51
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Alzoubi KH, Al Subeh ZY, Khabour OF. Molecular targets for the interactive effect of etazolate during post-traumatic stress disorder: Role of oxidative stress, BDNF and histones. Behav Brain Res 2019; 369:111930. [PMID: 31047921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in individuals after exposure to severe, life-threatening traumatic event. Etazolate is a selective phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor that is highly specific for cAMP, which has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. We have previously shown that PTSD induced-memory impairment, anxiety and depression were prevented via the administration of etazolate. In the current study, the effect of etazolate on oxidative stress parameters, BDNF, and histone acetylation in the hippocampus were evaluated in a rat model of PTSD. The PTSD was induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) model. Etazolate was administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for one month. At the end of the treatment period, the hippocampus was dissected and oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, GSSG, GPx and TBARS), BDNF protein level, and histone acetylation were assessed. Results revealed that PTSD potentiated oxidative stress in the hippocampus and induced significant reductions in BDNF level and histones acetylation (P < 0.05). Etazolate treatment, on the other hand, led to prevention of changes in these oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, GSSG, GPx and TBARS), BDNF levels, and histones acetylation. In conclusion, oxidative stress and modulation of BDNF and histones acetylation induced by PTSD can be prevented by treatment with etazolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Zeinab Y Al Subeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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52
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Kim YK, Amidfar M, Won E. A review on inflammatory cytokine-induced alterations of the brain as potential neural biomarkers in post-traumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 91:103-112. [PMID: 29932946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms indicates that multiple neurobiological mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of the condition. However, no generally accepted PTSD biomarkers in clinical practice currently exist. The sequential responses to recurrent and chronic stress by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) system are considered to play a significant role in the onset and progression of PTSD. Decreased activity of the HPA axis and parasympathetic nervous system, along with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, have been observed in PTSD, which may lead to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Such heightened activity of the immune system may cause alterations in the structure and function of brain regions-for example, the amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula-through changes in levels of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites, and direct neurotoxic effects of cytokines. Although chronic inflammation-induced alterations in brain regions critical in controlling emotional behavior and fear regulation may represent a strong candidate biomarker of PTSD, future studies are necessary to further elucidate inflammation-associated neural biomarkers of PTSD. Continued research on therapeutic methods that involve the normalization of the HPA axis, ANS, and immune system is expected to contribute to the development of novel ways to treat PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Meysam Amidfar
- Department of Neuroscience, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Karlsson L, Tolvanen M, Scheinin NM, Uusitupa HM, Korja R, Ekholm E, Tuulari JJ, Pajulo M, Huotilainen M, Paunio T, Karlsson H. Cohort Profile: The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (FinnBrain). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:15-16j. [PMID: 29025073 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Child Psychiatry
| | - Mimmi Tolvanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Community Dentistry
| | - Noora M Scheinin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Psychiatry
| | - Henna-Maria Uusitupa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
| | - Riikka Korja
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku
| | - Eeva Ekholm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
| | - Marjukka Pajulo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Child Psychiatry
| | - Minna Huotilainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,University of Helsinki, Cognitive Brain Research Unit and CICERO Learning Network, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, the Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.,Department of Psychiatry
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54
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Roberts AG, Lopez-Duran NL. Developmental influences on stress response systems: Implications for psychopathology vulnerability in adolescence. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 88:9-21. [PMID: 30466015 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adolescent transition is marked by increases in stress exposure and significant maturation of neural and hormonal stress processing systems. Variability in the development of these systems during adolescence may influence the risk for stress-related psychopathology. This paper aims to review the developmental maturation of the HPA axis and related stress regulation systems, and demonstrate how interference in this adaptive developmental process may increase the risk for negative outcomes. We argue that the developmental maturation of the HPA axis aims to improve the regulatory capacity of the axis in order to more adaptively respond to these increases in stress reactivity. Additionally, we review evidence that sex differences in the development of the HPA and related axes may contribute to sex differences in the risk for stress-related psychopathology. Finally, we discuss how contextual factors, such as early trauma and obesity may alter the development of HPA axis during the adolescence transition and how alterations of normative development increase the risk for stress-related disorders.
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55
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Thomas N, Gurvich C, Kulkarni J. Borderline personality disorder, trauma, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2601-2612. [PMID: 31564884 PMCID: PMC6743631 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s198804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric illness for which treatment poses a significant challenge due to limited effective pharmacologic treatments, and under-resourced psychological interventions. BPD is one of the most stigmatized conditions in psychiatry today, but can be understood as a modifiable, neurodevelopmental disorder that arises from maladaptive responses to trauma and stress. Stress susceptibility and reactivity in BPD is thought to mediate both the development and maintenance of BPD symptomatology, with trauma exposure considered an early life risk factor of development, and acute stress moderating symptom trajectory. An altered stress response has been characterized in BPD at the structural, neural, and neurobiological level, and is believed to underlie the maladaptive behavioral and cognitive symptomatology presented in BPD. The endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents a key stress response system, and growing evidence suggests it is dysfunctional in the BPD patient population. This theoretical review examines BPD in the context of a neurodevelopmental stress-related disorder, providing an overview of measurements of stress with a focus on HPA-axis measurement. Potential confounding factors associated with measurement of the HPA system are discussed, including sex and sex hormones, genetic factors, and the influence of sample collection methods. HPA-axis dysfunction in BPD largely mirrors findings demonstrated in post-traumatic stress disorder and may represent a valuable neuroendocrine target for diagnostic or treatment response biomarkers, or for which novel treatments can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Thomas
- Central Clinical School , Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Central Clinical School , Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Central Clinical School , Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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56
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Ulmer-Yaniv A, Djalovski A, Priel A, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Maternal depression alters stress and immune biomarkers in mother and child. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:1145-1157. [PMID: 30133052 DOI: 10.1002/da.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to maternal depression bears long-term negative consequences for children's well-being. Yet, no study has tested the joint contribution of maternal and child's hypothalamic pituitary axis and immune systems in mediating the effects of maternal depression on child psychopathology. METHODS We followed a birth cohort over-represented for maternal depression from birth to 10 years (N = 125). At 10 years, mother and child's cortisol (CT) and secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), biomarkers of the stress and immune systems, were assayed, mother-child interaction observed, mothers and children underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms reported. RESULTS Depressed mothers had higher CT and s-IgA levels and displayed more negative parenting, characterized by negative affect, intrusion, and criticism. Children of depressed mothers exhibited more Axis-I disorders, higher s-IgA levels, and greater social withdrawal. Structural equation modeling charted four paths by which maternal depression impacted child externalizing and internalizing symptoms: (a) increasing maternal CT, which linked with higher child CT and behavior problems; (b) augmenting maternal and child's immune response, which were associated with child symptoms; (c) enhancing negative parenting that predicted child social withdrawal and symptoms; and (d), via a combined endocrine-immune pathway suppressing symptom formation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, the first to test stress and immune biomarkers in depressed mothers and their children in relation to social behavior, describe mechanisms of endocrine synchrony in shaping children's stress response and immunity, advocate the need to follow the long-term effects of maternal depression on children's health throughout life, and highlight maternal depression as an important public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Ulmer-Yaniv
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzlia, Israel.,The Gonda Multidisciplinary Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Djalovski
