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Nadel JA, Pawelko SS, Scott JR, McLaughlin R, Fox M, Ghanem M, van der Merwe R, Hollon NG, Ramsson ES, Howard CD. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal patches modifies habit formation and inhibits dopamine release. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19847. [PMID: 34615966 PMCID: PMC8494762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Habits are inflexible behaviors that develop after extensive repetition, and overreliance on habits is a hallmark of many pathological states. The striatum is involved in the transition from flexible to inflexible responding, and interspersed throughout the striatum are patches, or striosomes, which make up ~15% of the volume of the striatum relative to the surrounding matrix compartment. Previous studies have suggested that patches are necessary for normal habit formation, but it remains unknown exactly how patches contribute to habit formation and expression. Here, using optogenetics, we stimulated striatal patches in Sepw1-NP67 mice during variable interval training (VI60), which is used to establish habitual responding. We found that activation of patches at reward retrieval resulted in elevated responding during VI60 training by modifying the pattern of head entry and pressing. Further, this optogenetic manipulation reduced subsequent responding following reinforcer devaluation, suggesting modified habit formation. However, patch stimulation did not generally increase extinction rates during a subsequent extinction probe, but did result in a small 'extinction burst', further suggesting goal-directed behavior. On the other hand, this manipulation had no effect in omission trials, where mice had to withhold responses to obtain rewards. Finally, we utilized fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to investigate how patch activation modifies evoked striatal dopamine release and found that optogenetic activation of patch projections to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is sufficient to suppress dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the role of the patch compartment in habit formation, and provides a potential mechanism for how patches modify habitual behavior by exerting control over dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nadel
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - S S Pawelko
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - J R Scott
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - R McLaughlin
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - M Fox
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - M Ghanem
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | | | - N G Hollon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E S Ramsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - C D Howard
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA.
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52
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Ma J, du Hoffmann J, Kindel M, Beas BS, Chudasama Y, Penzo MA. Divergent projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus mediate the selection of passive and active defensive behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1429-1440. [PMID: 34413514 PMCID: PMC8484052 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate selection of passive and active defensive behaviors in threatening situations is essential for survival. Previous studies have shown that passive defensive responses depend on activity of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), whereas active ones primarily rely on the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the mechanisms underlying flexible switching between these two types of responses remain unknown. Here, we show in mice that the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) mediates the selection of defensive behaviors through its interaction with the CeA and the NAc. We show that the PVT–CeA pathway drives conditioned freezing responses, whereas the PVT–NAc pathway is inhibited during freezing and instead signals active avoidance events. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that activity in the PVT–CeA or PVT–NAc pathway biases behavior toward the selection of passive or active defensive responses, respectively. These findings provide evidence that the PVT mediates flexible switching between opposing defensive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johann du Hoffmann
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany.,Rodent Behavioral Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Kindel
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Sofia Beas
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yogita Chudasama
- Rodent Behavioral Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Section on Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario A Penzo
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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53
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Retrograde Transgene Expression via Neuron-Specific Lentiviral Vector Depends on Both Species and Input Projections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071387. [PMID: 34372593 PMCID: PMC8310113 DOI: 10.3390/v13071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For achieving retrograde gene transfer, we have so far developed two types of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with fusion envelope glycoprotein, termed HiRet vector and NeuRet vector, consisting of distinct combinations of rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins. In the present study, we compared the patterns of retrograde transgene expression for the HiRet vs. NeuRet vectors by testing the cortical input system. These vectors were injected into the motor cortex in rats, marmosets, and macaques, and the distributions of retrograde labels were investigated in the cortex and thalamus. Our histological analysis revealed that the NeuRet vector generally exhibits a higher efficiency of retrograde gene transfer than the HiRet vector, though its capacity of retrograde transgene expression in the macaque brain is unexpectedly low, especially in terms of the intracortical connections, as compared to the rat and marmoset brains. It was also demonstrated that the NeuRet but not the HiRet vector displays sufficiently high neuron specificity and causes no marked inflammatory/immune responses at the vector injection sites in the primate (marmoset and macaque) brains. The present results indicate that the retrograde transgene efficiency of the NeuRet vector varies depending not only on the species but also on the input projections.
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54
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McElvain LE, Chen Y, Moore JD, Brigidi GS, Bloodgood BL, Lim BK, Costa RM, Kleinfeld D. Specific populations of basal ganglia output neurons target distinct brain stem areas while collateralizing throughout the diencephalon. Neuron 2021; 109:1721-1738.e4. [PMID: 33823137 PMCID: PMC8169061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia play a central role in regulating behavior, but the organization of their outputs to other brain areas is incompletely understood. We investigate the largest output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and delineate the organization and physiology of its projection populations in mice. Using genetically targeted viral tracing and whole-brain anatomical analysis, we identify over 40 SNr targets that encompass a roughly 50-fold range of axonal densities. Retrograde tracing from the volumetrically largest targets indicates that the SNr contains segregated subpopulations that differentially project to functionally distinct brain stem regions. These subpopulations are electrophysiologically specialized and topographically organized and collateralize to common diencephalon targets, including the motor and intralaminar thalamus as well as the pedunculopontine nucleus and the midbrain reticular formation. These findings establish that SNr signaling is organized as dense, parallel outputs to specific brain stem targets concurrent with extensive collateral branches that encompass the majority of SNr axonal boutons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. McElvain
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Yuncong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jeffrey D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - G. Stefano Brigidi
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bloodgood
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal,Zuckerman Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York 10027 USA,Correspondence: (DK), (RMC)
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (DK), (RMC)
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55
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Social isolation uncovers a circuit underlying context-dependent territory-covering micturition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018078118. [PMID: 33443190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018078118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of urine, or micturition, serves a fundamental physiological function and, in many species, is critical for social communication. In mice, the pattern of urine release is modulated by external and internal factors and transmitted to the spinal cord via the pontine micturition center (PMC). Here, we exploited a behavioral paradigm in which mice, depending on strain, social experience, and sensory context, either vigorously cover an arena with small urine spots or deposit urine in a few isolated large spots. We refer to these micturition modes as, respectively, high and low territory-covering micturition (TCM) and find that the presence of a urine stimulus robustly induces high TCM in socially isolated mice. Comparison of the brain networks activated by social isolation and by urine stimuli to those upstream of the PMC identified the lateral hypothalamic area as a potential modulator of micturition modes. Indeed, chemogenetic manipulations of the lateral hypothalamus can switch micturition behavior between high and low TCM, overriding the influence of social experience and sensory context. Our results suggest that both inhibitory and excitatory signals arising from a network upstream of the PMC are integrated to determine context- and social-experience-dependent micturition patterns.
