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Radchenko EE, Abdullaev RA, Anisimova IN. Genetic Resources of Cereal Crops for Aphid Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111490. [PMID: 35684263 PMCID: PMC9182920 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genetic resources of cereal crops in terms of resistance to aphids are reviewed. Phytosanitary destabilization led to a significant increase in the harmfulness of this group of insects. The breeding of resistant plant genotypes is a radical, the cheapest, and environmentally safe way of pest control. The genetic homogeneity of crops hastens the adaptive microevolution of harmful organisms. Both major and minor aphid resistance genes of cereal plants interact with insects differentially. Therefore, rational breeding envisages the expansion of the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties. The possibilities of replenishing the stock of effective resistance genes by studying the collection of cultivated cereals, introgression, and creating mutant forms are considered. The interaction of insects with plants is subject to the gene-for-gene relationship. Plant resistance genes are characterized by close linkage and multiple allelism. The realizing plant genotype depends on the phytophage biotype. Information about the mechanisms of constitutional and induced plant resistance is discussed. Resistance genes differ in terms of stability of expression. The duration of the period when varieties remain resistant is not related either to its phenotypic manifestation or to the number of resistance genes. One explanation for the phenomenon of durable resistance is the association of the virulence mutation with pest viability.
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Ollivier R, Glory I, Cloteau R, Le Gallic JF, Denis G, Morlière S, Miteul H, Rivière JP, Lesné A, Klein A, Aubert G, Kreplak J, Burstin J, Pilet-Nayel ML, Simon JC, Sugio A. A major-effect genetic locus, ApRVII, controlling resistance against both adapted and non-adapted aphid biotypes in pea. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1511-1528. [PMID: 35192006 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A genome-wide association study for pea resistance against a pea-adapted biotype and a non-adapted biotype of the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, identified a genomic region conferring resistance to both biotypes. In a context of reduced insecticide use, the development of cultivars resistant to insect pests is crucial for an integrated pest management. Pea (Pisum sativum) is a crop of major importance among cultivated legumes, for the supply of dietary proteins and nitrogen in low-input cropping systems. However, yields of the pea crop have become unstable due to plant parasites. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is an insect pest species forming a complex of biotypes, each one adapted to feed on one or a few related legume species. This study aimed to identify resistance to A. pisum and the underlying genetic determinism by examining a collection of 240 pea genotypes. The collection was screened against a pea-adapted biotype and a non-adapted biotype of A. pisum to characterize their resistant phenotype. Partial resistance was observed in some pea genotypes exposed to the pea-adapted biotype. Many pea genotypes were completely resistant to non-adapted biotype, but some exhibited partial susceptibility. A genome-wide association study, using pea exome-capture sequencing data, enabled the identification of the major-effect quantitative trait locus ApRVII on the chromosome 7. ApRVII includes linkage disequilibrium blocks significantly associated with resistance to one or both of the two aphid biotypes studied. Finally, we identified candidate genes underlying ApRVII that are potentially involved in plant-aphid interactions and marker haplotypes linked with aphid resistance. This study sets the ground for the functional characterization of molecular pathways involved in pea defence to the aphids but also is a step forward for breeding aphid-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Ollivier
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Isabelle Glory
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Romuald Cloteau
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Gaëtan Denis
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Henri Miteul
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Angélique Lesné
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Anthony Klein
- Agroécologie, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroécologie, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Jonathan Kreplak
- Agroécologie, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Judith Burstin
- Agroécologie, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21065, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Akiko Sugio
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France.
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Snoeck S, Guayazán-Palacios N, Steinbrenner AD. Molecular tug-of-war: Plant immune recognition of herbivory. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1497-1513. [PMID: 35026025 PMCID: PMC9048929 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses against insect herbivores are induced through wound-induced signaling and the specific perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). In addition, herbivores can deliver effectors that suppress plant immunity. Here we review plant immune recognition of HAMPs and effectors, and argue that these initial molecular interactions upon a plant-herbivore encounter mediate and structure effective resistance. While the number of distinct HAMPs and effectors from both chewing and piercing-sucking herbivores has expanded rapidly with omics-enabled approaches, paired receptors and targets in the host are still not well characterized. Herbivore-derived effectors may also be recognized as HAMPs depending on the host plant species, potentially through the evolution of novel immune receptor functions. We compile examples of HAMPs and effectors where natural variation between species may inform evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we discuss the combined effects of wounding and HAMP recognition, and review potential signaling hubs, which may integrate both sensing functions. Understanding the precise mechanisms for plant sensing of herbivores will be critical for engineering resistance in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ray S, Casteel CL. Effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1514-1531. [PMID: 35277714 PMCID: PMC9048964 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjit Ray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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55
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Kansman JT, Basu S, Casteel CL, Crowder DW, Lee BW, Nihranz CT, Finke DL. Plant Water Stress Reduces Aphid Performance: Exploring Mechanisms Driven by Water Stress Intensity. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.846908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought alters plant traits in ways that affect herbivore performance. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the plant-derived mechanisms that mediate insect responses to drought. Water stress occurs along gradients of intensity, and the impacts of drought intensity on plant-insect interactions is understudied. Here, we assessed aphid performance on wheat plants exposed to a gradient of water stress and measured plant nutrients and phytohormones that may mediate aphid response to drought. We show that water stress reduced aphid performance, and the negative effect grew stronger as the magnitude of water stress increased. The plant response to water limitation was not consistent across the stress gradient and was reliant on the trait measured. Water limitation did not affect whole-plant nitrogen; however, water limitation did reduce amino acid concentration and increase sugars, but only under high stress intensity. The phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA), and the expression of their associated gene transcripts, were also differentially affected by water stress intensity. In well-watered conditions, aphid feeding increased concentrations of the defense-related hormones SA and JA over time; however, any amount of water limitation prevented aphid induction of JA. Although aphids may experience a reprieve from JA-related defenses in stressed conditions, SA levels remain high in response to aphid feeding, indicating aphids are still vulnerable to SA-related defenses. Any level of water stress also increased the expression of a callose-associated gene transcript, a physical defense that impairs feeding. Thus, poor aphid performance on mildly-stressed plants was correlated with increased plant defenses, whereas poor performance on highly-stressed plants was correlated with stronger plant defense induction and reduced plant nutritional quality. Understanding the mechanisms driving aphid and plant performance under water stress conditions can improve our ability to predict how aphid populations will respond to climate change.
