higher levels of Ub conjugates in transgenic plants under high temperature stress conditions compared to wild type (WT) as a result of the constitutive overexpression of Ta-Ub2, suggesting increased protein degradation by the 26S proteasome system under high temperature stress. Overexpressing Ub increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of transgenic tobacco plants, consistent with the improved ATPase activity in the thylakoid membrane and enhanced efficiency of PSII photochemistry. The higher D1 protein levels following high temperature stress in transgenic plants than WT were also observed. These findings imply that Ub may be involved in tolerance of photosynthesis to high temperature stress in plants. Compared with WT, the transgenic plants showed lower protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, but higher antioxidant enzyme activity under high temperature stress. These findings suggest that the improved antioxidant capacity of transgenic plants may be one of the most important mechanisms underlying Ub-regulated high temperature tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jiangfeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 8 Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guokun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qifang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China.
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84
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Early perturbation in mitochondria redox homeostasis in response to environmental stress predicts cell fate in diatoms. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 9:385-95. [PMID: 25083933 PMCID: PMC4303632 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are ubiquitous marine photosynthetic eukaryotes that are responsible for about 20% of global photosynthesis. Nevertheless, little is known about the redox-based mechanisms that mediate diatom sensing and acclimation to environmental stress. Here we used a redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein sensor targeted to various subcellular organelles in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, to map the spatial and temporal oxidation patterns in response to environmental stresses. Specific organelle oxidation patterns were found in response to various stress conditions such as oxidative stress, nutrient limitation and exposure to diatom-derived infochemicals. We found a strong correlation between the mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) redox potential (EGSH) and subsequent induction of cell death in response to the diatom-derived unsaturated aldehyde 2E,4E/Z-decadienal (DD), and a volatile halocarbon (BrCN) that mediate trophic-level interactions in marine diatoms. Induction of cell death in response to DD was mediated by oxidation of mitochondrial EGSH and was reversible by application of GSH only within a narrow time frame. We found that cell fate can be accurately predicted by a distinct life-death threshold of mitochondrial EGSH (−335 mV). We propose that compartmentalized redox-based signaling can integrate the input of diverse environmental cues and will determine cell fate decisions as part of algal acclimation to stress conditions.
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85
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Viefhues A, Heller J, Temme N, Tudzynski P. Redox systems in Botrytis cinerea: impact on development and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:858-74. [PMID: 24983673 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is of great importance for maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. Here, we show that it has a severe influence on virulence of Botrytis cinerea, demonstrating that redox processes are important for host-pathogen interactions in this necrotrophic plant pathogen. The thioredoxin system is composed of two enzymes, the thioredoxin and the thioredoxin reductase. We identified two genes encoding for thioredoxins (bctrx1, bctrx2) and one gene encoding for a thioredoxin reductase (bctrr1) in the genome of B. cinerea. Knockout mutants of bctrx1 and bctrr1 were severely impaired in virulence and more sensitive to oxidative stress. Additionally, Δbctrr1 showed enhanced H2O2 production and retarded growth. To investigate the impact of the second major cellular redox system, glutathione, we generated deletion mutants for two glutathione reductase genes. The effects were only marginal; deletion of bcglr1 resulted in reduced germination and, correspondingly, to retarded infection as well as reduced growth on minimal medium, whereas bcglr2 deletion had no distinctive phenotype. In summary, we showed that the balanced redox status maintained by the thioredoxin system is essential for development and pathogenesis of B. cinerea, whereas the second major cellular redox system, the glutathione system, seems to have only minor impact on these processes.
