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Vecchiarelli HA, Lopes LT, Paolicelli RC, Stevens B, Wake H, Tremblay MÈ. Synapse Regulation. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:179-208. [PMID: 39207693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain. As such, they rapidly detect changes in normal brain homeostasis and accurately respond by fine-tuning in a tightly regulated manner their morphology, gene expression, and functional behavior. Depending on the nature of these changes, microglia can thicken and retract their processes, proliferate and migrate, release numerous signaling factors and compounds influencing neuronal physiology (e.g., cytokines and trophic factors), in addition to secreting proteases able to transform the extracellular matrix, and phagocytosing various types of cellular debris, etc. Because microglia also transform rapidly (on a time scale of minutes) during experimental procedures, studying these very special cells requires methods that are specifically non-invasive. The development of such methods has provided unprecedented insights into the roles of microglia during normal physiological conditions. In particular, transcranial two-photon in vivo imaging revealed that presumably "resting" microglia continuously survey the brain parenchyma with their highly motile processes, in addition to modulating their structural and functional interactions with neuronal circuits along the changes in neuronal activity and behavioral experience occurring throughout the lifespan. In this chapter, we will describe how surveillant microglia interact with synaptic elements and modulate the number, maturation, function, and plasticity of synapses in the healthy developing, mature, and aging brain, with consequences on neuronal activity, learning and memory, and the behavioral outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science, Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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52
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Dejanovic B, Sheng M, Hanson JE. Targeting synapse function and loss for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:23-42. [PMID: 38012296 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction and loss are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that correlate with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse synaptic damage remain elusive. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways that impair synapses in neurodegenerative diseases, including the effects of protein aggregation and neuroinflammation. We also highlight emerging therapeutic approaches that aim to restore synaptic function and integrity, such as enhancing synaptic plasticity, preventing synaptotoxicity, modulating neuronal network activity and targeting immune signalling. We discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for each strategy, as well as the challenges and opportunities for developing effective synapse-targeting therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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53
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Taddei RN, Perbet R, Mate de Gerando A, Wiedmer AE, Sanchez-Mico M, Connors Stewart T, Gaona A, Melloni A, Amaral AC, Duff K, Frosch MP, Gómez-Isla T. Tau Oligomer-Containing Synapse Elimination by Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1209-1221. [PMID: 37812432 PMCID: PMC10562992 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Factors associated with synapse loss beyond amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles may more closely correlate with the emergence of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer disease (AD) and be relevant for early therapeutic intervention. Objective To investigate whether accumulation of tau oligomers in synapses is associated with excessive synapse elimination by microglia or astrocytes and with cognitive outcomes (dementia vs no dementia [hereinafter termed resilient]) of individuals with equal burdens of AD neuropathologic changes at autopsy. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional postmortem study included 40 human brains from the Massachusetts Alzheimer Disease Research Center Brain Bank with Braak III to IV stages of tau pathology but divergent antemortem cognition (dementia vs resilient) and cognitively normal controls with negligible AD neuropathologic changes. The visual cortex, a region without tau tangle deposition at Braak III to IV stages, was assessed after expansion microscopy to analyze spatial relationships of synapses with microglia and astrocytes. Participants were matched for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E status. Evidence of Lewy bodies, TDP-43 aggregates, or other lesions different from AD neuropathology were exclusion criteria. Tissue was collected from July 1998 to November 2020, and analyses were conducted from February 1, 2022, through May 31, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Amyloid-β plaques, tau neuropil thread burden, synapse density, tau oligomers in synapses, and internalization of tau oligomer-tagged synapses by microglia and astrocytes were quantitated. Analyses were performed using 1-way analysis of variance for parametric variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric variables; between-group differences were evaluated with Holm-Šídák tests. Results Of 40 included participants (mean [SD] age at death, 88 [8] years; 21 [52%] male), 19 had early-stage dementia with Braak stages III to IV, 13 had resilient brains with similar Braak stages III to IV, and 8 had no dementia (Braak stages 0-II). Brains with dementia but not resilient brains had substantial loss of presynaptic (43%), postsynaptic (33%), and colocalized mature synaptic elements (38%) compared with controls and significantly higher percentages of mature synapses internalized by IBA1-positive microglia (mean [SD], 13.3% [3.9%] in dementia vs 2.6% [1.9%] in resilient vs 0.9% [0.5%] in control; P < .001) and by GFAP-positive astrocytes (mean [SD], 17.2% [10.9%] in dementia vs 3.7% [4.0%] in resilient vs 2.7% [1.8%] in control; P = .001). In brains with dementia but not in resilient brains, tau oligomers more often colocalized with synapses, and the proportions of tau oligomer-containing synapses inside microglia (mean [SD] for presynapses, mean [SD], 7.4% [1.8%] in dementia vs 5.1% [1.9%] resilient vs 3.7% [0.8%] control; P = .006; and for postsynapses 11.6% [3.6%] dementia vs 6.8% [1.3%] resilient vs 7.4% [2.5%] control; P = .001) and astrocytes (mean [SD] for presynapses, 7.0% [2.1%] dementia vs 4.3% [2.2%] resilient vs 4.0% [0.7%] control; P = .001; and for postsynapses, 7.9% [2.2%] dementia vs 5.3% [1.8%] resilient vs 3.0% [1.5%] control; P < .001) were significantly increased compared with controls. Those changes in brains with dementia occurred in the absence of tau tangle deposition in visual cortex. Conclusion and Relevance The findings from this cross-sectional study suggest that microglia and astrocytes may excessively engulf synapses in brains of individuals with dementia and that the abnormal presence of tau oligomers in synapses may serve as signals for increased glial-mediated synapse elimination and early loss of brain function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel N. Taddei
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Research Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Perbet
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anne E. Wiedmer
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Sanchez-Mico
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theresa Connors Stewart
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angelica Gaona
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra Melloni
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana C. Amaral
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Duff
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Research Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teresa Gómez-Isla
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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54
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Wilton DK, Mastro K, Heller MD, Gergits FW, Willing CR, Fahey JB, Frouin A, Daggett A, Gu X, Kim YA, Faull RLM, Jayadev S, Yednock T, Yang XW, Stevens B. Microglia and complement mediate early corticostriatal synapse loss and cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:2866-2884. [PMID: 37814059 PMCID: PMC10667107 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating monogenic neurodegenerative disease characterized by early, selective pathology in the basal ganglia despite the ubiquitous expression of mutant huntingtin. The molecular mechanisms underlying this region-specific neuronal degeneration and how these relate to the development of early cognitive phenotypes are poorly understood. Here we show that there is selective loss of synaptic connections between the cortex and striatum in postmortem tissue from patients with HD that is associated with the increased activation and localization of complement proteins, innate immune molecules, to these synaptic elements. We also found that levels of these secreted innate immune molecules are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of premanifest HD patients and correlate with established measures of disease burden.In preclinical genetic models of HD, we show that complement proteins mediate the selective elimination of corticostriatal synapses at an early stage in disease pathogenesis, marking them for removal by microglia, the brain's resident macrophage population. This process requires mutant huntingtin to be expressed in both cortical and striatal neurons. Inhibition of this complement-dependent elimination mechanism through administration of a therapeutically relevant C1q function-blocking antibody or genetic ablation of a complement receptor on microglia prevented synapse loss, increased excitatory input to the striatum and rescued the early development of visual discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility deficits in these models. Together, our findings implicate microglia and the complement cascade in the selective, early degeneration of corticostriatal synapses and the development of cognitive deficits in presymptomatic HD; they also provide new preclinical data to support complement as a therapeutic target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Wilton
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
| | - Kevin Mastro
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Molly D Heller
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Frederick W Gergits
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Carly Rose Willing
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Jaclyn B Fahey
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Arnaud Frouin
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Anthony Daggett
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yejin A Kim
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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55
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Yasuno F, Kimura Y, Ogata A, Ikenuma H, Abe J, Minami H, Nihashi T, Yokoi K, Hattori S, Shimoda N, Watanabe A, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Takeda A, Sakurai T, Ito K, Kato T. Neuroimaging biomarkers of glial activation for predicting the annual cognitive function decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:214-220. [PMID: 37648003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial activation is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, researchers have not demonstrated its relationship to longitudinal cognitive deterioration. We aimed to compare the prognostic effects of baseline positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of glial activation and amyloid/tau pathology on the successive annual cognitive decline in patients with AD. METHODS We selected 17 patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment or AD. We assessed the annual changes in global cognition and memory. Furthermore, we assessed the predictive effects of baseline amyloid and tau pathology indicated by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations and PET imaging of glial activation (11C-DPA-713-binding potential in the area of Braak 1-3 [11C-DPA-713-BPND]) on global cognition and memory using a stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS The final multiple regression model of annual changes in global cognition and memory scores included 11C-DPA-713-BPND as the predictor. The CSF Aβ42/40 ratios and p-tau concentrations were removed from the final model. In stepwise Bayesian regression analysis, the Bayes factor-based model comparison suggested that the best model included 11C-DPA-713-BPND as the predictor of decline in global cognition and memory. CONCLUSIONS Translocator protein-PET imaging of glial activation is a stronger predictor of AD clinical progression than the amount of amyloid/tau pathology measured using CSF concentrations. Glial activation is the primary cause of tau-induced neuronal toxicity and cognitive deterioration, thereby highlighting the potential of blocking maladaptive microglial responses as a therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasuno