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56
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Xiao L, Merullo DP, Koch TMI, Cao M, Co M, Kulkarni A, Konopka G, Roberts TF. Expression of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia regulates vocal motor sequences in the adult songbird. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2617. [PMID: 33976169 PMCID: PMC8113549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the transcription factor FoxP2, which is enriched in the basal ganglia, impairs vocal development in humans and songbirds. The basal ganglia are important for the selection and sequencing of motor actions, but the circuit mechanisms governing accurate sequencing of learned vocalizations are unknown. Here, we show that expression of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia is vital for the fluent initiation and termination of birdsong, as well as the maintenance of song syllable sequencing in adulthood. Knockdown of FoxP2 imbalances dopamine receptor expression across striatal direct-like and indirect-like pathways, suggesting a role of dopaminergic signaling in regulating vocal motor sequencing. Confirming this prediction, we show that phasic dopamine activation, and not inhibition, during singing drives repetition of song syllables, thus also impairing fluent initiation and termination of birdsong. These findings demonstrate discrete circuit origins for the dysfluent repetition of vocal elements in songbirds, with implications for speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Devin P Merullo
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Therese M I Koch
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mou Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marissa Co
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Todd F Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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57
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Cui Q, Pamukcu A, Cherian S, Chang IYM, Berceau BL, Xenias HS, Higgs MH, Rajamanickam S, Chen Y, Du X, Zhang Y, McMorrow H, Abecassis ZA, Boca SM, Justice NJ, Wilson CJ, Chan CS. Dissociable Roles of Pallidal Neuron Subtypes in Regulating Motor Patterns. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4036-4059. [PMID: 33731450 PMCID: PMC8176746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2210-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons are distinct neuron classes in the external globus pallidus (GPe): they have different topographical, electrophysiological, circuit, and functional properties. Aside from Foxp2+ neurons, which are a unique subclass within the Npas1+ class, we lack driver lines that effectively capture other GPe neuron subclasses. In this study, we examined the utility of Kcng4-Cre, Npr3-Cre, and Npy2r-Cre mouse lines (both males and females) for the delineation of GPe neuron subtypes. By using these novel driver lines, we have provided the most exhaustive investigation of electrophysiological studies of GPe neuron subtypes to date. Corroborating our prior studies, GPe neurons can be divided into two statistically distinct clusters that map onto PV+ and Npas1+ classes. By combining optogenetics and machine learning-based tracking, we showed that optogenetic perturbation of GPe neuron subtypes generated unique behavioral structures. Our findings further highlighted the dissociable roles of GPe neurons in regulating movement and anxiety-like behavior. We concluded that Npr3+ neurons and Kcng4+ neurons are distinct subclasses of Npas1+ neurons and PV+ neurons, respectively. Finally, by examining local collateral connectivity, we inferred the circuit mechanisms involved in the motor patterns observed with optogenetic perturbations. In summary, by identifying mouse lines that allow for manipulations of GPe neuron subtypes, we created new opportunities for interrogations of cellular and circuit substrates that can be important for motor function and dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Within the basal ganglia, the external globus pallidus (GPe) has long been recognized for its involvement in motor control. However, we lacked an understanding of precisely how movement is controlled at the GPe level as a result of its cellular complexity. In this study, by using transgenic and cell-specific approaches, we showed that genetically-defined GPe neuron subtypes have distinct roles in regulating motor patterns. In addition, the in vivo contributions of these neuron subtypes are in part shaped by the local, inhibitory connections within the GPe. In sum, we have established the foundation for future investigations of motor function and disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Suraj Cherian
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Isaac Y M Chang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Brianna L Berceau
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Harry S Xenias
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Matthew H Higgs
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, Texas
| | - Shivakumar Rajamanickam
- Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Hayley McMorrow
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Zachary A Abecassis
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington 20057, DC
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston 77030, Texas
| | - Charles J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, Texas
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, Illinois
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58
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Miyamoto Y, Fukuda T. The habenula-targeting neurons in the mouse entopeduncular nucleus contain not only somatostatin-positive neurons but also nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1497-1510. [PMID: 33787995 PMCID: PMC8096748 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) in rodents is one of the two major output nuclei of the basal ganglia and corresponds to the internal segment of the globus pallidus in primates. Previous studies have shown that the EPN contains three types of neurons that project to different targets, namely, parvalbumin (PV)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons. However, we have recently reported that neurons lacking immunoreactivities for these substances are present in the EPN. Here, we demonstrate that 27.7% of all EPN neurons showed immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Among them, NOS-only positive and NOS/SOM double-positive neurons accounted for 20.1% and 6.8%, respectively, whereas NOS/PV double-positive neurons were rarely observed. NOS-containing neurons were distributed in a shell region surrounding the thalamus-targeting, PV-rich core region of the EPN, especially in the ventromedial part of the shell. The retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) was injected into several target regions of EPN neurons. Among FG-labeled EPN neurons after injection into the lateral habenula (LHb), NOS-only positive, NOS/SOM double-positive, and SOM-only positive neurons accounted for 25.7%, 15.2%, and 59.1%, respectively. We conclude that NOS-positive neurons are the second major population of LHb-targeting EPN neurons, suggesting their possible involvement in behaviors in response to aversive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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59
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Opposing Regulation of Cocaine Seeking by Glutamate and GABA Neurons in the Ventral Pallidum. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2018-2027.e3. [PMID: 32049028 PMCID: PMC7045305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Projections from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum (VP) regulate relapse in animal models of addiction. The VP contains GABAergic (VPGABA) and glutamatergic (VPGlu) neurons, and a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons co-express enkephalin (VPPenk). Rabies tracing reveals that VPGlu and VPPenk neurons receive preferential innervation from upstream D1- relative to D2-expressing accumbens neurons. Chemogenetic stimulation of VPGlu neurons inhibits, whereas stimulation of VPGABA and VPPenk neurons potentiates cocaine seeking in mice withdrawn from intravenous cocaine self-administration. Calcium imaging reveals cell type-specific activity patterns when animals learn to suppress drug seeking during extinction training versus engaging in cue-induced cocaine seeking. During cued seeking, VPGABA neurons increase their overall activity, and VPPenk neurons are selectively activated around nose pokes for cocaine. In contrast, VPGlu neurons increase their spike rate following extinction training. These data show that VP subpopulations differentially encode and regulate cocaine seeking, with VPPenk and VPGABA neurons facilitating and VPGlu neurons inhibiting cocaine seeking. Heinsbroek et al. show that glutamate and GABA neurons in ventral pallidum differentially regulate cued cocaine seeking. Calcium activity in glutamate neurons increases when mice refrain from cocaine seeking. Activating glutamate neurons inhibits cocaine seeking. Calcium activity increases in GABA neurons during cocaine seeking, and activating GABA or enkephalin neurons induces cocaine seeking.
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60
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Dong J, Hawes S, Wu J, Le W, Cai H. Connectivity and Functionality of the Globus Pallidus Externa Under Normal Conditions and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:645287. [PMID: 33737869 PMCID: PMC7960779 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.645287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The globus pallidus externa (GPe) functions as a central hub in the basal ganglia for processing motor and non-motor information through the creation of complex connections with the other basal ganglia nuclei and brain regions. Recently, with the adoption of sophisticated genetic tools, substantial advances have been made in understanding the distinct molecular, anatomical, electrophysiological, and functional properties of GPe neurons and non-neuronal cells. Impairments in dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia contribute to Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder that severely affects the patients' life quality. Altered GPe neuron activity and synaptic connections have also been found in both PD patients and pre-clinical models. In this review, we will summarize the main findings on the composition, connectivity and functionality of different GPe cell populations and the potential GPe-related mechanisms of PD symptoms to better understand the cell type and circuit-specific roles of GPe in both normal and PD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Transgenic Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Hawes
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Transgenic Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Junbing Wu
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases & Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Transgenic Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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61