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzlia, Israel.,Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Avital Priel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Orna Zagoory-Sharon
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzlia, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzlia, Israel.,Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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57
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Spies G, Konkiewitz EC, Seedat S. Incidence and Persistence of Depression Among Women Living with and Without HIV in South Africa: A Longitudinal Study. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:3155-3165. [PMID: 29476437 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Depression and trauma are common among women living with HIV. This is the first study to track the longitudinal course of depression and examine the relationship between depression and trauma over time among women in South Africa. HIV-infected and uninfected women (N = 148) were assessed at baseline and one year later. Results of a path analysis show the multi-directional and entwined influence of early life stress, other life-threatening traumas across the lifespan, depression and PTSD over the course of HIV. We also observed higher rates of depressive symptomatology and more persistent cases among infected women compared to uninfected women, as well as a more consistent and enduring relationship between childhood trauma and depression among women living with HIV. The present study is unique in documenting the course of untreated depression and PTSD in women with and without HIV infection with a high prevalence of early childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Elisabete Castelon Konkiewitz
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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58
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Wielaard I, Schaakxs R, Comijs HC, Stek ML, Rhebergen D. The influence of childhood abuse on cortisol levels and the cortisol awakening response in depressed and nondepressed older adults. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:440-449. [PMID: 28120636 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood abuse has been associated with depression in later life. This may be related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Therefore we aimed to examine the impact of childhood abuse and its interaction with depression on cortisol levels in older adults. METHODS Data from 418 participants (mean age 70.8 years) in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used; 187 participants experienced childhood abuse; 309 participants had a diagnosis of depression. Diurnal cortisol levels were determined using six saliva samples from every participant. Multiple regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Significant negative associations between childhood abuse and morning cortisol levels were found. In nondepressed persons, both psychological and sexual abuse were associated with greater dynamics of the HPA axis in response to awakening. CONCLUSIONS Childhood abuse is associated with lower basal cortisol levels at awakening irrespective of major depressive disorder (MDD). Higher reactivity of the HPA axis during the hour after awakening was found in nondepressed participants only, which might suggest that late-life depression modifies the effect of childhood abuse on the HPA axis. Older adults with a history of childhood abuse may be more negatively affected by stress or stressful events and this is reflected in dysregulation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Wielaard
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne Schaakxs
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hannie C Comijs
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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59
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Roberts AL, Liew Z, Lyall K, Ascherio A, Weisskopf MG. Association of Maternal Exposure to Childhood Abuse With Elevated Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1896-1906. [PMID: 29762636 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children whose mothers experienced childhood abuse are more likely to suffer various neurodevelopmental deficits. Whether an association exists specifically for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unknown. We examined the association of maternal experience of childhood abuse with ADHD in offspring, assessed by maternal report of diagnosis and validated with the ADHD Rating Scale-IV in a subsample, in the Nurses' Health Study II (n = 49,497 mothers; n = 7,607 case offspring; n = 102,151 control offspring). We examined whether 10 adverse perinatal circumstances (e.g., prematurity, smoking) or socioeconomic factors accounted for a possible association. Exposure to abuse was associated with greater prevalence of ADHD in offspring (8.7% of offspring of women exposed to severe abuse vs. 5.5% of offspring of women not abused, P = 0.0001) and with greater risk for ADHD when the model was adjusted for demographic factors (male offspring, risk ratio (RR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 1.9; female offspring, RR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7, 3.0). After adjustment for perinatal factors, the association of maternal childhood abuse with ADHD in offspring was slightly attenuated (male offspring, RR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8; female offspring, RR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6, 2.8). We identified an association between maternal experience of childhood abuse and risk for ADHD in offspring, which was not explained by several important perinatal risk factors or socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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60
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Tetramethylpyrazine reverses anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:525-538. [PMID: 30181699 PMCID: PMC6115350 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.5.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, and anxiety that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The reported pharmacological properties of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) include anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of TMP and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. This study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of TMP on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Rats were given TMP (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of TMP significantly reduced grooming behavior, increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. TMP administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning and significantly restored the neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in 5-HT tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The increased 5-HT concentration during TMP treatment might be partially attribute to the tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid mRNA level expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These findings support a role for reducing the altered serotonergic transmission in rats with PTSD. TMP simultaneously attenuated the HPA axis dysfunction. Therefore, TMP may be useful for developing an agent for treating psychiatric disorders, such those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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61
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Wang J, Feng X, Wu J, Xie S, Li L, Xu L, Zhang Y, Ren X, Hu Z, Lv L, Hu X, Jiang T. Alterations of Gray Matter Volume and White Matter Integrity in Maternal Deprivation Monkeys. Neuroscience 2018; 384:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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62
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Fuentes S, Daviu N, Gagliano H, Belda X, Armario A, Nadal R. Early life stress in rats sex-dependently affects remote endocrine rather than behavioral consequences of adult exposure to contextual fear conditioning. Horm Behav 2018; 103:7-18. [PMID: 29802874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to electric foot-shocks can induce in rodents contextual fear conditioning, generalization of fear to other contexts and sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to further stressors. All these aspects are relevant for the study of post-traumatic stress disorder. In the present work we evaluated in rats the sex differences and the role of early life stress (ELS) in fear memories, generalization and sensitization. During the first postnatal days subjects were exposed to restriction of nesting material along with exposure to a "substitute" mother. In the adulthood they were exposed to (i) a contextual fear conditioning to evaluate long-term memory and extinction and (ii) to a novel environment to study cognitive fear generalization and HPA axis heterotypic sensitization. ELS did not alter acquisition, expression or extinction of context fear conditioned behavior (freezing) in either sex, but reduced activity in novel environments only in males. Fear conditioning associated hypoactivity in novel environments (cognitive generalization) was greater in males than females but was not specifically affected by ELS. Although overall females showed greater basal and stress-induced levels of ACTH and corticosterone, an interaction between ELS, shock exposure and sex was found regarding HPA hormones. In males, ELS did not affect ACTH response in any situation, whereas in females, ELS reduced both shock-induced sensitization of ACTH and its conditioned response to the shock context. Also, shock-induced sensitization of corticosterone was only observed in males and ELS specifically reduced corticosterone response to stressors in males but not females. In conclusion, ELS seems to have only a minor impact on shock-induced behavioral conditioning, while affecting the unconditioned and conditioned responses of HPA hormones in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Fuentes
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Daviu
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Roser Nadal
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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63