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Aya Ogata
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, Kani, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikenuma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Junichiro Abe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Minami
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takashi Nihashi
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kastunori Yokoi
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Saori Hattori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shimoda
- Molecular Analysis Division, Center for Core Facility Administration, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Equipment Management Division, Center for Core Facility Administration, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akinori Takeda
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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56
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Farsi Z, Nicolella A, Simmons SK, Aryal S, Shepard N, Brenner K, Lin S, Herzog L, Moran SP, Stalnaker KJ, Shin W, Gazestani V, Song BJ, Bonanno K, Keshishian H, Carr SA, Pan JQ, Macosko EZ, Datta SR, Dejanovic B, Kim E, Levin JZ, Sheng M. Brain-region-specific changes in neurons and glia and dysregulation of dopamine signaling in Grin2a mutant mice. Neuron 2023; 111:3378-3396.e9. [PMID: 37657442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
A genetically valid animal model could transform our understanding of schizophrenia (SCZ) disease mechanisms. Rare heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in GRIN2A, encoding a subunit of the NMDA receptor, greatly increase the risk of SCZ. By transcriptomic, proteomic, and behavioral analyses, we report that heterozygous Grin2a mutant mice show (1) large-scale gene expression changes across multiple brain regions and in neuronal (excitatory and inhibitory) and non-neuronal cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), (2) evidence of hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hyperactivity in the hippocampus and striatum, (3) an elevated dopamine signaling in the striatum and hypersensitivity to amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AIH), (4) altered cholesterol biosynthesis in astrocytes, (5) a reduction in glutamatergic receptor signaling proteins in the synapse, and (6) an aberrant locomotor pattern opposite of that induced by antipsychotic drugs. These findings reveal potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, provide support for both the "hypo-glutamate" and "hyper-dopamine" hypotheses of SCZ, and underscore the utility of Grin2a-deficient mice as a genetic model of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farsi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ally Nicolella
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean K Simmons
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Aryal
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nate Shepard
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kira Brenner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sherry Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linnea Herzog
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean P Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine J Stalnaker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wangyong Shin
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vahid Gazestani
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan J Song
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Bonanno
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hasmik Keshishian
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jen Q Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Borislav Dejanovic
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joshua Z Levin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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57
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Shen Z, Sun D, Savastano A, Varga SJ, Cima-Omori MS, Becker S, Honigmann A, Zweckstetter M. Multivalent Tau/PSD-95 interactions arrest in vitro condensates and clusters mimicking the postsynaptic density. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6839. [PMID: 37891164 PMCID: PMC10611757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease begins with mild memory loss and slowly destroys memory and thinking. Cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease has been associated with the localization of the microtubule-associated protein Tau at the postsynapse. However, the correlation between Tau at the postsynapse and synaptic dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we show that Tau arrests liquid-like droplets formed by the four postsynaptic density proteins PSD-95, GKAP, Shank, Homer in solution, as well as NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-receptor-associated protein clusters on synthetic membranes. Tau-mediated condensate/cluster arrest critically depends on the binding of multiple interaction motifs of Tau to a canonical GMP-binding pocket in the guanylate kinase domain of PSD-95. We further reveal that competitive binding of a high-affinity phosphorylated peptide to PSD-95 rescues the diffusional dynamics of an NMDA truncated construct, which contains the last five amino acids of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B fused to the C-terminus of the tetrameric GCN4 coiled-coil domain, in postsynaptic density-like condensates/clusters. Taken together, our findings propose a molecular mechanism where Tau modulates the dynamic properties of the postsynaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daxiao Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Adriana Savastano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sára Joana Varga
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria-Sol Cima-Omori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnologisches Zentrum (BIOTEC), Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Pérez-Acuña D, Shin SJ, Rhee KH, Kim SJ, Lee SJ. α-Synuclein propagation leads to synaptic abnormalities in the cortex through microglial synapse phagocytosis. Mol Brain 2023; 16:72. [PMID: 37848910 PMCID: PMC10580656 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropathologic feature of Parkinson's disease is the presence of widespread intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that these misfolded protein inclusions spread through the brain with disease progression. Changes in synaptic function precede neurodegeneration, and this extracellular α-synuclein can affect synaptic transmission. However, whether and how the spreading of α-synuclein aggregates modulates synaptic function before neuronal loss remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) on synaptic activity in the somatosensory cortex using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, histology, and Golgi-Cox staining. Intrastriatal PFF injection was followed by formation of phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions in layer 5 of the somatosensory cortex, leading to a decrease in synapse density, dendritic spines, and spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, without apparent neuronal loss. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstruction of microglia using confocal imaging showed an increase in the engulfment of synapses. Collectively, our data indicate that propagation of α-synuclein through neural networks causes abnormalities in synaptic structure and dynamics prior to neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- , Neuramedy, Seoul, 04796, Republic of Korea.
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Adrian M, Weber M, Tsai MC, Glock C, Kahn OI, Phu L, Cheung TK, Meilandt WJ, Rose CM, Hoogenraad CC. Polarized microtubule remodeling transforms the morphology of reactive microglia and drives cytokine release. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6322. [PMID: 37813836 PMCID: PMC10562429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial reactivity is a pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases. During stimulation, microglia undergo complex morphological changes, including loss of their characteristic ramified morphology, which is routinely used to detect and quantify inflammation in the brain. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the relation between microglial morphology and their pathophysiological function are unknown. Here, proteomic profiling of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive microglia identifies microtubule remodeling pathways as an early factor that drives the morphological change and subsequently controls cytokine responses. We find that LPS-reactive microglia reorganize their microtubules to form a stable and centrosomally-anchored array to facilitate efficient cytokine trafficking and release. We identify cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk-1) as a critical upstream regulator of microtubule remodeling and morphological change in-vitro and in-situ. Cdk-1 inhibition also rescues tau and amyloid fibril-induced morphology changes. These results demonstrate a critical role for microtubule dynamics and reorganization in microglial reactivity and modulating cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Adrian
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Caspar Glock
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lilian Phu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tommy K Cheung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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60
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Sokolova D, Lee S, Childs T, Jurčáková N, Crowley G, De Schepper S, Ge JZ, Lachica JI, Toomey CE, Freeman OJ, Hardy J, Barnes SJ, Lashley T, Stevens B, Chang S, Hong S. Microglia-synapse engulfment via PtdSer-TREM2 ameliorates neuronal hyperactivity in Alzheimer's disease models. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113246. [PMID: 37575021 PMCID: PMC10548173 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity is a key feature of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic studies in AD support that microglia act as potential cellular drivers of disease risk, but the molecular determinants of microglia-synapse engulfment associated with neuronal hyperactivity in AD are unclear. Here, using super-resolution microscopy, 3D-live imaging of co-cultures, and in vivo imaging of lipids in genetic models, we found that spines become hyperactive upon Aβ oligomer stimulation and externalize phosphatidylserine (ePtdSer), a canonical "eat-me" signal. These apoptotic-like spines are targeted by microglia for engulfment via TREM2 leading to amelioration of Aβ oligomer-induced synaptic hyperactivity. We also show the in vivo relevance of ePtdSer-TREM2 signaling in microglia-synapse engulfment in the hAPP NL-F knock-in mouse model of AD. Higher levels of apoptotic-like synapses in mice as well as humans that carry TREM2 loss-of-function variants were also observed. Our work supports that microglia remove hyperactive ePtdSer+ synapses in Aβ-relevant context and suggest a potential beneficial role for microglia in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Neuroscience BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Sang‐Eun Lee
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natália Jurčáková
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Judy Z Ge
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joanne I Lachica
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Christina E Toomey