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Alonso A, Trujillo CM, Puelles L. Quail-chick grafting experiments corroborate that Tbr1-positive eminential prethalamic neurons migrate along three streams into hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural areas. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:759-785. [PMID: 33544184 PMCID: PMC7981335 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prethalamic eminence (PThE), a diencephalic caudal neighbor of the telencephalon and alar hypothalamus, is frequently described in mammals and birds as a transient embryonic structure, undetectable in the adult brain. Based on descriptive developmental analysis of Tbr1 gene brain expression in chick embryos, we previously reported that three migratory cellular streams exit the PThE rostralward, targeting multiple sites in the hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural area, where eminential cells form distinct nuclei or disperse populations. These conclusions needed experimental corroboration. In this work, we used the homotopic quail-chick chimeric grafting procedure at stages HH10/HH11 to demonstrate by fate-mapping the three predicted tangential migration streams. Some chimeric brains were processed for Tbr1 in situ hybridization, for correlation with our previous approach. Evidence supporting all three postulated migration streams is presented. The results suggested a slight heterochrony among the juxtapeduncular (first), the peripeduncular (next), and the eminentio-septal (last) streams, each of which followed differential routes. A possible effect of such heterochrony on the differential selection of medial to lateral habenular hodologic targets by the migrated neurons is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Laboratory (LAIB), Health Campus, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carmen María Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Laboratory (LAIB), Health Campus, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120, Murcia, Spain
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62
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Puelles L, Diaz C, Stühmer T, Ferran JL, Martínez‐de la Torre M, Rubenstein JLR. LacZ-reporter mapping of Dlx5/6 expression and genoarchitectural analysis of the postnatal mouse prethalamus. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:367-420. [PMID: 32420617 PMCID: PMC7671952 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present here a thorough and complete analysis of mouse P0-P140 prethalamic histogenetic subdivisions and corresponding nuclear derivatives, in the context of local tract landmarks. The study used as fundamental material brains from a transgenic mouse line that expresses LacZ under the control of an intragenic enhancer of Dlx5 and Dlx6 (Dlx5/6-LacZ). Subtle shadings of LacZ signal, jointly with pan-DLX immunoreaction, and several other ancillary protein or RNA markers, including Calb2 and Nkx2.2 ISH (for the prethalamic eminence, and derivatives of the rostral zona limitans shell domain, respectively) were mapped across the prethalamus. The resulting model of the prethalamic region postulates tetrapartite rostrocaudal and dorsoventral subdivisions, as well as a tripartite radial stratification, each cell population showing a characteristic molecular profile. Some novel nuclei are proposed, and some instances of potential tangential cell migration were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB‐Arrixaca InstituteUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological DisabilitiesUniversity of Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - Thorsten Stühmer
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of PsychiatryUCSF Medical SchoolSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - José L. Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB‐Arrixaca InstituteUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | | | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of PsychiatryUCSF Medical SchoolSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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63
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Bari BA, Cohen JY. Dynamic decision making and value computations in medial frontal cortex. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 158:83-113. [PMID: 33785157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic decision making requires an intact medial frontal cortex. Recent work has combined theory and single-neuron measurements in frontal cortex to advance models of decision making. We review behavioral tasks that have been used to study dynamic decision making and algorithmic models of these tasks using reinforcement learning theory. We discuss studies linking neurophysiology and quantitative decision variables. We conclude with hypotheses about the role of other cortical and subcortical structures in dynamic decision making, including ascending neuromodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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64
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Simmons SC, Shepard RD, Gouty S, Langlois LD, Flerlage WJ, Cox BM, Nugent FS. Early life stress dysregulates kappa opioid receptor signaling within the lateral habenula. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100267. [PMID: 33344720 PMCID: PMC7739170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain region associated with value-based decision making and stress evasion through its modulation of dopamine (DA)-mediated reward circuitry. Specifically, increased activity of the LHb is associated with drug addiction, schizophrenia and stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. Dynorphin (Dyn)/Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling is a mediator of stress response in reward circuitry. Previously, we have shown that maternal deprivation (MD), a severe early life stress, increases LHb spontaneous neuronal activity and intrinsic excitability while blunting the response of LHb neurons to extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling, another stress mediator. CRF pathways also interact with Dyn/KOR signaling. Surprisingly, there has been little study of direct KOR regulation of the LHb despite its distinct role in stress, reward and aversion processing. To test the functional role of Dyn/KOR signaling in the LHb, we utilized ex-vivo electrophysiology combined with pharmacological tools in rat LHb slices. We show that activation of KORs by a KOR agonist (U50,488) exerted differential effects on the excitability of two distinct sub-populations of LHb neurons that differed in their expression of hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (HCN, Ih). Specifically, KOR stimulation increased neuronal excitability in LHb neurons with large Ih currents (Ih+) while decreasing neuronal excitability in small/negative Ih (Ih-) neurons. We found that an intact fast-synaptic transmission was required for the effects of U50,488 on the excitability of both Ih- and Ih+ LHb neuronal subpopulations. While AMPAR-, GABAAR-, or NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission alone was sufficient to mediate the effects of U50,488 on excitability of Ih- neurons, either GABAAR- or NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission could mediate these effects in Ih+ neurons. Consistently, KOR activation also altered both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission where stimulation of presynaptic KORs uniformly suppressed glutamate release onto LHb neurons while primarily decreased or in some cases increased GABA release. We also found that MD significantly increased immunolabeled Dyn (the endogenous KOR agonist) labeling in neuronal fibers in LHb while significantly decreasing mRNA levels of KORs in LHb tissues compared to those from non-maternally deprived (non-MD) control rats. Moreover, the U50,488-mediated increase in LHb neuronal firing observed in non-MD rats was absent following MD. Altogether, this is the first demonstration of the existence of functional Dyn/KOR signaling in the LHb that can be modulated in response to severe early life stressors such as MD.
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Key Words
- Dynorphin
- Early life stress
- KOR
- Kappa opioid receptor
- Kappa opioid receptor, (KOR)
- LHb
- Lateral habenula
- action potential, (AP)
- adverse childhood experiences, (ACE)
- artificial cerebral spinal fluid, (ACSF)
- corticotropin-releasing factor, (CRF)
- dopamine, (DA)
- dynorphin, (Dyn)
- early life stress, (ELS)
- fastafterhyperpolarization, (fAHP)
- hyperpolarization activated cation current, (HCN, Ih)
- input resistance, (Rin)
- inter-event interval, (IEI)
- maternal deprivation, (MD)
- medium afterhyperpolarization, (mAHP)
- miniature excitatory postsynaptic current, (mEPSC)
- miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current, (mIPSC)
- non-maternally deprived, (non-MD)
- nucleus accumbens, (NAc)
- postnatal age, (PN)
- raphe nuclei, (RN)
- rostromedial tegmental area, (RMTg)
- serotonin, (5HT)
- ventral tegmental area, (VTA)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Simmons
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ryan D. Shepard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Shawn Gouty
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ludovic D. Langlois
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - William J. Flerlage
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian M. Cox
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Fereshteh S. Nugent
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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65
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A Central Amygdala-Globus Pallidus Circuit Conveys Unconditioned Stimulus-Related Information and Controls Fear Learning. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9043-9054. [PMID: 33067362 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2090-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The central amygdala (CeA) is critically involved in a range of adaptive behaviors, including defensive behaviors. Neurons in the CeA send long-range projections to a number of extra-amygdala targets, but the functions of these projections remain elusive. Here, we report that a previously neglected CeA-to-globus pallidus external segment (GPe) circuit plays an essential role in classical fear conditioning. By anatomic tracing, in situ hybridization and channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-assisted circuit mapping in both male and female mice, we found that a subset of CeA neurons send projections to the GPe, and the majority of these GPe-projecting CeA neurons express the neuropeptide somatostatin. Notably, chronic inhibition of GPe-projecting CeA neurons with the tetanus toxin light chain (TeLC) completely blocks auditory fear conditioning. In vivo fiber photometry revealed that these neurons are selectively excited by the unconditioned stimulus (US) during fear conditioning. Furthermore, transient optogenetic inactivation or activation of these neurons selectively during US presentation impairs or promotes, respectively, fear learning. Our results suggest that a major function of GPe-projecting CeA neurons is to represent and convey US-related information through the CeA-GPe circuit, thereby regulating learning in fear conditioning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The central amygdala (CeA) has been implicated in the establishment of defensive behaviors toward threats, but the underlying circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that a subpopulation of neurons in the CeA, which are mainly those that express the neuropeptide somatostatin, send projections to the globus pallidus external segment (GPe), and this CeA-GPe circuit conveys unconditioned stimulus (US)-related information during classical fear conditioning, thereby having an indispensable role in learning. Our results reveal a previously unknown circuit mechanism for fear learning.
