Protocatechuic acid mitigates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Effect of cadmium administration on the antioxidant system and neuronal death in the hippocampus of rats

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal classified as a carcinogen whose exposure could affect the function of the central nervous system. Studies suggest that Cd modifies neuronal morphology in the hippocampus and affects cognitive tasks. The oxidative stress pathway is proposed as a mechanism of toxicity. However, this mechanism is not precise yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cd administration on oxidative stress markers in the male rat's hippocampus. Male Wistar rats were divided into (1) control (drinking water) and (2) treatment with Cd (32.5 ppm of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂ ) in water). The Cd was administered for 2, 3, and 4 months. The results show that the oral administration of CdCl₂ increased the concentration of Cd in plasma and hippocampus, and this response is time-dependent on its administration. Likewise, it caused an increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress markers. Moreover, it increased reactive astrogliosis and antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, the progression of the oxidative response exacerbated neurodegeneration in hippocampal cells. Our results suggest that Cd exposure induces a severe oxidative response that contributes critically to hippocampal neurodegeneration. It is suggested that exposure to Cd increases the risk of developing neurological diseases, which contributes to a decrease in the quality of life of the human and the environment in which it lives.

Hepatoprotective role of vitexin against cadmium-induced liver damage in male rats: A biochemical, inflammatory, apoptotic and histopathological investigation

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the potent occupational and environmental toxicants, which induces oxidative stress to the multiple organs of the body, including liver. The present investigation was planned to evaluate the protective role of vitexin against Cd-prompted hepatotoxicity in rats. 24 male rats were divided into 4 groups viz. control, Cd-induced group (5 mg/kg), Cd + vitexin-treated group (2 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg), and vitexin-treated group (30 mg/kg). After 30 days of treatment, it was indicated that Cd escalated the level of liver function enzymes namely alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as total bilirubin. Whereas the levels of albumin and total proteins were decreased in the rats. Additionally, it reduced the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), in addition to glutathione (GSH) content, whereas levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were escalated. Furthermore, level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were increased. Besides, the level of Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were elevated, while the Bcl-2 level was reduced following the Cd intoxication. Histopathological observation revealed significant hepatic tissue damage in Cd-administered rats. However, treatment of rats with vitexin significantly (p < 0.05) improved the Cd-induced disruptions in biochemical parameters as well as histological damages. Therefore, it is concluded that vitexin could be used as a therapeutic agent to counter the Cd-generated hepatic toxicity in rats owing to its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory potential.

Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats: role of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Cadmium (Cd), is a heavy metal reported to be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. In this paper, we investigated the possible protective effects of carvacrol against Cd-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally with Cd (25 mg/kg body weight) and with carvacrol (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Carvacrol decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in brain tissue. Additionally, carvacrol alleviated the in levels of inflammation and apoptosis related proteins involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma-3 (Bcl-3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in the Cd-induced neurotoxicity. Carvacrol also decreased the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9 and MMP13), as well as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8 - OHdG) level, a marker of oxidative DNA damage. Collectively, our findings indicated that carvacrol has a beneficial effect in ameliorating the Cd-induced neurotoxicity in the brain of rats.

Etanercept Mitigates Cadmium Chloride-induced Testicular Damage in Rats "An Insight into Autophagy, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"

RATIONALE

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental and occupational toxin that represents a serious health hazard to humans and other animals. One of the negative consequences of cadmium exposure is testicular injury.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of etanercept against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage and the probable underlying mechanisms of its action.

METHODS

A total of sixty rats were divided into six groups: control, cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) (7 mg/ kg i.p.), and CdCl₂ treated with etanercept (5,10 and 15 mg/kg s.c.) and etanercept only (15 mg/kg s.c.). CdCl₂ was administrated as a single dose, while etanercept was administered every 3 days for 3 weeks.

RESULTS

CdCl₂ reduced serum testosterone, testicular glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, it elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) in the testes. Cadmium caused pathogenic alterations as well as increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Besides, the gene expressions of caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and Beclin-1 protein increased with CdCl₂ exposure. Interestingly, etanercept relieved the previous toxic effects induced by CdCl₂ in a dose-dependent manner as evidenced by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, Beclin-1, LC3B, and caspase-3 accompanied by improvement in histopathological changes.

CONCLUSION

Etanercept provides a potential therapeutic approach to treat testicular tissue against the damaging effects of Cd by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract Mitigates Mercuric Chloride-induced Cortical Damage in Rats

BACKGROUND

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) severely impairs the central nervous system when humans are exposed to it.

AIMS

We investigated the neuroprotective efficiency of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZSCLE) on HgCl2-mediated cortical deficits.

METHODS

Twenty-eight rats were distributed equally into four groups: the control, ZSCLE-treated (300 mg/kg), HgCl2-treated (0.4 mg/kg), and ZSCLE+HgCl2-treated groups. Animals received their treatments for 28 days.

RESULTS

Supplementation with ZSCLE after HgCl2 exposure prevented the deposition of mercury in the cortical slices. It also lowered malondialdehyde levels and nitrite and nitrate formation, elevated glutathione levels, activated its associated-antioxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, and upregulated the transcription of catalase and superoxide dismutase and their activities were accordingly increased. Moreover, ZSCLE activated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 when compared with the HgCl2 group. Notably, post-treatment with ZSCLE increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase and ameliorated the histopathological changes associated with HgCl2 exposure. Furthermore, ZSCLE blocked cortical inflammation, as observed by the lowered mRNA expression and protein levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as decreased mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, ZSCLE decreased neuron loss by preventing apoptosis in the cortical tissue upon HgCl2 intoxication.

CONCLUSION

Based on the obtained findings, we suggest that ZSCLE supplementation could be applied as a neuroprotective agent to decrease neuron damage following HgCl2 toxicity.