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | | | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Fonseca MI, Kramar E, Chu SH, Schartz N, Selvan P, Wood MA, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 signaling promotes region and age dependent synaptic pruning in models of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560234. [PMID: 37873302 PMCID: PMC10592845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. Complement-mediated synaptic pruning has been associated with this excessive loss of synapses in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of C5aR1 inhibition on microglial and astroglial synaptic pruning in two mouse models of AD. METHODS A combination of super-resolution and confocal and tridimensional image reconstruction was used to assess the effect of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 on the Arctic48 and Tg2576 models of AD. RESULTS Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 rescues the excessive pre-synaptic pruning and synaptic loss in an age and region dependent fashion in two mouse models of AD, which correlates with improved long-term potentiation (LTP). DISCUSSION Reduction of excessive synaptic pruning is an additional beneficial outcome of the suppression of C5a-C5aR1 signaling, further supporting its potential as an effective targeted therapy to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enikö Kramar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicole Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Phadke RA, Kruzich E, Fournier LA, Brack A, Sha M, Picard I, Johnson C, Stroumbakis D, Salgado M, Yeung C, Escude Velasco B, Liu YY, Cruz-Martín A. C4 induces pathological synaptic loss by impairing AMPAR trafficking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.09.556388. [PMID: 38014001 PMCID: PMC10680816 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.09.556388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
During development, activation of the complement pathway, an extracellular proteolytic cascade, results in microglia-dependent synaptic elimination via complement receptor 3 (CR3). Here, we report that decreased connectivity caused by overexpression of C4 (C4-OE), a schizophrenia-associated gene, is CR3 independent. Instead, C4-OE triggers GluR1 degradation through an intracellular mechanism involving endosomal trafficking protein SNX27, resulting in pathological synaptic loss. Moreover, the connectivity deficits associated with C4-OE were rescued by increasing levels of SNX27, linking excessive complement activity to an intracellular endolysosomal recycling pathway affecting synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhushikesh A. Phadke
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezra Kruzich
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke A. Fournier
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Brack
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingqi Sha
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ines Picard
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connor Johnson
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitri Stroumbakis
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Salgado
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Yeung
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Berta Escude Velasco
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yen Yu Liu
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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63
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Xing Y, Zhang D, Fang L, Wang J, Liu C, Wu D, Liu X, Wang X, Min W. Complement in Human Brain Health: Potential of Dietary Food in Relation to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2023; 12:3580. [PMID: 37835232 PMCID: PMC10572247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway is a major component of the innate immune system, which is critical for recognizing and clearing pathogens that rapidly react to defend the body against external pathogens. Many components of this pathway are expressed throughout the brain and play a beneficial role in synaptic pruning in the developing central nervous system (CNS). However, excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the aging or injured brain may play a contributing role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the CNS. This review considers the function and immunomodulatory mechanisms of C1q; the emerging role of C1q on synaptic pruning in developing, aging, or pathological CNS; the relevance of C1q; the complement pathway to neurodegenerative diseases; and, finally, it summarizes the foods with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases via C1q and complement pathway and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. This paper aims to provide references for the subsequent study of food functions related to C1q, complement, neurodegenerative diseases, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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64
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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65
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Tzioras M, Daniels MJD, Davies C, Baxter P, King D, McKay S, Varga B, Popovic K, Hernandez M, Stevenson AJ, Barrington J, Drinkwater E, Borella J, Holloway RK, Tulloch J, Moss J, Latta C, Kandasamy J, Sokol D, Smith C, Miron VE, Káradóttir RT, Hardingham GE, Henstridge CM, Brennan PM, McColl BW, Spires-Jones TL. Human astrocytes and microglia show augmented ingestion of synapses in Alzheimer's disease via MFG-E8. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101175. [PMID: 37652017 PMCID: PMC10518633 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data from mouse models suggests microglia are important for synapse degeneration, but direct human evidence for any glial involvement in synapse removal in human AD remains to be established. Here we observe astrocytes and microglia from human brains contain greater amounts of synaptic protein in AD compared with non-disease controls, and that proximity to amyloid-β plaques and the APOE4 risk gene exacerbate this effect. In culture, mouse and human astrocytes and primary mouse and human microglia phagocytose AD patient-derived synapses more than synapses from controls. Inhibiting interactions of MFG-E8 rescues the elevated engulfment of AD synapses by astrocytes and microglia without affecting control synapse uptake. Thus, AD promotes increased synapse ingestion by human glial cells at least in part via an MFG-E8 opsonophagocytic mechanism with potential for targeted therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makis Tzioras
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michael J D Daniels
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Paul Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Declan King
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Balazs Varga
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Karla Popovic
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Madison Hernandez
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anna J Stevenson
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Drinkwater
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Julia Borella
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rebecca K Holloway
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Moss
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; The Roslin Institute, the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Clare Latta
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jothy Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Drahoslav Sokol
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre at St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | | | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Paul M Brennan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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66
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Dutta D, Jana M, Paidi RK, Majumder M, Raha S, Dasarathy S, Pahan K. Tau fibrils induce glial inflammation and neuropathology via TLR2 in Alzheimer's disease-related mouse models. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e161987. [PMID: 37552543 PMCID: PMC10503811 DOI: 10.1172/jci161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and inflammation coincide with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in neurons. However, the mechanism behind the interaction between tau fibrils and glia is poorly understood. Here, we found that tau preformed fibrils (PFFs) caused induction of inflammation in microglia by specifically activating the TLR2/MyD88, but not the TLR4/MyD88, pathway. Accordingly, the WT TLR2-interacting domain of MyD88 (wtTIDM) peptide inhibited tau PFF-induced activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, resulting in reduced inflammation. Nasal administration of wtTIDM in P301S tau-expressing PS19 mice was found to inhibit gliosis and inflammatory markers, as well as to reduce pathogenic tau in the hippocampus, resulting in improved cognitive behavior in PS19 mice. The inhibitory effect of wtTIDM on tau pathology was absent in PS19 mice lacking TLR2, reinforcing the essential involvement of TLR2 in wtTIDM-mediated effects in vivo. Studying the mechanism further, we found that the tau promoter harbored a potential NF-κB-binding site and that proinflammatory molecules increased transcription of tau in neurons via NF-κB. These results suggest that tau-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathology require TLR2 and that neuroinflammation directly upregulates tau in neurons via NF-κB, highlighting a direct connection between inflammation and tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramesh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Moumita Majumder
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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67
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Zhou A, Cheng H, Liu H, Li L, Chen Z, Chen S, Wang C, Wang D. Neuroprotection of low-molecular-weight galactan obtained from Cantharellus cibarius Fr. against Alzheimer's disease. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121033. [PMID: 37321728 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large molecular weight of polysaccharides limits their absorption and utilization by organisms, affecting their biological activities. In this study, we purified α-1,6-galactan from Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (chanterelle) and reduced its molecular weight from approximately 20 kDa to 5 kDa (named CCP) to increase its solubility and absorption. In APP/PS1 mice, CCP improved both spatial and non-spatial memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice, as confirmed by the Morris water maze, step-down, step-through, and novel object recognition tests, and dampened the deposition of amyloid-β plaques, as assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Proteomic analysis suggested that the neuroprotective effects of CCP are related to anti-neuroinflammation. Immunofluorescence analysis and western blotting confirmed that CCP attenuated AD-like symptoms partly by inhibiting neuroinflammation, which was related to the blocking of complement component 3. Our study provides theoretical support and experimental evidence for the future application of chanterelle-extracted polysaccharides in AD treatment, promoting the modern development of traditional medicines originating from natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Haoyu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Honghan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, School of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, School of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, School of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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68
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Soteros BM, Tillmon H, Wollet M, General J, Chin H, Lee JB, Carreno FR, Morilak DA, Kim JH, Sia GM. Heterogeneous complement and microglia activation mediates stress-induced synapse loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546889. [PMID: 37425856 PMCID: PMC10327081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially heterogeneous synapse loss is a characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that spatially-restricted complement activation mediates stress-induced heterogeneous microglia activation and synapse loss localized to the upper layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Single cell RNA sequencing also reveals a stress-associated microglia state marked by high expression of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE high ) localized to the upper layers of the mPFC. Mice lacking complement component C3 are protected from stress-induced layer-specific synapse loss, and the ApoE high microglia population is markedly reduced in the mPFC of these mice. Furthermore, C3 knockout mice are also resilient to stress-induced anhedonia and working memory behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that region-specific complement and microglia activation can contribute to the disease-specific spatially restricted patterns of synapse loss and clinical symptoms found in many brain diseases.