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66
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Kotaleski JH. Basal Ganglia—A Motion Perspective. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1241-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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67
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Xiao X, Deng H, Furlan A, Yang T, Zhang X, Hwang GR, Tucciarone J, Wu P, He M, Palaniswamy R, Ramakrishnan C, Ritola K, Hantman A, Deisseroth K, Osten P, Huang ZJ, Li B. A Genetically Defined Compartmentalized Striatal Direct Pathway for Negative Reinforcement. Cell 2020; 183:211-227.e20. [PMID: 32937106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The striosome compartment within the dorsal striatum has been implicated in reinforcement learning and regulation of motivation, but how striosomal neurons contribute to these functions remains elusive. Here, we show that a genetically identified striosomal population, which expresses the Teashirt family zinc finger 1 (Tshz1) and belongs to the direct pathway, drives negative reinforcement and is essential for aversive learning in mice. Contrasting a "conventional" striosomal direct pathway, the Tshz1 neurons cause aversion, movement suppression, and negative reinforcement once activated, and they receive a distinct set of synaptic inputs. These neurons are predominantly excited by punishment rather than reward and represent the anticipation of punishment or the motivation for avoidance. Furthermore, inhibiting these neurons impairs punishment-based learning without affecting reward learning or movement. These results establish a major role of striosomal neurons in behaviors reinforced by punishment and moreover uncover functions of the direct pathway unaccounted for in classic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hanfei Deng
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ga-Ram Hwang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jason Tucciarone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Priscilla Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam Hantman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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68
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Abstract
Humans and animals navigate uncertain environments by seeking information about the future. Remarkably, we often seek information even when it has no instrumental value for aiding our decisions - as if the information is a source of value in its own right. In recent years, there has been a flourishing of research into these non-instrumental information preferences and their implementation in the brain. Individuals value information about uncertain future rewards, and do so for multiple reasons, including valuing resolution of uncertainty and overweighting desirable information. The brain motivates this information seeking by tapping into some of the same circuitry as primary rewards like food and water. However, it also employs cortex and basal ganglia circuitry that predicts and values information as distinct from primary reward. Uncovering how these circuits cooperate will be fundamental to understanding information seeking and motivated behavior as a whole, in our increasingly complex and information-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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69
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A hierarchical Bayesian mixture model for inferring the expression state of genes in transcriptomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19339-19346. [PMID: 32709743 PMCID: PMC7431084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How do the cells of an organism—each with an identical genome—give rise to tissues of incredible phenotypic diversity? Key to answering this question is the transcriptome: the set of genes expressed in a given tissue. We would clearly benefit from the ability to identify qualitative differences in expression (whether a gene is active or inactive in a given tissue/species). Inferring the expression state of genes is surprisingly difficult, owing to the complex biological processes that give rise to transcriptomes and to the vagaries of techniques used to generate transcriptomic datasets. We develop a hierarchical Bayesian mixture model that—by describing those biological and technical processes—allows us to infer the expression state of genes from replicate transcriptomic datasets. Transcriptomes are key to understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The ability to infer the expression state (active or inactive) of genes in the transcriptome offers unique benefits for addressing this issue. For example, qualitative changes in gene expression may underly the origin of novel phenotypes, and expression states are readily comparable between tissues and species. However, inferring the expression state of genes is a surprisingly difficult problem, owing to the complex biological and technical processes that give rise to observed transcriptomic datasets. Here, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian mixture model that describes this complex process and allows us to infer expression state of genes from replicate transcriptomic libraries. We explore the statistical behavior of this method with analyses of simulated datasets—where we demonstrate its ability to correctly infer true (known) expression states—and empirical-benchmark datasets, where we demonstrate that the expression states inferred from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets using our method are consistent with those based on independent evidence. The power of our method to correctly infer expression states is generally high and remarkably, approaches the maximum possible power for this inference problem. We present an empirical analysis of primate-brain transcriptomes, which identifies genes that have a unique expression state in humans. Our method is implemented in the freely available R package zigzag.
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70
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Li Z, Tyler WA, Haydar TF. Lessons from single cell sequencing in CNS cell specification and function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:138-143. [PMID: 32679535 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern RNA sequencing methods have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular fingerprint of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Technical approaches with greater sensitivity and throughput have uncovered new connections between gene expression, cell biology, and ultimately CNS function. In recent years, single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has made a large impact on the neurosciences by enhancing the resolution of types of cells that make up the CNS and shedding light on their developmental trajectories and how their diversity is modified across species. Here we will review the advantages, innovations, and challenges of the single cell genomics era and highlight how it has impacted our understanding of neurodevelopment and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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71
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Granger AJ, Wang W, Robertson K, El-Rifai M, Zanello AF, Bistrong K, Saunders A, Chow BW, Nuñez V, Turrero García M, Harwell CC, Gu C, Sabatini BL. Cortical ChAT + neurons co-transmit acetylcholine and GABA in a target- and brain-region-specific manner. eLife 2020; 9:57749. [PMID: 32613945 PMCID: PMC7360370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse cerebral cortex contains neurons that express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and are a potential local source of acetylcholine. However, the neurotransmitters released by cortical ChAT+ neurons and their synaptic connectivity are unknown. We show that the nearly all cortical ChAT+ neurons in mice are specialized VIP+ interneurons that release GABA strongly onto other inhibitory interneurons and acetylcholine sparsely onto layer 1 interneurons and other VIP+/ChAT+ interneurons. This differential transmission of ACh and GABA based on the postsynaptic target neuron is reflected in VIP+/ChAT+ interneuron pre-synaptic terminals, as quantitative molecular analysis shows that only a subset of these are specialized to release acetylcholine. In addition, we identify a separate, sparse population of non-VIP ChAT+ neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex with a distinct developmental origin that robustly release acetylcholine in layer 1. These results demonstrate both cortex-region heterogeneity in cortical ChAT+ interneurons and target-specific co-release of acetylcholine and GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Granger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Keiramarie Robertson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mahmoud El-Rifai
- Neurobiology Imaging Facility, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrea F Zanello
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Karina Bistrong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Brian W Chow
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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72
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Matsushima A, Graybiel AM. Combinatorial Developmental Controls on Striatonigral Circuits. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107778. [PMID: 32553154 PMCID: PMC7433760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical pyramidal cells are generated locally, from pre-programmed progenitors, to form functionally distinct areas. By contrast, striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are generated remotely from a common source, undergo migration to form mosaics of striosomes and matrix, and become incorporated into functionally distinct sectors. Striatal circuits might thus have a unique logic of developmental organization, distinct from those of the neocortex. We explore this possibility in mice by mapping one set of SPNs, those in striosomes, with striatonigral projections to the dopamine-containing substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Same-age SPNs exhibit topographic striatonigral projections, according to their resident sector. However, the different birth dates of resident SPNs within a given sector specify the destination of their axons within the SNpc. These findings highlight a logic intercalating birth date-dependent and birth date-independent factors in determining the trajectories of SPN axons and organizing specialized units of striatonigral circuitry that could influence behavioral expression and vulnerabilities to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 20139, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 20139, USA.
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73
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Webster JF, Vroman R, Balueva K, Wulff P, Sakata S, Wozny C. Disentangling neuronal inhibition and inhibitory pathways in the lateral habenula. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8490. [PMID: 32444785 PMCID: PMC7244525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is hyperactive in depression, and thus potentiating inhibition of this structure makes an interesting target for future antidepressant therapies. However, the circuit mechanisms mediating inhibitory signalling within the LHb are not well-known. We addressed this issue by studying LHb neurons expressing either parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SOM), two markers of particular sub-classes of neocortical inhibitory neurons. Here, we find that both PV and SOM are expressed by physiologically distinct sub-classes. Furthermore, we describe multiple sources of inhibitory input to the LHb arising from both local PV-positive neurons, from PV-positive neurons in the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, and from SOM-positive neurons in the ventral pallidum. These findings hence provide new insight into inhibitory control within the LHb, and highlight that this structure is more neuronally diverse than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Webster
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Rozan Vroman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Kira Balueva
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Christian Wozny
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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74
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GAD2 Expression Defines a Class of Excitatory Lateral Habenula Neurons in Mice that Project to the Raphe and Pontine Tegmentum. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0527-19.2020. [PMID: 32332079 PMCID: PMC7240287 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0527-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) sends complex projections to several areas of the mesopontine tegmentum, the raphe, and the hypothalamus. However, few markers have been available to distinguish subsets of LHb neurons that may serve these pathways. In order to address this complexity, we examined the mouse and rat LHb for neurons that express the GABA biosynthesis enzymes glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and GAD2, and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). The mouse LHb contains a population of neurons that express GAD2, while the rat LHb contains discrete populations of neurons that express GAD1 and VGAT. However, we could not detect single neurons in either species that co-express a GABA synthetic enzyme and VGAT, suggesting that these LHb neurons do not use GABA for conventional synaptic transmission. Instead, all of the neuronal types expressing a GABAergic marker in both species showed co-expression of the glutamate transporter VGluT2. Anterograde tract-tracing of the projections of GAD2-expressing LHb neurons in Gad2Cre mice, combined with retrograde tracing from selected downstream nuclei, show that LHb-GAD2 neurons project selectively to the midline structures in the mesopontine tegmentum, including the median raphe (MnR) and nucleus incertus (NI), and only sparsely innervate the hypothalamus, rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Postsynaptic recording of LHb-GAD2 neuronal input to tegmental neurons confirms that glutamate, not GABA, is the fast neurotransmitter in this circuit. Thus, GAD2 expression can serve as a marker for functional studies of excitatory neurons serving specific LHb output pathways in mice.