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Keller SM, Doherty TS, Roth TL. Pharmacological Manipulation of DNA Methylation in Adult Female Rats Normalizes Behavioral Consequences of Early-Life Maltreatment. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:126. [PMID: 30008666 PMCID: PMC6034089 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adversity early in development alters brain and behavioral trajectories. Data continue to accumulate that epigenetic mechanisms are a mediating factor between early-life adversity and adult behavioral phenotypes. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that female Long-Evans rats exposed to maltreatment during infancy display both aberrant forced swim behavior and patterns of brain DNA methylation in adulthood. Therefore, we examined the possibility of rescuing the aberrant forced swim behavior in maltreated-adult females by administering an epigenome-modifying drug (zebularine) at a dose previously shown to normalize DNA methylation. We found that zebularine normalized behavior in the forced swim test in maltreated females such that they performed at the levels of controls (females that had been exposed to only nurturing care during infancy). These data help link DNA methylation to an adult phenotype in our maltreatment model, and more broadly provide additional evidence that non-targeted epigenetic manipulations can change behavior associated with early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Keller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Tiffany S Doherty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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64
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Lee B, Lee H. Systemic Administration of Curcumin Affect Anxiety-Related Behaviors in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder via Activation of Serotonergic Systems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:9041309. [PMID: 30018659 PMCID: PMC6029466 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disease characterized by impaired hyperarousal, fear extermination, depression, anxiety, and amnesic symptoms that may include the release of monoamines in the dread circuit. Curcumin (CUR), a major diarylheptanoid and polyphenolic component of Curcuma longa, reportedly possesses several pharmacological features, including antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, anticancer, and neuropsychiatric actions. But the anxiolytic-like effects of CUR and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. The current research measured some anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of CUR on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction. Rats received CUR (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of CUR significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test and reduced grooming behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and increased the number of open-arm visits on the EPM test. CUR administration significantly reduced freezing response to contextual fear conditioning. CUR recovered neurochemical abnormalities and SPS-induced decreased 5-HT tissue levels in the hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum. These results suggested that CUR has anxiolytic-like effects on biochemical and behavioral symptoms associated with anxiety. Thus, CUR may be a useful agent to alleviate or treat psychiatric disorders similar to those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Violence Exposure and Mental Health of College Students in the United States. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8060053. [PMID: 29882926 PMCID: PMC6027217 DOI: 10.3390/bs8060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the well-established link between exposure to violence and mental health problems, less is known about this association among college students. The current study aimed to investigate the association between history of exposure to violence and mental health of American college students. Methods: Healthy Mind Study (HMS, 2016⁻2017) is a national online survey of 41,898 adult college students. The independent variable was lifetime history of exposure to violence (psychological, physical, and sexual). The dependent variables were anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Race, age, gender, sexual orientation, parental education, financial stress, transfer status, enrollment status, and graduate status were covariates. Linear and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Results: History of exposure to violence was associated with all three aspects of poor mental health, namely general anxiety, depression, and suicidality. These associations were independent of covariates and type of abuse. Conclusions: There is a need to address various mental health needs of college students who have experienced various forms of violence. College students who screen positive for history of violence exposure should be evaluated for anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors.
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Risk factors of compliance with self-harm command hallucinations in individuals with affective and non-affective psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:115-121. [PMID: 28911915 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians are often left with the difficult task of assessing and managing the risk of violent behaviors in individuals having command hallucinations, which may result in substantial rates of false positive or false negative. Moreover, findings on the association between command hallucinations and suicidal behaviors are limited. In an attempt to better understand compliance to this hallucinatory phenomenon, our objective was to identify the risk factors of compliance with self-harm command hallucinations. Secondary analyses from the MacArthur Study were performed on 82 participants with psychosis reporting such commands. Univariate logistic regression was used to examine the classification value of each characteristic associated with compliance with such commands. Seriousness and frequency of childhood physical abuse, a current comorbid substance use disorder, emotional distress, general symptomatology, history of compliance, and belief about compliance in the future were found to be significant risk factors of compliance with self-harm commands in the week preceding psychiatric inpatient. Multivariate analyses revealed that severity of childhood physical abuse, belief about compliance in the future, and a current comorbid substance use disorder were independent risk factors. The final model showed excellent classification accuracy as suggest by the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC=0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.92, p<0.001). Our results suggest considerable clinical implications in regard to the assessment of risk of compliance to self-harm command hallucinations in individuals with psychosis.
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68
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Chao T, Radoncic V, Hien D, Bedi G, Haney M. Stress responding in cannabis smokers as a function of trauma exposure, sex, and relapse in the human laboratory. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:23-32. [PMID: 29413435 PMCID: PMC6090565 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress responding is linked to drug use, but little is known about stress responses in cannabis smokers. We investigated acute stress responding in cannabis smokers as a function of trauma exposure and sex, and relationships between stress responses and cannabis relapse. METHODS 125 healthy, non-treatment-seeking daily cannabis smokers (23F, 102 M) completed the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST), a standardized laboratory stressor; subsets also completed a trauma questionnaire (n = 106) and a laboratory cannabis relapse measure (n = 54). Stress responding was assessed with heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol (CORT), and self-rated mood. RESULTS Cannabis smokers reporting at least one trauma exposure had higher CORT and anxiety overall compared to those reporting no trauma. Stress responding did not differ as a function of binary trauma exposure, although total number of exposures correlated positively with CORT and anxiety during stress. Females reported increased nervousness after stress relative to males matched to the females for cannabis and cigarette use. An interactive effect of sex and trauma on HR suggested that females with trauma exposure have increased cardiovascular stress responding relative to those without such exposure, with no differential effect in males. Stress responding did not predict laboratory cannabis relapse. CONCLUSION We report differences in acute stress responding as a function of trauma, sex, and their interaction in a large sample of relatively homogenous cannabis smokers. Further investigation of how trauma impacts stress responding in male and female cannabis smokers, and how this relates to different aspects of cannabis use, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chao
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, United States; Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanya Radoncic
- Gordon F. Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States; Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Denise Hien
- Gordon F. Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States; Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, and Orygen National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Margaret Haney
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Oleuropein reduces anxiety-like responses by activating of serotonergic and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic systems in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:109-117. [PMID: 30460087 PMCID: PMC6138302 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1426699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder caused by traumatic experiences. This psychopathological response to traumatic stressors induces anxiety in rats. Oleuropein (OLE), a major compound in olive leaves, reportedly possesses several pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-atherosclerotic and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of OLE and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. The present study used several behavioral tests to examine the effects of OLE on symptoms of anxiety in rats after a single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Male Sprague Dawley rats received OLE (10, 50 and 70 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Daily OLE (70 mg/kg) administration significantly increased the number and duration of open arm visits in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, reduced the anxiety index and grooming behavior in the EPM test, and increased the time spent and number of central zone crossings in the open field test. OLE also blocked the SPS-induced decrease in hippocampal serotonin and neuropeptide Y expression in hippocampus. These findings suggest that OLE has anxiolytic-like effects on behavioral and biochemical symptoms similar to those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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70