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69
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Reece AS, Hulse GK. Perturbation of 3D nuclear architecture, epigenomic dysregulation and aging, and cannabinoid synaptopathy reconfigures conceptualization of cannabinoid pathophysiology: part 1-aging and epigenomics. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1182535. [PMID: 37732074 PMCID: PMC10507876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1182535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Much recent attention has been directed toward the spatial organization of the cell nucleus and the manner in which three-dimensional topologically associated domains and transcription factories are epigenetically coordinated to precisely bring enhancers into close proximity with promoters to control gene expression. Twenty lines of evidence robustly implicate cannabinoid exposure with accelerated organismal and cellular aging. Aging has recently been shown to be caused by increased DNA breaks. These breaks rearrange and maldistribute the epigenomic machinery to weaken and reverse cellular differentiation, cause genome-wide DNA demethylation, reduce gene transcription, and lead to the inhibition of developmental pathways, which contribute to the progressive loss of function and chronic immune stimulation that characterize cellular aging. Both cell lineage-defining superenhancers and the superanchors that control them are weakened. Cannabis exposure phenocopies the elements of this process and reproduces DNA and chromatin breakages, reduces the DNA, RNA protein and histone synthesis, interferes with the epigenomic machinery controlling both DNA and histone modifications, induces general DNA hypomethylation, and epigenomically disrupts both the critical boundary elements and the cohesin motors that create chromatin loops. This pattern of widespread interference with developmental programs and relative cellular dedifferentiation (which is pro-oncogenic) is reinforced by cannabinoid impairment of intermediate metabolism (which locks in the stem cell-like hyper-replicative state) and cannabinoid immune stimulation (which perpetuates and increases aging and senescence programs, DNA damage, DNA hypomethylation, genomic instability, and oncogenesis), which together account for the diverse pattern of teratologic and carcinogenic outcomes reported in recent large epidemiologic studies in Europe, the USA, and elsewhere. It also accounts for the prominent aging phenotype observed clinically in long-term cannabis use disorder and the 20 characteristics of aging that it manifests. Increasing daily cannabis use, increasing use in pregnancy, and exponential dose-response effects heighten the epidemiologic and clinical urgency of these findings. Together, these findings indicate that cannabinoid genotoxicity and epigenotoxicity are prominent features of cannabis dependence and strongly indicate coordinated multiomics investigations of cannabinoid genome-epigenome-transcriptome-metabolome, chromatin conformation, and 3D nuclear architecture. Considering the well-established exponential dose-response relationships, the diversity of cannabinoids, and the multigenerational nature of the implications, great caution is warranted in community cannabinoid penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Gary Kenneth Hulse
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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70
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Lau SF, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Receptor-ligand interaction controls microglial chemotaxis and amelioration of Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Neurochem 2023; 166:891-903. [PMID: 37603311 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia maintain brain homeostasis through their ability to survey and phagocytose danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglial phagocytic clearance regulates the turnover of neurotoxic DAMPs including amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. To mediate DAMP clearance, microglia express a repertoire of surface receptors to sense DAMPs; the activation of these receptors subsequently triggers a chemotaxis-to-phagocytosis functional transition in microglia. Therefore, the interaction between microglial receptors and DAMPs plays a critical role in controlling microglial DAMP clearance and AD pathogenesis. However, there is no comprehensive overview on how microglial sensome receptors interact with DAMPs and regulate various microglial functions, including chemotaxis and phagocytosis. In this review, we discuss the important axes of receptor-ligand interaction that control different microglial functions and their roles in AD pathogenesis. First, we summarize how the accumulation and structural changes of DAMPs trigger microglial functional impairment, including impaired DAMP clearance and aberrant synaptic pruning, in AD. Then, we discuss the important receptor-ligand axes that restore microglial DAMP clearance in AD and aging. These findings suggest that targeting microglial chemotaxis-the first critical step of the microglial chemotaxis-to-phagocytosis state transition-can promote microglial DAMP clearance in AD. Thus, our review highlights the importance of microglial chemotaxis in promoting microglial clearance activity in AD. Further detailed investigations are essential to identify the molecular machinery that controls microglial chemotaxis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fat Lau
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
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71
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Guan PP, Ge TQ, Wang P. As a Potential Therapeutic Target, C1q Induces Synapse Loss Via Inflammasome-activating Apoptotic and Mitochondria Impairment Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:267-284. [PMID: 37386257 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
C1q, the initiator of the classical pathway of the complement system, is activated during Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and progression and is especially associated with the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Activation of C1q is responsible for induction of synapse loss, leading to neurodegeneration in AD. Mechanistically, C1q could activate glial cells, which results in the loss of synapses via regulation of synapse pruning and phagocytosis in AD. In addition, C1q induces neuroinflammation by inducing proinflammatory cytokine secretion, which is partially mediated by inflammasome activation. Activation of inflammasomes might mediate the effects of C1q on induction of synapse apoptosis. On the other hand, activation of C1q impairs mitochondria, which hinders the renovation and regeneration of synapses. All these actions of C1q contribute to the loss of synapses during neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, pharmacological, or genetic interventions targeting C1q may provide potential therapeutic strategies for combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Qi Ge
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Datta D. Interrogating the Etiology of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Using Aging Rhesus Macaques: Cellular, Molecular, and Cortical Circuitry Perspectives. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1523-1534. [PMID: 37279946 PMCID: PMC10460555 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most significant risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with profound socioeconomic and personal costs. Consequently, there is an urgent need for animal models that recapitulate the age-related spatial and temporal complexity and patterns of pathology identical to human AD. Our research in aging nonhuman primate models involving rhesus macaques has revealed naturally occurring amyloid and tau pathology, including the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles comprising hyperphosphorylated tau. Moreover, rhesus macaques exhibit synaptic dysfunction in association cortices and cognitive impairments with advancing age, and thus can be used to interrogate the etiological mechanisms that generate neuropathological cascades in sporadic AD. Particularly, unique molecular mechanisms (eg, feedforward cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate [cAMP]-Protein kinase A (PKA)-calcium signaling) in the newly evolved primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are critical for persistent firing required for subserving higher-order cognition. For example, dendritic spines in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contain a specialized repertoire of proteins to magnify feedforward cAMP-PKA-calcium signaling such as N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors and calcium channels on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (eg, ryanodine receptors). This process is constrained by phosphodiesterases (eg, PDE4) that hydrolyze cAMP and calcium-buffering proteins (eg, calbindin) in the cytosol. However, genetic predispositions and age-related insults exacerbate feedforward cAMP-Protein kinase A-calcium signaling pathways that induce a myriad of downstream effects, including the opening of K+ channels to weaken network connectivity, calcium-mediated dysregulation of mitochondria, and activation of inflammatory cascades to eliminate synapses, thereby increasing susceptibility to atrophy. Therefore, aging rhesus macaques provide an invaluable model to explore novel therapeutic strategies in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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73
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Wang Y, Wu T, Tsai MC, Rezzonico MG, Abdel-Haleem AM, Xie L, Gandham VD, Ngu H, Stark K, Glock C, Xu D, Foreman O, Friedman BA, Sheng M, Hanson JE. TPL2 kinase activity regulates microglial inflammatory responses and promotes neurodegeneration in tauopathy mice. eLife 2023; 12:e83451. [PMID: 37555828 PMCID: PMC10411973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) (MAP3K8) is a central signaling node in the inflammatory response of peripheral immune cells. We find that TPL2 kinase activity modulates microglial cytokine release and is required for microglia-mediated neuron death in vitro. In acute in vivo neuroinflammation settings, TPL2 kinase activity regulates microglia activation states and brain cytokine levels. In a tauopathy model of chronic neurodegeneration, loss of TPL2 kinase activity reduces neuroinflammation and rescues synapse loss, brain volume loss, and behavioral deficits. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis indicates that protection in the tauopathy model was associated with reductions in activated microglia subpopulations as well as infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Overall, using various models, we find that TPL2 kinase activity can promote multiple harmful consequences of microglial activation in the brain including cytokine release, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) induction, astrocyte activation, and immune cell infiltration. Consequently, inhibiting TPL2 kinase activity could represent a potential therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mitchell G Rezzonico
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alyaa M Abdel-Haleem
- Computational Science & Exploratory Analytics, Roche IT, Hoffmann-La Roche LimitedMississaugaCanada
| | - Luke Xie
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Vineela D Gandham
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Kimberly Stark
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Caspar Glock
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daqi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
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74
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Zhong L, Sheng X, Wang W, Li Y, Zhuo R, Wang K, Zhang L, Hu DD, Hong Y, Chen L, Rao H, Li T, Chen M, Lin Z, Zhang YW, Wang X, Yan XX, Chen X, Bu G, Chen XF. TREM2 receptor protects against complement-mediated synaptic loss by binding to complement C1q during neurodegeneration. Immunity 2023; 56:1794-1808.e8. [PMID: 37442133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but its functions are not fully understood. Here, we found that TREM2 specifically attenuated the activation of classical complement cascade via high-affinity binding to its initiator C1q. In the human AD brains, the formation of TREM2-C1q complexes was detected, and the increased density of the complexes was associated with lower deposition of C3 but higher amounts of synaptic proteins. In mice expressing mutant human tau, Trem2 haploinsufficiency increased complement-mediated microglial engulfment of synapses and accelerated synaptic loss. Administration of a 41-amino-acid TREM2 peptide, which we identified to be responsible for TREM2 binding to C1q, rescued synaptic impairments in AD mouse models. We thus demonstrate a critical role for microglial TREM2 in restricting complement-mediated synaptic elimination during neurodegeneration, providing mechanistic insights into the protective roles of TREM2 against AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Xuan Sheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Wanbing Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rengong Zhuo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Lianshuai Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yujuan Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Linting Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Muyang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China.