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75
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Roman E, Weininger J, Lim B, Roman M, Barry D, Tierney P, O'Hanlon E, Levins K, O'Keane V, Roddy D. Untangling the dorsal diencephalic conduction system: a review of structure and function of the stria medullaris, habenula and fasciculus retroflexus. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1437-1458. [PMID: 32367265 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The often-overlooked dorsal diencephalic conduction system (DDCS) is a highly conserved pathway linking the basal forebrain and the monoaminergic brainstem. It consists of three key structures; the stria medullaris, the habenula and the fasciculus retroflexus. The first component of the DDCS, the stria medullaris, is a discrete bilateral tract composed of fibers from the basal forebrain that terminate in the triangular eminence of the stalk of the pineal gland, known as the habenula. The habenula acts as a relay hub where incoming signals from the stria medullaris are processed and subsequently relayed to the midbrain and hindbrain monoaminergic nuclei through the fasciculus retroflexus. As a result of its wide-ranging connections, the DDCS has recently been implicated in a wide range of behaviors related to reward processing, aversion and motivation. As such, an understanding of the structure and connections of the DDCS may help illuminate the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, addiction and pain. This is the first review of all three components of the DDCS, the stria medullaris, the habenula and the fasciculus retroflexus, with particular focus on their anatomy, function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Roman
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Education and Research Centre , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joshua Weininger
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Basil Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Game Design, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marin Roman
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Denis Barry
- Anatomy Department, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Tierney
- Anatomy Department, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Erik O'Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Education and Research Centre , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kirk Levins
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darren Roddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Glutamatergic fast-spiking parvalbumin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus: Electrophysiological properties to behavior. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112912. [PMID: 32289319 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the central nervous system, neurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin have been typically classified as GABAergic with fast-spiking characteristics. However, new methods that allow systematic characterization of the cytoarchitectural organization, connectivity, activity patterns, neurotransmitter nature, and function of genetically-distinct cell types have revealed populations of parvalbumin-positive neurons that are glutamatergic. Remarkably, such findings challenge longstanding concepts that fast-spiking neurons are exclusively GABAergic, suggesting conservation of the fast-spiking phenotype across at least two neurotransmitter systems. This review focuses on the recent advancements that have begun to reveal the functional roles of lateral hypothalamic parvalbumin-positive neurons in regulating behaviors essential for survival.
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77
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Hashikawa Y, Hashikawa K, Rossi MA, Basiri ML, Liu Y, Johnston NL, Ahmad OR, Stuber GD. Transcriptional and Spatial Resolution of Cell Types in the Mammalian Habenula. Neuron 2020; 106:743-758.e5. [PMID: 32272058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The habenula complex is appreciated as a critical regulator of motivated and pathological behavioral states via its output to midbrain nuclei. Despite this, transcriptional definition of cell populations that comprise both the medial habenular (MHb) and lateral habenular (LHb) subregions in mammals remain undefined. To resolve this, we performed single-cell transcriptional profiling and highly multiplexed in situ hybridization experiments of the mouse habenula complex in naive mice and those exposed to an acute aversive stimulus. Transcriptionally distinct neuronal cell types identified within the MHb and LHb, were spatially defined, differentially engaged by aversive stimuli, and had distinct electrophysiological properties. Cell types identified in mice also displayed a high degree of transcriptional similarity to those previously described in zebrafish, highlighting the well-conserved nature of habenular cell types across the phylum. These data identify key molecular targets within habenular cell types and provide a critical resource for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Hashikawa
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Koichi Hashikawa
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark A Rossi
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marcus L Basiri
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuejia Liu
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathan L Johnston
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Omar R Ahmad
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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78
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Synaptic and cellular plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:447-452. [PMID: 32112041 PMCID: PMC7470833 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which causes a tremendous socioeconomic burden. PD patients are suffering from debilitating motor and nonmotor symptoms. Cardinal motor symptoms of PD, including akinesia, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity, are caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, decreased amounts of dopamine (DA) level in the basal ganglia induces numerous adaptive changes at the cellular and synaptic levels in the basal ganglia circuits. These cellular and synaptic adaptations are believed to underlie the emergence and propagation of correlated, rhythmic pattern of activity throughout the interconnected cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network. The widespread pathological pattern of brain activity is closely linked to the devastating motor symptoms of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that both dopaminergic degeneration and the associated abnormal cellular and circuit activity in the basal ganglia drive the motor symptoms of PD. In this short review I summarize the recent advances in our understanding of synaptic and cellular alterations in two basal ganglia nuclei (i.e. the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus) following a complete loss of DA, and in our conceptual understanding of the cellular and circuit bases for the pathological pattern of brain activity in parkinsonian state.
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79
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Wallace ML, Huang KW, Hochbaum D, Hyun M, Radeljic G, Sabatini BL. Anatomical and single-cell transcriptional profiling of the murine habenular complex. eLife 2020; 9:e51271. [PMID: 32043968 PMCID: PMC7012610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior and the clear anatomical and molecular diversity of LHb neurons, the neuron types of the habenula remain unknown. Here, we use high-throughput single-cell transcriptional profiling, monosynaptic retrograde tracing, and multiplexed FISH to characterize the cells of the mouse habenula. We find five subtypes of neurons in the medial habenula (MHb) that are organized into anatomical subregions. In the LHb, we describe four neuronal subtypes and show that they differentially target dopaminergic and GABAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These data provide a valuable resource for future study of habenular function and dysfunction and demonstrate neuronal subtype specificity in the LHb-VTA circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wallace
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kee Wui Huang
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Daniel Hochbaum
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Gianna Radeljic
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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80
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Longitudinal developmental analysis of prethalamic eminence derivatives in the chick by mapping of Tbr1 in situ expression. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:481-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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81
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Metzger M, Souza R, Lima LB, Bueno D, Gonçalves L, Sego C, Donato J, Shammah-Lagnado SJ. Habenular connections with the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and their role in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 53:65-88. [PMID: 31833616 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is a phylogenetically old epithalamic structure differentiated into two nuclear complexes, the medial (MHb) and lateral habenula (LHb). After decades of search for a great unifying function, interest in the Hb resurged when it was demonstrated that LHb plays a major role in the encoding of aversive stimuli ranging from noxious stimuli to the loss of predicted rewards. Consistent with a role as an anti-reward center, aberrant LHb activity has now been identified as a key factor in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Moreover, both MHb and LHb emerged as new players in the reward circuitry by primarily mediating the aversive properties of distinct drugs of abuse. Anatomically, the Hb serves as a bridge that links basal forebrain structures with monoaminergic nuclei in the mid- and hindbrain. So far, research on Hb has focused on the role of the LHb in regulating midbrain dopamine release. However, LHb/MHb are also interconnected with the dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nucleus. Hence, it is conceivable that some of the habenular functions are at least partly mediated by the complex network that links MHb/LHb with pontomesencephalic monoaminergic nuclei. Here, we summarize research about the topography and transmitter phenotype of the reciprocal connections between the LHb and ventral tegmental area-nigra complex, as well as those between the LHb and DR/MnR. Indirect MHb outputs via interpeduncular nucleus to state-setting neuromodulatory networks will also be commented. Finally, we discuss the role of specific LHb-VTA and LHb/MHb-raphe circuits in anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Metzger