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86
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Wang H, Karadge U, Humphries WH, Fisher AL. Analyzing cell physiology in C. elegans with fluorescent ratiometric reporters. Methods 2014; 68:508-17. [PMID: 24915644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ratiometric fluorescent reporters have recently emerged a new technique to non-invasively measure aspects of cell physiology such as redox status, calcium levels, energy production, and NADH levels. These reporters consist of either a single or pair of fluorophores along with specific modifications, such as the addition of a protein domain which binds to a metabolite of interest, thereby producing gradual alterations in fluorescence in response to changes in the measured parameter. Measurement of the changes in fluorescence produces a quantitative read-out of the cellular environment. While these reporters were initially developed to easily visualize and track changes in cultured cells, several groups have adapted these reporters to use in Caenorhabditis elegans which opens a new avenue through which to explore cell physiology during development or aging, in response to changes in external environment, or in response to genetic manipulation. These reporters have the advantage of being easily targeted to any part of the worm, and because C. elegans is transparent both the reporters and changes in their fluorescence can be clearly observed in vivo. Here we discuss the application of ratiometric reporters to C. elegans, and outline a method to quantitatively measure changes in intracellular peroxide levels using the HyPer ratiometric reporter. However, these principles can be applied to alternate ratiometric reporters which are designed to measure either other chemical species or other cellular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongning Wang
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Uma Karadge
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | | | - Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; Center for Healthy Aging, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; GRECC, South Texas VA Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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87
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Qiao X, Shi G, Yang X, Zheng Z, Xu X, Yang H. Biochemical defense strategies in sterilized seedlings of Nymphoides peltatum adapted to lead stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8315-8322. [PMID: 24705892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to study potential antioxidant defense mechanisms, the effects of increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) on polyamines (PAs), various thiols, vitamins C and E, and proline contents in sterilized seedlings of Nymphoides peltata (S.G. mel.) Kuntze were investigated after 5 days of exposure. The levels of total putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) decreased significantly, while the ratio of (Spd + Spm)/Put first increased but then declined as the concentration of Pb increased. The trends for free, perchloric acid soluble-conjugated (PS-conjugated), and perchloric acid insoluble-bound (PIS-bound) PAs were similar to the trend seen for total PAs. Moreover, reduced glutathione (GSH), nonprotein thiols (NP-SH), phytochelatins (PCs), and vitamin C were induced at high Pb concentrations. No significant change was observed in vitamin E. An initial decline in proline content was followed by an increase as the Pb concentration rose. The reduced level of Put and elevated contents of GSH, NP-SH, PCs, vitamin C, and proline were found to be associated with antioxidant efficiency, which supports the hypothesis that they could play a significant role in the adaptation mechanisms of N. peltatum under Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, 210046, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Varhaníková M, Uvackova L, Skultety L, Pretova A, Obert B, Hajduch M. Comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli in maize suggests the role of oxylipins in plant totipotency. J Proteomics 2014; 104:57-65. [PMID: 24530378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Totipotency, the ability of somatic plant cell to generate whole plant through somatic embryogenesis, is still not well understood. In this study, maize immature zygotic embryos were used to generate embryogenic (EC) and non-embryogenic (NEC) calli. In order to compare proteomes of EC and NEC, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in combination with mass spectrometry was used. This approach resulted into 361 quantified 2-DE spots out of which 44 were found statistically significantly differentially abundant between EC and NEC. Mass spectrometry provided the identity for 23 proteins that were classified into 8 metabolic categories. The most abundant were proteins associated with energy followed by proteins associated with disease and defense. Based on the abundances of identified proteins in this and other studies, working model for plant totipotency was proposed. One aspect of this working model suggests that increased abundances of proteins associated with pyruvate biosynthesis and suppression of embryogenic genes might be responsible for differences between EC and NEC cells. Furthermore we speculate that the increased abundance of lipoxygenase in the NEC cells results in changes in the equilibrium levels of one or more signaling molecules and is at least partly responsible for somatic cell reprogramming during totipotency. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Totipotency, the ability of somatic plant cell to generate whole plant through somatic embryogenesis, is still not well understood. In order to further advance understanding of this biological phenomenon, proteomes of embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus, derived from immature zygotic embryos of inbred maize line A19, were compared using 2-DE based proteomic technology. Based on the abundances of identified proteins in this and other studies, working model for plant totipotency was proposed. One aspect of this working model suggests that increased abundances of proteins associated with pyruvate biosynthesis and suppression of embryogenic genes might be responsible for differences between EC and NEC cells. Furthermore we speculate that the increased abundance of lipoxygenase in the NEC cells results in changes in the equilibrium levels of one or more signaling molecules and is at least partly responsible for somatic cell reprogramming during totipotency. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Environmental and structural proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Varhaníková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Uvackova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pretova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; University of Cyril and Method, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Bohuš Obert
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martin Hajduch
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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90