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75
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Farsi Z, Sheng M. Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia: Insights from human genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102731. [PMID: 37245257 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide; however, its etiology is poorly understood at the molecular and neurobiological levels. A particularly important advance in recent years is the discovery of rare genetic variants associated with a greatly increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These primarily loss-of-function variants are found in genes that overlap with those implicated by common variants and are involved in the regulation of glutamate signaling, synaptic function, DNA transcription, and chromatin remodeling. Animal models harboring mutations in these large-effect schizophrenia risk genes show promise in providing additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farsi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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76
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Park J, Chung WS. Astrocyte-dependent circuit remodeling by synapse phagocytosis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102732. [PMID: 37247606 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, synaptic pruning, the removal of unnecessary synaptic contacts, is an essential process for proper circuit maturation in neurodevelopment as well as for synaptic homeostasis in the adult stage. Dysregulation of synaptic pruning can contribute to the initiation and progression of various mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, as well as neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. In the past 15 years, pioneering works have demonstrated that different types of glial cells regulate the number of synapses by selectively eliminating them through phagocytic molecular machinery. Although a majority of findings have been focused on microglia, it is increasingly evident that astrocytes function as a critical player in activity-dependent synapse elimination in developing, adult, and diseased brains. In this review, we will discuss recent findings showing the mechanisms and physiological importance of astrocyte-mediated synapse elimination in controlling synapses and circuit homeostasis. We propose that astrocytes play dominant and non-redundant roles in eliminating synapses during the activity-dependent circuit remodeling processes that do not involve neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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77
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Pampuscenko K, Morkuniene R, Krasauskas L, Smirnovas V, Brown GC, Borutaite V. Extracellular tau stimulates phagocytosis of living neurons by activated microglia via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 signalling axis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10813. [PMID: 37402829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In tauopathies, abnormal deposition of intracellular tau protein followed by gradual elevation of tau in cerebrospinal fluids and neuronal loss has been documented, however, the mechanism how actually neurons die under tau pathology is largely unknown. We have previously shown that extracellular tau protein (2N4R isoform) can stimulate microglia to phagocytose live neurons, i.e. cause neuronal death by primary phagocytosis, also known as phagoptosis. Here we show that tau protein induced caspase-1 activation in microglial cells via 'Toll-like' 4 (TLR4) receptors and neutral sphingomyelinase. Tau-induced neuronal loss was blocked by caspase-1 inhibitors (Ac-YVAD-CHO and VX-765) as well as by TLR4 antibodies. Inhibition of caspase-1 by Ac-YVAD-CHO prevented tau-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes and reduced microglial phagocytic activity. We also show that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome, which is down-stream of TLR4 receptors and mediates caspase-1 activation, by a specific inhibitor (MCC550) also prevented tau-induced neuronal loss. Moreover, NADPH oxidase is also involved in tau-induced neurotoxicity since neuronal loss was abolished by its pharmacological inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that extracellular tau protein stimulates microglia to phagocytose live neurons via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 axis and NADPH oxidase, each of which may serve as a potential molecular target for pharmacological treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryna Pampuscenko
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ramune Morkuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Krasauskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
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78
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Sunna S, Bowen CA, Ramelow CC, Santiago JV, Kumar P, Rangaraju S. Advances in proteomic phenotyping of microglia in neurodegeneration. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200183. [PMID: 37060300 PMCID: PMC10528430 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that sense, survey, and respond to changes in their environment. In disease states, microglia transform from homeostatic to diverse molecular phenotypic states that play complex and causal roles in neurologic disease pathogenesis, as evidenced by the identification of microglial genes as genetic risk factors for neurodegenerative disease. While advances in transcriptomic profiling of microglia from the CNS of humans and animal models have provided transformative insights, the transcriptome is only modestly reflective of the proteome. Proteomic profiling of microglia is therefore more likely to provide functionally and therapeutically relevant targets. In this review, we discuss molecular insights gained from transcriptomic studies of microglia in the context of Alzheimer's disease as a prototypic neurodegenerative disease, and highlight existing and emerging approaches for proteomic profiling of microglia derived from in vivo model systems and human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Sunna
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christine A. Bowen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina C. Ramelow
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juliet V. Santiago
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University,201 Dowman Drive Atlanta Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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79
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Yim YY, Nestler EJ. Cell-Type-Specific Neuroproteomics of Synapses. Biomolecules 2023; 13:998. [PMID: 37371578 PMCID: PMC10296650 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, our knowledge of synaptic proteomes and their relationship to normal brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders has been expanding rapidly through the use of more powerful neuroproteomic approaches. However, mass spectrometry (MS)-based neuroproteomic studies of synapses still require cell-type, spatial, and temporal proteome information. With the advancement of sample preparation and MS techniques, we have just begun to identify and understand proteomes within a given cell type, subcellular compartment, and cell-type-specific synapse. Here, we review the progress and limitations of MS-based neuroproteomics of synapses in the mammalian CNS and highlight the recent applications of these approaches in studying neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and substance use disorders. Combining neuroproteomic findings with other omics studies can generate an in-depth, comprehensive map of synaptic proteomes and possibly identify new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for several central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Yim
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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80
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Opland CK, Bryan MR, Harris B, McGillion-Moore J, Tian X, Chen Y, Itano MS, Diering GH, Meeker RB, Cohen TJ. Activity-dependent tau cleavage by caspase-3 promotes neuronal dysfunction and synaptotoxicity. iScience 2023; 26:106905. [PMID: 37305696 PMCID: PMC10251131 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau-mediated toxicity is associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. In particular, tau post-translational modifications (PTMs) are thought to generate aberrant tau species resulting in neuronal dysfunction. Despite being well characterized in postmortem AD brain, it is unclear how caspase-mediated C-terminal tau cleavage promotes neurodegeneration, as few studies have developed the models to dissect this pathogenic mechanism. Here, we show that proteasome impairment results in cleaved tau accumulation at the post-synaptic density (PSD), a process that is modulated by neuronal activity. Cleaved tau (at residue D421) impairs neuronal firing and causes inefficient initiation of network bursts, consistent with reduced excitatory drive. We propose that reduced neuronal activity, or silencing, is coupled to proteasome dysfunction, which drives cleaved tau accumulation at the PSD and subsequent synaptotoxicity. Our study connects three common themes in the progression of AD: impaired proteostasis, caspase-mediated tau cleavage, and synapse degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli K. Opland
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Miles R. Bryan
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Braxton Harris
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jake McGillion-Moore
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xu Tian
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Youjun Chen
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle S. Itano
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Graham H. Diering
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rick B. Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Todd J. Cohen
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA
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81
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Martin SC, Joyce KK, Harper KM, Nikolova VD, Cohen TJ, Moy SS, Diering GH. Sleep disruption precedes forebrain synaptic Tau burden and contributes to cognitive decline in a sex-dependent manner in the P301S Tau transgenic mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544101. [PMID: 37333395 PMCID: PMC10274785 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Sleep is an essential process that supports brain health and cognitive function in part through the modification of neuronal synapses. Sleep disruption, and impaired synaptic processes, are common features in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the casual role of sleep disruption in disease progression is not clear. Neurofibrillary tangles, made from hyperphosphorylated and aggregated Tau protein, form one of the major hallmark pathologies seen in AD and contribute to cognitive decline, synapse loss and neuronal death.Tau has been shown to aggregate in synapses which may impair restorative synapse processes occurring during sleep. However, it remains unclear how sleep disruption and synaptic Tau pathology interact to drive cognitive decline. It is also unclear whether the sexes show differential vulnerability to the effects of sleep loss in the context of neurodegeneration. Methods We used a piezoelectric home-cage monitoring system to measure sleep behavior in 3-11month-old transgenic hTau P301S Tauopathy model mice (PS19) and littermate controls of both sexes. Subcellular fractionation and Western blot was used to examine Tau pathology in mouse forebrain synapse fractions. To examine the role of sleep disruption in disease progression, mice were exposed to acute or chronic sleep disruption. The Morris water maze test was used to measure spatial learning and memory performance. Results PS19 mice exhibited a selective loss of sleep during the dark phase, referred to as hyperarousal, as an early symptom with an onset of 3months in females and 6months in males. At 6months, forebrain synaptic Tau burden did not correlate with sleep measures and was not affected by acute or chronic sleep disruption. Chronic sleep disruption accelerated the onset of decline of hippocampal spatial memory in PS19 males, but not females. Conclusions Dark phase hyperarousal is an early symptom in PS19 mice that precedes robust Tau aggregation. We find no evidence that sleep disruption is a direct driver of Tau pathology in the forebrain synapse. However, sleep disruption synergized with Tau pathology to accelerate the onset of cognitive decline in males. Despite the finding that hyperarousal appears earlier in females, female cognition was resilient to the effects of sleep disruption.