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Shi JH, Liu H, Pham TC, Hu XJ, Liu L, Wang C, Foba CN, Wang SB, Wang MQ. Volatiles and hormones mediated root-knot nematode induced wheat defense response to foliar herbivore aphid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152840. [PMID: 34995605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-leaf communication signals are critical for plant defense. Numerous studies show that belowground organisms can alter systemically resistance traits in aboveground parts against herbivores. However, there are limited studies on root-knot nematode-aphid interaction. Moreover, the impact of nematode's initial density and infection time on plant defense is poorly understood. Here we aim to examine the induced defense responses by root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita against aboveground feeding aphid Sitobion avenae in wheat. Further, we investigated the influence of the nematode infection density as well as the length of infection in these interactions. We tested the direct and indirect defense responses triggered by M. incognita against S. avenae as well as how the responses affect the preference of Harmonia axyridis. Plant volatiles and hormones were determined to explore plant defense mechanisms that mediate aboveground-belowground defense. The photosynthetic rate was tested to examine plant tolerance strategy. We found that, both low and high densities M. incognita root infection at 7 days post inoculation (dpi) reduced the feeding of the aphid S. avenae. Behavioral assay showed that H. axyridis preferred plants co-damaged by both M. incognita and S. avenae at 7 dpi. M. incognita infection induced the changes of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and volatile content, which mediated plant response to S. avenae. Furthermore, photosynthetic rate in wheat increased at 5 dpi under 300 M. incognita or 1000 M. incognita infection. These results suggest that plant roots induced multiple defense strategies against foliar herbivores as damages increased. Our study provides evidence of a complex dynamic response of wheat aboveground defense against aphids in response to belowground nematode damage on a temporal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - The Cuong Pham
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu-Bo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Karimi K, Sadeghi A, Maroufpoor M, Azizi A. Induction of resistance to Myzus persicae-nicotianae in Cucumber mosaic virus infected tobacco plants using silencing of CMV-2b gene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4096. [PMID: 35260757 PMCID: PMC8904847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids such as tobacco aphid Myzus persicae-nicotianae, are among the most important plant viral vectors and plant viruses encode genes to interact with their vectors. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) encodes 2b protein as a suppressor of plant immune and it plays a vital role in CMV accumulation and susceptibility to aphid vectors. In this study, the resistance of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) to M. p. nicotianae was evaluated by silencing of 2b in CMV-infected plants. However, the pFGC-C.h silencing gene construct was transiently expressed using Agrobacterium tumefacience, LBA 4404 in tobacco leaves, and four days later, the plants were mechanically inoculated by CMV (Kurdistan isolate), and then, 15 days post-inoculation 1 nonviruliferous aphid was placed on each leaf for evaluation of resistance to M. p. nicotianae. To evaluate the tobacco plants resistance and susceptibility to M. p. nicotianae, the number of aphids existent per tobacco leaf, life table and, demographic parameters were recorded and used as a comparison indicator. The obtained results were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The highest number of aphids was recorded on the control CMV-infected plants, while the lowest number on CMV infected leaves expressing CMV-2b silencing construct (pFGC-C.h). The obtained data revealed the lowest rate for all of intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) (0.246/day), the rate of reproduction (r0) (17.04 females/generation), and finite rate of increase (λ) (1.279/day), on the pFGC-C.h treatment. The maximum generation time (T) (11.834 days) was observed on (V) treatment. However, the collected data revealed induction of resistance to tobacco aphids by silencing of CMV-2b in CMV infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazhal Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amin Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | | | - Abdolbaset Azizi
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Phytohormone Profile of Medicago in Response to Mycorrhizal Fungi, Aphids, and Gibberellic Acid. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060720. [PMID: 35336602 PMCID: PMC8951282 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although gibberellic acid (GA) is widely used in agriculture, it is unclear whether exogenous GA makes aphid-infested, mycorrhizal plants more susceptible to herbivory. This study investigates the role of GA in modulating defenses in barrel medic plants (Medicago truncatula) that are infested with pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and colonized by the beneficial symbiont Rhizophagus intraradices. Mock- and R. intraradices-inoculated potted plants were grown in a topsoil: sand mix for 42 days and were treated with GA or solvent. Subsequently, plants were exposed to herbivory or no aphid herbivory for 36 h and 7 days. Afterwards, plant growth parameters, aphid fitness, and foliar phytohormone concentrations were measured. The results revealed that GA regulates plant defenses during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus–plant–aphid interactions as aphids that fed for 7 days on mycorrhizal, GA-untreated plants weighed more than those that fed on mycorrhizal, GA-treated plants. No major differences were detected in phytohormone levels at 36 h. Overall, mycorrhizal plants showed more shoot biomass compared to non-mycorrhizal controls. The arbuscule density and fungal biomass of R. intraradices were not altered by exogenous GA and aphid herbivory based on molecular markers. This study indicates that exogenous GA may help reduce aphid fitness when feeding on mycorrhizal plants.
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59
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Walker GP. Sieve element occlusion: Interactions with phloem sap-feeding insects. A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153582. [PMID: 34953413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem sieve element (SE) occlusion has been hypothesized for decades to be a mechanism of resistance against phloem sap-feeding insects. Few studies have tested this hypothesis although it is likely a widespread phenomenon. This review focuses on SE occlusion by callose and P-proteins. Both are reversible, which would allow the plant to defend itself against phloem sap-feeders when SEs are penetrated and resume normal function when the insects give up and withdraw their stylets. Callose (β-1,3 glucans with some β-1,6 branches) serves many roles in plant physiology in many different tissues, each being under the control of different callose synthase genes; only callose deposited in SE sieve pores is relevant to SE occlusion. The amount of callose in sieve pores (and consequently how much it impedes sap flow) is determined by the balance in activity between callose synthase and β-1,3 glucanase. Sieve pore callose deposition has been shown to provide resistance to some phloem sap-feeders in a few studies, and in one, the difference in resistance between a susceptible and resistant rice variety was due to the ability or inability of the insect to upregulate the plants' β-1,3 glucanase that degrades the callose deposition. P-proteins occur only in dicotyledons and include a variety of proteins, not all of which are involved in SE occlusion. In some plants, P-proteins form distinct bodies in mature functional SEs. In papilionid legumes, these discrete bodies, called forisomes can expand and contract. In their expanded state, they effectively plug SEs and stop the flow of sap while in their contracted state, they provide negligible resistance to sap flow. Expansion of forisomes is triggered by an influx of Ca2+ into the SE. Penetration of a legume (Vicia faba) SE by a generalist aphid not adapted to legumes triggers forisome expansion which occludes the SE and prevents the aphid from ingesting sap. In contrast, a legume specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, does not trigger forisome expansion and readily ingests sap from V. faba. P-protein bodies in SEs of non-legumes do not appear to be involved in SE occlusion. In most dicotyledons, P-proteins do not form discrete bodies, but rather occur as filamentous aggregations adhering to the parietal margins of the SE and in response to damage, are released into the lumen where they are carried by the flow of sap to the downstream sieve plate where they back up and clog the sieve pores. Their effectiveness at actually stopping the flow of sap is controversial. In one study, they seemed to provide little resistance to the flow of sap while in other studies, they provided considerable resistance. In response to injury in melon, they completely stop the flow of sap, and in an aphid-resistant melon, penetration of SEs by the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, triggers P-protein occlusion which prevents the aphids from ingesting sap. The first P-protein described, PP1, occurs only in the genus Cucurbita, and although it has been often cited to function as a SE occlusion protein, experimental evidence suggests it does not play a significant role in SE occlusion. The most common strategy for phloem sap-feeders to mitigate P-protein occlusion seems to be avoid triggering it. A widely cited in vitro study suggested that aphid saliva can reverse P-protein occlusion, but a subsequent study demonstrated that saliva was ineffective at reversing P-protein occlusion in vivo. Lastly, SE callose deposition in wheat triggered by Russian wheat aphid has been hypothesized to create an artificial sink that benefits the aphid, but additional studies are needed to test that hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
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60
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Poosapati S, Poretsky E, Dressano K, Ruiz M, Vazquez A, Sandoval E, Estrada-Cardenas A, Duggal S, Lim JH, Morris G, Szczepaniec A, Walse SS, Ni X, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. A sorghum genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies a WRKY transcription factor as a candidate gene underlying sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) resistance. PLANTA 2022; 255:37. [PMID: 35020066 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A WRKY transcription factor identified through forward genetics is associated with sorghum resistance to the sugarcane aphid and through heterologous expression reduces aphid populations in multiple plant species. Crop plant resistance to insect pests is based on genetically encoded traits which often display variability across diverse germplasm. In a comparatively recent event, a predominant sugarcane aphid (SCA: Melanaphis sacchari) biotype has become a significant agronomic pest of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). To uncover candidate genes underlying SCA resistance, we used a forward genetics approach combining the genetic diversity present in the Sorghum Association Panel (SAP) and the Bioenergy Association Panel (BAP) for a genome-wide association study, employing an established SCA damage rating. One major association was found on Chromosome 9 within the WRKY transcription factor 86 (SbWRKY86). Transcripts encoding SbWRKY86 were previously identified as upregulated in SCA-resistant germplasm and the syntenic ortholog in maize accumulates following Rhopalosiphum maidis infestation. Analyses of SbWRKY86 transcripts displayed patterns of increased SCA-elicited accumulation in additional SCA-resistant sorghum lines. Heterologous expression of SbWRKY86 in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and Arabidopsis resulted in reduced population growth of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Arabidopsis lines expressing 35S:SbWRKY86-YFP identified changes in expression for a small network of genes associated with carbon-nitrogen metabolism and callose deposition, both contributing factors to defense against aphids. As a test of altered plant responses, 35S:SbWRKY86-YFP Arabidopsis lines were activated using the flagellin epitope elicitor, flg22, and displayed significant increases in callose deposition. Our findings indicate that both heterologous and increased native expression of the transcription factor SbWRKY86 contributes to reduced aphid levels in diverse plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Poosapati
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Armando Vazquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Evan Sandoval
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Adelaida Estrada-Cardenas
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Sarthak Duggal
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Jia-Hui Lim
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Geoffrey Morris
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA
| | - Adrianna Szczepaniec
- Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA
| | - Spencer S Walse
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
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Dong Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Li J, Zhang M, Shen H, Ren Y, Li X, Tian J, Shen D, Dou D, Xia A. Characterization of Salivary Secreted Proteins That Induce Cell Death From Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) and Their Roles in Insect-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:912603. [PMID: 35860545 PMCID: PMC9289560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) is a polyphagous hemipteran crop pest that mainly feeds on the leguminous plants, resulting in shriveled and dimpled seeds. With recent several outbreaks in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China, as well as in South Korea and Japan, this species has caused enormous economic losses to soybean crops. In the present study, we found that R. pedestris feeding results in local lesions at the infestation sites. To identify the key effectors that induce plant damage during feeding, the salivary glands of R. pedestris were dissected for transcriptome sequencing, and 200 putative secreted proteins were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. Among them, three intracellular effectors (RP191, RP246, and RP302) and one apoplastic effector (RP309) were identified as necrosis-inducing proteins (NIPs), which also triggered the reactive oxidative burst. Yeast signal sequence trap and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that these proteins might be secreted into plant tissue during R. pedestris infestation. Pathogenicity assays revealed that RP191, 246, and 302 promote Phytophthora capsici infection or induce Spodoptera litura feeding by inhibiting plant immunity. RP302 is localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei, while RP191 and 246 are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins. RP309 stimulates the expression of PTI marker genes, and its induced cell death depends on co-receptors NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, indicating that it is a HAMP. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that four NIPs are recently evolved effectors and only conserved in the Pentatomidae. In this study, saliva-secreted proteins were used as the starting point to preliminarily analyze the harm mechanism of R. pedestris, which might provide a new idea and theoretical basis for this species control.