Protocatechuic acid protects against thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury and encephalopathy in mice via modulating mTOR, p53 and the IL-6/ IL-17/ IL-23 immunoinflammatory pathway

Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a natural phenolic acid, is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic activities. However, the protective mechanisms of PCA on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver/brain injury are not well addressed. Chronic liver injury was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg, 3 times/week) for 8 weeks. Simultaneously, PCA (100, 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was given daily from the 4th week. Protocatechuic acid ameliorated liver and brain damage indicated by the decrease in serum activities of aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, levels of bilirubin, and ammonia concomitant with restoration of normal albumin levels. Additionally, PCA treatment ameliorated oxidative stress in liver and brain, confirmed by the decrease in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and the increase in antioxidant activities. Moreover, PCA showed anti-inflammatory actions through downregulation of TNF-α expression in the liver and IL-6/IL-17/IL-23 levels in the brain, which is confirmed by the decrease in CD4⁺ T brain cell numbers. Most importantly, PCA treatment showed a significant decrease in mTOR level and number of LC3 positive cells in both liver and brain tissues. Consequently, PCA could inhibit mTOR-induced apoptosis, as it showed anti-apoptotic actions through downregulation of caspase-3 expression in liver and p53 expression in liver and brain. Furthermore, liver and brain tissues of treated mice showed restoration of normal histology. It can be concluded that, several mechanisms, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-autophagic and anti-apoptotic activities can be implicated in the hepato- and neuroprotective potentials of PCA.

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.

Small phenolic and indolic gut-dependent molecules in the primate central nervous system: levels vs. bioactivity

INTRODUCTION

A rapidly growing body of data documents associations between disease of the brain and small molecules generated by gut-microbiota (GMB). While such metabolites can affect brain function through a variety of mechanisms, the most direct action would be on the central nervous system (CNS) itself.

OBJECTIVE

Identify indolic and phenolic GMB-dependent small molecules that reach bioactive concentrations in primate CNS.

METHODS

We conducted a PubMed search for metabolomic studies of the primate CNS [brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] and then selected for phenolic or indolic metabolites that (i) had been quantified, (ii) were GMB-dependent. For each chemical we then conducted a search for studies of bioactivity conducted in vitro in human cells of any kind or in CNS cells from the mouse or rat.

RESULTS

36 metabolites of interests were identified in primate CNS through targeted metabolomics. Quantification was available for 31/36 and in vitro bioactivity for 23/36. The reported CNS range for 8 metabolites 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid [caffeic acid], 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-acetamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid [N-acetyltryptophan], 1H-indol-3-yl hydrogen sulfate [indoxyl-3-sulfate] overlapped with a bioactive concentration. However, the number and quality of relevant studies of CNS neurochemistry as well as of bioactivity were highly limited. Structural isomers, multiple metabolites and potential confounders were inadequately considered.

CONCLUSION

The potential direct bioactivity of GMB-derived indolic and phenolic molecules on primate CNS remains largely unknown. The field requires additional strategies to identify and prioritize screening of the most promising small molecules that enter the CNS.

Cadmium induces ferroptosis and apoptosis by modulating miR-34a-5p/Sirt1axis in PC12 cells

Cadmium (Cd) is a potent neurotoxic metal present in the environment and food. In this study, CdCl₂ (2 or 4 μM) induced cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, causing decreases in cell viability and NEP protein expression and increase in p-tau protein expression. For the first time, CdCl₂ -initiated injury was found to result from the induction of not only apoptosis but also ferroptosis, as evidenced by the increased iron content, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential along with changes in the expressions of iron death-related genes (FTH1, GPX4, ASCL4, PTGS2, and NOX1) and levels of caspase9, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins. The molecular mechanisms leading to apoptosis and ferroptosis at least included the participation of the miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 axis, in which miR-34a-5p promoted CdCl₂ -induced neurotoxicity through targeting Sirt1. Knocking out miR-34a-5p attenuated CdCl₂ -induced damage of PC12 cells, cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity. This research provides the underlying molecular mechanisms of CdCl₂ -induced damage and asserts the role of miRNAs as critical regulators.

Apple phenolic extract ameliorates lead-induced cognitive impairment, depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice through abating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis via miR-22-3p/SIRT1 axis

Lead can lead to neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. In this study, for the first time, the protective effects and working mechanisms of apple phenolic extract (APE) against lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2)-induced...

Study on Chinese patent medicine based on major component analysis and quality control evaluation: A case study of Jizhi Syrup

Jizhi Syrup (JZS) is a popular Chinese patent medicine (CPM) for the treatment of respiratory diseases in clinical practice, especially acute or chronic bronchitis. JZS is a complex formula composed of 8 kinds of herbs and lack of comprehensive researches on chemical components. To further define its components, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were utilized to identify and classify the chemical components of JZS. A total of 178 chemical compounds encompassing the 8 herbs of JZS were identified and the chemical components were comprehensively explicit. It made up for the gap that volatile components were not studied in the previous study. Based on this, a new method for the quality control of JZS based on its characteristic components was established by fingerprints, multi-component quantitative analysis and quantity transfer of JZS. A dual-wavelength high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints were established at 210 nm and 260 nm. Four volatile components (linalool, bornyl acetate, 2-undecanone and α-terpineol) and eight nonvolatile components (ephedrine hydrochloride, protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, naringin, neohesperidin, glycyrrhizic acid and praeruptorin A) were quantitated by HS-SPME-GC-MS and HPLC-diode array detection (DAD). Meanwhile, six exclusive nonvolatile components were studied for the quantity transfer of Herbs-Intermediate-CPM and all the transfer rates were between 55.23% and 89.20%. This study is the first comprehensive study of the major components in JZS, and its results can be useful to standardize the quality control and provide a valuable reference for other CPMs.

N-Acetylcysteine Reduces miR-146a and NF-κB p65 Inflammatory Signaling Following Cadmium Hepatotoxicity in Rats

We performed a thorough screening and analysis of the impact of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the miR146a/NF-κB p65 inflammatory pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction in male albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a CdCl₂-treated group (3 mg/kg, orally), and a CdCl₂ + NAC-treated group (200 mg/kg of NAC, 1 h after CdCl₂ treatment), for 60 consecutive days. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR146a, Irak1, Traf6, Nrf1, Nfe2l2, Pparg, Prkaa, Stat3, Tfam, Tnfa, and Il1b, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels were assessed using ELISA, and NF-κB p65 was detected using western blotting. A significant restoration of homeostatic inflammatory processes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis was observed after NAC and CdCl₂ treatment. Decreased miR146a and NF-κB p65 were also found after treatment with NAC and CdCl₂ compared with CdCl₂ treatment alone. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CdCl₂ caused mtDNA release because of Tfam loss, leading to NF-κB p65 activation. Co-treatment with NAC could alleviate Cd-induced genotoxicity in liver tissue. We concluded that adding NAC to CdCl₂ resulted in a decreased signaling of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Protective Effect of Vitamin E on Cadmium-Induced Renal Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Rats