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Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao SK. Treponema denticola Has the Potential to Cause Neurodegeneration in the Midbrain via the Periodontal Route of Infection-Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6049. [PMID: 37297653 PMCID: PMC10252855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common example of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD are the abnormal deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. It is recognized that AD starts in the frontal cerebral cortex, and then it progresses to the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, and the rest of the brain. However, some studies on animals suggest that AD could also progress in the reverse order starting from the midbrain and then spreading to the frontal cortex. Spirochetes are neurotrophic: From a peripheral route of infection, they can reach the brain via the midbrain. Their direct and indirect effect via the interaction of their virulence factors and the microglia potentially leads to the host peripheral nerve, the midbrain (especially the locus coeruleus), and cortical damage. On this basis, this review aims to discuss the hypothesis of the ability of Treponema denticola to damage the peripheral axons in the periodontal ligament, to evade the complemental pathway and microglial immune response, to determine the cytoskeletal impairment and therefore causing the axonal transport disruption, an altered mitochondrial migration and the consequent neuronal apoptosis. Further insights about the central neurodegeneration mechanism and Treponema denticola's resistance to the immune response when aggregated in biofilm and its quorum sensing are suggested as a pathogenetic model for the advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Pisani
- Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Valerio Pisani
- IRCCS, “Santa Lucia” Foundation, Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASLRM1, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Geriatric Department, Advanced Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Via Emilio Morosini, 30, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Harding
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Simarjit Kaur Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Johnson AM, Lukens JR. The innate immune response in tauopathies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250266. [PMID: 36932726 PMCID: PMC10247424 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies, which include frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, are a class of neurological disorders resulting from pathogenic tau aggregates. These aggregates disrupt neuronal health and function leading to the cognitive and physical decline of tauopathy patients. Genome-wide association studies and clinical evidence have brought to light the large role of the immune system in inducing and driving tau-mediated pathology. More specifically, innate immune genes are found to harbor tauopathy risk alleles, and innate immune pathways are upregulated throughout the course of disease. Experimental evidence has expanded on these findings by describing pivotal roles for the innate immune system in the regulation of tau kinases and tau aggregates. In this review, we summarize the literature implicating innate immune pathways as drivers of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M. Johnson
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- BIG Training Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- BIG Training Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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84
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Wu M, Chen Z, Jiang M, Bao B, Li D, Yin X, Wang X, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Friend or foe: role of pathological tau in neuronal death. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2215-2227. [PMID: 36918705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal death is one of the most common pathological hallmarks of diverse neurological diseases, which manifest varying degrees of cognitive or motor dysfunction. Neuronal death can be classified into multiple forms with complicated and unique regulatory signaling pathways. Tau is a key microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons to stabilize microtubules under physiological conditions. In contrast, pathological tau always detaches from microtubules and is implicated in a series of neurological disorders that are characterized by irreversible neuronal death, such as necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-dependent neuronal death and phagocytosis by microglia. However, recent studies have also revealed that pathological tau can facilitate neuron escape from acute apoptosis, delay necroptosis through its action on granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (GVBs), and facilitate iron export from neurons to block ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly describe the current understanding of how pathological tau exerts dual effects on neuronal death by acting as a double-edged sword in different neurological diseases. We propose that elucidating the mechanism by which pathological tau affects neuronal death is critical for exploring novel and precise therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moxin Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Bing Bao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Dongling Li
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
| | - Xueren Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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85
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Chung HY, Wickel J, Hahn N, Mein N, Schwarzbrunn M, Koch P, Ceanga M, Haselmann H, Baade-Büttner C, von Stackelberg N, Hempel N, Schmidl L, Groth M, Andreas N, Götze J, Coldewey SM, Bauer M, Mawrin C, Dargvainiene J, Leypoldt F, Steinke S, Wang ZQ, Hust M, Geis C. Microglia mediate neurocognitive deficits by eliminating C1q-tagged synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7806. [PMID: 37235660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a severe and frequent complication of sepsis causing delirium, coma, and long-term cognitive dysfunction. We identified microglia and C1q complement activation in hippocampal autopsy tissue of patients with sepsis and increased C1q-mediated synaptic pruning in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model. Unbiased transcriptomics of hippocampal tissue and isolated microglia derived from septic mice revealed an involvement of the innate immune system, complement activation, and up-regulation of lysosomal pathways during SAE in parallel to neuronal and synaptic damage. Microglial engulfment of C1q-tagged synapses could be prevented by stereotactic intrahippocampal injection of a specific C1q-blocking antibody. Pharmacologically targeting microglia by PLX5622, a CSF1-R inhibitor, reduced C1q levels and the number of C1q-tagged synapses, protected from neuronal damage and synapse loss, and improved neurocognitive outcome. Thus, we identified complement-dependent synaptic pruning by microglia as a crucial pathomechanism for the development of neuronal defects during SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nina Hahn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nils Mein
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Meike Schwarzbrunn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Mihai Ceanga
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Holger Haselmann
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Carolin Baade-Büttner
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nikolai von Stackelberg
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nina Hempel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Lars Schmidl
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Juliane Götze
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sina M Coldewey
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07749, Germany
| | | | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, UKSH, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07745, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Michael Hust
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
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86
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Aryal S, Bonanno K, Song B, Mani DR, Keshishian H, Carr SA, Sheng M, Dejanovic B. Deep proteomics identifies shared molecular pathway alterations in synapses of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and mouse model. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112497. [PMID: 37171958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). We use quantitative mass spectrometry to carry out deep, unbiased proteomic profiling of synapses purified from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 35 cases of SCZ, 35 cases of BP, and 35 controls. Compared with controls, SCZ and BP synapses show substantial and similar proteomic alterations. Network analyses reveal upregulation of proteins associated with autophagy and certain vesicle transport pathways and downregulation of proteins related to synaptic, mitochondrial, and ribosomal function in the synapses of individuals with SCZ or BP. Some of the same pathways are similarly dysregulated in the synaptic proteome of mutant mice deficient in Akap11, a recently discovered shared risk gene for SCZ and BP. Our work provides biological insights into molecular dysfunction at the synapse in SCZ and BP and serves as a resource for understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Aryal
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Bonanno
- The Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bryan Song
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - D R Mani
- The Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hasmik Keshishian
- The Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Borislav Dejanovic
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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87
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Wen L, Yang X, Wu Z, Fu S, Zhan Y, Chen Z, Bi D, Shen Y. The complement inhibitor CD59 is required for GABAergic synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112349. [PMID: 37027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent microglia pruning of excitatory synapses has been widely reported in physiological and pathological conditions, with few reports concerning pruning of inhibitory synapses or direct regulation of synaptic transmission by complement components. Here, we report that loss of CD59, an important endogenous inhibitor of the complement system, leads to compromised spatial memory performance. Furthermore, CD59 deficiency impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). This depends on regulation of GABA release triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) rather than inhibitory synaptic pruning by microglia. Notably, CD59 colocalizes with inhibitory pre-synaptic terminals and regulates SNARE complex assembly. Together, these results demonstrate that the complement regulator CD59 plays an important role in normal hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumei Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaxi Zhan
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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88
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Ponnusamy M, Wang S, Yuksel M, Hansen MT, Blazier DM, McMillan JD, Zhang X, Dammer EB, Collier L, Thinakaran G. Loss of forebrain BIN1 attenuates hippocampal pathology and neuroinflammation in a tauopathy model. Brain 2023; 146:1561-1579. [PMID: 36059072 PMCID: PMC10319775 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is the second most prevalent genetic risk factor identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. BIN1 encodes an adaptor protein that regulates membrane dynamics in the context of endocytosis and neurotransmitter vesicle release. In vitro evidence suggests that BIN1 can directly bind to tau in the cytosol. In addition, BIN1's function limits extracellular tau seed uptake by endocytosis and subsequent propagation as well as influences tau release through exosomes. However, the in vivo roles of BIN1 in tau pathogenesis and tauopathy-mediated neurodegeneration remain uncharacterized. We generated conditional knockout mice with a selective loss of Bin1 expression in the forebrain excitatory neurons and oligodendrocytes in P301S human tau transgenic background (line PS19). PS19 mice develop age-dependent tau neuropathology and motor deficits and are commonly used to study Alzheimer's disease tau pathophysiology. The severity of motor deficits and neuropathology was compared between experimental and control mice that differ with respect to forebrain BIN1 expression. BIN1's involvement in tau pathology and neuroinflammation was quantified by biochemical methods and immunostaining. Transcriptome changes were profiled by RNA-sequencing analysis to gain molecular insights. The loss of forebrain BIN1 expression in PS19 mice exacerbated tau pathology in the somatosensory cortex, thalamus, spinal cord and sciatic nerve, accelerated disease progression and caused early death. Intriguingly, the loss of BIN1 also mitigated tau neuropathology in select regions, including the hippocampus, entorhinal/piriform cortex, and amygdala, thus attenuating hippocampal synapse loss, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and brain atrophy. At the molecular level, the loss of forebrain BIN1 elicited complex neuronal and non-neuronal transcriptomic changes, including altered neuroinflammatory gene expression, concomitant with an impaired microglial transition towards the disease-associated microglial phenotype. These results provide crucial new information on in vivo BIN1 function in the context of tau pathogenesis. We conclude that forebrain neuronal BIN1 expression promotes hippocampal tau pathogenesis and neuroinflammation. Our findings highlight an exciting region specificity in neuronal BIN1 regulation of tau pathogenesis and reveal cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms involved in BIN1 modulation of tau neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moorthi Ponnusamy