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Plant Viruses Can Alter Aphid-Triggered Calcium Elevations in Infected Leaves. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123534. [PMID: 34944040 PMCID: PMC8700420 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alighting aphids probe a new host plant by intracellular test punctures for suitability. These induce immediate calcium signals that emanate from the punctured sites and might be the first step in plant recognition of aphid feeding and the subsequent elicitation of plant defence responses. Calcium is also involved in the transmission of non-persistent plant viruses that are acquired by aphids during test punctures. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether viral infection alters calcium signalling. For this, calcium signals triggered by aphids were imaged on transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the cytosolic FRET-based calcium reporter YC3.6-NES and infected with the non-persistent viruses cauliflower mosaic (CaMV) and turnip mosaic (TuMV), or the persistent virus, turnip yellows (TuYV). Aphids were placed on infected leaves and calcium elevations were recorded by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Calcium signal velocities were significantly slower in plants infected with CaMV or TuMV and signal areas were smaller in CaMV-infected plants. Transmission tests using CaMV-infected Arabidopsis mutants impaired in pathogen perception or in the generation of calcium signals revealed no differences in transmission efficiency. A transcriptomic meta-analysis indicated significant changes in expression of receptor-like kinases in the BAK1 pathway as well as of calcium channels in CaMV- and TuMV-infected plants. Taken together, infection with CaMV and TuMV, but not with TuYV, impacts aphid-induced calcium signalling. This suggests that viruses can modify plant responses to aphids from the very first vector/host contact.
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Pingault L, Basu S, Zogli P, Williams WP, Palmer N, Sarath G, Louis J. Aboveground Herbivory Influences Belowground Defense Responses in Maize. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.765940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) is an economically damaging insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.), an important cereal crop widely grown globally. Among inbred lines, the maize genotype Mp708 has shown resistance to diverse herbivorous insects, although several aspects of the defense mechanisms of Mp708 plants are yet to be explored. Here, the changes in root physiology arising from short-term feeding by ECB on the shoot tissues of Mp708 plants was evaluated directly using transcriptomics, and indirectly by monitoring changes in growth of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. Mp708 defense responses negatively impacted both ECB and WCR larval weights, providing evidence for changes in root physiology in response to ECB feeding on shoot tissues. There was a significant downregulation of genes in the root tissues following short-term ECB feeding, including genes needed for direct defense (e.g., proteinase inhibitors and chitinases). Our transcriptomic analysis also revealed specific regulation of the genes involved in hormonal and metabolite pathways in the roots of Mp708 plants subjected to ECB herbivory. These data provide support for the long-distance signaling-mediated defense in Mp708 plants and suggest that altered metabolite profiles of roots in response to ECB feeding of shoots likely negatively impacted WCR growth.
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Wang J, Song J, Wu XB, Deng QQ, Zhu ZY, Ren MJ, Ye M, Zeng RS. Seed priming with calcium chloride enhances wheat resistance against wheat aphid Schizaphis graminum Rondani. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4709-4718. [PMID: 34146457 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Although it has been shown that exogenous Ca application can increase plant resistance to abiotic stress, little is known about its potential to enhance plant tolerance to biotic stress. Here, we investigated whether pretreatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds with calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) improves plant resistance against wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani). The developmental time, population size, feeding behavior of aphids on plants grown from CaCl2 - and water-pretreated seeds, and plant defense responses to aphid attack were investigated. RESULTS Seed pretreatment with CaCl2 extended aphid development time and reduced aphid population size and feeding efficiency. In addition, the pretreatment significantly increased the concentration of Ca2+ in wheat leaves, and upregulated expression levels of TaCaM genes and callose synthase genes (TaGSL2, TaGSL8, TaGSL10, TaGSL12, TaGSL19, TaGSL22 and TaGSL23). Callose concentration in the leaves of plants grown from CaCl2 -pretreated seeds increased significantly upon aphid attack. Further, callose deposition was observed mainly in the phloem. CONCLUSION These results suggest that seed pretreatment with CaCl2 primes the plant response against wheat aphid attack, leading to modulation of callose deposition in the phloem in response to aphid attack. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Song
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Wu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian-Qian Deng
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Jian Ren
- Guizhou Branch of the National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Ren-Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding, and Multiple Uses of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Ortego F, Broekgaarden C, Suzuki T, Broufas G, Smagghe G, Diaz I. Editorial: Plant-Pest Interactions Volume II: Hemiptera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748999. [PMID: 34589109 PMCID: PMC8473780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - George Broufas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Madrid, Spain
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Hu XS, Luo C, Li GK, Zhang ZF, Wang CP, Hu ZQ, Zhao HY, Liu TX. Multi-generational Effects of Different Resistant Wheat Varieties on Fitness of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6398550. [PMID: 34655291 PMCID: PMC8520143 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop resistance plays a role in preventing aphid damage, benefiting food production industries, but its effects are limited due to aphid adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, furthering understanding of aphid-crop interactions will improve our ability to protect crops from aphids. To determine how aphids adapt to resistant varieties of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. over time, we performed a laboratory experiment to assess the multi-generational effects of three wheat varieties, Batis, Ww2730, and Xiaoyan22, with different resistance levels on the fitness of Sitobion avenae (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The results showed that Ww2730 and Xiaoyan22 were more resistant than Batis to S. avenae, regardless of whether the aphids were newly introduced or had been acclimated before being introduced to the three wheat varieties. However, the effect of resistance on aphid life-history traits was time dependent. Aphid weigh gain increased and they development faster of the acclimated generation compared to the newly introduced generation on all three varieties. And the fecundity on the three varieties and net reproduction rates on Batis and Xiaoyan22 significantly decreased. Aphid fitness in terms of individual life-history parameters improved, whereas aphid fitness in terms of reproductive decreased, and a convergence effect, the difference gaps and standard errors of all life-history traits among the three acclimated populations had narrowed and were less than those in the three first-generation populations, was observed during the 3-mo experimental period. We suggested that S. avenae could rapidly respond to wheat resistance through life-history plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Shun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Plant protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guang-Kuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Plant protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chun-Ping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Zu-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Tungadi T, Watt LG, Groen SC, Murphy AM, Du Z, Pate AE, Westwood JH, Fennell TG, Powell G, Carr JP. Infection of Arabidopsis by cucumber mosaic virus triggers jasmonate-dependent resistance to aphids that relies partly on the pattern-triggered immunity factor BAK1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1082-1091. [PMID: 34156752 PMCID: PMC8358999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aphid-vectored viruses are transmitted nonpersistently via transient attachment of virus particles to aphid mouthparts and are most effectively acquired or transmitted during brief stylet punctures of epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the aphid-transmitted virus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces feeding deterrence against the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae. This form of resistance inhibits prolonged phloem feeding but promotes virus acquisition by aphids because it encourages probing of plant epidermal cells. When aphids are confined on CMV-infected plants, feeding deterrence reduces their growth and reproduction. We found that CMV-induced inhibition of growth as well as CMV-induced inhibition of reproduction of M. persicae are dependent upon jasmonate-mediated signalling. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) is a co-receptor enabling detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns and induction of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants carrying the mutant bak1-5 allele, CMV induced inhibition of M. persicae reproduction but not inhibition of aphid growth. We conclude that in wildtype plants CMV induces two mechanisms that diminish performance of M. persicae: a jasmonate-dependent and PTI-dependent mechanism that inhibits aphid growth, and a jasmonate-dependent, PTI-independent mechanism that inhibits reproduction. The growth of two crucifer specialist aphids, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, was not affected when confined on CMV-infected A. thaliana. However, B. brassicae reproduction was inhibited on CMV-infected plants. This suggests that in A. thaliana CMV-induced resistance to aphids, which is thought to incentivize virus vectoring, has greater effects on polyphagous than on crucifer specialist aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIAB EMREast MallingUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of BioengineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jack H. Westwood
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Walder FoundationSkokieIllinoisUSA
| | - Thea G. Fennell
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Yordanov S, Drucker M, Butt HJ, Koynov K. Real-time monitoring of biomechanical activity in aphids by laser speckle contrast imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28461-28480. [PMID: 34614977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying in vivo feeding and other behaviors of small insects, such as aphids, is important for understanding their lifecycle and interaction with the environment. In this regard, the EPG (electrical penetration graph) technique is widely used to study the feeding activity in aphids. However, it is restricted to recording feeding of single insects and requires wiring insects to an electrode, impeding free movement. Hence, easy and straightforward collective observations, e.g. of groups of aphids on a plant, or probing other aphid activities in various body parts, is not possible. To circumvent these drawbacks, we developed a method based on an optical technique called laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). It has the potential for direct, non-invasive and contactless monitoring of a broad range of internal and external activities such as feeding, hemolymph cycling and muscle contractions in aphids or other insects. The method uses a camera and coherent light illumination of the sample. The camera records the laser speckle dynamics due to the scattering and interference of light caused by moving scatters in a probed region of the insect. Analyzing the speckle contrast allowed us to monitor and extract the activity information during aphid feeding on leaves or on artificial medium containing tracer particles. We present evidence that the observed speckle dynamics might be caused by muscle contractions, movement of hemocytes in the circulatory system or food flows in the stylets. This is the first time such a remote sensing method has been applied for optical mapping of the biomechanical activities in aphids.