Cadmium (Cd), a widely distributed heavy metal, is extremely toxic to the kidney. Vitamin E (VE) is an important antioxidant in the body. It is known that VE exerts a protective effect on renal oxidative damage caused by Cd, but the effect and mechanism of VE on apoptosis are not fully understood. Thus, we conducted this study to explore the protective effect of VE on Cd-induced renal apoptosis and to elucidate its potential mechanism. Thirty-two 9-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely control, VE (100 mg/kg VE), Cd (5 mg/kg CdCl₂), and VE + Cd (100 mg/kg VE + 5 mg/kg CdCl₂), and received intragastric administration of Cd and/or VE for 4 weeks. The results showed that Cd exposure significantly reduced the weight of the body and kidney, elevated the accumulation of Cd in the kidney as well as the levels of BUN and Scr in serum, caused renal histological alterations, decreased the GSH and T-AOC contents and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) activities, and increased renal MDA content. And the increased number of TUNEL-positive cells by Cd was accompanied by upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of apoptotic regulatory molecules (Bax, Caspase-3, GRP94, GRP78, Caspase-8) and downregulated Bcl-2 expressions. However, the combined treatment of Cd and VE could restore the above parameters to be close to those in the control rats. In conclusion, VE supplement could alleviate Cd-induced rat renal damage and oxidative stress through enhancing the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting apoptosis of renal cells.

Evaluation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and metalloproteinases in the lungs of rats treated with cadmium and carvacrol

BACKGROUND

The potential protective properties of carvacrol (CRV), which possesses various biological and pharmacological properties, against lung toxicity caused by cadmium (Cd), a major environmental pollutant, were investigated in the present study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In the study, rats were given 25 or 50 mg/kg CRV orally 30 min after administrating 25 mg/kg cadmium chloride for seven days. Subsequently, the levels of 8-OHdG, MMP-2, and MMP-9, as well as markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, were analyzed in the lung tissue of the animals. The results revealed that CRV exhibited antioxidant characteristics and raised SOD, CAT, GPx, and CAT levels and decreased the MDA levels induced by Cd. It also suppressed proinflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of CRV NF-κB and p38 MAPK, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect against Cd. It was found that the levels of Bax, Caspase-3, and cytochrome c increased by Cd were decreased by the application of CRV. CRV also showed an anti-apoptotic effect by increasing Bcl-2 levels. The levels of 8-OHdG, MMP2, and MMP9, which increased with Cd administration, were observed to reduce after treatment with CRV.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that CRV has protective properties against Cd-induced lung toxicity.

Antioxidant Effects of Protocatechuic Acid and Protocatechuic Aldehyde: Old Wine in a New Bottle

Phenolic compounds are naturally present as secondary metabolites in plant-based sources such as fruits, vegetables, and spices. They have received considerable attention for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties for protection against many chronic disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. They are categorized into various groups based on their chemical structure and include phenolic acids, flavonoids, curcumins, tannins, and quinolones. Their structural variations contribute to their specific beneficial effects on human health. The antioxidant property of phenolic compounds protects against oxidative stress by up-regulation of endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, and anti-apoptotic activity. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PAL; 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) are naturally occurring polyphenols found in vegetables, fruits, and herbs. PCA and PAL are the primary metabolites of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, which have been shown to possess pharmacological actions including antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of PCA and PAL by comprehensively summarizing their pharmacological properties reported to date, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and biological properties.

Protective effect of melatonin against chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in mice

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental heavy metal pollutant that has high toxicity to human health. Cd accumulates in the liver and results in oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. Melatonin (MT), a hormone exhibiting strong antioxidative properties, has been proved to have hepatoprotective effect against both acute and chronic liver injury. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MT's hepatoprotective effect against Cd-induced liver injury remain not fully understood. In this study, the potential protective effect of MT on Cd-induced hepatic injury was investigated. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, CdCl2, MT, and CdCl2 plus MT groups. Animals were daily treated with either CdCl2 (5 mg/kg) or MT (10 mg/kg) or both through intragastric administration for 30 consecutive days. Serum enzymatic analysis indicated that treatment mice with Cd significantly increased AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels, by contrast, MT treatment resulted in significant decreases of AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels in the serum of Cd treated mice. By biochemical analysis, it was found that MT treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD, GSH, GST, CAT and GR, while significantly decreased the contents of MDA in the liver tissue of Cd treated mice. Moreover, MT treatment also suppressed the Cd-induced inflammation by reducing the inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS. Furthermore, MT treatment ameliorated the Cd-induced histopathological variations of liver tissue, which was confirmed by the biochemical and molecular data. It is clear from the results of this study that MT exerts hepatoprotective effect by improving the redox state, suppressing inflammatory reaction and cell apoptosis as well as ameliorating the performance of liver tissue histopathology, which is eventually reflected by the improvement of liver function in mice.

Purslane (Portulacae oleracea L.) attenuates cadmium-induced hepatorenal and colonic damage in mice: Role of chelation, antioxidant and intestinal microecological regulation

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) is a representative pernicious metal, which has high biological toxicity. Its precaution through dietary administration is considered an important strategy. Considering that Portulaca oleracea L. (Por.L) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other high medicinal value, and purslane insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) has good binding property to metal ions, they could be good methods for Cd-induced biotoxicity therapy.

PURPOSE

To investigate the beneficial effects of Por.L or PIDF against Cd-induced subchronic toxicity and identify its underlying mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

C57BL/6 male mice (n = 12) were received 100 mg l^-1 CdCl₂ in water for 8 weeks. Mice were divided into four groups: Control, Cd-treated, 8% Por.L + Cd, and 8% PIDF + Cd. Histological evaluation, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, western blotting analysis, quantitative real time-PCR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA analysis were used in the study.