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Melike Yuksel
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mitchell T Hansen
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Danielle M Blazier
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph D McMillan
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa Collier
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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89
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Dzyubenko E, Hermann DM. Role of glia and extracellular matrix in controlling neuroplasticity in the central nervous system. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00989-1. [PMID: 37052711 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity is critical for the maintenance and modulation of brain activity. Emerging evidence indicates that glial cells actively shape neuroplasticity, allowing for highly flexible regulation of synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and network synchronization. Astrocytes regulate synaptogenesis, stabilize synaptic connectivity, and preserve the balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal networks. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, continuously monitor and sculpt synapses, allowing for the remodeling of brain circuits. Glia-mediated neuroplasticity is driven by neuronal activity, controlled by a plethora of feedback signaling mechanisms and crucially involves extracellular matrix remodeling in the central nervous system. This review summarizes the key findings considering neurotransmission regulation and metabolic support by astrocyte-neuronal networks, and synaptic remodeling mediated by microglia. Novel data indicate that astrocytes and microglia are pivotal for controlling brain function, indicating the necessity to rethink neurocentric neuroplasticity views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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90
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Griffiths J, Grant SGN. Synapse pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:13-23. [PMID: 35690535 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapse loss and damage are central features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contribute to the onset and progression of its behavioural and physiological features. Here we review the literature describing synapse pathology in AD, from what we have learned from microscopy in terms of its impacts on synapse architecture, to the mechanistic role of Aβ, tau and glial cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the link with AD risk genes. We consider the emerging view that synapse pathology may operate at a further level, that of synapse diversity, and discuss the prospects for leveraging new synaptome mapping methods to comprehensively understand the molecular properties of vulnerable and resilient synapses. Uncovering AD impacts on brain synapse diversity should inform therapeutic approaches targeted at preserving or replenishing lost and damaged synapses and aid the interpretation of clinical imaging approaches that aim to measure synapse damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Griffiths
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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91
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Zhou J, Wade SD, Graykowski D, Xiao MF, Zhao B, Giannini LAA, Hanson JE, van Swieten JC, Sheng M, Worley PF, Dejanovic B. The neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity and restrains microglia-mediated synapse loss in neurodegeneration. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf0141. [PMID: 36989373 PMCID: PMC10467038 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Complement overactivation mediates microglial synapse elimination in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but how complement activity is regulated in the brain remains largely unknown. We identified that the secreted neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 binds complement C1q and thereby regulates its activity in the brain. Nptx2-deficient mice show increased complement activity, C1q-dependent microglial synapse engulfment, and loss of excitatory synapses. In a neuroinflammation culture model and in aged TauP301S mice, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated neuronal overexpression of Nptx2 was sufficient to restrain complement activity and ameliorate microglia-mediated synapse loss. Analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a genetic FTD cohort revealed reduced concentrations of Nptx2 and Nptx2-C1q protein complexes in symptomatic patients, which correlated with elevated C1q and activated C3. Together, these results show that Nptx2 regulates complement activity and microglial synapse elimination in the brain and that diminished Nptx2 concentrations might exacerbate complement-mediated neurodegeneration in patients with FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Zhou
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah D. Wade
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | | | - Mei-Fang Xiao
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Binhui Zhao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Lucia A. A. Giannini
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Netherlands
| | | | - John C. van Swieten
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Netherlands
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Paul F. Worley
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
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92
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De Schepper S, Ge JZ, Crowley G, Ferreira LSS, Garceau D, Toomey CE, Sokolova D, Rueda-Carrasco J, Shin SH, Kim JS, Childs T, Lashley T, Burden JJ, Sasner M, Sala Frigerio C, Jung S, Hong S. Perivascular cells induce microglial phagocytic states and synaptic engulfment via SPP1 in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:406-415. [PMID: 36747024 PMCID: PMC9991912 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic loss, which can result from dysfunctional microglial phagocytosis and complement activation. However, what signals drive aberrant microglia-mediated engulfment of synapses in AD is unclear. Here we report that secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1/osteopontin) is upregulated predominantly by perivascular macrophages and, to a lesser extent, by perivascular fibroblasts. Perivascular SPP1 is required for microglia to engulf synapses and upregulate phagocytic markers including C1qa, Grn and Ctsb in presence of amyloid-β oligomers. Absence of Spp1 expression in AD mouse models results in prevention of synaptic loss. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing and putative cell-cell interaction analyses reveal that perivascular SPP1 induces microglial phagocytic states in the hippocampus of a mouse model of AD. Altogether, we suggest a functional role for SPP1 in perivascular cells-to-microglia crosstalk, whereby SPP1 modulates microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment in mouse models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan De Schepper
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judy Z Ge
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laís S S Ferreira
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christina E Toomey
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Javier Rueda-Carrasco
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sun-Hye Shin
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology (IRB), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jung-Seok Kim
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology (IRB), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Carlo Sala Frigerio
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology (IRB), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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93
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Exosomes: A missing link between chronic systemic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease? Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114161. [PMID: 36641928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are potent mediators of physiological and pathological processes. In Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory disorders, due to exosomes' distinctive ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, a bidirectional communication between the periphery and the central nervous system exists. Since exosomes can carry various biochemical molecules, this review investigates the role of exosomes as possible mediators between chronic systemic inflammatory diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Exosomes carry pro-inflammatory molecules generated in the periphery, travel to the central nervous system, and target glial and neuronal cells. Microglia and astrocytes then become activated, initiating chronic neuroinflammation. As the aging brain is more susceptible to such changes, this state of neuroinflammation can stimulate neuropathologies, impair amyloid-beta clearance capabilities, and generate dysregulated microRNAs that alter the expression of genes critical in Alzheimer's disease pathology. These processes, individually and collectively, become significant risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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94
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Guo Q, Li Y, Xu S, Wang P, Qian K, Yang P, Sheng D, Wang L, Cheng Y, Meng R, Cao J, Luo H, Wei Y, Zhang Q. Brain-neuron targeted nanoparticles for peptide synergy therapy at dual-target of Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2023; 355:604-621. [PMID: 36738970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the complex interactions of multiple mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) preclude the monotherapeutic approaches from clinical application, combination therapy has become an attractive strategy for AD treatment. However, to be emphasized, the realization of the edges of combination therapy greatly depends on the reasonable choice of targets and the rational design of combination scheme. Acknowledgedly, amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) are two main hallmarks in AD with close pathological correlations, implying the hopeful prospect of combined intervention in them for AD treatment. Herein, we developed the nano-combination system, neuron-targeting PEG-PLA nanoparticles (CT-NP) loading two peptide drugs H102, a β-sheet breaker acting on Aβ, and NAP, a microtubule stabilizer acting on p-tau. Compared with free peptide combination, nano-combination system partly aligned the in vivo behaviors of combined peptides and enhanced peptide accumulation in lesion neurons by the guidance of targeting peptide CGN and Tet1, facilitating the therapeutic performance of peptide combination. Further, to maximize the therapeutic potential of nano-combination system, the combination ratio and mode were screened by the quantitative evaluation with combination index and U test, respectively, in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the separated-loading CT-NP at the combination molar ratio of 2:1 (H102:NAP), CT-NP/H102 + CT-NP/NAP(2:1), generated the strongest synergistic therapeutic effects on Aβ, p-tau and their linkage, and effectually prevented neuroinflammation, reversed the neuronal damage and restored cognitive performance in 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mice. Our studies provide critical data on the effectiveness of nano-combination therapy simultaneously intervening in Aβ and p-tau, confirming the promising application of nano-combination strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Meng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China.