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69
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Kansman JT, Ward M, LaFond H, Finke DL. Effects of Plant Stress on Aphid-Parasitoid Interactions: Drought Improves Aphid Suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:713-718. [PMID: 33560440 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought events have the potential to mediate tri-trophic interactions. Changes in plant quality influence herbivore performance, which affects prey availability and quality for natural enemies. Parasitoid wasps are particularly vulnerable to these changes since their development is inextricably linked to that of their prey. However, we know little about the indirect effects of plant water limitation on parasitoid performance, especially the consequences of mild water limitation. This study investigated the ability of a parasitoid wasp (Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)) to suppress aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) populations on well-watered, mildly stressed, or highly stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae)). We then investigated the role that aphid body size and behavioral interactions might play in wasp acceptance of aphid hosts. We found improved aphid suppression under mild and high-water limitation, but the underlying mechanisms were different. Mild-stress appeared to maximize parasitoid performance, as indicated by the highest mummy production. Aphids were larger when feeding on mildly stressed plants than on any other treatment, which suggests improved aphid quality for parasitoids. Improved aphid suppression under high-stress may have been driven by enhanced nonconsumptive effects. Despite improved aphid suppression, mummy formation was lowest on highly stressed plants. High-stress conditions have been shown to negatively affect aphid performance, so improved aphid suppression may be driven by poor aphid performance exacerbating the cost of interactions with parasitoids, such as stinging. No differences were observed in parasitoid foraging behaviors such as antennation or stinging across any treatments. This study highlights the importance of plant water stress intensity in affecting outcomes of parasitoid-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Kansman
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mason Ward
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harper LaFond
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Deborah L Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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70
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Nalam V, Isaacs T, Moh S, Kansman J, Finke D, Albrecht T, Nachappa P. Diurnal feeding as a potential mechanism of osmoregulation in aphids. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:521-532. [PMID: 32240579 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal variation in phloem sap composition has a strong influence on aphid performance. The sugar-rich phloem sap serves as the sole diet for aphids and a suite of physiological mechanisms and behaviors allow them to tolerate the high osmotic stress. Here, we tested the hypothesis that night-time feeding by aphids is a behavior that takes advantage of the low sugar diet in the night to compensate for osmotic stress incurred while feeding on high sugar diet during the day. Using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, we examined the effects of diurnal rhythm on feeding behaviors of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) on wheat. A strong diurnal rhythm in aphids as indicated by the presence of a cyclical pattern of expression in a core clock gene did not impact aphid feeding and similar feeding behaviors were observed during day and night. The major difference observed between day and night feeding was that aphids spent significantly longer time in phloem salivation during the night compared to the day. In contrast, aphid hydration was reduced at the end of the day-time feeding compared to end of the night-time feeding. Gene expression analysis of R. padi osmoregulatory genes indicated that sugar breakdown and water transport into the aphid gut was reduced at night. These data suggest that while diurnal variation occurs in phloem sap composition, aphids use night-time feeding to overcome the high osmotic stress incurred while feeding on sugar-rich phloem sap during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Travis Isaacs
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Moh
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica Kansman
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tessa Albrecht
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Pingault L, Varsani S, Palmer N, Ray S, Williams WP, Luthe DS, Ali JG, Sarath G, Louis J. Transcriptomic and volatile signatures associated with maize defense against corn leaf aphid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 33726668 PMCID: PMC7968207 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major cereal crop, with the United States accounting for over 40% of the worldwide production. Corn leaf aphid [CLA; Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] is an economically important pest of maize and several other monocot crops. In addition to feeding damage, CLA acts as a vector for viruses that cause devastating diseases in maize. We have shown previously that the maize inbred line Mp708, which was developed by classical plant breeding, provides heightened resistance to CLA. However, the transcriptomic variation conferring CLA resistance to Mp708 has not been investigated. RESULTS In this study, we contrasted the defense responses of the resistant Mp708 genotype to those of the susceptible Tx601 genotype at the transcriptomic (mRNA-seq) and volatile blend levels. Our results suggest that there was a greater transcriptomic remodeling in Mp708 plants in response to CLA infestation compared to the Tx601 plants. These transcriptomic signatures indicated an activation of hormonal pathways, and regulation of sesquiterpenes and terpenoid synthases in a constitutive and inducible manner. Transcriptomic analysis also revealed that the resistant Mp708 genotype possessed distinct regulation of ethylene and jasmonic acid pathways before and after aphid infestation. Finally, our results also highlight the significance of constitutive production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Mp708 and Tx601 plants that may contribute to maize direct and/or indirect defense responses. CONCLUSIONS This study provided further insights to understand the role of defense signaling networks in Mp708's resistance to CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Suresh Varsani
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - W Paul Williams
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jared G Ali
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Genetic structure of Malus sylvestris and potential link with preference/performance by the rosy apple aphid pest Dysaphis plantaginea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5732. [PMID: 33707470 PMCID: PMC7970975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The European crabapple Malus sylvestris, a crop wild relative of Malus domestica, is a major contributor to the cultivated apple genome and represents a potential source of interesting alleles or genes, particularly pest resistance traits. An original approach was used to explore the trophic interaction between M. sylvestris populations and its pest, the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea). Using 13 microsatellite markers, population genetic structure and level of crop-to-wild introgressions were inferred between M. sylvestris seedlings from three sites in Europe (Denmark, France, Romania), and M. domestica seedlings. Genetically characterized plants were also used to analyze aphid feeding behavior and fitness parameters. First, aphids submitted to two genetically close M. sylvestris populations (the Danish and French) exhibited similar behavioral parameters, suggesting similar patterns of resistance in these host plants. Second, the Romanian M. sylvestris population was most closely genetically related to M. domestica. Although the two plant genetic backgrounds were significantly differentiated, they showed comparable levels of sensitivity to D. plantaginea infestation. Third, aphid fitness parameters were not significantly impacted by the host plant's genetic background. Finally, crop-to-wild introgression seemed to significantly drive resistance to D. plantaginea independent of host plant population genetic structure, with hybrids being less suitable hosts.