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Lim B, Pasternak M, Meyer AJ, Cobbett CS. Restricting glutamylcysteine synthetase activity to the cytosol or glutathione biosynthesis to the plastid is sufficient for normal plant development and stress tolerance. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:58-67. [PMID: 23691990 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is an important metabolite with a broad spectrum of functions, and its homeostasis is essential to maintain cellular redox poise and effective responses to stress in plants. In Arabidopsis GSH is synthesised in two successive enzymatic steps by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), localised exclusively in plastids, forming the pathway intermediate γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), and then by glutathione synthetase (GSH2), which is located in both plastids and cytosol. This suggests a mechanism for γ-EC export from the plastids and, because the majority of GSH2 transcripts (90%) encode the cytosolic isoform, it is speculated that the cytosol may be the main compartment for GSH biosynthesis. With the availability of knockout lethal mutants of GSH1 and GSH2 in Arabidopsis, we were able to manipulate the GSH biosynthetic pathway within cells through transgenic techniques. We successfully complemented the gsh1 and gsh2 null mutants with a cytosol-targeted bacterial EcGSHA and plastid-targeted Arabidopsis GSH2 protein, respectively, to wild-type phenotypes. These transgenics were little affected under heavy metal (cadmium) or oxidative stress (H2 O2 ) when compared to the wild type. Collectively, our data show that redirecting GSH1 activity exclusively to the cytosol or restricting GSH biosynthesis to the plastids has no significant impact on development or stress resistance, suggesting efficient exchange of γ-EC and GSH between the plastid and cytosol compartments within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lim
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M Pasternak
- BASF SE, APR/HE - LI470, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - A J Meyer
- University of Bonn, INRES - Chemical Signaling, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - C S Cobbett
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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91
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Samalova M, Meyer AJ, Gurr SJ, Fricker MD. Robust anti-oxidant defences in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae confer tolerance to the host oxidative burst. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:556-573. [PMID: 24117971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack via a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, ROS are also produced by fungal metabolism and are required for the development of infection structures in Magnaporthe oryzae. To obtain a better understanding of redox regulation in M. oryzae, we measured the amount and redox potential of glutathione (E(GSH)), as the major cytoplasmic anti-oxidant, the rates of ROS production, and mitochondrial activity using multi-channel four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) confocal imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and fluorescent reporters during spore germination, appressorium formation and infection. High levels of mitochondrial activity and ROS were localized to the growing germ tube and appressorium, but E(GSH) was highly reduced and tightly regulated during development. Furthermore, germlings were extremely resistant to external H2O2 exposure ex planta. EGSH remained highly reduced during successful infection of the susceptible rice cultivar CO39. By contrast, there was a dramatic reduction in the infection of resistant (IR68) rice, but the sparse hyphae that did form also maintained a similar reduced E(GSH). We conclude that M. oryzae has a robust anti-oxidant defence system and maintains tight control of EGSH despite substantial oxidative challenge. Furthermore, the magnitude of the host oxidative burst alone does not stress the pathogen sufficiently to prevent infection in this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES, Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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92
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Wu W, Bromberg PA, Samet JM. Zinc ions as effectors of environmental oxidative lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:57-69. [PMID: 23747928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox-inert transition metal Zn is a micronutrient that plays essential roles in protein structure, catalysis, and regulation of function. Inhalational exposure to ZnO or to soluble Zn salts in occupational and environmental settings leads to adverse health effects, the severity of which appears dependent on the flux of Zn(2+) presented to the airway and alveolar cells. The cellular toxicity of exogenous Zn(2+) exposure is characterized by cellular responses that include mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated production of reactive oxygen species, and loss of signaling quiescence leading to cell death and increased expression of adaptive and inflammatory genes. Central to the molecular effects of Zn(2+) are its interactions with cysteinyl thiols, which alters their functionality by modulating their reactivity and participation in redox reactions. Ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the molecular toxicology of Zn(2+) in the lung are contributing valuable information about its role in redox biology and cellular homeostasis in normal and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health XinXiang Medical University XinXiang, China 453003; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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93
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Pellegrini E, Trivellini A, Campanella A, Francini A, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Vernieri P. Signaling molecules and cell death in Melissa officinalis plants exposed to ozone. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1965-1980. [PMID: 24081611 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the interaction between reactive oxygen species and hormones that regulate the programmed cell death in plants of Melissa officinalis exposed to ozone. Interaction between hormone and redox signaling pathways has been investigated in ozone-stressed (200 ppb, 5 h) lemon balm to verify if the response resembles the biotic defense reactions. In comparison to controls, plants exhibited foliar injury and the cell death was induced by (1) biphasic production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical; (2) hormonal regulation of ozone-induced lesion formation with a significant production of ethylene, salicylic, jasmonic and abscisic acid; (3) ozone degradation to reactive oxygen species and their detoxification by some enzymatic (such as superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems (such as ascorbic acid, glutathione and carotenoids), that worked in cooperation without providing a defense against free radicals (such as confirmed by the modification of the antioxidant properties of leaf tissue). This integrated view showed that reactive oxygen species interact with hormonal signaling pathway regulating cell death and the sensitivity of lemon balm to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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94
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Abstract
AbstractPlants are redox systems and redox-active compounds control and regulate all aspects of their life. Recent studies have shown that changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration mediated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are transferred into redox signals used by plants to activate various physiological responses. An overview of the main antioxidants and redox signaling in plant cells is presented. In this review, the biological effects of ROS and related redox signals are discussed in the context of acclimation to changing environmental conditions. Special attention is paid to the role of thiol/disulfide exchange via thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) in the redox regulatory network. In plants, chloroplasts and mitochondria occupying a chloroplasts and mitochondria play key roles in cellular metabolism as well as in redox regulation and signaling. The integrated redox functions of these organelles are discussed with emphasis on the importance of the chloroplast and mitochondrion to the nucleus retrograde signaling in acclimatory and stress response.