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Berberine alleviates symptoms of anxiety by enhancing dopamine expression in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29520171 PMCID: PMC5840077 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, anxiety, depression, and amnesic symptoms that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The present study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of berberine (BER) on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure, and to determine if BER reversed the dopamine (DA) dysfunction. Rats received BER (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily) for 14 days after SPS exposure. BER administration significantly increased the time spent in the open arms and reduced grooming behavior during the elevated plus maze test, and increased the time spent in the central zone and the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. BER restored neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in DA tissue levels in the hippocampus and striatum. The increased DA concentration during BER treatment may partly be attributed to mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and the DA transporter in the hippocampus, while BER exerted no significant effects on vesicular monoamine transporter mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These results suggest that BER had anxiolytic-like effects on behavioral and biochemical measures associated with anxiety. These findings support a role for reduced anxiety altered DAergic transmission and reduced anxiety in rats with PTSD. Thus, BER may be a useful agent to treat or alleviate psychiatric disorders like those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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71
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Anuk D, Bahadır G. The association of experience of violence and somatization, depression, and alexithymia: a sample of women with medically unexplained symptoms in Turkey. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018; 21:93-103. [PMID: 28752259 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-017-0762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the levels of somatization, depression as well as alexithymia, and MUS in women going through violence experience in three contexts (childhood, adulthood, and both childhood and adulthood). The study was performed on 180 patients attending the Internal Medicine Department of Istanbul University Medical Faculty. The data of women with MUS (n = 50) were compared those of women with acute physical conditions (n = 46) and chronic physical conditions (n = 84). Semi-structured Interview Form, Childhood Abuse and Neglect Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale were administered. The levels of somatization and depression were found to be higher in women who were exposed to emotional abuse (EA) and physical abuse (PA) in adulthood in the MUS group compared with those of the women exposed to EA and PA in adulthood in the other groups. The levels of somatization, depression, and alexithymia in the MUS group exposed to childhood emotional abuse (CEA) were also higher than those in the controls exposed to CEA. The levels of somatization and alexithymia in the MUS group who were exposed to childhood physical abuse (CPA) were higher than those in the controls exposed to CPA. The levels of somatization and depression in the MUS group who were exposed to violence both in childhood and in adulthood were higher than those in the controls who experienced violence both in childhood and in adulthood. Most women exposed to domestic violence present to health care institutions with various physical and psychological symptoms in Turkey. So, it is important that health caregivers also ask questions about experiences of violence and psychological symptoms in women presenting with medically unexplained symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Anuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Güler Bahadır
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
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72
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The influence of early life stress on the integration of emotion and working memory. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:179-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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73
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Stickley A, Leinsalu M. Childhood hunger and depressive symptoms in adulthood: Findings from a population-based study. J Affect Disord 2018; 226:332-338. [PMID: 29031183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have linked childhood hunger to an increased risk for later depression. However, as yet, there has been little research on this relation in adults of all ages or whether there are sex differences in this association. The current study examined these issues using data from a national population-based sample. METHODS Data were analyzed from 5095 adults aged 25-84 collected during the Estonian Health Interview Survey 2006. Information was obtained on the frequency of going to bed hungry in childhood and on depressive symptoms using the Emotional State Questionnaire (EST-Q). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between hunger and depression while controlling for other demographic, socioeconomic and health-related variables. RESULTS In a fully adjusted model, going to bed hungry in childhood either sometimes or often was associated with significantly increased odds for depressive symptoms. When the analysis was stratified by sex the association was more evident in men where any frequency of childhood hunger was linked to adult depression while only women who had experienced hunger often had higher odds for depressive symptoms in the final model. LIMITATIONS Data on childhood hunger were retrospectively reported and may have been affected by recall bias. We also lacked information on potentially relevant variables such as other childhood adversities that might have been important for the observed associations. CONCLUSION Childhood hunger is associated with an increased risk for depressive symptoms among adults. Preventing hunger in childhood may be important for mental health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge 141 89, Sweden.
| | - Mall Leinsalu
- The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge 141 89, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
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74
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Boschen KE, Keller SM, Roth TL, Klintsova AY. Epigenetic mechanisms in alcohol- and adversity-induced developmental origins of neurobehavioral functioning. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 66:63-79. [PMID: 29305195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of developmental alcohol and stress exposure are well documented in both humans and non-human animal models. Damage to the brain and attendant life-long impairments in cognition and increased risk for psychiatric disorders are debilitating consequences of developmental exposure to alcohol and/or psychological stress. Here we discuss evidence for a role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating these consequences. While we highlight some of the common ways in which stress or alcohol impact the epigenome, we point out that little is understood of the epigenome's response to experiencing both stress and alcohol exposure, though stress is a contributing factor as to why women drink during pregnancy. Advancing our understanding of this relationship is of critical concern not just for the health and well-being of individuals directly exposed to these teratogens, but for generations to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Boschen
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - S M Keller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - T L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - A Y Klintsova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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75
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Jacobson SL, Freeman HD, Santymire RM, Ross SR. Atypical experiences of captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) are associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations as adults. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170932. [PMID: 29308234 PMCID: PMC5750001 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiences during early development are influential on the lives of human and non-human primates into adulthood. The population of captive chimpanzees in the USA can provide insight into this relationship, as collectively they have experienced a wide range of exposure to both conspecifics (those raised in natal groups) and humans (those raised as personal pets or performers). Our study investigated chimpanzee exposure to humans using a continuous measure of categorization, the chimpanzee-human interaction index, and the relationship between this experience and cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Historical records and hair samples were collected from 60 chimpanzees which were socially housed in 13 zoos and sanctuaries. We found that more human exposure throughout the life of a chimpanzee was associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations in adulthood. Sex was also a significant factor affecting cortisol concentration, with male chimpanzees having higher cortisol concentrations than female chimpanzees. These results build upon the extensive literature about aversive effects of atypical social histories for chimpanzees and emphasize to managers the importance of monitoring potential negative health consequences and social deficits these individuals may exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Jacobson
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H. D. Freeman
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R. M. Santymire
- The Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S. R. Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
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76
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Quevedo K, Doty J, Roos L, Anker JJ. The cortisol awakening response and anterior cingulate cortex function in maltreated depressed versus non-maltreated depressed youth. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:87-95. [PMID: 28926761 PMCID: PMC5896765 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Symptomatology of depression among children who have (vs. have not) experienced maltreatment is greater in severity, more resistant to conventional treatment, and associated with elevated risk for suicide. Recent evidence implicates perturbations in stress regulatory systems and heightened negative self-appraisals as factors that increase the severity of psychopathology experienced by depressed maltreated (vs. non-maltreated) youth. Likely explanatory mechanisms for these differences are disturbances in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and persistent negative self-referential biases supported by prefrontal cortex function including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The cortisol awakening response (CAR) and dACC activity during a self-appraisal task were assessed in maltreated and non-maltreated depressed youth. Hierarchical linear models were employed to model the CAR. Maltreatment group, dACC activity during positive and negative self-appraisals as well as other key predictors, were included in the models. Post hoc analyses explored explanations for significant differences. Results indicated that maltreated depressed youth exhibited a higher CAR compared to non-maltreated youth. At low levels of dACC activity during processing of negative self-descriptors maltreated and non-maltreated depressed youth's CAR did not differ. However, at elevated levels of dACC activity during processing of negative self-descriptors maltreated depressed youth exhibited significantly higher CAR compared to non-maltreated depressed youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Quevedo