RESULTS

Por.L treatment was able to inhibit inflammation and accumulation of Cd, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increase beneficial bacterial species of Akkermansia and Faecalibaculum and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines in the colon, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ. PIDF mainly relieved the toxicity of Cd by increasing the production of short chain fatty acids with anti-inflammatory functions and repressing the liver and kidney inflammation mediated by the TLR4/ MyD88/NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our study has demonstrated that the antagonistic-Cd effects of Por.L might be mediated via chelation, antioxidation, regulation of intestinal microecology. Thus, our study provides a novel insight into Por.L as a promising function food for the anti-Cd biotoxicity. Por.L supplement could be considered as a potential coping strategy to alleviate hazardous effects in Cd-exposed humans.

Changes in DNA methylation in APOE and ACKR3 genes in multiple sclerosis patients and the relationship with their heavy metal blood levels

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system caused by genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation as an epigenetic change influenced by environmental factors, including heavy metals has been implemented in MS disease. We investigated the correlation of DNA methylation changes in APOE and ACKR3 genes in MS patients and the possible association with blood concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) as major heavy metal pollutants. This study included 69 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients and 69 age/gender-matched healthy subjects. The HRM real-time PCR method was used to investigate the changes in DNA methylation and heavy metal concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Our results showed that the methylation pattern in the ACKR3 gene of the patient group was more hypomethylated, while in the case of the APOE gene, this pattern was more towards hypermethylation compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, the blood levels of As and Cd metals, but not Pb, were significantly higher in the patient group compare to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). The data indicate that the increase in expression of ACKR3 gene by hypomethylation and the decrease in expression of APOE gene via hypermethylation are possibly involved in the onset and progression of inflammatory processes in MS patients. The level of As can also lead to hypomethylation by disrupting the methylation patterns of the ACKR3 gene, resulting in increased expression in MS patients. Finally, we have shown that epigenetic changes can be an important factor in increasing and decreasing the expression of genes involved in the onset and/or progression of inflammatory processes in MS. Furthermore, exposure to heavy metals, especially As, by changing the natural patterns of DNA methylation can be effective in this disease.

Combined exposure to multiple metals and cognitive function in older adults

Single toxic metal exposure has been reported to be associated with impaired cognitive function, but less is known about the effects of combined exposure to multiple metals. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential associations and interactions of multiple metals with cognitive function in older adults using multi-pollutants approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 2879 participants aged ≥ 60 years old. We systematically measured levels of 22 blood metals and used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess the cognitive function. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression was applied to identify independently main metals. Adjusted estimates of cognitive function with selected metals were investigated by generalized linear regression in the multi-metal model. We found that calcium, titanium, vanadium, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, molybdenum, cadmium, barium, and lead were independently identified based on LASSO penalized regression. The multi-metal model showed a higher MMSE of 0.384 (95% CI: 0.122-0.646) for a 1-SD increment in log-transformed rubidium and a lower MMSE of 0.460 (95% CI: - 0.706 to - 0.214) for a 1-SD increment in log-transformed cadmium (P < 0.05). The significantly negative associations between cadmium and cognitive function were attenuated to null accompanying with increasing concentrations of rubidium (P _interaction = 0.256). Our findings suggested that blood rubidium and cadmium were mainly associated with cognitive function when accounting for co-exposure to other metals and higher level of rubidium appeared to attenuate the toxic effects of cadmium on cognitive function in older adults.

Resolvin D1 prevents cadmium chloride-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats by activation/upregulation of PTEN-induced suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

This study evaluated the protective effect of resolvin D1 (RVD1) against cadmium chloride (CdCl₂ )-induced hippocampal damage and memory loss in rats and investigated if such protection is mediated by modulating the PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 18/group) were divided as control, control + RVD1, CdCl₂ , CdCl₂  + RVD1 and CdCl₂  + RVD1 + bpV(pic), a PTEN inhibitor. All treatments were conducted for 4 weeks. Resolvin D1 improved the memory function as measured by Morris water maze (MWM), preserved the structure of CA1 area of the hippocampus, and increased hippocampal levels of RVD1 in the CdCl₂ -treated rats. Resolvin D1 also suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukine-6 (IL-6), inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, stimulated levels of glutathione (GSH), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and Bcl2 but reduced the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 in hippocampi of CdCl₂ -treated rats. Concomitantly, it stimulated levels and activity of PTEN and reduced the phosphorylation (activation) of PI3K, Akt and mTOR in hippocampi of CdCl₂ -treated rats. In conclusion, RVD1 attenuates CdCl₂ -induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats mainly by activating PTEN-induced suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, an effect that seems secondary to its' anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Impact of protocatechuic acid on high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome sequelae in rats

The study aimed to assess the possible protective impact of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (Mets) sequelae in rats. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly grouped as follows: CTR group; PCA group; HFD group; HFD-PCA group and HFD-MET group. Rats were fed on standard diet or HFD for 14 weeks. HFD-fed rats exhibited significant decreases in food intake and adiponectin (ADP) level; yet, body weight and anthropometrical parameters were significantly increased. Moreover, insulin sensitivity was impaired as indicated by significant elevation in glucose AUC during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Furthermore, chronic HFD feeding elicited significant increases in serum lipid profile and free fatty acids (FFAs) with concomitant hepatic steatosis. Additionally, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1b (Il-1b) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) levels were increased. Also, HFD-fed rats exhibited an increase in MDA level, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities were decreased. Moreover, the insulin-signaling pathway was markedly impaired in soleus muscles as indicated by a decrease in insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation. Histopathologically, adipose tissues showed significant increase in adipocyte size. Also, flow cytometry analysis of adipose tissue confirmed a significant increase in the percentage of number of CD68+ cells. PCA administration succeeded to attenuate HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, PCA administration could protect against HFD-induced Mets, possibly via its hypoglycemic, insulin-sensitizing, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Cadmium induced cerebral toxicity via modulating MTF1-MTs regulatory axis

Metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF1) participates in redox homeostasis and heavy metals detoxification via regulating the expression of metal responsive genes. However, the exact role of MTF1 in Cd-induced cerebral toxicity remains unclear. Herein, we explored the mechanism of Cd-elicited cerebral toxicity through modulating MTF1/MTs pathway in chicken cerebrum exposed to different concentrations of Cd (35 mg, 70 mg, and 140 mg/kg CdCl₂) via diet. Notably, cerebral tissues showed varying degrees of microstructural changes under Cd exposure. Cd exposure significantly up-regulated the expression of metal transporters (DMT1, ZIP8, and ZIP10) with concomitant elevated Cd level, as determined by ICP-MS. Cd significantly altered other cerebral biometals concentrations (particularly, Zn, Fe, Se, Cr, Mo, and Pb) and redox balance, resulting in increased cerebral oxidative stress. More importantly, Cd exposure suppressed MTF1 mRNA and nuclear protein levels and its target metal-responsive genes, notably metallothioneins (MT1 and MT2), and Fe and Cu transporter genes (FPN1, ATOX1, and XIAP). Moreover, Cd disrupted the regulation of expression of selenoproteome (particularly, GPxs and SelW), and cerebral Se level. Overall, our data revealed that molecular mechanisms associated with Cd-induced cerebral damage might include over-expression of DMT1, ZIP8 and ZIP10, and suppression of MTF1 and its main target metal-responsive genes as well as several selenoproteins.