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95
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Rahantaniaina MS, Tuzet A, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Missing links in understanding redox signaling via thiol/disulfide modulation: how is glutathione oxidized in plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:477. [PMID: 24324478 PMCID: PMC3838956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relating to each. Our analysis emphasizes how much is still to be elucidated on this question, which is likely important for a full understanding of how stress-related redox regulation might impinge on phytohormone-related and other signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Andrée Tuzet
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
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96
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Chen HJ, Huang CS, Huang GJ, Chow TJ, Lin YH. NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and reduced glutathione mitigate ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H2O2 elevation and senescence-associated gene expression in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1471-83. [PMID: 23834930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, promoted leaf senescence, H2O2 elevation, and senescence-associated gene expression in sweet potato. It also affected the glutathione and ascorbate levels, which in turn perturbed H2O2 homeostasis. The decrease of reduced glutathione and the accumulation of dehydroascorbate correlated with leaf senescence and H2O2 elevation at 72h in ethephon-treated leaves. Exogenous application of reduced glutathione caused quicker and significant increase of its intracellular level and resulted in the attenuation of leaf senescence and H2O2 elevation. A small H2O2 peak produced within the first 4h after ethephon application was also eliminated by reduced glutathione. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, delayed leaf senescence and H2O2 elevation at 72h, and its influence was effective only within the first 4h after ethephon treatment. Ethephon-induced senescence-associated gene expression was repressed by DPI and reduced glutathione at 72h in pretreated leaves. Leaves treated with l-buthionine sulfoximine, an endogenous glutathione synthetase inhibitor, did enhance senescence-associated gene expression, and the activation was strongly repressed by reduced glutathione. In conclusion, ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H2O2 elevation and senescence-associated gene expression are all alleviated by reduced glutathione and NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI. The speed and the amount of intracellular reduced glutathione accumulation influence its effectiveness of protection against ethephon-mediated effects. Reactive oxygen species generated from NADPH oxidase likely serves as an oxidative stress signal and participates in ethephon signaling. The possible roles of NADPH oxidase and reduced glutathione in the regulation of oxidative stress signal in ethephon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jung Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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97
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Lovazzano C, Serrano C, Correa JA, Contreras-Porcia L. Comparative analysis of peroxiredoxin activation in the brown macroalgae Scytosiphon gracilis and Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyceae) under copper stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:378-88. [PMID: 23489129 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Among thiol-dependent peroxidases (TDPs) peroxiredoxins (PRXs) standout, since they are enzymes capable of reducing hydrogen peroxide, alkylhydroperoxides and peroxynitrite, and have been detected in a proteomic study of the copper-tolerant species Scytosiphon gracilis. In order to determine the importance of these enzymes in copper-stress tolerance, TDP activity and type II peroxiredoxin (II PRX) protein expression were compared between the opportunistic S. gracilis and the brown kelp Lessonia nigrescens, a species absent from copper-impacted sites due to insufficient copper-tolerance mechanisms. Individuals of both species were cultured with increasing copper concentrations (0-300 µg l(-1) Cu) for 96 h and TDP activity and lipoperoxides (LPXs) were determined together with II PRX expression by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The results showed that TDP activity was higher in S. gracilis than L. nigrescens in all copper concentrations, independent of the reducing agent used (dithiothreitol, thioredoxin or glutaredoxin). This activity was copper inhibited in L. nigrescens at lower copper concentrations (20 µg l(-1) Cu) compared to S. gracilis (100 µg l(-1) Cu). The loss of activity coincided in both species with an increase in LPX, which suggests that TDP may control LPX production. Moreover, II PRX protein levels increased under copper stress only in S. gracilis. These results suggest that in S. gracilis TDP, particularly type II peroxiredoxin (II PRX), acts as an active antioxidant barrier attenuating the LPX levels generated by copper, which is not the case in L. nigrescens. Thus, from an ecological point of view these results help explaining the inability of L. nigrescens to flourish in copper-enriched environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lovazzano
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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98