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rudieri Souza
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Lima
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Bueno
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Gonçalves
- Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Chemutai Sego
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara J Shammah-Lagnado
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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82
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Root DH, Zhang S, Barker DJ, Miranda-Barrientos J, Liu B, Wang HL, Morales M. Selective Brain Distribution and Distinctive Synaptic Architecture of Dual Glutamatergic-GABAergic Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3465-3479. [PMID: 29924991 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has been thought that glutamate and GABA are released by distinct neurons. However, some mouse neurons innervating the lateral habenula (LHb) co-release glutamate and GABA. Here, we mapped the distribution of neurons throughout the rat brain that co-express vesicular transporters for the accumulation of glutamate (VGluT2) or GABA (VGaT) and for GABA synthesis (GAD). We found concentrated groups of neurons that co-express VGluT2, VGaT, and GAD mRNAs within subdivisions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), entopeduncular (EPN), and supramammillary (SUM) nuclei. Single axon terminals established by VTA, EPN, or SUM neurons form a common synaptic architecture involving asymmetric (putative excitatory) and symmetric (putative inhibitory) synapses. Within the LHb, which receives co-transmitted glutamate and GABA from VTA and EPN, VGluT2 and VGaT are distributed on separate synaptic vesicles. We conclude that single axon terminals from VGluT2 and VGaT co-expressing neurons co-transmit glutamate and GABA from distinct synaptic vesicles at independent synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Root
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David J Barker
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jorge Miranda-Barrientos
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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83
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Yan Y, Peng C, Arvin MC, Jin XT, Kim VJ, Ramsey MD, Wang Y, Banala S, Wokosin DL, McIntosh JM, Lavis LD, Drenan RM. Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in VTA Glutamate Neurons Modulate Excitatory Transmission. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2236-2244. [PMID: 29791835 PMCID: PMC5999341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) glutamate neurons are important components of reward circuitry, but whether they are subject to cholinergic modulation is unknown. To study this, we used molecular, physiological, and photostimulation techniques to examine nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in VTA glutamate neurons. Cells in the medial VTA, where glutamate neurons are enriched, are responsive to acetylcholine (ACh) released from cholinergic axons. VTA VGLUT2+ neurons express mRNA and protein subunits known to comprise heteromeric nAChRs. Electrophysiology, coupled with two-photon microscopy and laser flash photolysis of photoactivatable nicotine, was used to demonstrate nAChR functional activity in the somatodendritic subcellular compartment of VTA VGLUT2+ neurons. Finally, optogenetic isolation of intrinsic VTA glutamatergic microcircuits along with gene-editing techniques demonstrated that nicotine potently modulates excitatory transmission within the VTA via heteromeric nAChRs. These results indicate that VTA glutamate neurons are modulated by cholinergic mechanisms and participate in the cascade of physiological responses to nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Can Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew C Arvin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiao-Tao Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Veronica J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew D Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sambashiva Banala
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David L Wokosin
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ryan M Drenan
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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84
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Aristieta A, Ruiz-Ortega J, Morera-Herreras T, Miguelez C, Ugedo L. Acute L-DOPA administration reverses changes in firing pattern and low frequency oscillatory activity in the entopeduncular nucleus from long term L-DOPA treated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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85
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Cerniauskas I, Winterer J, de Jong JW, Lukacsovich D, Yang H, Khan F, Peck JR, Obayashi SK, Lilascharoen V, Lim BK, Földy C, Lammel S. Chronic Stress Induces Activity, Synaptic, and Transcriptional Remodeling of the Lateral Habenula Associated with Deficits in Motivated Behaviors. Neuron 2019; 104:899-915.e8. [PMID: 31672263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress (CS) is a major risk factor for the development of depression. Here, we demonstrate that CS-induced hyperactivity in ventral tegmental area (VTA)-projecting lateral habenula (LHb) neurons is associated with increased passive coping (PC), but not anxiety or anhedonia. LHb→VTA neurons in mice with increased PC show increased burst and tonic firing as well as synaptic adaptations in excitatory inputs from the entopeduncular nucleus (EP). In vivo manipulations of EP→LHb or LHb→VTA neurons selectively alter PC and effort-related motivation. Conversely, dorsal raphe (DR)-projecting LHb neurons do not show CS-induced hyperactivity and are targeted indirectly by the EP. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we reveal a set of genes that can collectively serve as biomarkers to identify mice with increased PC and differentiate LHb→VTA from LHb→DR neurons. Together, we provide a set of biological markers at the level of genes, synapses, cells, and circuits that define a distinctive CS-induced behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignas Cerniauskas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Johannes W de Jong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Lukacsovich
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fawwad Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James R Peck
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sophie K Obayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Varoth Lilascharoen
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Csaba Földy
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Lammel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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86
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Cellular and Synaptic Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: Stepping out of the Striatum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091005. [PMID: 31470672 PMCID: PMC6769933 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural learning, cognition, and emotions. This network is also the region primarily affected by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This degeneration causes cellular and synaptic dysfunctions in the BG network, which are responsible for the appearance of the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine (DA) modulation and the consequences of its loss on the striatal microcircuit have been extensively studied, and because of the discrete nature of DA innervation of other BG nuclei, its action outside the striatum has been considered negligible. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting functional extrastriatal DA modulation of both cellular excitability and synaptic transmission. In this review, the functional relevance of DA modulation outside the striatum in both normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.
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87
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Siemian JN, Borja CB, Sarsfield S, Kisner A, Aponte Y. Lateral hypothalamic fast-spiking parvalbumin neurons modulate nociception through connections in the periaqueductal gray area. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12026. [PMID: 31427712 PMCID: PMC6700312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pivotal role of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in regulating appetitive and reward-related behaviors has been evident for decades. However, the contributions of LH circuits to other survival behaviors have been less explored. Here we examine how lateral hypothalamic neurons that express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PVALB; LHPV neurons), a small cluster of neurons within the LH glutamatergic circuitry, modulate nociception in mice. We find that photostimulation of LHPV neurons suppresses nociception to an acute, noxious thermal stimulus, whereas photoinhibition potentiates thermal nociception. Moreover, we demonstrate that LHPV axons form functional excitatory synapses on neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), and photostimulation of these axons mediates antinociception to both thermal and chemical visceral noxious stimuli. Interestingly, this antinociceptive effect appears to occur independently of opioidergic mechanisms, as antagonism of μ-opioid receptors with systemically-administered naltrexone does not abolish the antinociception evoked by activation of this LHPV→vlPAG pathway. This study directly implicates LHPV neurons in modulating nociception, thus expanding the repertoire of survival behaviors regulated by LH circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Cara B Borja
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Sarah Sarsfield
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Alexandre Kisner
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Yeka Aponte
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA. .,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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88