Protocatechuic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury in mice: The possible role through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Here, we investigated the protective efficacy of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic lung injury. Eighty-two male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups: control, PCA30 (30 mg/kg), LPS (10 mg/kg), PCA10-LPS, PCA20-LPS, and PCA30-LPS treated with 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg PCA, respectively, for seven days before intraperitoneal LPS injection. PCA pre-treatment, especially at higher dose, significantly reduced LPS-induced lung tissue injury as indicated by increased heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant molecules (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) accompanied by lower oxidative stress indices (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). PCA administration decreased inflammatory mediators including myeloperoxidase, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prevented the development of apoptotic events in the lung tissue. At the molecular level, PCA downregulated mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase 2, C/EBP homologous protein, and high mobility group box1 in the lungs of all PCA-LPS treated mice. Thus, PCA-pre-treatment effectively counteracted sepsis-induced acute lung injury in vivo by promoting and antioxidant status, while inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Sepsis-mediated organ dysfunction and high mortality is aggravated by acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to encounter sepsis-mediated ALI. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid with various biological and pharmacological activities. PCA is abundant in edible plants including Allium cepa L., Oryza sativa L., Hibiscus sabdariffa, Prunus domestica L., and Eucommia ulmoides. In this investigation we studied the potential protective role of pure PCA (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) on LPS-mediated septic lung injury in mice through examining oxidative challenge, inflammatory response, apoptotic events and histopathological changes in addition to evaluating the levels and mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70, C/EBP homologous protein and high mobility group box1 in the lung tissue. The recorded results showed that PCA pre-administration was able to significantly abrogate the damages in the lung tissue associated septic response. This protective effect comes from its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities, suggesting that PCA may be applied to alleviate ALI associated with the development of sepsis.

Resolvin D1 protects against cadmium chloride-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats: A comparison with docosahexaenoic acid

BACKGROUND

Intoxication with cadmium (Cd) ions leads to hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment. However, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert neuroprotective effects in different animal models of neurodegeneration.

PURPOSE

This study compared the neuroprotective effect of the n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and its downstream metabolite, resolvin D1 (RVD1), on hippocampal damage and memory deficits in cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)-treated rats.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Control or CdCl₂ (0.5 mg/kg)-treated rats were subdivided into three groups (n = 18/each) and treated for 6 weeks as follows: (1) fed control diet, (2) fed DHA-rich diets (0.7 g/100 g), or (3) treated with RVD1 (0.2 μg/kg, i.p).

RESULTS

Treatment with a DHA-rich diet or RVD1 significantly increased the levels of docosahexaenoic acid and RVD1, respectively, in the hippocampal of CdCl₂-treated rats without affecting the reduction in the expression of the 15-lipooxygenase-1 (ALOX15). These effects were associated with improvements in rats' memory function and hippocampal structure, as well as a redction in the hippocampal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear localization of the nuclear factor-kappa beta p65 (NF-κB p65), and expression of cleaved caspase-3. Concomitantly, hippocampi of both groups of rats showed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), as well as enhanced nuclear levels of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). The effects of RVD1 on all these markers in the CdCl₂-induced rats were more profound than those of DHA. Also, the increase in the nuclear protein levels of Nrf-2 and the decrease in the levels of Bax and nuclear protein levels of NF-κB p65 were only seen in the hippocampal of CdCl₂ + RVD1-treated rats.

CONCLUSION

RVD1 is more powerful than DHA in preventing CdCl₂-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats.

MiR-34a/Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway contributes to cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity: A preclinical study in mice

Cadmium (Cd), as an environmental pollutant, can lead to nephrotoxicity. However, its nephrotoxicological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, Cd (1.5 mg/kg body weight, gavaged for 4 weeks) was found to induce the renal damage in mice, based on indicators including Cd concentration, kidney index, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines and their mRNA expressions, levels of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase9, and histopathological changes of the kidneys. Furthermore, Cd-caused detrimental changes through inducing inflammation and apoptosis via the miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 axis. This is the first report on the role of miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 axis in regulating Cd-caused apoptosis and nephrotoxicity in mice. The findings obtained in this study provide new insights into miRNA-based regulation of heavy metal induced-nephrotoxicity.

The protective effects of capsaicin on oxidative damage-induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats

The present study aimed to investigate the protective role of capsaicin in a rat model of 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced toxicity. Exposure to TCDD which is an environmental toxicant causes severe toxic effects in the animal and human tissues. Therefore, the potential protective effect of capsaicin in TCDD-induced organ damage was investigated in rats by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level in the heart, liver, and kidney tissues for oxidant/antioxidant balance. Thirty-two healthy adults (250-300 g weight and 3-4 months old) male Wistar albino rats were randomly distributed into four equal groups (n = 8): Control, CAP, TCDD, TCDD + CAP. A dose of 2 μg/kg TCDD or a dose of 25 mg/kg capsaicin were dissolved in corn oil and orally administered to the rats for 30 days. The results indicated that TCDD-induced oxidative stress by increasing the level of TBARS and by decreasing the levels of GSH, and SOD activity in the tissues of rats. However, capsaicin treatment was significantly decreased TBARS levels and was significantly increased GSH level and SOD activity (p < 0.05). In addition, capsaicin (25 mg/kg) significantly attenuated TCDD-induced histopathological alteration associated with oxidative stress in the heart, liver, and kidney tissues (p < 0.05). As capsaicin regulates oxidative imbalance and attenuates histopathological alterations in the rat tissues, it may be preventing agents in TCDD toxicity.