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Jennifer Doty
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Leslie Roos
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Justin J Anker
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Carvalho CM, Coimbra BM, Ota VK, Mello MF, Belangero SI. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:671-682. [PMID: 28686326 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disorder. The etiology of PTSD is multifactorial, depending on many environmental and genetic risk factors, and the exposure to life or physical integrity-threatening events. Several studies have shown significant correlations of many neurobiological findings with PTSD. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction is strongly correlated with this disorder. One hypothesis is that HPA axis dysfunction may precede the traumatic event, suggesting that genes expressed in the HPA axis may be involved in the development of PTSD. This article reviews molecular genetic studies related to PTSD collected through a literature search performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The results of these studies suggest that several polymorphisms in the HPA axis genes, including FKBP5, NR3C1, CRHR1, and CRHR2, may be risk factors for PTSD development or may be associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,LINC-Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Coimbra
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa K Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,LINC-Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Mello
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,LINC-Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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78
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Kamen C, Scheiber C, Janelsins M, Jo B, Shen H, Palesh O. Effects of childhood trauma exposure and cortisol levels on cognitive functioning among breast cancer survivors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 72:163-171. [PMID: 28818733 PMCID: PMC5659913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive functioning difficultiesin breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are common, but not all women experience these impairments. Exposure to childhood trauma may impair cognitive functioning following chemotherapy, and these impairments may be mediated by dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and cortisol slope. This study evaluated the association between childhood trauma exposure, cortisol, and cognition in a sample of breast cancer survivors. 56 women completed measures of trauma exposure (the Traumatic Events Survey), salivary cortisol, and self-reported cognitive functioning (the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Cognitive). We examined correlations between childhood trauma exposure and cognitive functioning, then used linear regression to control for factors associated with cognition (age, education, time since chemotherapy, depression, anxiety, and insomnia), and the MacArthur approach to test whether cortisol levels mediated the relationship between trauma and cognitive functioning. 57.1% of the sample had experienced at least one traumatic event in childhood, with 19.6% of the sample witnessing a serious injury, 17.9% experiencing physical abuse, and 14.3% experiencing sexual abuse. Childhood trauma exposure and cognitive functioning were moderately associated (r=-0.29). This association remained even when controlling for other factors associated with cognition; the final model explained 47% of the variance in cognitive functioning. The association between childhood trauma and cognitive functioning was mediated by steeper cortisol slope (partial r=0.35, p=0.02). Childhood trauma exposure is associated with self-reported cognitive functioning among breast cancer survivors and is mediated by cortisol dysregulation. Trauma should be considered, among other factors, in programs aiming to address cognition in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kamen
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Box 420658, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Caroline Scheiber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Janelsins
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Box 420658, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanyang Shen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oxana Palesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Alzoubi KH, Al Subeh ZY, Khabour OF. Evaluating the protective effect of etazolate on memory impairment, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by post traumatic stress disorder. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:185-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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80
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Prochazkova E, Kret ME. Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:99-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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81
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Lara-Cinisomo S, Grewen KM, Girdler SS, Wood J, Meltzer-Brody S. Perinatal Depression, Adverse Life Events, and Hypothalamic-Adrenal-Pituitary Axis Response to Cold Pressor Stress in Latinas: An Exploratory Study. Womens Health Issues 2017; 27:673-682. [PMID: 28780256 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latinas are disproportionately affected by perinatal depression (PND) as well as by adverse life events (ALEs), an independent predictor of PND. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been seen both in women with PND and with a history of ALEs in non-Latinas. Although some evidence suggests that HPA axis dysregulation may mediate the link between ALEs and PND, this hypothesis has received little attention and there are no studies that have examined these pathways in Latinas. The primary aim of the present study was to explore, in a Latina sample, associations between ALEs, PND, and HPA axis stress reactivity to a physical stressor, the cold pressor test (CPT). The secondary aim was to explore whether HPA axis reactivity and PND were associated with pain sensitivity to the CPT. METHODS Thirty-four Latinas were enrolled in their third trimester of pregnancy and interviewed at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. Depression status was determined using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥10). At 8 weeks postpartum, 27 women underwent laboratory-induced pain testing using the CPT. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol were sampled before and after the CPT to generate a stress reactivity score (post-pre). Pain sensitivity and ALEs were also assessed. RESULTS At enrollment, 26% of women were depressed, and 18% were depressed at 8 weeks postpartum. Fifty-two percent reported at least one childhood ALE. There was a significant and positive association between any childhood ALE and prenatal depression scores (p = .025). Infant-related ALEs were significantly associated with greater adrenocorticotropic hormone reactivity to the CPT (p = .030). Women with a history of any childhood ALE exhibited a blunted cortisol response to the CPT (p = .045). Women with a history of PND at 4 weeks had greater adrenocorticotropic hormone stress reactivity to the CPT (p = .027). No effects of PND were seen for pain sensitivity measures in response to the CPT, although there was a positive and significant correlation between pain tolerance and cortisol response to the CPT in the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS Given the associations between ALEs and PND and their individual effect on HPA axis stress reactivity, future studies on PND should include a larger sample of Latinas to test the mediating effects of HPA axis reactivity on associations between ALEs and PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Karen M Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan S Girdler
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jayme Wood
- Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha Meltzer-Brody
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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82
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Winters DE, Beerbower E. Mindfulness and meditation as an adjunctive treatment for adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system: Is repairing the brain and nervous system possible? SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2017; 56:615-635. [PMID: 28486059 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2017.1316341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system are prone to more traumatic events than other adolescents, leaving them in danger of developmental difficulties. Trauma exposure is predictive of poor outcomes including mental and physical health issues as well as criminal activity. Current treatment approaches either have a nominal effect on recidivism rates or increase the likelihood of future criminal offenses. This article explores adolescent brain development, the unique difficulties that juvenile justice youth face, and mindfulness meditation as an adjunctive treatment to system-based treatment. Mindfulness meditation may be a way to redress damage to the brain and facilitate healthy brain development, thus impacting prosocial behavior. Practice implications include integrating mindfulness meditation as an important part of rehabilitative efforts with juvenile justice youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Winters
- a Indiana University School of Social Work, Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Emily Beerbower
- a Indiana University School of Social Work, Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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83