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73
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Vitiello A, Molisso D, Digilio MC, Giorgini M, Corrado G, Bruce TJA, D’Agostino N, Rao R. Zucchini Plants Alter Gene Expression and Emission of ( E)-β-Caryophyllene Following Aphis gossypii Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:592603. [PMID: 33488643 PMCID: PMC7820395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is widely cultivated in temperate regions. One of the major production challenges is the damage caused by Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae), a polyphagous aphid, which can negatively affect its host plant, both directly by feeding and indirectly by vectoring viruses. To gain insights into the transcriptome events that occur during the zucchini-aphid interaction and to understand the early-to-late defense response through gene expression profiles, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) on zucchini leaves challenged by A. gossypii (24, 48, and 96 h post-infestation; hpi). Data analysis indicated a complex and dynamic pattern of gene expression and a transient transcriptional reconfiguration that involved more than 700 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including a large number of defense-related genes. The down-regulation of key genes of plant immunity, such as leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein kinases, transcription factors, and genes associated with direct (i.e., protease inhibitors, cysteine peptidases, etc.) and indirect (i.e., terpene synthase) defense responses, suggests the aphid ability to manipulate plant immune responses. We also investigated the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from infested plants and observed a reduced emission of (E)-β-caryophyllene at 48 hpi, likely the result of aphid effectors, which reflects the down-regulation of two genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. We showed that (E)-β-caryophyllene emission was modified by the duration of plant infestation and by aphid density and that this molecule highly attracts Aphidius colemani, a parasitic wasp of A. gossypii. With our results we contributed to the identification of genes involved in cucurbit plant interactions with phloem feeders. Our findings may also help pave the way toward developing tolerant zucchini varieties and to identify molecules for sustainable management of harmful insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Vitiello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Giorgini
- Sede Secondaria di Portici, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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74
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Sellés-Marchart S, Casas JL. Proteome changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves induced by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33407137 PMCID: PMC7788789 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid attack induces defense responses in plants activating several signaling cascades that led to the production of toxic, repellent or antinutritive compounds and the consequent reorganization of the plant primary metabolism. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf proteomic response against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) has been investigated and analyzed by LC-MS/MS coupled with bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Infestation with an initially low density (20 aphids/plant) of aphids restricted to a single leaf taking advantage of clip cages resulted in 6 differentially expressed proteins relative to control leaves (3 proteins at 2 days post-infestation and 3 proteins at 4 days post-infestation). Conversely, when plants were infested with a high density of infestation (200 aphids/plant) 140 proteins resulted differentially expressed relative to control leaves (97 proteins at 2 days post-infestation, 112 proteins at 4 days post-infestation and 105 proteins at 7 days post-infestation). The majority of proteins altered by aphid attack were involved in photosynthesis and photorespiration, oxidative stress, translation, protein folding and degradation and amino acid metabolism. Other proteins identified were involved in lipid, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism, transcription, transport, energy production and cell organization. However proteins directly involved in defense were scarce and were mostly downregulated in response to aphids. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly very low number of regulated proteins found in the experiment with a low aphid density suggests an active mitigation of plant defensive response by aphids or alternatively an aphid strategy to remain undetected by the plant. Under a high density of aphids, pepper leaf proteome however changed significantly revealing nearly all routes of plant primary metabolism being altered. Photosynthesis was so far the process with the highest number of proteins being regulated by the presence of aphids. In general, at short times of infestation (2 days) most of the altered proteins were upregulated. However, at longer times of infestation (7 days) the protein downregulation prevailed. Proteins involved in plant defense and in hormone signaling were scarce and mostly downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Susana Sellés-Marchart
- Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - José L Casas
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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75
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Jacques S, Sperschneider J, Garg G, Thatcher LF, Gao LL, Kamphuis LG, Singh KB. A functional genomics approach to dissect spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22159. [PMID: 33335168 PMCID: PMC7746763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are virus-spreading insect pests affecting crops worldwide and their fast population build-up and insecticide resistance make them problematic to control. Here, we aim to understand the molecular basis of spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) or Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata resistance in Medicago truncatula, a model organism for legume species. We compared susceptible and resistant near isogenic Medicago lines upon SAA feeding via transcriptome sequencing. Expression of genes involved in defense and stress responses, protein kinase activity and DNA binding were enriched in the resistant line. Potentially underlying some of these changes in gene expression was the finding that members of the MYB, NAC, AP2 domain and ERF transcription factor gene families were differentially expressed in the resistant versus susceptible lines. A TILLING population created in the resistant cultivar was screened using exome capture sequencing and served as a reverse genetics tool to functionally characterise genes involved in the aphid resistance response. This screening revealed three transcription factors (a NAC, AP2 domain and ERF) as important regulators in the defence response, as a premature stop-codon in the resistant background led to a delay in aphid mortality and enhanced plant susceptibility. This combined functional genomics approach will facilitate the future development of pest resistant crops by uncovering candidate target genes that can convey enhanced aphid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Jacques
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Gagan Garg
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | | | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia. .,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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76
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Qu Y, Ullah F, Luo C, Monticelli LS, Lavoir AV, Gao X, Song D, Desneux N. Sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin modulate interspecific interactions between specialist and generalist aphid species on soybean. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111302. [PMID: 33080437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In agroecosystems, plant-pest interactions are at the basis of complex food webs, which can be affected by both biotic and abiotic factors. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of the insecticide beta-cypermethrin on interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid Aphis glycines and the generalist aphid Aulacorthum solani on soybean. Aphis glycines showed higher fecundity than A. solani on soybean and the aphids caused unbalanced reduction in population growth on each other. A sublethal concentration of beta-cypermethrin (LC5 for A. glycines) stimulated the reproduction of A. glycines but it did not impact the fecundity of A. solani. However, the LC5 of beta-cypermethrin enhanced the interspecific inhibition of fecundity between the two aphid species. Moreover, the two species showed different spatial distribution on soybean seedlings. Aphis glycines mainly aggregated on the stem of soybean plant while A. solani colonized soybean leaves. The LC5 of beta-cypermethrin drove A. solani migrating from soybean leaves to stems independently of interspecific competition. Aphis glycines facilitated A. solani colonization on soybean plant through impacting host susceptibility, and vice versa. Nevertheless, such facilitated colonization-induced susceptibility could be modulated through exposure to the LC5 of beta-cypermethrin. These findings hinted that the pyrethroid insecticide beta-cypermethrin has the potential to mediate the interspecific competition between specialist and generalist aphids (at the sublethal concentration of LC5), and that it could influence aphid population growth and community structure in soybean crops. This knowledge could contribute to rationalize application of insecticides and to optimize Integrated Pest Management in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qu
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000, Nice, France.
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000, Nice, France
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77
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Yates-Stewart AD, Pekarcik A, Michel A, Blakeslee JJ. Jasmonic Acid-Isoleucine (JA-Ile) Is Involved in the Host-Plant Resistance Mechanism Against the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2972-2978. [PMID: 33033836 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Host-plant resistance (HPR) is an important tool for pest management, affording both economic and environmental benefits. The mechanisms of aphid resistance in soybean are not well understood, but likely involve the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, and possibly other phytohormone signals involved in plant defense responses. Despite the efficacy of aphid resistance in soybean, virulent aphids have overcome this resistance through mostly unknown mechanisms. Here, we have used metabolomic tools to define the role of plant phytohormones, especially the JA pathway, in regulating interactions between aphid-resistant soybean and virulent aphids. We hypothesized that virulent aphids avoid or suppress the JA pathway to overcome aphid resistance. Our results suggested that aphid-resistant soybean increased accumulation of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) only when infested with avirulent aphids; virulent aphids did not cause induction of JA-Ile. Further, applying JA-Ile to aphid-resistant soybean reduced subsequent virulent aphid populations. The concentrations of other phytohormones remained unchanged due to aphid feeding, highlighting the importance of JA-Ile in this interaction. These results increase our knowledge of soybean resistance mechanisms against soybean aphids and contribute to our understanding of aphid virulence mechanisms, which will in turn promote the durability of HPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Yates-Stewart
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Adrian Pekarcik
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Andy Michel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Joshua J Blakeslee
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Metabolites from Plants and Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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78
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Novák O, Casas JL. Phytohormone responses in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves under a high density of aphid infestation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:519-527. [PMID: 32794184 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The time course response of selected phytohormones has been evaluated in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) submitted to a high density (200 aphids/plant) of aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) infestation. Abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and cis-OPDA have been simultaneously identified and quantitated by UHPLC-MS/MS in pepper leaf tissue harvested at 3, 8 hours post-infestation (hpi), 1, 2, 4 and 7 days post-infestation (dpi). Infested plants showed a reduction in stem length at 7 dpi and in the number of leaves and leaf width from 4 dpi onwards. JA and JA-Ile significantly increased very early (from 3 hpi) while SA only accumulated at 7 dpi. Despite the high density of infestation, the aphid-induced accumulation of JAs was much lower than the burst typically induced by chewing herbivores. On the other side, ABA peaked in aphid-infested plants at 2 and 4 dpi, while IAA content did not change significantly at any time point. Growth inhibition may be partially explained by the high levels of JAs found in aphid-infested plants. The possibility that the obtained results support the hypothesis of the aphid manipulation of plant metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Unidad Asociada IPAB (UA-CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - José L Casas
- Unidad Asociada IPAB (UA-CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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79
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Pingault L, Palmer NA, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Seravalli J, Twigg P, Louis J, Sarath G. Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217966. [PMID: 33120946 PMCID: PMC7672581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) (Sipha flava, Forbes) is a damaging pest on many grasses. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 grass, has been selected as a bioenergy feedstock because of its perceived resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. Aphid infestation on switchgrass has the potential to reduce the yields and biomass quantity. Here, the global defense response of switchgrass cultivars Summer and Kanlow to YSA feeding was analyzed by RNA-seq and metabolite analysis at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation. Genes upregulated by infestation were more common in both cultivars compared to downregulated genes. In total, a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the YSA susceptible cultivar (Summer), and fewer DEGs were observed in the YSA resistant cultivar (Kanlow). Interestingly, no downregulated genes were found in common between each time point or between the two switchgrass cultivars. Gene co-expression analysis revealed upregulated genes in Kanlow were associated with functions such as flavonoid, oxidation-response to chemical, or wax composition. Downregulated genes for the cultivar Summer were found in co-expression modules with gene functions related to plant defense mechanisms or cell wall composition. Global analysis of defense networks of the two cultivars uncovered differential mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility of switchgrass in response to YSA infestation. Several gene co-expression modules and transcription factors correlated with these differential defense responses. Overall, the YSA-resistant Kanlow plants have an enhanced defense even under aphid uninfested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA;
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-402-472-8098 (J.L.); +1-402-472-4204 (G.S.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (L.P.); (K.G.K.); (T.H.-M.); (J.D.B.)