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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95
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Batenburg KL, Sestito C, Cornelissen-Steijger P, van Weering JRT, Price LS, Heine VM, Scheper W. A 3D human co-culture to model neuron-astrocyte interactions in tauopathies. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:4. [PMID: 36814189 PMCID: PMC9948470 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraneuronal tau aggregation is the major pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative tauopathies. It is now generally acknowledged that tau aggregation also affects astrocytes in a cell non-autonomous manner. However, mechanisms involved are unclear, partly because of the lack of models that reflect the situation in the human tauopathy brain. To accurately model neuron-astrocyte interaction in tauopathies, there is a need for a model that contains both human neurons and human astrocytes, intraneuronal tau pathology and mimics the three-dimensional architecture of the brain. RESULTS Here we established a novel 100-200 µm thick 3D human neuron/astrocyte co-culture model of tau pathology, comprising homogenous populations of hiPSC-derived neurons and primary human astrocytes in microwell format. Using confocal, electron and live microscopy, we validate the procedures by showing that neurons in the 3D co-culture form pre- and postsynapses and display spontaneous calcium transients within 4 weeks. Astrocytes in the 3D co-culture display bipolar and stellate morphologies with extensive processes that ensheath neuronal somas, spatially align with axons and dendrites and can be found perisynaptically. The complex morphology of astrocytes and the interaction with neurons in the 3D co-culture mirrors that in the human brain, indicating the model's potential to study physiological and pathological neuron-astrocyte interaction in vitro. Finally, we successfully implemented a methodology to introduce seed-independent intraneuronal tau aggregation in the 3D co-culture, enabling study of neuron-astrocyte interaction in early tau pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data provide proof-of-concept for the utility of this rapid, miniaturized, and standardized 3D model for cell type-specific manipulations, such as the intraneuronal pathology that is associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Batenburg
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Sestito
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V. (Formerly OcellO B.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Cornelissen-Steijger
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo S. Price
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V. (Formerly OcellO B.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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96
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Botulinum neurotoxin A ameliorates depressive-like behavior in a reserpine-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model via suppressing hippocampal microglial engulfment and neuroinflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023:10.1038/s41401-023-01058-x. [PMID: 36765267 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the clinic, botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) has been used to treat depression. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-depressive effect of BoNT/A in a PD mouse model. Mice were administered reserpine (3 μg/mL in the drinking water) for 10 weeks. From the 10th week, BoNT/A (10 U·kg-1·d-1) was injected into the cheek for 3 consecutive days. We showed that chronic administration of reserpine produced the behavioral phenotypes of depression and neurochemical changes in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum. BoNT/A treatment significantly ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors, but did not improve TH activity in SNpc of reserpine-treated mice. We demonstrated that BoNT/A treatment reversed reserpine-induced complement and microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, BoNT/A treatment significantly attenuated the microglial engulfment of presynaptic synapses, thus ameliorating the apparent synapse and spine loss in the hippocampus in the reserpine-treated mice. Moreover, BoNT/A treatment suppressed microglia-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in reserpine-treated mice. In addition, we showed that BoNT/A (0.1 U/mL) ameliorated reserpine-induced complement and microglia activation in mouse BV2 microglial cells in vitro. We conclude that BoNT/A ameliorates depressive-like behavior in a reserpine-induced PD mouse model through reversing the synapse loss mediated by classical complement induced-microglial engulfment as well as alleviating microglia-mediated proinflammatory responses. BoNT/A ameliorates depressive-like behavior, and reverses synapse loss mediated by classical complement pathway-initiated microglia engulfment as well as alleviates microglia-mediated proinflammatory response in the reserpine-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model.
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97
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Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Tau; One Protein, So Many Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:244. [PMID: 36829521 PMCID: PMC9953016 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tau, a member of the microtubule-associated proteins, is a known component of the neuronal cytoskeleton; however, in the brain tissue, it is involved in other vital functions beyond maintaining the cellular architecture. The pathologic tau forms aggregates inside the neurons and ultimately forms the neurofibrillary tangles. Intracellular and extracellular accumulation of different tau isoforms, including dimers, oligomers, paired helical filaments and tangles, lead to a highly heterogenous group of diseases named "Tauopathies". About twenty-six different types of tauopathy diseases have been identified that have different clinical phenotypes or pathophysiological characteristics. Although all these diseases are identified by tau aggregation, they are distinguishable based on the specific tau isoforms, the affected cell types and the brain regions. The neuropathological and phenotypical heterogeneity of these diseases impose significant challenges for discovering new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the recent literature on tau protein and the pathophysiological mechanisms of tauopathies. This article mainly focuses on physiologic and pathologic tau and aims to summarize the upstream and downstream events and discuss the current diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Burgelman M, Dujardin P, Vandendriessche C, Vandenbroucke RE. Free complement and complement containing extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1055050. [PMID: 36741417 PMCID: PMC9896008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is implicated in a broad range of neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, measuring complement levels in biofluids could serve as a potential biomarker for these diseases. Indeed, complement levels are shown to be altered in patients compared to controls, and some studies reported a correlation between the level of free complement in biofluids and disease progression, severity or the response to therapeutics. Overall, they are not (yet) suitable as a diagnostic tool due to heterogeneity of reported results. Moreover, measurement of free complement proteins has the disadvantage that information on their origin is lost, which might be of value in a multi-parameter approach for disease prediction and stratification. In light of this, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could provide a platform to improve the diagnostic power of complement proteins. EVs are nanosized double membrane particles that are secreted by essentially every cell type and resemble the (status of the) cell of origin. Interestingly, EVs can contain complement proteins, while the cellular origin can still be determined by the presence of EV surface markers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and future opportunities on the use of free and EV-associated complement proteins as biomarkers for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Burgelman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Dujardin
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,*Correspondence: Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke,
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99
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Gratuze M, Schlachetzki JCM, D'Oliveira Albanus R, Jain N, Novotny B, Brase L, Rodriguez L, Mansel C, Kipnis M, O'Brien S, Pasillas MP, Lee C, Manis M, Colonna M, Harari O, Glass CK, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. TREM2-independent microgliosis promotes tau-mediated neurodegeneration in the presence of ApoE4. Neuron 2023; 111:202-219.e7. [PMID: 36368315 PMCID: PMC9852006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to tau and Aβ pathologies, inflammation plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variants in APOE and TREM2 increase AD risk. ApoE4 exacerbates tau-linked neurodegeneration and inflammation in P301S tau mice and removal of microglia blocks tau-dependent neurodegeneration. Microglia adopt a heterogeneous population of transcriptomic states in response to pathology, at least some of which are dependent on TREM2. Previously, we reported that knockout (KO) of TREM2 attenuated neurodegeneration in P301S mice that express mouse Apoe. Because of the possible common pathway of ApoE and TREM2 in AD, we tested whether TREM2 KO (T2KO) would block neurodegeneration in P301S Tau mice expressing ApoE4 (TE4), similar to that observed with microglial depletion. Surprisingly, we observed exacerbated neurodegeneration and tau pathology in TE4-T2KO versus TE4 mice, despite decreased TREM2-dependent microgliosis. Our results suggest that tau pathology-dependent microgliosis, that is, TREM2-independent microgliosis, facilitates tau-mediated neurodegeneration in the presence of ApoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricardo D'Oliveira Albanus
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brenna Novotny
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lea Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clayton Mansel
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michal Kipnis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sydney O'Brien
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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100
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Rapino F, Natoli T, Limone F, O'Connor E, Blank J, Tegtmeyer M, Chen W, Norabuena E, Narula J, Hazelbaker D, Angelini G, Barrett L, O'Neil A, Beattie UK, Thanos JM, de Rivera H, Sheridan SD, Perlis RH, McCarroll SA, Stevens B, Subramanian A, Nehme R, Rubin LL. Small-molecule screen reveals pathways that regulate C4 secretion in stem cell-derived astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:237-253. [PMID: 36563689 PMCID: PMC9860128 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the complement system plays a crucial role in the immune response and in synaptic elimination during normal development and disease. Here, we sought to identify pathways that modulate the production of complement component 4 (C4), recently associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. To design a disease-relevant assay, we first developed a rapid and robust 3D protocol capable of producing large numbers of astrocytes from pluripotent cells. Transcriptional profiling of these astrocytes confirmed the homogeneity of this population of dorsal fetal-like astrocytes. Using a novel ELISA-based small-molecule screen, we identified epigenetic regulators, as well as inhibitors of intracellular signaling pathways, able to modulate C4 secretion from astrocytes. We then built a connectivity map to predict and validate additional key regulatory pathways, including one involving c-Jun-kinase. This work provides a foundation for developing therapies for CNS diseases involving the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rapino
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Ted Natoli
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erin O'Connor
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jack Blank
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew Tegtmeyer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Erika Norabuena
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juhi Narula
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dane Hazelbaker
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriella Angelini
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lindy Barrett
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alison O'Neil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ursula K Beattie
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jessica M Thanos
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather de Rivera
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ralda Nehme
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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