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Huang KW, Ochandarena NE, Philson AC, Hyun M, Birnbaum JE, Cicconet M, Sabatini BL. Molecular and anatomical organization of the dorsal raphe nucleus. eLife 2019; 8:e46464. [PMID: 31411560 PMCID: PMC6726424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important source of neuromodulators and has been implicated in a wide variety of behavioral and neurological disorders. The DRN is subdivided into distinct anatomical subregions comprised of multiple cell types, and its complex cellular organization has impeded efforts to investigate the distinct circuit and behavioral functions of its subdomains. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, anatomical tracing, and spatial correlation analysis to map the transcriptional and spatial profiles of cells from the mouse DRN. Our analysis of 39,411 single-cell transcriptomes revealed at least 18 distinct neuron subtypes and 5 serotonergic neuron subtypes with distinct molecular and anatomical properties, including a serotonergic neuron subtype that preferentially innervates the basal ganglia. Our study lays out the molecular organization of distinct serotonergic and non-serotonergic subsystems, and will facilitate the design of strategies for further dissection of the DRN and its diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Wui Huang
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Nicole E Ochandarena
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Adrienne C Philson
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jaclyn E Birnbaum
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marcelo Cicconet
- Image and Data Analysis CoreHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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89
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Mongia S, Yamaguchi T, Liu B, Zhang S, Wang H, Morales M. The Ventral Tegmental Area has calbindin neurons with the capability to co-release glutamate and dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3968-3984. [PMID: 31215698 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has three major classes of neurons: dopaminergic (expressing tyrosine hydroxylase; TH), GABAergic (expressing vesicular GABA transporter; VGaT) and glutamatergic (expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2; VGluT2). While VTA dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons have been further characterized by expression of calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, CB; calretinin, CR or parvalbumin, PV), it is unclear whether these proteins are expressed in rat VTA glutamatergic neurons. Here, by a combination of in situ hybridization (for VGluT2 mRNA detection) and immunohistochemistry (for CB-, CR- or PV-detection), we found that among the total population of VGluT2 neurons, 30% coexpressed CB, 3% coexpressed PV and <1% coexpressed CR. Given that some VGluT2 neurons coexpress TH or VGaT, we examined whether these neurons coexpress CB, and found that about 20% of VGluT2-CB neurons coexpressed TH and about 13% coexpressed VGaT. Because VTA TH-CB neurons are known to target the nucleus accumbens (nAcc), we determined whether VGluT2-CB-TH neurons innervate nAcc, and found that about 80% of VGluT2-CB neurons innervating the nAcc shell coexpressed TH. In summary, (a) CB, PV and CR are detected in subpopulations of VTA-VGluT2 neurons; (b) CB is the main calcium-binding protein present in VTA-VGluT2 neurons; (c) one-third of VTA-VGluT2 neurons coexpress CB; (d) some VTA-VGluT2-CB neurons have the capability to co-release dopamine or GABA, and (e) a subpopulation of VTA glutamatergic-dopaminergic neurons innervates nAcc shell. These findings further provide evidence for molecular diversity among VTA-VGluT2 neurons, neurons that may play a role in specific circuitry and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Mongia
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huiling Wang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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In vivo nuclear capture and molecular profiling identifies Gmeb1 as a transcriptional regulator essential for dopamine neuron function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2508. [PMID: 31175277 PMCID: PMC6555850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons play a central role in reward signaling and are widely implicated in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. To understand how mDA neurons perform these functions, it is important to understand how mDA-specific genes are regulated. However, cellular heterogeneity in the mammalian brain presents a major challenge to obtaining this understanding. To this end, we developed a virus-based approach to label and capture mDA nuclei for transcriptome (RNA-Seq), and low-input chromatin accessibility (liDNase-Seq) profiling, followed by predictive modeling to identify putative transcriptional regulators of mDA neurons. Using this method, we identified Gmeb1, a transcription factor predicted to regulate expression of Th and Dat, genes critical for dopamine synthesis and reuptake, respectively. Gmeb1 knockdown in mDA neurons resulted in downregulation of Th and Dat, as well as in severe motor deficits. This study thus identifies Gmeb1 as a master regulator of mDA gene expression and function, and provides a general method for identifying cell type-specific transcriptional regulators.
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91
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Arvin MC, Jin XT, Yan Y, Wang Y, Ramsey MD, Kim VJ, Beckley NA, Henry BA, Drenan RM. Chronic Nicotine Exposure Alters the Neurophysiology of Habenulo-Interpeduncular Circuitry. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4268-4281. [PMID: 30867261 PMCID: PMC6538858 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2816-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the medial habenula (MHb) or interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) triggers withdrawal-like behaviors in mice chronically exposed to nicotine, implying that nicotine dependence involves the sensitization of nicotinic signaling. Identification of receptor and/or neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this sensitization is important, as it could promote novel therapeutic strategies to reduce tobacco use. Using an approach involving photoactivatable nicotine, we previously demonstrated that chronic nicotine (cNIC) potently enhances nAChR function in dendrites of MHb neurons. However, whether cNIC modulates downstream components of the habenulo-interpeduncular (Hb-IP) circuit is unknown. In this study, cNIC-mediated changes to Hb-IP nAChR function were examined in mouse (male and female) brain slices using molecular, electrophysiological, and optical techniques. cNIC enhanced action potential firing and modified spike waveform characteristics in MHb neurons. Nicotine uncaging revealed nAChR functional enhancement by cNIC on proximal axonal membranes. Similarly, nAChR-driven glutamate release from MHb axons was enhanced by cNIC. In IPN, the target structure of MHb axons, neuronal morphology, and nAChR expression is complex, with stronger nAChR function in the rostral subnucleus [rostral IPN (IPR)]. As in MHb, cNIC induced strong upregulation of nAChR function in IPN neurons. This, coupled with cNIC-enhanced nicotine-stimulated glutamate release, was associated with stronger depolarization responses to brief (1 ms) nicotine uncaging adjacent to IPR neurons. Together, these results indicate that chronic exposure to nicotine dramatically alters nicotinic cholinergic signaling and cell excitability in Hb-IP circuits, a key pathway involved in nicotine dependence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study uncovers several neuropharmacological alterations following chronic exposure to nicotine in a key brain circuit involved in nicotine dependence. These results suggest that smokers or regular users of electronic nicotine delivery systems (i.e., "e-cigarettes") likely undergo sensitization of cholinergic circuitry in the Hb-IP system. Reducing the activity of Hb-IP nAChRs, either volitionally during smoking cessation or inadvertently via receptor desensitization during nicotine intake, may be a key trigger of withdrawal in nicotine dependence. Escalation of nicotine intake in smokers, or tolerance, may involve stimulation of these sensitized cholinergic pathways. Smoking cessation therapeutics are only marginally effective, and by identifying cellular/receptor mechanisms of nicotine dependence, our results take a step toward improved therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Arvin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Xiao-Tao Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yijin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Matthew D Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Veronica J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Nicole A Beckley
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Brittany A Henry
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ryan M Drenan
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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92
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Excitatory rubral cells encode the acquisition of novel complex motor tasks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2241. [PMID: 31113944 PMCID: PMC6529416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The red nucleus (RN) is required for limb control, specifically fine motor coordination. There is some evidence for a role of the RN in reaching and grasping, mainly from lesion studies, but results so far have been inconsistent. In addition, the role of RN neurons in such learned motor functions at the level of synaptic transmission has been largely neglected. Here, we show that Vglut2-expressing RN neurons undergo plastic events and encode the optimization of fine movements. RN light-ablation severely impairs reaching and grasping functions while sparing general locomotion. We identify a neuronal population co-expressing Vglut2, PV and C1QL2, which specifically undergoes training-dependent plasticity. Selective chemo-genetic inhibition of these neurons perturbs reaching and grasping skills. Our study highlights the role of the Vglut2-positive rubral population in complex fine motor tasks, with its related plasticity representing an important starting point for the investigation of mechanistic substrates of fine motor coordination training.