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-402-472-8098 (J.L.); +1-402-472-4204 (G.S.)
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80
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Pandharikar G, Gatti JL, Simon JC, Frendo P, Poirié M. Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201493. [PMID: 32873201 PMCID: PMC7542793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is therefore worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation, SNF) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated, NI). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 (PR1) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI), respective markers for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant-aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.
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81
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Rhee S, Watt LG, Bravo AC, Murphy AM, Carr JP. Effects of the cucumber mosaic virus 2a protein on aphid-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1248-1254. [PMID: 32725725 PMCID: PMC7411660 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein has an additional function in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is to stimulate feeding deterrence (antixenosis) against aphids. Antixenosis is thought to increase the probability that aphids, after acquiring CMV particles from brief probes of an infected plant's epidermal cells, will be discouraged from settling and instead will spread inoculum to neighbouring plants. The amino acid sequences of 2a proteins encoded by a CMV strain that induces antixenosis in A. thaliana (Fny-CMV) and one that does not (LS-CMV) were compared to identify residues that might determine the triggering of antixenosis. These data were used to design reassortant viruses comprising Fny-CMV RNAs 1 and 3, and recombinant CMV RNA 2 molecules encoding chimeric 2a proteins containing sequences derived from LS-CMV and Fny-CMV. Antixenosis induction was detected by measuring the mean relative growth rate and fecundity of aphids (Myzus persicae) confined on infected and on mock-inoculated plants. An amino acid sequence determining antixenosis induction by CMV was found to reside between 2a protein residues 200 and 300. Subsequent mutant analysis delineated this to residue 237. We conjecture that the Fny-CMV 2a protein valine-237 plays some role in 2a protein-induced antixenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun‐Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ana Cazar Bravo
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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82
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Zogli P, Pingault L, Grover S, Louis J. Ento(o)mics: the intersection of 'omic' approaches to decipher plant defense against sap-sucking insect pests. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:153-161. [PMID: 32721874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by insect pests that can dramatically decrease yields. Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, for example, aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers, seemingly cause less physical damage to tissues, however, they feed on the plant's sap by piercing plant tissue and extracting plant fluids, thereby transmitting several plant-pathogenic viruses as well. As a counter-defense, plants activate an array of dynamic defense machineries against insect pests including the rapid reprogramming of the host cell processes. For a holistic understanding of plant-sap-sucking insect interactions, there is a need to call for techniques with the capacity to concomitantly capture these dynamic changes. Recent progress with various 'omic' technologies possess this capacity. In this review, we will provide a concise summary of application of 'omic' technologies and their utilization in plant and sap-sucking insect interaction studies. Finally, we will provide a perspective on the integration of 'omics' data in uncovering novel plant defense mechanisms against sap-sucking insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Zogli
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Koch KG, Palmer NA, Donze-Reiner T, Scully ED, Seravalli J, Amundsen K, Twigg P, Louis J, Bradshaw JD, Heng-Moss TM, Sarath G. Aphid-Responsive Defense Networks in Hybrid Switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32849703 PMCID: PMC7412557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphid herbivory elicits plant defense-related networks that are influenced by host genetics. Plants of the upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivar Summer can be a suitable host for greenbug aphids (Schizaphis graminum; GB), and yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava, YSA), whereas the lowland cultivar Kanlow exhibited multi-species resistance that curtails aphid reproduction. However, stabilized hybrids of Summer (♀) x Kanlow (♂) (SxK) with improved agronomics can be damaged by both aphids. Here, hormone and metabolite analyses, coupled with RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes, were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs that potentially regulate these responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in GB infested plants at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI). ABA levels were highest at 15DAI in YSA infested plants. Jasmonic acid levels were significantly elevated under GB infestation, while salicylic acid levels were signifi40cantly elevated only at 15 DAI in YSA infested plants. Similarly, levels of several metabolites were altered in common or specifically to each aphid. YSA infestation induced a significant enrichment of flavonoids consistent with an upregulation of many genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis at 15DAI. Gene co-expression modules that responded singly to either aphid or in common to both aphids were differentiated and linked to specific TFs. Together, these data provide important clues into the interplay of metabolism and transcriptional remodeling accompanying defense responses to aphid herbivory in hybrid switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Biology Department, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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84
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Yao L, Yang B, Ma X, Wang S, Guan Z, Wang B, Jiang Y. A Genome-Wide View of Transcriptional Responses during Aphis glycines Infestation in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5191. [PMID: 32707968 PMCID: PMC7432633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is one of the major limiting factors in soybean production. The mechanism of aphid resistance in soybean remains enigmatic as little information is available about the different mechanisms of antibiosis and antixenosis. Here, we used genome-wide gene expression profiling of aphid susceptible, antibiotic, and antixenotic genotypes to investigate the underlying aphid-plant interaction mechanisms. The high expression correlation between infested and non-infested genotypes indicated that the response to aphid was controlled by a small subset of genes. Plant response to aphid infestation was faster in antibiotic genotype and the interaction in antixenotic genotype was moderation. The expression patterns of transcription factor genes in susceptible and antixenotic genotypes clustered together and were distant from those of antibiotic genotypes. Among them APETALA 2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERF), v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), and the transcription factor contained conserved WRKYGQK domain (WRKY) were proposed to play dominant roles. The jasmonic acid-responsive pathway was dominant in aphid-soybean interaction, and salicylic acid pathway played an important role in antibiotic genotype. Callose deposition was more rapid and efficient in antibiotic genotype, while reactive oxygen species were not involved in the response to aphid attack in resistant genotypes. Our study helps to uncover important genes associated with aphid-attack response in soybean genotypes expressing antibiosis and antixenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Yao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Biyun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhe Guan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Biao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
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85
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Zhang W, Gao T, Li P, Tian C, Song A, Jiang J, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen F, Chen S. Chrysanthemum CmWRKY53 negatively regulates the resistance of chrysanthemum to the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:109. [PMID: 32637137 PMCID: PMC7327015 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is frequently attacked by aphids, which greatly hinders the growth and ornamental value of this plant species. WRKY transcription factors play an important role in the response to biotic stresses such as pathogen and insect stresses. Here, chrysanthemum CmWRKY53 was cloned, and its expression was induced by aphid infestation. To verify the role of CmWRKY53 in resistance to aphids, CmWRKY53 transgenic chrysanthemum was generated. CmWRKY53 was found to mediate the susceptibility of chrysanthemum to aphids. The expression levels of secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, such as peroxidase- and polyphenol oxidase-encoding genes, decreased in CmWRKY53-overexpressing (CmWRKY53-Oe) plants but dramatically increased in chimeric dominant repressor (CmWRKY53-SRDX) plants, suggesting that CmWRKY53 contributes to the susceptibility of chrysanthemum to aphids, possibly due to its role in the regulation of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tianwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Peiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agricultural and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan China
| | - Chang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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86
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Detecting and Classifying Pests in Crops Using Proximal Images and Machine Learning: A Review. AI 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ai1020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pest management is among the most important activities in a farm. Monitoring all different species visually may not be effective, especially in large properties. Accordingly, considerable research effort has been spent towards the development of effective ways to remotely monitor potential infestations. A growing number of solutions combine proximal digital images with machine learning techniques, but since species and conditions associated to each study vary considerably, it is difficult to draw a realistic picture of the actual state of the art on the subject. In this context, the objectives of this article are (1) to briefly describe some of the most relevant investigations on the subject of automatic pest detection using proximal digital images and machine learning; (2) to provide a unified overview of the research carried out so far, with special emphasis to research gaps that still linger; (3) to propose some possible targets for future research.