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Asif M, Eudes F, Randhawa H, Amundsen E, Yanke J, Spaner D. Cefotaxime prevents microbial contamination and improves microspore embryogenesis in wheat and triticale. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1637-1646. [PMID: 23896731 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-013-9514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cefotaxime (100 mg/l) mitigate occasional gram negative bacterial contamination in wheat and triticale microspore culture and most importantly it increases cell growth and green plant production. Isolated microspore culture is a promising option to rapidly fix the product of meiotic recombination of F1 hybrids, in the process of varietal development. Clean culture and high embryogenesis rate are essential to commercial triticale and wheat microspore cultures. So, this study investigated (1) contaminants from isolated microspores cultures, (2) two antibiotics to control bacterial growth, and (3) the contribution of antibiotics to increased microspore-derived embryo-like structures (ELS), green and albino plants. Five species of bacteria were identified in contaminated cultures (Erwinia aphidicola, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus warneri) using fatty acid analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA sequences analysis, and yeast. Antibacterial susceptibility test using Cefotaxime and Vancomycin resulted in strong inhibition of 24 bacterial isolates, using Cefotaxime at 100 mg/l, but not Pseudomonas sp. Other antibiotic treatments inhibited bacterial growth at least partially. Microspore induction medium supplemented with the same antibiotics treatments resulted in successful microspore embryogenesis and green plant production. Antibiotic treatments were first tested in triticale and then validated in wheat cultivars AC Carberry and AC Andrew. Induction medium supplemented with Cefotaxime at 50 and 100 mg/l substantially increased the formation of ELS and green plants in triticale and wheat, respectively. Incidentally, it also affected the occurrence of albinism in all genotypes. Our results demonstrated dual purpose of Cefotaxime for isolated microspore culture, most importantly it increases cell growth and success of microspore cultures in triticale and wheat genotypes, but would also prevent accidental loss of cultures with most common bacterial contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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99
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Ramírez L, Bartoli CG, Lamattina L. Glutathione and ascorbic acid protect Arabidopsis plants against detrimental effects of iron deficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3169-78. [PMID: 23788722 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient required for a wide variety of cellular functions in plant growth and development. Chlorosis is the first visible symptom in iron-deficient plants. Glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC) are multifunctional metabolites playing important roles in redox balancing. In this work, it was shown that GSH and ASC treatment prevented chlorosis and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by iron deficiency in Arabidopsis leaves. In iron deficiency, GSH and ASC increased the activity of the heme protein ascorbate peroxidase at a similar level to that found in iron-sufficient seedlings. GSH was also able to preserve the levels of the iron-sulfur protein ferredoxin 2. GSH content decreased 25% in iron-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas the ASC levels were not affected. Taken together, these results showed that GSH and ASC supplementation protects Arabidopsis seedlings from iron deficiency, preserving cell redox homeostasis and improving internal iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, UE-CONICET-UNMdP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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100
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Aller I, Meyer AJ. The oxidative protein folding machinery in plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:799-816. [PMID: 23090240 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Formation of intra-molecular disulfides and concomitant oxidative protein folding is essential for stability and catalytic function of many soluble and membrane-bound proteins in the endomembrane system, the mitochondrial inter-membrane space and the thylakoid lumen. Disulfide generation from free cysteines in nascent polypeptide chains is generally a catalysed process for which distinct pathways exist in all compartments. A high degree of similarities between highly diverse eukaryotic and bacterial systems for generation of protein disulfides indicates functional conservation of key processes throughout evolution. However, while many aspects about molecular function of enzymatic systems promoting disulfide formation have been demonstrated for bacterial and non-plant eukaryotic organisms, it is now clear that the plant machinery for oxidative protein folding displays distinct details, suggesting that the different pathways have been adapted to plant-specific requirements in terms of compartmentation, molecular function and regulation. Here, we aim to evaluate biological diversity by comparing the plant systems for oxidative protein folding to the respective systems from non-plant eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Aller
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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