Exposure to cadmium induces neuroinflammation and impairs ciliogenesis in hESC-derived 3D cerebral organoids

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental heavy metal toxicant with central nervous system toxicity and has a greater negative impact on fetal neurodevelopment. However, the causative mechanisms for the neurodevelopmental toxicity of Cd have remained unclear. The human cerebral organoids can better mimic the three-dimensional structure of the early fetal nerve tissue, which can be used to study the developmental neurotoxicity under the condition of maternal exposure to Cd. Our study identified that Cd exposure specifically induced apoptosis in neurons and inhibited the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, but neural differentiation was not significantly affected in cerebral organoids. Cd exposure also elicited overexpression of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes and resulted in IL-6 release. This study revealed that mineral absorption was significantly disturbed with metallothioneins expression up-regulation. Moreover, we found Cd exposure inhibited cilium-related gene expression and reduced ciliary length with increasing dose. In conclusion, our study has shown that Cd exposure regulated neural cell proliferation and death, induced neuroinflammation, enhanced metal ion absorption, and impaired ciliogenesis, which hinder the normal development of the fetal brain.

Targeting HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway by protocatechuic acid protects against l-arginine induced acute pancreatitis and multiple organs injury in rats

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common pancreatic inflammation associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. AP may be mild or severe which can spread systemically causing multiple organs failure (MOF) and even death. In the current study, protocatechuic acid (PCA), a natural phenolic acid, was investigated for its possible protective potential against L-arginine induced AP and multiple organs injury (MOI) in rats. AP was induced by L-arginine (500 mg/100 g, ip). Two dose levels of PCA were tested (50 and 100 mg/kg, oral, 10 days before L-arginine injection). PCA successfully protected against L-arginine induced AP and MOI that was manifested by normalizing pancreatic, hepatic, pulmonary, and renal tissue architecture and restoring the normal values of pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase), serum total protein, liver enzymes (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)) and kidney function biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr)) that were significantly elevated upon L-arginine administration. Additionally, PCA restored balanced oxidant/antioxidants status that was disrupted by L-arginine and normalized pancreatic levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) content. Moreover, PCA significantly decreased L-arginine induced elevation in pancreatic high motility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. PCA significantly ameliorated L-arginine-induced AP and MOI through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB was the major pathway involved in the observed protective potential.

Edaravone attenuates cadmium-induced toxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in ICR mice

The neurotoxicity caused by cadmium (Cd) is well known in humans and experimental animals. However, there is no effective treatment for its toxicity. In this study, we established Cd toxicity models in cultured cells or mice to investigate the detoxification effect of edaravone (Eda). We found that Eda protected GL261 cells from Cd toxicity and prevented the loss of cell viability. In Cd-exposed mice, liver, kidney and testicular damage, as well as cognitive dysfunction were observed. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, such as decreased SOD and CAT, increased LDH and MDA, and abnormal changes in the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were detected in serum and brain tissue. Eda protected mice from Cd-induced toxicity and abrogated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Also, Eda prevented inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes and was accompanied by restoration of the neuronal marker protein MAP2, indicating restoration of neuronal function. In addition, the BDNF-TrkB/Akt and Notch/HES-1 signaling axes were involved in the response of Eda to the elimination of Cd toxicity. In conclusion, Eda does contribute to the clearance of Cd-induced toxicity.

Possible Role of Kaempferol in Reversing Oxidative Damage, Inflammation, and Apoptosis-Mediated Cortical Injury Following Cadmium Exposure

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity, inducing a number of hazardous effects to humans and animals including neurotoxicity. This experiment was aimed to investigate the potential effect of kaempferol (KPF) against Cd-induced cortical injury. Thirty-two adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups. The control rats intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl), the cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-treated rats were i.p. injected with 4.5 mg/kg of CdCl2, the KPF-treated rats were orally gavaged with 50 mg/kg of KPF, and the KPF + CdCl2-treated rats were administered orally 50 mg/kg of KPF 120 min before receiving i.p. injection of 4.5 mg/kg CdCl2. CdCl2 exposure for 30 days led to the accumulation of Cd in the cortical tissue, accompanied by a reduction in the content of monoamines and acetylcholinesterase activity. Additionally, CdCl2 induced a state of oxidative stress as evidenced by the elevation of lipid peroxidation and nitrate/nitrite levels, while glutathione content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were decreased. Moreover, CdCl2 mediated inflammatory events in the cortical tissue through increasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta levels and upregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) were elevated, while Bcl-2, the anti-apoptotic protein, was decreased. Also, histological alterations were observed obviously following CdCl2. However, KPF pretreatment restored significantly the examined markers to be near the normal values. Hence, the obtained data provide evidences that KPF pretreatment has the protective effect to preserve the cortical tissues in CdCl2-exposed rats by restraining oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, neurochemical modulation, and improving the histological changes.

The Alleviative Effects of Quercetin on Cadmium-Induced Necroptosis via Inhibition ROS/iNOS/NF-κB Pathway in the Chicken Brain

Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has neurotoxicity to humans and animals. Quercetin (QE), the main component of flavonoids, has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, little is reported about the influence of Cd exposure on necroptosis in the chicken brain and the antagonistic impacts of QE against Cd-induced brain necroptosis. The aim of this study was to ascertain the alleviative mechanism of QE on Cd-induced necroptosis in the chicken brain. Two hundred 3.5-month-old Isa hens were randomly divided into four groups, control group, QE group, Cd group, and Cd + QE co-administration group. The histopathological analysis indicated that necrosis features were observed in the Cd-intoxicated chicken brains. Meanwhile, the expression levels of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL were elevated and the level of Caspase 8 was reduced in the Cd group, which further testified Cd triggered the occurrence of necroptosis in the chicken brain. Cd exposure obviously increased Cd accumulation, ROS generation, and MDA level; weakened the activities of antioxidase (SOD, GPx, and CAT); enhanced iNOS activity and NO production; promoted the expression of inflammatory factors (NF-κB, TNFα, COX-2, iNOS, PTGEs, and IL-1β); and activated HSPs (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90). But, these Cd-caused variations were obviously attenuated in the Cd + QE group. This study indicated that QE had an alleviative effect on Cd-induced necroptosis in the chicken brain through inhibition ROS/iNOS/NF-κB pathway.