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87
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Correa LDJ, Maciel OVB, Bücker-Neto L, Pilati L, Morozini AM, Faria MV, Da-Silva PR. A Comprehensive Analysis of Wheat Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Brazilian Wheat Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1493-1503. [PMID: 32249292 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi L. is one of the predominant aphids affecting wheat crops worldwide. Therefore, the identification of resistant genotypes and the understanding of molecular response mechanisms involved in wheat resistance to this aphid may contribute to the development of new breeding strategies. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of 15 wheat cultivars to R. padi and performed morpho-histological and gene expression analyses of two wheat cultivars (BRS Timbaúva, resistant and Embrapa 16, susceptible) challenged and unchallenged by R. padi. The main findings of our work are as follows: 1) most Brazilian wheat cultivars recently released are resistant to R. padi; 2) Green leaf volatiles are probably involved in the resistance of the BRS Timbaúva cultivar to the aphid; 3) trichomes were more abundant and larger in the resistant cultivar; 4) the internal morphology did not show differences between cultivars; 5) the lipoxygenase-encoding gene was downregulated in the susceptible cultivar and basal expression remained level in the resistant cultivar; and 6) the expression of resistance-related proteins was induced in the resistant but not in the susceptible cultivar. Lipoxygenase is the first enzyme in the octadecanoic pathway, a well-known route for the synthesis of signaling molecules involved in the activation of plant defense. The overall analyses suggest that the key steps in BRS Timbaúva resistance to R. padi may be presence or absence of green leaf volatiles decreasing the aphid preference and the action of nonglandular trichome as a physical barrier, which allows continuous lipoxygenase-encoding gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia de Jesus Correa
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Orlando Vilas Boas Maciel
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Lauro Bücker-Neto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laura Pilati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Morozini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ventura Faria
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Da-Silva
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
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88
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Batyrshina ZS, Cna'ani A, Rozenberg T, Seifan M, Tzin V. The combined impacts of wheat spatial position and phenology on cereal aphid abundance. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9142. [PMID: 32518724 PMCID: PMC7258891 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wheat is a staple crop that suffers from massive yield losses caused by cereal aphids. Many factors can determine the abundance of cereal aphids and the damage they cause to plants; among them are the plant’s genetic background, as well as environmental conditions such as spatial position within the plot, the composition and the distance from neighboring vegetation. Although the effects of these factors have been under scrutiny for many years, the combined effect of both factors on aphid populations is not fully understood. The goal of this study was to examine the collective impact of genotype and environment on wheat phenology (developmental stages), chemical diversity (metabolites), and insect susceptibility, as manifested by cereal aphid abundance. Methods To determine the influence of plant genotype on the metrics mentioned above, we measured the phenology, chemical profile, and aphid abundance of four wheat genotypes, including the tetraploid wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides cv. Zavitan), tetraploid durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum cv. Svevo), and two hexaploid spring bread (Triticum aestivum), ‘Rotem’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. These genotypes are referred to as “focal” plants. To evaluate the impact of the environment, we scored the distance of each focal plant (spatial position) from two neighboring vegetation types: (i) natural resource and (ii) monoculture wheat resource. Results The results demonstrated that the wild emmer wheat was the most aphid-resistant, while the bread wheat Rotem was most aphid-susceptible. Aphids were more abundant in plants that matured early. The spatial position analysis demonstrated that aphids were more abundant in focal plants located closer to the margin monoculture wheat resource rather than to the natural resource, suggesting a resource concentration effect. The analysis of metabolic diversity showed that the levels of three specialized metabolites from the flavonoid class, differed between the wheat genotypes and some minor changes in central metabolites were shown as well. Altogether, these results demonstrate a combined effect of genetic background and spatial position on wheat phenology and aphid abundance on plants. This exposes the potential role of the marginal vegetation environment in shaping the insect population of desirable crops. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining plant intra-specific variation in the agriculture system because of its potential applications in reducing pest density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Alon Cna'ani
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel.,Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Tamir Rozenberg
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
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89
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Grover S, Varsani S, Kolomiets MV, Louis J. Maize defense elicitor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, prolongs aphid salivation. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:63-66. [PMID: 32489516 PMCID: PMC7238879 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1763562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), an intermediate in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathway, regulates diverse signaling functions in plants, including enhanced resistance to insect pests. We previously demonstrated that OPDA promoted enhanced callose accumulation and heightened resistance to corn leaf aphid (CLA; Rhopalosiphum maidis), a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of maize (Zea mays). In this study, we used the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to monitor and quantify the different CLA feeding patterns on the maize JA-deficient 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (opr7opr8) plants. CLA feeding behavior was unaffected on B73, opr7opr8 control plants (- OPDA), and opr7opr8 plants that were pretreated with OPDA (+ OPDA). However, exogenous application of OPDA on opr7opr8 plants prolonged aphid salivation, a hallmark of aphids' ability to suppress the plant defense responses. Collectively, our results indicate that CLA utilizes its salivary secretions to suppress or unplug the OPDA-mediated sieve element occlusions in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Suresh Varsani
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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90
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Escudero-Martinez C, Rodriguez PA, Liu S, Santos PA, Stephens J, Bos JIB. An aphid effector promotes barley susceptibility through suppression of defence gene expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2796-2807. [PMID: 31989174 PMCID: PMC7210766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aphids secrete diverse repertoires of effectors into their hosts to promote the infestation process. While 'omics' approaches facilitated the identification and comparison of effector repertoires from a number of aphid species, the functional characterization of these proteins has been limited to dicot (model) plants. The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is a pest of cereal crops, including barley. Here, we extend efforts to characterize aphid effectors with regard to their role in promoting susceptibility to the R. padi-barley interaction. We selected three R. padi effectors based on sequence similarity to previously characterized Myzus persicae effectors and assessed their subcellular localization, expression, and role in promoting plant susceptibility. Expression of R. padi effectors RpC002 and Rp1 in transgenic barley lines enhanced plant susceptibility to R. padi but not M. persicae, for which barley is a poor host. Characterization of Rp1 transgenic barley lines revealed reduced gene expression of plant hormone signalling genes relevant to plant-aphid interactions, indicating that this effector enhances susceptibility by suppressing plant defences in barley. Our data suggest that some aphid effectors specifically function when expressed in host species, and feature activities that benefit their corresponding aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Escudero-Martinez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Patricia A Rodriguez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich, Germany
| | - Shan Liu
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Pablo A Santos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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91
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Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Vasina VV, Peters WS. Sieve elements rapidly develop 'nacreous walls' following injury - a common wounding response? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:797-808. [PMID: 31883138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thick glistening cell walls occur in sieve tubes of all major land plant taxa. Historically, these 'nacreous walls' have been considered a diagnostic feature of sieve elements; they represent a conundrum, though, in the context of the widely accepted pressure-flow theory as they severely constrict sieve tubes. We employed the cucurbit Gerrardanthus macrorhizus as a model to study nacreous walls in sieve elements by standard and in situ confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, focusing on changes in functional sieve tubes that occur when prepared for microscopic observation. Over 90% of sieve elements in tissue sections processed for microscopy by standard methods exhibit nacreous walls. Sieve elements in whole, live plants that were actively transporting as shown by phloem-mobile tracers, lacked nacreous walls and exhibited open lumina of circular cross-sections instead, an appropriate structure for Münch-type mass flow of the cell contents. Puncturing of transporting sieve elements with micropipettes triggered the rapid (<1 min) development of nacreous walls that occluded the cell lumen almost completely. We conclude that nacreous walls are preparation artefacts rather than structural features of transporting sieve elements. Nacreous walls in land plants resemble the reversibly swellable walls found in various algae, suggesting that they may function in turgor buffering, the amelioration of osmotic stress, wounding-induced sieve tube occlusion, and possibly local defence responses of the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Viktoriya V Vasina
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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92
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Serteyn L, Quaghebeur C, Ongena M, Cabrera N, Barrera A, Molina-Montenegro MA, Francis F, Ramírez CC. Induced Systemic Resistance by a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Impacts Development and Feeding Behavior of Aphids. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040234. [PMID: 32276327 PMCID: PMC7240704 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microorganisms on plant-insect interactions have usually been underestimated. While plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to induce plant defenses, endosymbiotic bacteria hosted by herbivorous insects are often beneficial to the host. Here, we aimed to assess whether PGPR-induced defenses in broad bean plants impact the pea aphid, depending on its genotype and the presence of endosymbionts. We estimated aphid reproduction, quantified defense- and growth-related phytohormones by GC-MS, and measured different plant growth and physiology parameters, after PGPR treatment. In addition, we recorded the feeding behavior of aphids by electropenetrography. We found that the PGPR treatment of broad bean plants reduced the reproduction of one of the pea aphid clones. We highlighted a phenomenon of PGPR-induced plant defense priming, but no noticeable plant growth promotion. The main changes in aphid probing behavior were related to salivation events into phloem sieve elements. We suggest that the endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa played a key role in plant-insect interactions, possibly helping aphids to counteract plant-induced resistance and allowing them to develop normally on PGPR-treated plants. Our results imply that plant- and aphid-associated microorganisms add greater complexity to the outcomes of aphid-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Serteyn
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (C.Q.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.C.R.); Tel.: +3-281-622-235 (L.S.); +5-671-220-0289 (C.C.R.)
| | - Céleste Quaghebeur
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (C.Q.); (F.F.)