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Glad CAM, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Berglund P, Bergthorsdottir R, Ragnarsson O, Johannsson G. Reduced DNA methylation and psychopathology following endogenous hypercortisolism - a genome-wide study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44445. [PMID: 28300138 PMCID: PMC5353706 DOI: 10.1038/srep44445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) in remission were used as a model to test the hypothesis that long-standing excessive cortisol exposure induces changes in DNA methylation that are associated with persisting neuropsychological consequences. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed in 48 women with CS in long-term remission (cases) and 16 controls matched for age, gender and education. The Fatigue impact scale and the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale were used to evaluate fatigue, depression and anxiety. Cases had lower average global DNA methylation than controls (81.2% vs 82.7%; p = 0.002). Four hundred and sixty-one differentially methylated regions, containing 3,246 probes mapping to 337 genes were identified. After adjustment for age and smoking, 731 probes in 236 genes were associated with psychopathology (fatigue, depression and/or anxiety). Twenty-four gene ontology terms were associated with psychopathology; terms related to retinoic acid receptor signalling were the most common (adjusted p = 0.0007). One gene in particular, COL11A2, was associated with fatigue following a false discovery rate correction. Our findings indicate that hypomethylation of FKBP5 and retinoic acid receptor related genes serve a potential mechanistic explanation for long-lasting GC-induced psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A M Glad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna C Andersson-Assarsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Berglund
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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84
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McIlwrick S, Pohl T, Chen A, Touma C. Late-Onset Cognitive Impairments after Early-Life Stress Are Shaped by Inherited Differences in Stress Reactivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28261058 PMCID: PMC5306385 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) has been associated with lasting cognitive impairments and with an increased risk for affective disorders. A dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the body’s main stress response system, is critically involved in mediating these long-term consequences of adverse early-life experience. It remains unclear to what extent an inherited predisposition for HPA axis sensitivity or resilience influences the relationship between ELS and cognitive impairments, and which neuroendocrine and molecular mechanisms may be involved. To investigate this, we exposed animals of the stress reactivity mouse model, consisting of three independent lines selectively bred for high (HR), intermediate (IR), or low (LR) HPA axis reactivity to a stressor, to ELS and assessed their cognitive performance, neuroendocrine function and hippocampal gene expression in early and in late adulthood. Our results show that HR animals that were exposed to ELS exhibited an HPA axis hyper-reactivity in early and late adulthood, associated with cognitive impairments in hippocampus-dependent tasks, as well as molecular changes in transcript levels involved in the regulation of HPA axis activity (Crh) and in neurotrophic action (Bdnf). In contrast, LR animals showed intact cognitive function across adulthood, with no change in stress reactivity. Intriguingly, LR animals that were exposed to ELS even showed significant signs of enhanced cognitive performance in late adulthood, which may be related to late-onset changes observed in the expression of Crh and Crhr1 in the dorsal hippocampus of these animals. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the lasting consequences of ELS at the level of cognition differ as a function of inherited predispositions and suggest that an innate tendency for low stress reactivity may be protective against late-onset cognitive impairments after ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja McIlwrick
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Pohl
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Chadi Touma
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department of Behavioural Biology, University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany
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85
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Thomason ME, Marusak HA. Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain. Neuroscience 2017; 342:55-67. [PMID: 26892294 PMCID: PMC4985495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic experiences early in life predispose animals and humans to later cognitive-behavioral, emotional, and somatic problems. In humans, traumatic experiences are strong predictors of psychiatric illness. A growing body of research has emphasized alterations in neurological structure and function that underscore phenotypic changes following trauma. However, results are mixed and imprecise. We argue that future translation of neurological findings to clinical practice will require: (1) discovery of neurobehavioral associations within a longitudinal context, (2) dissociation of trauma types and of trauma versus chronic stress, and (3) better localization of neural sequelae considerate of the fine resolution of neural circuitry. We provide a brief overview of early brain development and highlight the role of longitudinal research in unearthing brain-behavior relations in youth. We relay an emergent framework in which dissociable trauma types are hypothesized to impact distinct, rationally informed neural systems. In line with this, we discuss the long-standing challenge of separating effects of chronic stress and trauma, as these are often intertwined. We bring to light inconsistencies in localization of neural correlates of trauma, emphasizing results in medial prefrontal regions. We assert that more precise spatial brain localization will help to advance prevailing models of trauma pathways and inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah E Thomason
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, United States; Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, United States
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86
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Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors produce pro- or antidepressant responses via hippocampal CA1 GABAergic synapses. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:215-226. [PMID: 27001616 PMCID: PMC5285470 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The probability of suffering the mood disorder depression is up to 30% in women and 15% in men during their life span. Pharmacological options for depression are limited: conventional antidepressants have low efficacy and a delayed onset of action (several weeks). Here we investigate the antidepressant actions of inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the major degradative enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. A low-dose of MAGL inhibitors produces antidepressant effects on acute stress-exposed mice, through glutamatergic synaptic long-term depression (LTD), without significant effects on chronic corticosterone-exposed mice. In contrast, a high-dose of MAGL inhibitors produces pro- or antidepressant effects on acute stress- or chronic corticosterone-exposed mice, respectively, through GABAergic synaptic disinhibition. In the hippocampus, in vivo inhibition of MAGL induces a CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R)-dependent suppression of inhibitory GABAergic synapses and an in vivo LTD of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. LTD induction requires CB1R in astroglial cells (but not in GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons) and postsynaptic glutamate receptors. The conventional antidepressant fluoxetine produces rapid or delayed antidepressant effects in acute stress- or chronic corticosterone-exposed mice, respectively. We propose that depression-like behavior of animals in response to acute stress is the normal behavioral response, and thus, MAGL inhibitors, which produce antidepressant effects in chronic corticosterone-exposed animals through GABAergic synaptic disinhibition, represent a new class of rapidly-acting and long-lasting antidepressants.
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87
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Costs and benefits of self-efficacy: Differences of the stress response and clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:40-52. [PMID: 28143761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Encounters with stressors induce diverse idiosyncratic neuroendocrine, behavioral and psychological reactions across people. Perceived self-efficacy can alter autonomic responses and their effects on mental health. The beneficial effects of self-efficacy in buffering physiological arousal, enhancing performance, and diminishing psychopathological symptoms have been observed in diverse contexts. We show that the role of self-efficacy is not uniformly beneficial, and that higher levels of self-efficacy can sometimes lead to increases in neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses and decreases in performance, a phenomenon that has been widely neglected. We discuss specific conditions under which self-efficacy effects do not uniformly ameliorate or prevent the consequences of stress. These conditions suggest that therapeutic interventions need not always promote self-efficacy in principal. Simultaneously, they to do suggest that keeping self-efficacy high might be disadvantageous or detrimental.
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88
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Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:254-270. [PMID: 27510423 PMCID: PMC5143487 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective behavior. Indeed, heightened concentrations of inflammatory signals, including cytokines and C-reactive protein, have been described in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and phobias (agoraphobia, social phobia, etc.). However, not all reports indicate a positive association between inflammation and fear- and anxiety-based symptoms, suggesting that other factors are important in future assessments of inflammation's role in the maintenance of these disorders (ie, sex, co-morbid conditions, types of trauma exposure, and behavioral sources of inflammation). The most parsimonious explanation of increased inflammation in PTSD, GAD, PD, and phobias is via the activation of the stress response and central and peripheral immune cells to release cytokines. Dysregulation of the stress axis in the face of increased sympathetic tone and decreased parasympathetic activity characteristic of anxiety disorders could further augment inflammation and contribute to increased symptoms by having direct effects on brain regions critical for the regulation of fear and anxiety (such as the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus). Taken together, the available data suggest that targeting inflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating these fear- and anxiety-based disorders in the future. However, the field must continue to characterize the specific role pro-inflammatory signaling in the maintenance of these unique psychiatric conditions.