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93
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Goyer D, Silveira MA, George AP, Beebe NL, Edelbrock RM, Malinski PT, Schofield BR, Roberts MT. A novel class of inferior colliculus principal neurons labeled in vasoactive intestinal peptide-Cre mice. eLife 2019; 8:43770. [PMID: 30998185 PMCID: PMC6516826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Located in the midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub of the central auditory system. Although the IC plays important roles in speech processing, sound localization, and other auditory computations, the organization of the IC microcircuitry remains largely unknown. Using a multifaceted approach in mice, we have identified vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons as a novel class of IC principal neurons. VIP neurons are glutamatergic stellate cells with sustained firing patterns. Their extensive axons project to long-range targets including the auditory thalamus, auditory brainstem, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray. Using optogenetic circuit mapping, we found that VIP neurons integrate input from the contralateral IC and the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The dorsal cochlear nucleus also drove feedforward inhibition to VIP neurons, indicating that inhibitory circuits within the IC shape the temporal integration of ascending inputs. Thus, VIP neurons are well-positioned to influence auditory computations in a number of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goyer
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marina A Silveira
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Alexander P George
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Nichole L Beebe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Ryan M Edelbrock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Peter T Malinski
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Michael T Roberts
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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94
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95
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Mandelbaum G, Taranda J, Haynes TM, Hochbaum DR, Huang KW, Hyun M, Umadevi Venkataraju K, Straub C, Wang W, Robertson K, Osten P, Sabatini BL. Distinct Cortical-Thalamic-Striatal Circuits through the Parafascicular Nucleus. Neuron 2019; 102:636-652.e7. [PMID: 30905392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The thalamic parafascicular nucleus (PF), an excitatory input to the basal ganglia, is targeted with deep-brain stimulation to alleviate a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, PF lesions disrupt the execution of correct motor actions in uncertain environments. Nevertheless, the circuitry of the PF and its contribution to action selection are poorly understood. We find that, in mice, PF has the highest density of striatum-projecting neurons among all sub-cortical structures. This projection arises from transcriptionally and physiologically distinct classes of PF neurons that are also reciprocally connected with functionally distinct cortical regions, differentially innervate striatal neurons, and are not synaptically connected in PF. Thus, mouse PF contains heterogeneous neurons that are organized into parallel and independent associative, limbic, and somatosensory circuits. Furthermore, these subcircuits share motifs of cortical-PF-cortical and cortical-PF-striatum organization that allow each PF subregion, via its precise connectivity with cortex, to coordinate diverse inputs to striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mandelbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julian Taranda
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Trevor M Haynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel R Hochbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kee Wui Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christoph Straub
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keiramarie Robertson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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96
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Li H, Pullmann D, Jhou TC. Valence-encoding in the lateral habenula arises from the entopeduncular region. eLife 2019; 8:41223. [PMID: 30855228 PMCID: PMC6456292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral habenula (LHb) neurons are activated by negative motivational stimuli and play key roles in the pathophysiology of depression. Prior reports suggested that rostral entopeduncular nucleus (rEPN) neurons drive these responses in the LHb and rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), but these influences remain untested. Using rabies viral tracers, we demonstrate disynaptic projections from the rEPN to RMTg, but not VTA, via the LHb in rats. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we find that rEPN or LHb subpopulations exhibit activation/inhibition patterns after negative/positive motivational stimuli, similar to the RMTg, while temporary inactivation of a region centered on the rEPN decreases LHb basal and burst firing, and reduces valence-related signals in LHb neurons. Additionally, excitotoxic rEPN lesions partly diminish footshock-induced cFos in the LHb and RMTg. Together, our findings indicate an important role of the rEPN, and possibly immediately adjacent hypothalamus, in driving basal activities and valence processing in LHb and RMTg neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Dominika Pullmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
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97
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Mickelsen LE, Bolisetty M, Chimileski BR, Fujita A, Beltrami EJ, Costanzo JT, Naparstek JR, Robson P, Jackson AC. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the lateral hypothalamic area reveals molecularly distinct populations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:642-656. [PMID: 30858605 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) coordinates an array of fundamental behaviors, including sleeping, waking, feeding, stress and motivated behavior. The wide spectrum of functions ascribed to the LHA may be explained by a heterogeneous population of neurons, the full diversity of which is poorly understood. We employed a droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing approach to develop a comprehensive census of molecularly distinct cell types in the mouse LHA. Neuronal populations were classified based on fast neurotransmitter phenotype and expression of neuropeptides, transcription factors and synaptic proteins, among other gene categories. We define 15 distinct populations of glutamatergic neurons and 15 of GABAergic neurons, including known and novel cell types. We further characterize a novel population of somatostatin-expressing neurons through anatomical and behavioral approaches, identifying a role for these neurons in specific forms of innate locomotor behavior. This study lays the groundwork for better understanding the circuit-level underpinnings of LHA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Mickelsen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mohan Bolisetty
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Brock R Chimileski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Akie Fujita
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric J Beltrami
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James T Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jacob R Naparstek
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Alexander C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
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98
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Willard AM, Isett BR, Whalen TC, Mastro KJ, Ki CS, Mao X, Gittis AH. State transitions in the substantia nigra reticulata predict the onset of motor deficits in models of progressive dopamine depletion in mice. eLife 2019; 8:e42746. [PMID: 30839276 PMCID: PMC6402832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms are attributed to dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits under conditions of low dopamine. Despite well-established physiological criteria to define basal ganglia dysfunction, correlations between individual parameters and motor symptoms are often weak, challenging their predictive validity and causal contributions to behavior. One limitation is that basal ganglia pathophysiology is studied only at end-stages of depletion, leaving an impoverished understanding of when deficits emerge and how they evolve over the course of depletion. In this study, we use toxin- and neurodegeneration-induced mouse models of dopamine depletion to establish the physiological trajectory by which the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transitions from the healthy to the diseased state. We find that physiological progression in the SNr proceeds in discrete state transitions that are highly stereotyped across models and correlate well with the prodromal and symptomatic stages of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Willard
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Brian R Isett
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Timothy C Whalen
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Kevin J Mastro
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Chris S Ki
- University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
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99
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A note on retrograde gene transfer efficiency and inflammatory response of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with FuG-E vs. FuG-B2 glycoproteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3567. [PMID: 30837514 PMCID: PMC6400974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudotyped lentiviral vectors give access to pathway-selective gene manipulation via retrograde transfer. Two types of such lentiviral vectors have been developed. One is the so-called NeuRet vector pseudotyped with fusion glycoprotein type E, which preferentially transduces neurons. The other is the so-called HiRet vector pseudotyped with fusion glycoprotein type B2, which permits gene transfer into both neurons and glial cells at the injection site. Although these vectors have been applied in many studies investigating neural network functions, it remains unclear which vector is more appropriate for retrograde gene delivery in the brain. To compare the gene transfer efficiency and inflammatory response of the NeuRet vs. HiRet vectors, each vector was injected into the striatum in macaque monkeys, common marmosets, and rats. It was revealed that retrograde gene delivery of the NeuRet vector was equal to or greater than that of the HiRet vector. Furthermore, inflammation characterized by microglial and lymphocytic infiltration occurred when the HiRet vector, but not the NeuRet vector, was injected into the primate brain. The present results indicate that the NeuRet vector is more suitable than the HiRet vector for retrograde gene transfer in the primate and rodent brains.
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100
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Mehlman ML, Winter SS, Taube JS. Functional and anatomical relationships between the medial precentral cortex, dorsal striatum, and head direction cell circuitry. II. Neuroanatomical studies. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:371-395. [PMID: 30427743 PMCID: PMC6397393 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00144.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's directional heading within its environment is encoded by the activity of head direction (HD) cells. In rodents, these neurons are found primarily within the limbic system in the interconnected structures that form the limbic HD circuit. In our accompanying report in this issue, we describe two HD cell populations located outside of this circuit in the medial precentral cortex (PrCM) and dorsal striatum (DS). These extralimbic areas receive their HD signals from the limbic system but do not provide critical input or feedback to limbic HD cells (Mehlman ML, Winter SS, Valerio S, Taube JS. J Neurophysiol 121: 350-370, 2019.). In this report, we complement our previous lesion and recording experiments with a series of neuroanatomical tracing studies in rats designed to examine patterns of connectivity between the PrCM, DS, limbic HD circuit, and related spatial processing circuitry. Retrograde tracing revealed that the DS receives direct input from numerous structures known to contain HD cells and/or other spatially tuned cell types. Importantly, these projections preferentially target and converge within the most medial portion of the DS, the same area in which we previously recorded HD cells. The PrCM receives direct input from a subset of these spatial processing structures. Anterograde tracing identified indirect pathways that could permit the PrCM and DS to convey self-motion information to the limbic HD circuit. These tracing studies reveal the anatomical basis for the functional relationships observed in our lesion and recording experiments. Collectively, these findings expand our understanding of how spatial processing circuitry functionally and anatomically extends beyond the limbic system into the PrCM and DS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Head direction (HD) cells are located primarily within the limbic system, but small populations of extralimbic HD cells are found in the medial precentral cortex (PrCM) and dorsal striatum (DS). The neuroanatomical tracing experiments reported here explored the pathways capable of transmitting the HD signal to these extralimbic areas. We found that projections arising from numerous spatial processing structures converge within portions of the PrCM and DS that contain HD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Mehlman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Shawn S Winter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jeffrey S Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire
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