Environmentally relevant concentration of cypermethrin or/and sulfamethoxazole induce neurotoxicity of grass carp: Involvement of blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress and apoptosis

In water environment, the interaction between environmental pollutants is very complex, among which pesticides and antibiotics are dominant. However, most studies only focus on individual toxic effects, rather combined. In this study, the sub-chronic exposure effect of cypermethrin (CMN, 0.65 μg/L), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ, 0.30 μg/L) and their mixture on grass crap (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was investigated. The brain tight junction, oxidative stress and apoptosis-related indices were determined after 42 days of exposure. In terms of brain function, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited by CMN, SMZ and their mixtures during exposure periods. Obvious histological damage from cellular and subcellular levels were also observed, which were further confirmed by a decrease in tight junction protein levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents were significantly increased by individual compounds and mixtures, in which the content of glutathione (GSH) displayed the opposite trend. In mechanism, nuclear factor (erythrocyte derived 2) like 2(Nrf2) pathway was activated, which may trigger cellular protection to cope with CMN and SMZ exposure. However, apoptosis was also detected from the level of mRNA and histochemistry. In general, these two exogenous induced similar biological responses. The neurotoxicity of CMN was strengthened by SMZ with regard to these indices in most cases and vice versa. This study will reveal the potential co-ecological risks of pesticide and antibiotic in the aquatic organism, and provide basic data for their safety and risk assessment.

The Relationship between Occupationally Exposed Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead and Brain Bioelectrical Activity-A Visual and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in patients occupationally exposed to arsenic, cadmium and lead. The study group comprised 41 copper smelter and refinery workers (average age: 51.27) with occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead. The control group consisted of 36 healthy volunteers (35 men and 1 woman, aged 27-66, average age: 51.08). Neurological examination, brain imaging, and visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were performed, and the relationship between blood Cd, Pb concentration (Cd-B, Pb-B), blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), and urine As concentration (As-U) were assessed. In the workers, exceedances of allowable biological concentrations were observed, with the urinary concentration of arsenic being 5.2%, the cadmium and lead in blood being 1.3%, while the case of ZnPP was 2.6%. The mean P100, relative P100, and N145 visual evoked potential (VEP) latencies were significantly longer in exposed workers than in the controls. The mean wave III and V brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) latency and the mean wave III-V and I-V interpeak latencies were longer, and the I and V amplitude was lower in the workers than the controls. In summary, occupational exposure to As, Cd, and Pb is associated with prolonged latency and reduced evoked potential amplitude, but As-U, Pb-B, Cd-B, and ZnPP concentrations are not linearly related to potential components. The analysis of evoked potentials may be a useful method of assessment of the central nervous system in patients with occupational exposure to heavy metals.

Defatted Seeds of Oenothera biennis as a Potential Functional Food Ingredient for Diabetes

The defatted seeds of Oenothera biennis (DSOB) are a by-product of evening primrose oil production that are currently not effectively used. In this study, α-glucosidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition, antioxidant capacity, polyphenol composition, and nutritional value (carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fat, organic acid, and tocopherols) of DSOB were evaluated using the seeds of Oenothera biennis (SOB) as a reference. DSOB was an excellent inhibitor of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 3.31 μg/mL) and aldose reductase (IC₅₀ = 2.56 μg/mL). DSOB also showed considerable antioxidant capacities (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals). DSOB was a reservoir of polyphenols, and 25 compounds in DSOB were temporarily identified by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, the carbohydrate, protein, and mineral content of DSOB were increased compared to that of SOB. DSOB contained large amounts of fiber and low levels of sugars, and was rich in calcium and iron. These results imply that DSOB may be a potential functional food ingredient for diabetes, providing excellent economic and environmental benefits.

Neuroprotective effects of protocatechuic acid on sodium arsenate induced toxicity in mice: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid abundantly found in nature and used in many industries. Consumption of contaminated water mainly results in human exposure to arsenic. Toxicity (arsenicosis) resulting from arsenic exposure causes cerebral neurodegeneration. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenol derived from edible plants, has antioxidant properties. The present study investigated the neuroprotective potential of PCA against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups: (i) orally administered physiological saline, (ii) orally administered 100 mg/kg PCA, (iii) orally administered 5 mg/kg NaAsO₂, and (iv) orally administered 100 mg/kg PCA 120 min prior to oral administration of 5 mg/kg NaAsO₂. Each group received its respective treatment for 1 week, after which cortical tissues from each group were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-related proteins, and changes in histopathology. NaAsO₂-treatment resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOs), and NO levels, with a decrease in the levels of both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) antioxidant markers. Arsenic increased proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) levels, enhanced caspase-3 and Bax expression, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, arsenic-exposure in mice decreased significantly acetylcholinesterase activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the cerebral cortex. Histopathological examination revealed changes in nerve cell cyto-architecture and distribution in arsenic-exposed brain tissue sections. PCA treatment before arsenic administration resulted in a positive shift in the oxidative stress and cytokine levels with decreased levels of LPO, iNOS, and NO. PCA pre-treatment considerably attenuated arsenic-associated histopathological changes in murine brain tissue. This study suggested that the presence of PCA may be responsible for the prevention of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester mitigates cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: Role of miR-182-5p/TLR4 axis

Cadmium (Cd), an environmental pollutant, is evidenced to cause hepatotoxicity. In this study, the potential protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on cadmium-induced liver damage was investigated. Forty male mice were treated daily with either CdCl₂ (1.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), gavage) or CAPE (10 μmol/kg b.w., gavage) or both for 4 weeks. CAPE administration significantly reduced Cd level and liver and body weight, and increased AST, ALT and ALP level. Moreover, CAPE prevented CdCl₂-induced oxidative stress via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibited apoptosis by regulating apoptosis markers. CAPE also suppressed the CdCl₂-induced inflammation by reducing the inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Furthermore, CAPE alleviated CdCl₂-induced reduction of TLR4. It should be noted that this effect was achieved by targeting miR-182-5p, and CAPE improved miR-182-5p level. The improvement of the liver tissue histopathology by CAPE confirmed the biochemical data. These results show for the first time that miR-182-5p/TLR4 axis involved in CAPE's protection against CdCl₂-induced hepatotoxicity, and may provide novel insights into the treatment of cadmium-related diseases.