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89
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Shrivastava AK, Karia SB, Sonavane SS, De Sousa AA. Child sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders: a neurobiological trajectory of pathogenesis. Ind Psychiatry J 2017; 26:4-12. [PMID: 29456314 PMCID: PMC5810166 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_38_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important public health problem with long-standing neurobiological, developmental, and psychiatric abnormalities. The present review analyzes the long-term effects of CSA from a developmental, psychiatric morbidity, neurochemical and neurobiological perspective and then tries to posit a developmental neurobiological trajectory from CSA to the genesis of psychopathology in later life. The role of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine affected by CSA are discussed. Serotonin abnormalities have been reported in various studies among participants exposed to CSA. Structures such as the prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, corpus callosum, parietal lobes, hippocampus, and cerebellum all demonstrate volumetric and structural changes in response to the trauma of CSA. Neurocognitive studies demonstrate memory and spatial awareness as well as decrements in general cognitive performance and memory when compared to normal individuals. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has also been implicated in CSA, and there is an alteration in corticotropin-releasing hormone response due to the continuous cumulative trauma of CSA. This paper also reviews a section on the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of psychiatric disorders as a result of exposure to episodes of CSA where studies have demonstrated changes in DNA methylation in response to CSA. This review tries to hypothesize a developmental trajectory framework which is individual for every case where exposure to CSA may lead to psychopathology and psychiatric morbidity later in life. Rapid and emerging fields such as developmental traumatology in relation to CSA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amresh K. Shrivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Sagar B. Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushma S. Sonavane
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash A. De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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90
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Sithisarn T, Legan SJ, Westgate PM, Wilson M, Wellmann K, Bada HS, Barron S. The Effects of Perinatal Oxycodone Exposure on Behavioral Outcome in a Rodent Model. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:180. [PMID: 28971091 PMCID: PMC5609564 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opiate addiction is now a major public health problem. Perinatal insults and exposure to opiates such as morphine in utero are well known to affect development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the offspring adversely and are associated with a higher risk of developing neurobehavioral problems. Oxycodone is now one of the most frequently abused pain killers during pregnancy; however, limited data are available regarding whether and how perinatal oxycodone exposure (POE) alters neurobehavioral outcomes of the offspring. We demonstrated that exposure to 0.5 mg/kg/day oxycodone in utero was associated with hyperactivity in adult rats in an open field. No significant effects of POE were detected on isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in the early postnatal period or on learning and memory in the water maze in adult offspring. Our findings are consistent with hyperactivity problems identified in children exposed to opiates in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinart Sithisarn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sandra J Legan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Philip M Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Melinda Wilson
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kristen Wellmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Henrietta S Bada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Susan Barron
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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91
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Radcliff Z, Baylor A, Rybarczyk B. Adopted youth and sleep difficulties. PEDIATRIC HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2016; 7:165-175. [PMID: 29388635 PMCID: PMC5683292 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a critical component of healthy development for youth, with cascading effects on youth’s biological growth, psychological well-being, and overall functioning. Increased sleep difficulties are one of many disruptions that adopted youth may face throughout the adoption process. Sleep difficulties have been frequently cited as a major concern by adoptive parents and hypothesized in the literature as a problem that may affect multiple areas of development and functioning in adopted youth. However, there is limited research exploring this relationship. Using a biopsychosocial framework, this paper reviews the extant literature to explore the development, maintenance, and impact of sleep difficulties in adopted youth. Finally, implications for future research and clinical interventions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Radcliff
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Allison Baylor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bruce Rybarczyk
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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92
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Choi KW, Sikkema KJ. Childhood Maltreatment and Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:427-453. [PMID: 25985988 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015584369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) compromise maternal and child well-being and may be influenced by traumatic experiences across the life course. A potent and common form of trauma is childhood maltreatment, but its specific impact on PMADs is not well understood. A systematic review was undertaken to synthesize empirical literature on the relationship between maternal histories of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Of the 876 citations retrieved, 35 reports from a total of 26,239 participants met inclusion criteria, documenting substantial rates of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Robust trends of association were observed between childhood maltreatment and perinatal depression, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, but findings for anxiety were less consistent. Examining multivariate results suggested that childhood maltreatment predicts PMADs above and beyond sociodemographic, psychiatric, perinatal, and psychosocial factors, but may also be partially mediated by variables such as later victimization and moderated by protective early relationships. Future research should test mediating and moderating pathways using prospective cohorts, expanding to cross-cultural settings and other disorder outcomes. Treatment and prevention of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae may help mitigate risk for perinatal psychopathology and its impact on maternal and child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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93
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Petrullo LA, Mandalaywala TM, Parker KJ, Maestripieri D, Higham JP. Effects of early life adversity on cortisol/salivary alpha-amylase symmetry in free-ranging juvenile rhesus macaques. Horm Behav 2016; 86:78-84. [PMID: 27170429 PMCID: PMC6719785 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) affects physiological and behavioral development. One key component is the relationship between the developing Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). Recent studies suggest a relationship between early life adversity and asymmetry in cortisol (a measure of HPA activation) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA: a correlate of SNS activation) responses to stress among human children, but to our knowledge there have been no comparable studies in nonhumans. Here, we investigate the responses of these two analytes in "low stress" and "high stress" situations in free-ranging juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Behavioral data on maternal maltreatment were collected during the first 3months of life to determine individual rates of ELA, and saliva samples were collected from subjects noninvasively during juvenility. Irrespective of ELA, salivary alpha-amylase levels were lower in low stress situations and higher in high stress situations. For cortisol however, high ELA subjects exhibited higher low stress concentrations and blunted acute responses during high stress situations compared to moderate and low ELA subjects. Cortisol and sAA values were positively correlated among low ELA subjects, suggesting symmetry, but were uncorrelated or negatively correlated among moderate and high ELA subjects, suggesting asymmetry in these individuals. These findings indicate dysregulation of the stress response among juveniles maltreated during infancy: specifically, attenuated cortisol reactivity coupled with typical sAA reactivity characterize the stress response profiles of juveniles exposed to higher rates of ELA during the first 3months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara M Mandalaywala
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen J Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dario Maestripieri
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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94
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Moderate Childhood Stress Buffers Against Depressive Response to Proximal Stressors: A Multi-Wave Prospective Study of Early Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:1403-1413. [PMID: 25911194 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of research in the field has focused on childhood stressors as a risk factor for psychopathology, a burgeoning body of literature has focused on the possible steeling effect of moderate types of stressful events. The current study investigated the effects of proximal life stressors on prospective changes in depressive symptoms, and whether a history of moderate childhood adversity would moderate this relationship in a multi-wave study of a diverse community sample of early adolescents (N = 163, 52 % female, 51 % Caucasian). Hierarchical linear modeling was run with four waves of data. Adolescents with greater moderately severe early life events evinced a blunted depressive symptom response to changes in proximal stressful events in the previous 9 months, compared to those with fewer early moderately severe experiences of adversity. These results held after controlling for between-subject factors such as race, gender, severe early life stress, and average stress over the four waves of data. Findings indicate that greater exposure to moderate childhood stressors may buffer against the negative effects of subsequent stressors, suggesting the importance of a nuanced developmental approach to studying the effects of early life stress.