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Nuri Cabrera
- Laboratorio Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 1141 Talca, Chile;
| | - Andrea Barrera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 1141 Talca, Chile; (A.B.); (M.A.M.-M.)
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 1141 Talca, Chile; (A.B.); (M.A.M.-M.)
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, 1281 Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (C.Q.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio C. Ramírez
- Laboratorio Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 1141 Talca, Chile;
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.C.R.); Tel.: +3-281-622-235 (L.S.); +5-671-220-0289 (C.C.R.)
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Tungadi T, Donnelly R, Qing L, Iqbal J, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Cunniffe NJ, Carr JP. Cucumber mosaic virus 2b proteins inhibit virus-induced aphid resistance in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:250-257. [PMID: 31777194 PMCID: PMC6988427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is vectored by aphids, has a tripartite RNA genome encoding five proteins. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a subgroup IA CMV strain, Fny-CMV, increases plant susceptibility to aphid infestation but a viral mutant unable to express the 2b protein (Fny-CMV∆2b) induces aphid resistance. We hypothesized that in tobacco, one or more of the four other Fny-CMV gene products (the 1a or 2a replication proteins, the movement protein, or the coat protein) are potential aphid resistance elicitors, whilst the 2b protein counteracts induction of aphid resistance. Mutation of the Fny-CMV 2b protein indicated that inhibition of virus-induced resistance to aphids (Myzus persicae) depends on amino acid sequences known to control nucleus-to-cytoplasm shuttling. LS-CMV (subgroup II) also increased susceptibility to aphid infestation but the LS-CMV∆2b mutant did not induce aphid resistance. Using reassortant viruses comprising different combinations of LS and Fny genomic RNAs, we showed that Fny-CMV RNA 1 but not LS-CMV RNA 1 conditions aphid resistance in tobacco, suggesting that the Fny-CMV 1a protein triggers resistance. However, the 2b proteins of both strains suppress aphid resistance, suggesting that the ability of 2b proteins to inhibit aphid resistance is conserved among divergent CMV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityNo. 2, Tiansheng RoadChongqingChina
| | - Javaid Iqbal
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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94
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Jacques S, Reidy-Crofts J, Sperschneider J, Kamphuis LG, Gao LL, Edwards OR, Singh KB. An RNAi supplemented diet as a reverse genetics tool to control bluegreen aphid, a major pest of legumes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1604. [PMID: 32005880 PMCID: PMC6994723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are important agricultural pests causing major yield losses worldwide. Since aphids can rapidly develop resistance to chemical insecticides there is an urgent need to find alternative aphid pest management strategies. Despite the economic importance of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi), very few genetic resources are available to expand our current understanding and help find viable control solutions. An artificial diet is a desirable non-invasive tool to enable the functional characterisation of genes in bluegreen aphid and discover candidate target genes for future use in RNA interference (RNAi) mediated crop protection against aphids. To date no artificial diet has been developed for bluegreen aphid, so we set out to develop a suitable diet by testing and optimising existing diets. Here, we describe an artificial diet for rearing bluegreen aphid and also provide a proof of concept for the supplementation of the diet with RNAi molecules targeting the salivary gland transcript C002 and gap gene hunchback, resulting in bluegreen aphid mortality which has not yet been documented in this species. Managing this pest, for example via RNAi delivery through artificial feeding will be a major improvement to test bluegreen aphid candidate target genes for future pest control and gain significant insights into bluegreen aphid gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Jacques
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jenny Reidy-Crofts
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Owain R Edwards
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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95
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Impact of Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana Metabolic Pathways on Polerovirus Accumulation, Aphid Performance, and Feeding Behavior. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020146. [PMID: 32012755 PMCID: PMC7077285 DOI: 10.3390/v12020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the process of virus acquisition by aphids, plants respond to both the virus and the aphids by mobilizing different metabolic pathways. It is conceivable that the plant metabolic responses to both aggressors may be conducive to virus acquisition. To address this question, we analyze the accumulation of the phloem-limited polerovirus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), which is strictly transmitted by aphids, and aphid's life traits in six Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (xth33, ss3-2, nata1, myc234, quad, atr1D, and pad4-1). We observed that mutations affecting the carbohydrate metabolism, the synthesis of a non-protein amino acid and the glucosinolate pathway had an effect on TuYV accumulation. However, the virus titer did not correlate with the virus transmission efficiency. Some mutations in A. thaliana affect the aphid feeding behavior but often only in infected plants. The duration of the phloem sap ingestion phase, together with the time preceding the first sap ingestion, affect the virus transmission rate more than the virus titer did. Our results also show that the aphids reared on infected mutant plants had a reduced biomass regardless of the mutation and the duration of the sap ingestion phase.
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96
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Kolliopoulou A, Kontogiannatos D, Swevers L. The Use of Engineered Plant Viruses in a Trans-Kingdom Silencing Strategy Against Their Insect Vectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:917. [PMID: 32733507 PMCID: PMC7360853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants, plant viruses, and their vectors are co-evolving actors that co-exist and interact in nature. Insects are the most important vectors of plant viruses, serving as both carriers and hosts for the virus. This trans-kingdom interaction can be harnessed for the production of recombinant plant viruses designed to target insect genes via the RNAi machinery. The selection of the adequate viruses is important since they must infect and preferentially replicate in both the host plant and the insect vector. The routes of transmission that determine the extent of the infection inside the insect vary among different plant viruses. In the context of the proposed strategy, plant viruses that are capable of transversing the insect gut-hemocoel barrier and replicating in insect tissues are attractive candidates. Thus, the transmission of such viruses in a persistent and propagative manner is considered as a prerequisite for this strategy to be feasible, a characteristic that is found in viruses from the families Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. In addition, several RNA viruses are known that replicate in both plant and insect tissues via a yet unclarified transmission route. In this review, advances in knowledge of trans-kingdom transmission of plant viruses and future perspectives for their engineering as silencing vectors are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolliopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Greece
- *Correspondence: Anna Kolliopoulou,
| | - Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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97
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Jiang Y, Zhang CX, Chen R, He SY. Challenging battles of plants with phloem-feeding insects and prokaryotic pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23390-23397. [PMID: 31712429 PMCID: PMC6876188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915396116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 4 decades, intensive molecular studies of mostly leaf mesophyll cell-infecting pathogens and chewing insects have led to compelling models of plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions. Yet, some of the most devastating pathogens and insect pests live in or feed on the phloem, a systemic tissue belonging to the plant vascular system. Phloem tissues are difficult to study, and phloem-inhabiting pathogens are often impossible to culture, thus limiting our understanding of phloem-insect/pathogen interactions at a molecular level. In this Perspective, we highlight recent literature that reports significant advances in the understanding of phloem interactions with insects and prokaryotic pathogens and attempt to identify critical questions that need attention for future research. It is clear that study of phloem-insect/pathogen interactions represents an exciting frontier of plant science, and influx of new scientific expertise and funding is crucial to achieve faster progress in this important area of research that is integral to global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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98
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Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Plant Immunity: a bird's-eye view. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:1-2. [PMID: 30709486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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99
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Nalam V, Louis J, Patel M, Shah J. Arabidopsis-Green Peach Aphid Interaction: Rearing the Insect, No-choice and Fecundity Assays, and Electrical Penetration Graph Technique to Study Insect Feeding Behavior. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2950. [PMID: 34395762 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids constitute a large group of Hemipterans that use their slender stylets to tap into the sieve elements of plants from which they consume copious amounts of phloem sap, thus depriving the plant of photoassimilates. Some aphids also transmit viral diseases of plants. Myzus persicae Sülzer, commonly known as the green peach aphid (GPA), which is a polyphagous insect with a host range that covers 50 plant families, is considered amongst the top 3 insect pest of plants. The interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the GPA is utilized as a model pathosystem to study plant-aphid interaction. Here we describe the protocol used in our laboratories for rearing the GPA, and no-choice and fecundity bioassays to study GPA performance on Arabidopsis. In addition, we describe the procedure for the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to monitor feeding behavior of the GPA on Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Monika Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and the BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and the BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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