Moringa oleifera Lam. extract rescues lead-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex

In this study, we investigate the potential protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. extract (MOE) against lead-induced neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were allocated equally into (a) a control group, (b) a lead acetate (PbAc) group intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg PbAc, (c) a MOE group orally gavaged with MOE (250 mg/kg), and (d) a MOE + PbAc group orally gavaged with MOE 3 hr before receiving intraperitoneal injections of PbAc. All rats were treated for 14 days. Our results revealed that PbAc-induced brain injury, accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress markers. Moreover, Pb enhanced the inflammatory response and triggered neuronal apoptosis, as well as significantly depleted glutathione content and inhibited antioxidant enzyme activity. Interestingly, concurrent treatment with MOE ameliorated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the brain cortex. The current study provides evidence that MOE has the potential to protect neuronal tissues in PbAc-exposed rats via attenuation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study reports the potential neuroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOE) against lead-induced cortical brain toxicity. Our data reveal that PbAc-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in cortical tissues. However, simultaneous treatment of rats with MOE abrogated cortical brain inflammatory biomarkers, mitigated cortical tissue damage, and restrained oxidative stress, programmed cell death, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation. In addition, MOE stimulated detoxifying enzymes in PbAc-treated rats. These findings provide evidence that simultaneous treatment with MOE has the potential to attenuate PbAc-induced brain damage in rats by restraining oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis via attenuation of NF-κB signaling.

Hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves aquatic extract against lead acetate-induced liver injury in male Wistar rats

Current research was performed to explore the hepatoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on lead acetate-induced hepatic injury. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided equally into 4 groups. The first group was control, while the second, third, and fourth groups were given 200 mg/kg aqueous Moringa extract only, 100 mg/kg lead only, and 100 mg/kg lead plus 200 mg/kg aqueous Moringa leaves extract, respectively, via oral gavage for 4 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were recorded. Serum lipid profiles, liver enzyme activities, and proteins beside hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation were assessed. Liver histopathological examination and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) immunohistochemistry were performed. Administration of lead lowered (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and perturbed lipid profile than control. Lead increased liver enzyme activities and TNF-α, while reduced serum proteins and hepatic antioxidant markers compared to control. Lead aggravated hepatic DNA fragmentation beside the presence of histopathological lesions. Co-administration of aqueous Moringa extract with lead significantly alleviated lead-induced adverse effects. The administration of aqueous Moringa extract with its antioxidant significantly restored the lead perturbations through reduction of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage via amelioration of NF-kB and TNF-α which kept hepatocyte integrity and reduced serum hepatic enzyme activities.

Silver nanoparticles-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: the protective role of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) juice

The present study was designed to investigate the nephrotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 80 mg/kg; > 100 nm) and to evaluate the protective effect exercised by Beta vulgaris (beetroot) juice (RBR; 200 mg/kg) on male rats' kidney. Serum-specific parameters (urea, creatinine, electrolytes and histopathology of kidney tissue) were examined to assess the AgNPs nephrotoxicity effect. Moreover, this study analysed oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2). AgNPs intoxication increased kidney function marker levels and lipid peroxidation and decreased the glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in kidney tissue. Additionally, Bcl-2 expression was downregulated following AgNPs intoxication. Moreover, AgNPs induced a significant increase in renal DNA damage displayed as an elevation in tail length, tail DNA percentage and tail moment. Interestingly, RBR post-treatment restored the biochemical and histological alterations induced by AgNPs exposure, reflecting its nephroprotective effect. Collectively, the present data suggest that RBR could be used as a potential therapeutic intervention to prevent AgNPs-induced nephrotoxicity.

The Protective Effects of Melatonin on Aluminum-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous element with known toxicity for both humans and animals. Herein, we aimed to investigate the potential role of melatonin (MEL) in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity following aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) treatment in rats. Adult male rats were treated with AlCl₃ (34 mg/kg bwt) for eight weeks. Exposure to AlCl₃ enhanced the serum activities of the liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and increased the level of bilirubin, in addition to the serum kidney function markers urea and creatinine. AlCl₃ intoxication boosted oxidative stress, as evidenced by increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) along with simultaneous decreases in the levels of glutathione (GSH), various antioxidant enzymes, and Nrf2 mRNA expression. MEL (5 mg/kg bwt) treatment repressed LPO and NO levels, whereas it augmented GSH content. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes GPx, SOD, CAT, and GR were also restored concomitantly when MEL was administered before AlCl₃. MEL also suppressed the apoptotic effect of AlCl₃ by enhancing Bcl-2 protein expression in the liver and kidney and decreasing the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Histopathological findings in the liver and kidney tissues confirmed the beneficial effect of MEL against AlCl₃ toxicity. These findings indicate that MEL prevents AlCl₃ toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system.

Ferulic acid influences Nrf2 activation to restore testicular tissue from cadmium-induced oxidative challenge, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats

Here, we examined the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA) on cadmium chloride (CdCl₂ )-mediated reproductive toxicity in male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: control, FA (20 mg/kg), CdCl₂ (6.5 mg/kg), and FA + CdCl₂ . CdCl₂ treatment evoked a significant increase in testis cadmium concentration in addition to obvious increase in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Moreover, CdCl₂ -induced oxidative damage through exhausting the cellular defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione) and downregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression accompanied by increases of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide contents. Testicular inflammation was evident indicated by increased levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in CdCl₂ -treated rats. CdCl₂ exposure also decreased the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and augmented apoptotic events associated with prominent histopathological alterations. However, FA coadministration mitigated the impaired hormonal level, apoptotic and inflammatory injuries elicited by CdCl_2, and maintained the oxidant/antioxidant balance in testicular tissue via Nrf2 activation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cadmium is an environmental toxicant and known to cause adverse effects including reproductive toxicity. However, antioxidant application has been found to protect against heavy metals-mediated toxic effects. Here, we examined the potential protective efficacy of ferulic acid against cadmium-mediated testicular impairments through estimating the amount of cadmium in the testis, hormonal profile, oxidative status, inflammatory response, apoptotic and proliferating markers in addition to the histopathological alterations. The obtained findings revealed that ferulic acid supplementation was able to abolish the testicular damages coupled with cadmium exposure. The protective efficiency of ferulic acid may correlated with its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities; suggesting that ferulic acid may be used to ameliorate cadmium-induced testicular deficits.