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95
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Gibson LE, Alloy LB, Ellman LM. Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:92-105. [PMID: 27632064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic life events have been robustly associated with various psychosis outcomes, including increased risk of psychotic disorders, the prodrome of psychosis, and dimensional measures of psychotic symptoms, such as attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. However, trauma exposure has been linked to various mental disorders; therefore, the specificity of trauma exposure to psychosis remains unclear. This review focuses on two understudied areas of the trauma and psychosis literature: 1) the specificity between trauma and psychosis in relation to other disorders that often result post-trauma, and 2) proposed mechanisms that uniquely link trauma to psychosis. We begin by discussing the underlying connection between trauma exposure and the entire psychosis spectrum with a focus on the influence of trauma type and specific psychotic symptoms. We then consider how the principles of multifinality and equifinality can be useful in elucidating the trauma-psychosis relationship versus the trauma-other disorder relationship. Next, we discuss several cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms that might uniquely account for the association between trauma and psychosis, as well as the role of gender. Lastly, we review important methodological issues that complicate the research on trauma and psychosis, ending with clinical implications for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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96
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Gastrodin reversed the traumatic stress-induced depressed-like symptoms in rats. J Nat Med 2016; 70:749-59. [PMID: 27417451 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to severe stress can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in at-risk individuals. Gastrodin (GAS), a primary constituent of an Oriental herbal medicine, has been shown to effectively treat various mood disorders. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether GAS would ameliorate stress-associated depression-like behaviors in a rat model of single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced PTSD. Following the SPS procedure, rats received intraperitoneal administration of GAS (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Subsequently, the rats performed the forced swimming test, and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hippocampus were measured. Daily GAS (100 mg/kg) significantly reversed depression-like behaviors and restored SPS-induced increases in hippocampal NE concentrations as well as tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the locus coeruleus. Furthermore, the administration of GAS attenuated SPS-induced decreases in the hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y and the hippocampal mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These findings indicate that GAS possesses antidepressant effects in the PTSD and may be an effective herbal preparation for the treatment of PTSD.
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97
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Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Rushing NC, Stanley IH, Sheffler J. In my end is my beginning: developmental trajectories of adverse childhood experiences to late-life suicide. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:139-65. [PMID: 26264208 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1063107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Converging evidence suggests that the sequelae of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including childhood abuse (e.g., sexual, physical, emotional/verbal abuse, neglect) and other ACE (e.g., family dysfunction, parental loss, parental psychopathology, substance abuse, incarceration, and domestic violence) have pronounced effects on suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation, attempts, and death by suicide) in older age. There are fundamental changes in the developmental trajectory of biological, psychological and behavioral processes that result from ACE and that exert influence throughout the life span. Different moderators and mediators may affect the extent and nature of the relationship. However, the literature on the specific mechanisms whereby ACE affects suicidality in later life has not been well identified. METHOD We review and draw from extant multidisciplinary evidence to develop a heuristic framework through which to understand how ACE may lead to suicide in later life. RESULTS Proposed mechanisms span biological factors (neurological, gene-environment), psychiatric and health functioning, and psychosocial development (cognitive biases, coping resources, interpersonal deficits). Evidence suggests that ACEs affect each of these constructs, and it is likely in the interaction of these constructs with late-life stressors that suicidality in older adulthood emerges. CONCLUSION ACEs have persistent and multifaceted effects on suicidality in late life. This association is due to multi-varied pathways. It is believed that the explanatory framework developed herein--in which biological, psychological and behavioral factors are organized, and the role of late-life stressors is highlighted--will spark further scientific inquiry into this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole C Rushing
- b Department of Psychology , Coastal Carolina University , SC , USA
| | - Ian H Stanley
- c Department of Psychology , Florida State University , FL , USA
| | - Julia Sheffler
- c Department of Psychology , Florida State University , FL , USA
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98
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Brunton PJ. Neuroactive steroids and stress axis regulation: Pregnancy and beyond. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:160-8. [PMID: 26259885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a critical role in regulating responses to stress and long term dysregulation of the HPA axis is associated with higher rates of mood disorders. There are circumstances where the HPA axis is more or less responsive to stress. For example, during late pregnancy ACTH and corticosterone responses to stress are markedly suppressed, whereas in offspring born to mothers that experienced repeated stress during pregnancy, the HPA axis is hyper-responsive to stress. Neuroactive steroids such as allopregnanolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) and androstanediol can modulate HPA axis activity and concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in the brain are altered during pregnancy and following stress. Thus, here altered neurosteroidogenesis is proposed as a mechanism that could underpin the dynamic changes in HPA axis regulation typically observed in late pregnant and in prenatally stressed individuals. In support of this hypothesis, evidence in rats demonstrates that elevated levels of allopregnanolone in pregnancy induce a central inhibitory opioid mechanism that serves to minimize stress-induced HPA axis activity. Conversely, in prenatally stressed rodents, where HPA axis stress responses are enhanced, evidence indicates the capacity of the brain for neurosteroidogenesis is reduced. Understanding the mechanisms involved in adaptations in HPA axis regulation may provide insights for manipulating stress sensitivity and for developing therapies for stress-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Brunton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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99
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Financial difficulties but not other types of recent negative life events show strong interactions with 5-HTTLPR genotype in the development of depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e798. [PMID: 27138797 PMCID: PMC5070066 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that 5-HTTLPR mediates the effect of childhood adversity in the development of depression, while results are contradictory for recent negative life events. For childhood adversity the interaction with genotype is strongest for sexual abuse, but not for other types of childhood maltreatment; however, possible interactions with specific recent life events have not been investigated separately. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of four distinct types of recent life events in the development of depressive symptoms in a large community sample. Interaction between different types of recent life events measured by the List of Threatening Experiences and the 5-HTTLPR genotype on current depression measured by the depression subscale and additional items of the Brief Symptom Inventory was investigated in 2588 subjects in Manchester and Budapest. Only a nominal interaction was found between life events overall and 5-HTTLPR on depression, which failed to survive correction for multiple testing. However, subcategorising life events into four categories showed a robust interaction between financial difficulties and the 5-HTTLPR genotype, and a weaker interaction in the case of illness/injury. No interaction effect for the other two life event categories was present. We investigated a general non-representative sample in a cross-sectional approach. Depressive symptoms and life event evaluations were self-reported. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism showed a differential interaction pattern with different types of recent life events, with the strongest interaction effects of financial difficulties on depressive symptoms. This specificity of interaction with only particular types of life events may help to explain previous contradictory findings.
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100
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Maternal separation during nursing alters basal neuroendocrine levels in juvenile and adult rats. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:67-77. [PMID: 27622440 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i1.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Work with different animal models including that of maternal separation during nursing has shown that early adverse experiences such as abuse, maternal abandonment and psychosocial stress may favor the development of various psychopathologies. However, several neuroendocrine changes have not been completely described yet. OBJECTIVE To establish whether maternal separation during nursing modifies the basal levels of neurohormones such as corticosterone, ACTH, oxytocin and vasopressin in juvenile and adult rats (aged 35 and 90 days, respectively). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for two periods of 3 hours per day during the 21 days of nursing. Once these rats had reached 35 and then 90 days of age, blood samples were taken from both the separated and control groups to obtain serum for immunoenzymatic assays and measure the levels of each of the hormones. RESULTS Concentrations of corticosterone were higher in control adult females in comparison with the rest of the groups and lower in the control adult males. Those of ACTH were higher in the separated young males and females than in the adult groups. Oxytocin levels were significantly higher in the separated adult females in comparison with the other groups and significantly lower in the adult males. With respect to vasopressin, the separated groups had lower concentrations than the young and adult control groups. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the early stress to which rats were submitted produced changes in the basal responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, that these responses were distinct in males and females and that they also differed according to age.
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